CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>肺癌 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"35c8417e-69c6-43a9-8453-eee5313160ac","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"肺癌","wgTitle":"肺癌","wgCurRevisionId":85008028,"wgRevisionId":85008028,"wgArticleId":4966964,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1英语来源 (en)","引文格式1错误：日期","Webarchive模板wayback链接","CS1法语来源 (fr)","CS1德语来源 (de)","自2024年7月需要從英語維基百科翻譯的條目","需要從英語維基百科翻譯的條目","自2024年7月缺少重要資訊的條目","含有多个问题的条目","包含医学声明的条目","含有英語的條目","有蓝链却未移除内部链接助手模板的页面","维基共享资源分类链接由本地定义","包含GND标识符的维基百科条目", "包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目","包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目","包含LNB标识符的维基百科条目","包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目","包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目","典范条目","肺部肿瘤","吸烟"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"肺癌","wgRelevantArticleId":4966964,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false, "wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q47912","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles": "ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging", "ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/LungCACXR.PNG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1165"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/LungCACXR.PNG/800px-LungCACXR.PNG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="777"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/LungCACXR.PNG/640px-LungCACXR.PNG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="621"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="肺癌 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-肺癌 rootpage-肺癌 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 主菜单 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z">首页</a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科">分类索引</a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容">特色内容</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料">新闻动态</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r">最近更改</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x">随机条目</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助">帮助</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做">维基社群</a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引">方针与指引</a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论">互助客栈</a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方">知识问答</a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求">字词转换</a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93">IRC即时聊天</a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科">联络我们</a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介">关于维基百科</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"> 搜索 </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 外观 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class="">资助维基百科</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class="">创建账号</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class="">登录</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 个人工具 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans">资助维基百科</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"> 创建账号</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"> 登录</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息">了解详情</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y">贡献</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-臨床表現" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#臨床表現"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 臨床表現 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-臨床表現-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-病因" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#病因"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 病因 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-病因-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关病因子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-病因-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-吸菸" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#吸菸"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 吸菸 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-吸菸-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-氡氣" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#氡氣"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 氡氣 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-氡氣-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-石棉" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#石棉"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 石棉 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-石棉-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-空氣汙染物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#空氣汙染物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 空氣汙染物 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-空氣汙染物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-遺傳因素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#遺傳因素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 遺傳因素 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-遺傳因素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他原因" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他原因"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 其他原因 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他原因-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-致病機轉" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#致病機轉"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 致病機轉 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-致病機轉-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-诊断" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#诊断"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 诊断 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-诊断-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关诊断子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-诊断-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-分类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 分类 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-非小細胞癌" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#非小細胞癌"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 非小細胞癌 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-非小細胞癌-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-小细胞肺癌" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#小细胞肺癌"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 小细胞肺癌 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-小细胞肺癌-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 其他 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-转移" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#转移"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 转移 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-转移-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 分期 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-预防" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#预防"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 预防 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-预防-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关预防子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-预防-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-禁菸" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#禁菸"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 禁菸 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-禁菸-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-筛檢" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#筛檢"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 筛檢 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-筛檢-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他预防措施" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他预防措施"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 其他预防措施 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他预防措施-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-治療" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#治療"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 治療 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-治療-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关治療子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-治療-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-手术" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#手术"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 手术 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-手术-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-放疗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#放疗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 放疗 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-放疗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-化疗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化疗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 化疗 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-化疗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-標靶治療" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#標靶治療"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 標靶治療 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-標靶治療-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-支氣管鏡" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#支氣管鏡"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 支氣管鏡 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-支氣管鏡-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-和缓医疗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#和缓医疗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 和缓医疗 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-和缓医疗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-预后" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#预后"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 预后 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-预后-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-流行病学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#流行病学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 流行病学 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-流行病学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 历史 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究方向" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究方向"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 研究方向 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-研究方向-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 參考文獻 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 外部連結 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">肺癌</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。93种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" > 93种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D8%A9" title="سرطان الرئة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سرطان الرئة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%87" title="سرطان الرئه – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سرطان الرئه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ncanu_de_pulm%C3%B3n" title="Cáncanu de pulmón – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cáncanu de pulmón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9Fciy%C9%99r_x%C9%99r%C3%A7%C9%99ngi" title="Ağciyər xərçəngi – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ağciyər xərçəngi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%BA%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="آغ‌جییر سرطانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آغ‌جییر سرطانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Рак лёгкага – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рак лёгкага" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%85" title="Рак лёгкіх – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рак лёгкіх" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Рак на белия дроб – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рак на белия дроб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ফুসফুসের ক্যান্সার – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফুসফুসের ক্যান্সার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_plu%C4%87a" title="Rak pluća – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rak pluća" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0ncer_de_pulm%C3%B3" title="Càncer de pulmó – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Càncer de pulmó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شێرپەنجەی سییەکان – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شێرپەنجەی سییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karcinom_plic" title="Karcinom plic – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karcinom plic" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%B2%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%C4%95" title="Ӳпке ракĕ – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ӳпке ракĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canser_yr_ysgyfaint" title="Canser yr ysgyfaint – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Canser yr ysgyfaint" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungekr%C3%A6ft" title="Lungekræft – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lungekræft" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronchialkarzinom" title="Bronchialkarzinom – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bronchialkarzinom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%AA%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%95%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%AD%DE%8E%DE%AC_%DE%86%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA" title="ފުއްޕާމޭގެ ކެންސަރު – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފުއްޕާމޭގެ ކެންސަރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CF%80%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Καρκίνος του πνεύμονα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρκίνος του πνεύμονα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Lung cancer" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulma_kancero" title="Pulma kancero – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pulma kancero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ncer_de_pulm%C3%B3n" title="Cáncer de pulmón – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cáncer de pulmón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopsuv%C3%A4hk" title="Kopsuvähk – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kopsuvähk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birikako_minbizi" title="Birikako minbizi – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Birikako minbizi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="سرطان ریه – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرطان ریه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keuhkosy%C3%B6p%C3%A4" title="Keuhkosyöpä – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keuhkosyöpä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_du_poumon" title="Cancer du poumon – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cancer du poumon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancro_de_pulm%C3%B3n" title="Cancro de pulmón – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cancro de pulmón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27%C3%A3vev%C3%BAi_akyt%C3%A3%27ai" title="Ñe'ãvevúi akytã'ai – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe'ãvevúi akytã'ai" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon_Huhun_Daji" title="Ciwon Huhun Daji – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ciwon Huhun Daji" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94" title="סרטן הריאה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרטן הריאה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="फुफ्फुस कैन्सर – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फुफ्फुस कैन्सर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_plu%C4%87a" title="Rak pluća – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rak pluća" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCd%C5%91r%C3%A1k" title="Tüdőrák – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tüdőrák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%84%D5%AB_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D6%81%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Թոքի քաղցկեղ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թոքի քաղցկեղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanker_paru-paru" title="Kanker paru-paru – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kanker paru-paru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungnakrabbamein" title="Lungnakrabbamein – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lungnakrabbamein" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinoma_del_polmone" title="Carcinoma del polmone – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carcinoma del polmone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" title="肺癌 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="肺癌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangker_paru" title="Kangker paru – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kangker paru" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BA%D0%BF%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Өкпе обыры – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Өкпе обыры" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಶ್ವಾಸಕೋಶದ ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶ್ವಾಸಕೋಶದ ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%90%EC%95%94" title="폐암 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폐암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_pulmonis" title="Cancer pulmonis – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cancer pulmonis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%94" title="ມະເຮັງປອດ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມະເຮັງປອດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plau%C4%8Di%C5%B3_v%C4%97%C5%BEys" title="Plaučių vėžys – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plaučių vėžys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plau%C5%A1u_v%C4%93zis" title="Plaušu vēzis – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plaušu vēzis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Рак на белите дробови – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рак на белите дробови" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="ശ്വാസകോശാർബുദം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശ്വാസകോശാർബുദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="फुफ्‍फुसाचा कर्करोग – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फुफ्‍फुसाचा कर्करोग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barah_peparu" title="Barah peparu – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Barah peparu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="फोक्सो क्यान्सर – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फोक्सो क्यान्सर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longkanker" title="Longkanker – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Longkanker" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungekreft" title="Lungekreft – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lungekreft" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungekreft" title="Lungekreft – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lungekreft" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ats%CA%BCiis_naa%C5%82dzid" title="Atsʼiis naałdzid – 纳瓦霍语" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Atsʼiis naałdzid" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="纳瓦霍语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AB%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B8_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%9F" title="ଫୁସଫୁସ କର୍କଟ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଫୁସଫୁସ କର୍କଟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0" title="ਫੇਫੜੇ ਦਾ ਕੈਂਸਰ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫੇਫੜੇ ਦਾ ਕੈਂਸਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_p%C5%82uca" title="Rak płuca – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rak płuca" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B3%DA%96%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="د سږو سرطان – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د سږو سرطان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ncer_de_pulm%C3%A3o" title="Câncer de pulmão – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Câncer de pulmão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surq%27an_phiru_unquy" title="Surq'an phiru unquy – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Surq'an phiru unquy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_pulmonar" title="Cancer pulmonar – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cancer pulmonar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Рак лёгкого – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рак лёгкого" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanseri_yo_mu_bihaha" title="Kanseri yo mu bihaha – 卢旺达语" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Kanseri yo mu bihaha" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="卢旺达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geahpesboras" title="Geahpesboras – 北方萨米语" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Geahpesboras" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_plu%C4%87a" title="Rak pluća – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rak pluća" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F" title="පෙනහළු පිළිකා – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෙනහළු පිළිකා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lung cancer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karcin%C3%B3m_p%C4%BE%C3%BAc" title="Karcinóm pľúc – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karcinóm pľúc" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plju%C4%8Dni_rak" title="Pljučni rak – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pljučni rak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanceri_n%C3%AB_mushk%C3%ABri" title="Kanceri në mushkëri – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kanceri në mushkëri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak_plu%C4%87a" title="Rak pluća – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Rak pluća" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangker_bayah" title="Kangker bayah – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kangker bayah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungcancer" title="Lungcancer – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lungcancer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratani_ya_mapafu" title="Saratani ya mapafu – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Saratani ya mapafu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="நுரையீரல் புற்றுநோய் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நுரையீரல் புற்றுநோய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಶ್ವಾಸಕೋಸದ ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್ – 圖盧文" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಶ್ವಾಸಕೋಸದ ಕ್ಯಾನ್ಸರ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="圖盧文" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8A%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="ఊపిరితిత్తుల కాన్సర్ – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఊపిరితిత్తుల కాన్సర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="มะเร็งปอด – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มะเร็งปอด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanser_sa_baga" title="Kanser sa baga – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kanser sa baga" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akci%C4%9Fer_kanseri" title="Akciğer kanseri – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Akciğer kanseri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BF%D0%BA%D3%99_%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Үпкә яман шеше – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Үпкә яман шеше" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Рак легені – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рак легені" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%BE%DA%BE%DA%91%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پھیپھڑوں کا سرطان – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پھیپھڑوں کا سرطان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBpka_saratoni" title="Oʻpka saratoni – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻpka saratoni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ung_th%C6%B0_ph%E1%BB%95i" title="Ung thư phổi – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ung thư phổi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanser_han_baga" title="Kanser han baga – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kanser han baga" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" title="肺癌 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="肺癌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="לונגען קענסער – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לונגען קענסער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aizcwng_Bwt" title="Aizcwng Bwt – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Aizcwng Bwt" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AC-g%C3%A2m" title="Hì-gâm – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hì-gâm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" title="肺癌 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="肺癌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47912#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c">条目</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >不转换 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">不转换</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans">简体</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant">繁體</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN">大陆简体</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK">香港繁體</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO">澳門繁體</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY">大马简体</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG">新加坡简体</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW">臺灣正體</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C">阅读</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e">编辑</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h">查看历史</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >工具 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C">阅读</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e">编辑</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=history">查看历史</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j">链入页面</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k">相关更改</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u">上传文件</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q">特殊页面</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&oldid=85008028" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接">固定链接</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息">页面信息</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&id=85008028&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息">引用此页</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%2582%25BA%25E7%2599%258C">获取短链接</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%2582%25BA%25E7%2599%258C">下载二维码</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=show-download-screen">下载为PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p">打印页面</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cancers_of_bronchus_and_lung" hreflang="en">维基共享资源</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47912" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g">维基数据项目</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-FA" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B8%E8%8C%83%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="这是典范条目，点此获取更多信息。"><img alt="典范条目" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/24px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/36px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/48px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-37c8bf85" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84596247">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{display:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-问题条目 plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">本條目存在以下問題，請協助<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit">改善本條目</a>或在<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" title="Talk:肺癌">討論頁</a>針對議題發表看法。 <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目可参照<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer" class="extiw" title="en:Lung cancer">英語維基百科</a>相應條目来扩充，此條目在對應語言版為高品質條目。 (2024年7月5日) 若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%AE%88%E5%88%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:翻译守则">参考外语维基百科扩充条目</a>。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%9C%A8%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%86%85%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9" title="Wikipedia:在维基百科内复制内容">版权协议</a>，译文需<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81#翻譯文章" title="Wikipedia:編輯摘要">在编辑摘要注明来源</a>，或于讨论页顶部标记<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Translated_page" title="Template:Translated page">Translated page</a>}}</code>标签。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目缺少有關参考文献较旧，近5年的几乎没有，很多甚至是10年前（可对比英维）；最新流行病学数据的信息。 (2024年7月5日) 請<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit">擴充此條目</a>相關信息。<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" title="Talk:肺癌">討論頁</a>可能有詳細細節。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_life_caution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/20px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/30px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Star_of_life_caution.svg/40px-Star_of_life_caution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="190" /></a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="维基百科">维基百科</a>中的醫學内容仅供参考，並不能視作專業意見。如需獲取醫療幫助或意見，请咨询专业人士。詳見<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E" title="Wikipedia:医学声明">醫學聲明</a>。</div> <div id="noteTA-37c8bf85" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Medicine"></div></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:吸烟;zh-hk:吸煙;zh-tw:吸菸;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:乳腺癌; zh-hk:乳癌;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:通过; zh-tw:透過; zh-hk:通過;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:二手烟;zh-hk:二手煙;zh-tw:二手菸;"></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a>此條目介紹的是肺部癌症。关于其他肺部肿瘤，请见「<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E9%83%A8%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4" title="肺部肿瘤">肺部肿瘤</a>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lightgrey">肺癌</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">又称</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">支气管肺癌、支气管或肺恶性肿瘤<a href="#cite_note-ICD-1">[1]</a>、原发性支气管癌<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/File:LungCACXR.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/LungCACXR.PNG/300px-LungCACXR.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/LungCACXR.PNG/450px-LungCACXR.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/LungCACXR.PNG/600px-LungCACXR.PNG 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="940" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E9%83%A8X%E5%85%89" title="胸部X光">胸部X光</a>（胸片）显示出肺部肿瘤（箭头所指处）。</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">症状</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">咳嗽（包含<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B3%E8%A1%80" title="咳血">咳嗽咳出血</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E9%87%8D%E6%B8%9B%E8%BC%95" class="mw-redirect" title="體重減輕">體重減輕</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E7%9F%AD%E4%BF%83" class="mw-redirect" title="呼吸短促">呼吸短促</a>、各種<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E7%97%9B" title="胸痛">胸痛</a><a href="#cite_note-Harrison-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">起病年龄</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">~70 歲<a href="#cite_note-SEER-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">类型</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%99%8C" title="小细胞癌">小细胞癌</a>（SCLC）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E5%B0%8F%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非小細胞癌（页面不存在）">非小細胞癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/non-small-cell_lung_carcinoma" class="extiw" title="en:non-small-cell lung carcinoma">non-small-cell lung carcinoma</a>）（NSCLC）<a href="#cite_note-NCI2016Pt-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" title="风险因素">风险因素</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E8%8F%B8" title="吸菸">吸菸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="遗传学">遺傳因子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">氡</a>氣、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%A3%89" title="石棉">石棉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="空氣污染">空氣污染</a><a href="#cite_note-MurrayNadel52-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-O'Reilly-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8A%E6%96%AD" title="诊断">診斷方法</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F" title="醫學影像">醫學影像</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E9%AB%94%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%88%87%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="活體組織切片">活體組織切片</a><a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei78-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Merck-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">治療</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="外科学">外科手術</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%96%97%E6%B3%95" title="化学疗法">化学疗法</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E7%99%82%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="放射線療法">放射線療法</a><a href="#cite_note-Merck-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%84%E5%90%8E" title="预后">预后</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E5%AD%98%E6%B4%BB%E7%8E%87" title="五年存活率">五年存活率</a> 17.4%（美國）<a href="#cite_note-SEER-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%A3%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="患病率">患病率</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">330萬（2015年）<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015Pre-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">死亡數</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">170萬（2015年）<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;;;">分类和外部资源</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%B0%88%E7%A7%91" title="醫學專科">醫學專科</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="肿瘤学">肿瘤学</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E5%92%8C%E6%9C%89%E5%85%B3%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="疾病和有关健康问题的国际统计分类">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2C25</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E5%92%8C%E6%9C%89%E5%85%B3%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="疾病和有关健康问题的国际统计分类">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">C3333.-C3434.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E5%92%8C%E6%9C%89%E5%85%B3%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="疾病和有关健康问题的国际统计分类">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-9%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="ICD-9编码列表">9-CM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">162.3、162.5、162.8、162.4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%9F%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="人類孟德爾遺傳學">OMIM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/211980、608935、612593、614210、612571">211980、608935、612593、614210、612571</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="疾病資料庫">DiseasesDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb7616.htm">7616</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007194、007270.htm">007194、007270</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">279960、280104、362919、358274、358433</td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: right; font-size:0.9em;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47912" class="extiw" title="d:Q47912">编辑此条目的维基数据</a>]</td></tr></tbody></table> 肺癌（lung cancer<a href="#cite_note-Merck-9">[9]</a>），也称支气管肺癌<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E5%8D%AB%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="世卫组织">世卫组织</a>称支气管或肺恶性肿瘤<a href="#cite_note-ICD-1">[1]</a>，是发生于<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E6%B0%94%E7%AE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="支气管">支气管</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA" title="肺">肺部</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B6%E6%80%A7%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="恶性肿瘤">惡性肿瘤</a>，起源于<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6)" title="组织 (生物学)">組織</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="细胞">细胞</a>不受控制地<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E9%95%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="細胞生長（页面不存在）">生長</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cell_growth" class="extiw" title="en:cell growth">cell growth</a>）<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>。如治疗不及时，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%85%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="贅生物">肿瘤细胞</a>将很可能<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E7%AB%AF%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB" title="遠端轉移">转移</a>至鄰近組織或其他身體部位<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>。肺部最常見的原發性<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87" title="癌症">惡性腫瘤</a>屬於<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C" title="癌">上皮癌</a><a href="#cite_note-WCR2014Chp5.1-16">[16]</a>，可粗分為<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%99%8C" title="小细胞癌">小细胞癌</a>（SCLC）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E5%B0%8F%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非小细胞癌（页面不存在）">非小细胞癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/non-small-cell_lung_carcinoma" class="extiw" title="en:non-small-cell lung carcinoma">non-small-cell lung carcinoma</a>）（NSCLC）<a href="#cite_note-NCI2016Pt-5">[5]</a>。肺癌最常見的<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%87%E7%8B%80" class="mw-redirect" title="症狀">症狀</a>有<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B3%E5%97%BD" title="咳嗽">咳嗽</a>（包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B3%E8%A1%80" title="咳血">咳血</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E9%87%8D%E4%B8%8B%E9%99%8D" title="體重下降">体重减轻</a>、气短和<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E7%97%9B" title="胸痛">胸痛</a><a href="#cite_note-Harrison-3">[3]</a>。 大多数（85%）肺癌患者患病的原因为长期<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E8%8F%B8" title="吸菸">吸菸</a><a href="#cite_note-MurrayNadel52-6">[6]</a>，然而亦有大约10-15%的患者从不吸菸<a href="#cite_note-Thun-17">[17]</a>。这部分人患上肺癌常是由于<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="遗传学">遗传因素</a>和吸入<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">氡氣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%A3%89" title="石棉">石棉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%89%8B%E7%85%99" title="二手煙">二手煙</a>，或其他空气污染物共同导致<a href="#cite_note-MurrayNadel52-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-O'Reilly-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF1-19">[19]</a>。肺癌在<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E9%83%A8X%E5%85%89" title="胸部X光">胸部X光</a>或<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E6%96%AD%E5%B1%82%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="X射线计算机断层成像">斷層掃描</a>（CT）中可见<a href="#cite_note-Merck-9">[9]</a>，并可通过<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E6%B0%94%E7%AE%A1%E9%95%9C%E6%A3%80%E6%9F%A5" title="支气管镜检查">支气管镜检查</a>或CT引导下进行<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E9%AB%94%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%88%87%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="活體組織切片">活检</a>确诊<a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei78-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Collins-20">[20]</a>。 避開汙染物等風險因子為最主要的預防方式<a href="#cite_note-NCI2015Pre-21">[21]</a>。肺癌的治疗和长期疗效取决于<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C%E5%88%86%E6%9C%9F" title="肺癌分期">类型</a>、阶段（转移的程度）和患者的整体健康状况<a href="#cite_note-Merck-9">[9]</a>。大多數的肺癌無法治癒<a href="#cite_note-NCI2016Pt-5">[5]</a>，常見治療方式有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="外科学">外科手術</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%96%97" class="mw-redirect" title="化疗">化疗</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E7%96%97" class="mw-redirect" title="放疗">放疗</a><a href="#cite_note-Merck-9">[9]</a>。非小细胞肺癌有时采用手术治疗，而小细胞肺癌（SCLC）通常对化疗和放疗的效果佳<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>。 在2012年，全球約有180萬人新罹患肺癌，並導致160萬人死亡<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014Chp5.1-16">[16]</a>。肺癌是男性常見的癌症致死病因，在女性則僅次於<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%99%8C" title="乳癌">乳癌</a>，列名第二<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014Epi-23">[23]</a>。肺癌最常於70歲上下診斷<a href="#cite_note-SEER-4">[4]</a>。在美国，总体而言患者在确诊为肺癌之後，有17.4%的人<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E5%AD%98%E6%B4%BB%E7%8E%87" title="五年存活率">存活时间超过5年</a><a href="#cite_note-SEER-4">[4]</a>，而这个比例在发展中国家则较低<a href="#cite_note-Maj2009-24">[24]</a>。 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56805754">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> 在2020年，全球新发肺癌病例约220.7 万，新增肺癌死亡病例约179.6万，分别占全部恶性肿瘤新发和死亡病例的11.4%和18.0%。<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>2022年中国新发肺癌病例约87.1万，新增肺癌死亡病例约76.7万，分别占所有恶性肿瘤发病和死亡病例的18.1%和23.9%。<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="臨床表現">臨床表現</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：臨床表現">编辑</a>]</div> 肺癌的臨床表現包含：<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-3">[3]</a> <ul><li>呼吸道症狀：<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B3%E5%97%BD" title="咳嗽">咳嗽</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%B3%E8%A1%80" title="咳血">咳血</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%98%E9%B3%B4" title="喘鳴">喘鳴</a>，或<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E5%9B%B0%E9%9A%BE" title="呼吸困难">呼吸困难</a></li> <li>全身性症狀：體重減輕、<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E5%BC%B1" title="虛弱">虛弱</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E7%83%AD" title="发热">发热</a>，或<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B5%E7%8B%80%E6%8C%87" title="杵狀指">杵狀指</a></li> <li>癌组织压迫临近组织所致的症状：<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E7%97%9B" title="胸痛">胸痛</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AA%A8%E7%97%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="骨痛（页面不存在）">骨痛</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bone_pain" class="extiw" title="en:bone pain">bone pain</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E8%85%94%E9%9D%99%E8%84%89%E9%98%BB%E5%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="上腔静脉阻塞（页面不存在）">上腔静脉阻塞</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/superior_vena_cava_obstruction" class="extiw" title="en:superior vena cava obstruction">superior vena cava obstruction</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9E%E5%92%BD%E5%9B%B0%E9%9A%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="吞咽困难">吞咽困难</a>。</li></ul> 如果肿瘤生长在<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E9%81%93" title="呼吸道">呼吸道</a>，那么其可能会阻断气流，造成<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E5%9B%B0%E9%9A%BE" title="呼吸困难">呼吸困难</a>，还可能阻碍呼吸道分泌物的排出，使得分泌物聚积在呼吸道，增加罹患<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E" title="肺炎">阻塞性肺炎</a>的可能性<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-3">[3]</a>。 不同类型肿瘤，会导致不同的<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4%E4%BC%B4%E9%9A%A8%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4" title="腫瘤伴隨症候群">腫瘤伴隨症候群</a>。這些與原病灶發生處無關的症狀，常作為初始症狀表現，往往才是肺癌被發現的主因<a href="#cite_note-Honnorat-27">[27]</a>。肺癌的腫瘤伴隨症狀可能包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E8%A1%80%E9%88%A3" title="高血鈣">高血鈣</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%97%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%BF%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E6%B3%8C%E5%BC%82%E5%B8%B8%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征（页面不存在）">抗利尿激素分泌异常综合征</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/syndrome_of_inappropriate_antidiuretic_hormone" class="extiw" title="en:syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone">syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone</a>）（SIADH，尿液异常浓缩和血液稀释）、異位性<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%83%E8%85%8E%E4%B8%8A%E8%85%BA%E7%9A%AE%E8%B3%AA%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0" title="促腎上腺皮質激素">促腎上腺皮質激素</a>（ACTH）分泌、<a href="/wiki/Lambert-Eaton_%E8%82%8C%E7%84%A1%E5%8A%9B%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambert-Eaton 肌無力症候群">Lambert-Eaton 肌無力症候群</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E9%AB%94%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="自體免疫疾病">自身抗体</a>引起的肌无力）。<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA" title="肺">肺尖部</a>的肿瘤称为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BD%98%E7%A7%91%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="潘科斯特瘤（页面不存在）">潘科斯特瘤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancoast_tumor" class="extiw" title="en:Pancoast tumor">Pancoast tumor</a>）可能会侵犯局部<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%84%9F%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="交感神经系统">交感神经系统</a>，导致<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%8D%E7%BA%B3%E6%B0%8F%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霍纳氏综合征（页面不存在）">霍纳氏综合征</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horner%27s_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:Horner's syndrome">Horner's syndrome</a>）（眼睑低垂和同侧瞳孔缩小），也可能会损伤<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%82%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E4%B8%9B" title="臂神经丛">臂神经丛</a><a href="#cite_note-Harrison-3">[3]</a>。 肺癌的许多症状都不具特异性，如食慾減退、消瘦、發熱和疲乏無力等等<a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei78-8">[8]</a>。因此许多患者在出现症状后就医时，癌组织早已从原发部位扩散转移<a href="#cite_note-ajcc-28">[28]</a>。提示出现癌转移的症状有消瘦、骨痛和神经系统症状（头痛、<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8F%E5%8E%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="昏厥">昏厥</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%8A%E5%8E%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="惊厥">惊厥</a>或四肢无力）<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-3">[3]</a>。肺癌常見的轉移部位有脑、骨、<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BE%E4%B8%8A%E8%85%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="肾上腺">肾上腺</a>、对侧肺、肝、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%8C%85%E8%86%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="心包膜">心包膜</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BE%E8%84%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="肾脏">肾脏</a><a href="#cite_note-ajcc-28">[28]</a>。大约10%肺癌患者被确诊时没有临床症状，而是在常规胸片检查时意外发现<a href="#cite_note-Collins-20">[20]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="病因">病因</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：病因">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lung_Cancer_Incidece_vers_Cigarette_Consumption.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Lung_Cancer_Incidece_vers_Cigarette_Consumption.svg/290px-Lung_Cancer_Incidece_vers_Cigarette_Consumption.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Lung_Cancer_Incidece_vers_Cigarette_Consumption.svg/435px-Lung_Cancer_Incidece_vers_Cigarette_Consumption.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Lung_Cancer_Incidece_vers_Cigarette_Consumption.svg/580px-Lung_Cancer_Incidece_vers_Cigarette_Consumption.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>二十世紀美國人均吸菸量（藍色）與男性肺癌發生率（暗黃色）關係圖。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulative_risk_of_death_from_lung_cancer_1990.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Cumulative_risk_of_death_from_lung_cancer_1990.svg/langzh-290px-Cumulative_risk_of_death_from_lung_cancer_1990.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Cumulative_risk_of_death_from_lung_cancer_1990.svg/langzh-435px-Cumulative_risk_of_death_from_lung_cancer_1990.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Cumulative_risk_of_death_from_lung_cancer_1990.svg/langzh-580px-Cumulative_risk_of_death_from_lung_cancer_1990.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>吸菸程度與肺癌的關係呈現強烈正相關</figcaption></figure> 細胞的癌變與<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脱氧核糖核酸">DNA</a>及表觀遺傳等遺傳信息的突變有關，这些变化会影响细胞的正常功能，包括细胞增殖、程序性细胞死亡（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%87%8B%E4%BA%A1" title="细胞凋亡">细胞凋亡</a>）和DNA修复。损伤累积的越多，癌症发生的风险就越高<a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei8-29">[29]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="吸菸">吸菸</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：吸菸">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E8%8F%B8" title="吸菸">吸菸</a>是目前为止导致肺癌的主要原因<a href="#cite_note-MurrayNadel52-6">[6]</a>。香菸菸雾中含有至少<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%99%E8%8F%B8%E7%85%99%E9%9C%A7%E8%87%B4%E7%99%8C%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E7%83%88%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="香菸煙霧致癌物質烈表（页面不存在）">73种已知的致癌物质</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/list_of_cigarette_smoke_carcinogens" class="extiw" title="en:list of cigarette smoke carcinogens">list of cigarette smoke carcinogens</a>）<a href="#cite_note-Hecht-30">[30]</a>，包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E4%B8%A6%EF%BC%BBa%EF%BC%BD%E8%8A%98" title="苯並［a］芘">苯并芘</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>、<a href="/wiki/NNK_(%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9)" title="NNK (化合物)">NNK</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%83%AF" title="丁二烯">1,3-丁二烯</a>，以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B-210" title="钋-210">钋-210</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="放射性同位素">放射性物質</a><a href="#cite_note-Hecht-30">[30]</a>。以发展中国家在2000年的資料來看，患肺癌死亡的男性中90%是吸菸所致（女性为70%）<a href="#cite_note-Peto-32">[32]</a>。吸菸导致的肺癌患者占了肺癌病人的85%<a href="#cite_note-Merck-9">[9]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%8A%A8%E5%90%B8%E7%83%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="被动吸烟">被动吸烟</a>（吸二手菸，意为吸入其他吸菸者产生的菸草煙雾）也是导致不吸菸的人患上肺癌的原因。美国<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF7-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alberg-35">[35]</a> 、欧洲<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>，和英国<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>的研究都表明被动吸菸者患肺癌风险在显著增加<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-38">[38]</a>。和吸菸者共同生活的人患病风险增加20-30%，而工作环境中有二手菸的人其患病风险增加16-19%<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>。而研究亦顯示<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%B4%E6%B5%81%E8%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="側流菸（页面不存在）">側流菸</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sidestream_smoke" class="extiw" title="en:sidestream smoke">sidestream smoke</a>）比直接吸菸更危险<a href="#cite_note-Schick-40">[40]</a>。美国每年有大约3,400人死于被动吸菸造成的肺癌<a href="#cite_note-Alberg-35">[35]</a>。 大麻和菸草菸雾中含有许多相同致癌物<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>，但抽<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%BB%E5%B1%9E" title="大麻属">大麻</a>对患肺癌风险的影响还不清楚<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>。2013年的一篇回顾性文章并未发现轻度到中度吸食大麻会使患肺癌风险增加<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>。而2014年的回顧性文章则发现吸食大麻会使肺癌风险增加一倍<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="氡氣">氡氣</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：氡氣">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">氡</a>是一种无色无味的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="气体">气体</a>，由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%9C%B0%E5%A3%B3" title="地球地壳">地壳</a>中存在的<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%80" class="mw-redirect" title="铀">铀</a>的衰变产物<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭">镭</a>裂變後生成。这些放射衰变产物会使遗传物质电离，進而導致基因產生某些致癌突变。氡气是美国肺癌的第二常见的暴露因子<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>。每年导致约21,000人死亡<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a>。氡气浓度每立方米升高100<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E5%8F%AF%E8%90%8A%E7%88%BE" title="貝可萊爾">贝可</a>（100 Bq/m³），其致癌风险就会增加8-16%<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>。氡气含量随区域和下层土壤、岩石的成分变化而不同。美国每15个家庭中就有大约一个的氡气水平超过了建议量每升4皮居里（4 <a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)" title="居里 (单位)">pCi</a>/l）<a href="#cite_note-EPA_radon-49">[49]</a>。「密閉」、「通風不足」、「一樓的地板有裂縫，使得土壤中的氡逸散到室內」的建築，將有較高濃度的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">氡</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="石棉">石棉</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：石棉">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%A3%89" title="石棉">石棉</a>可导致多种肺病，包括肺癌。石棉者和吸菸會產生<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8F%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="协同作用">協同作用</a>，大幅增加罹患肺癌的機會<a href="#cite_note-O'Reilly-7">[7]</a>。吸菸者工作环境中有石棉时，其患肺癌风险較一般人高了45倍<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>。石棉也可导致<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E8%86%9C" title="胸膜">胸膜</a>癌變，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%93%E7%9A%AE%E7%98%A4" title="間皮瘤">間皮瘤</a>（和肺癌不同）<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="空氣汙染物">空氣汙染物</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：空氣汙染物">编辑</a>]</div> 戶外空氣汙染物會增加罹患肺癌的風險，特別是燃燒化石燃料產生的廢氣<a href="#cite_note-MurrayNadel52-6">[6]</a>。懸浮细<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%B8%E6%B5%AE%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="懸浮粒子">颗粒</a>（PM2.5）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90%E6%B0%94%E6%BA%B6%E8%83%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="硫酸盐气溶胶（页面不存在）">硫酸盐气溶胶</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratospheric_sulfur_aerosols" class="extiw" title="en:Stratospheric sulfur aerosols">Stratospheric sulfur aerosols</a>）也會稍微提升风险，此類汙染物常來自於汽車排放的廢氣<a href="#cite_note-MurrayNadel52-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%AE" title="二氧化氮">二氧化氮</a>浓度每增加10 <a href="/wiki/Ppb" class="mw-redirect" title="Ppb">ppb</a>，人患肺癌风险就上升14%<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>。据估計，1-2%的肺癌由户外空气污染所致<a href="#cite_note-MurrayNadel52-6">[6]</a>。 初步证据支持<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E5%85%A7%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="室內空氣污染">室内空气污染</a>会使患肺癌风险增加，包括做饭和取暖时燃烧木材、木炭、粪便或作物残茬<a href="#cite_note-Lim2012-54">[54]</a>。暴露于室内煤烟的女性，罹患肺癌风险會提升大概一倍，许多<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="生物质">生物质</a>燃烧后的副产品是已知或可疑的致癌物<a href="#cite_note-Sood2012-55">[55]</a>。这一风险影響全球大约24亿人<a href="#cite_note-Lim2012-54">[54]</a>，據信約有1.5%的肺癌死亡病例是由此导致<a href="#cite_note-Sood2012-55">[55]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="遺傳因素">遺傳因素</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：遺傳因素">编辑</a>]</div> 约8%肺癌由遗传因素所致<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>。若亲属中有肺癌患者时患病风险會增加一倍，本疾病可能由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%80%A7%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多基因性疾病（页面不存在）">多基因</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/polygenic_disorder" class="extiw" title="en:polygenic disorder">polygenic disorder</a>）共同調控<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>。目前已知5、6和15号染色体上的基因<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8%E5%A4%9A%E6%85%8B%E6%80%A7" title="單核苷酸多態性">多态性</a>会影响患肺癌的风险<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其他原因">其他原因</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：其他原因">编辑</a>]</div> 许多其它物质、职业及所处环境都与肺癌有关联。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84" title="国际癌症研究机构">国际癌症研究机构</a>（IARC）声称有“充足证据证明”以下物质是肺部的致癌物<a href="#cite_note-WHOListLungCancer-59">[59]</a>： <ul><li>某些金属（<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝">铝</a>制品、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%89" title="镉">镉</a>及其化合物、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AC" title="铬">铬</a>(VI)化合物、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8D" title="铍">铍</a>及其化合物、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A2%E9%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="钢铁">钢铁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8D" title="镍">镍</a>化合物、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷">砷</a>及无机砷化合物、地下<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E9%93%81%E7%9F%BF" title="赤铁矿">赤铁矿</a>）</li> <li>一些燃烧产物（不完全燃烧产物、<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4" title="煤">煤</a>（家庭烧煤所致室内排放物）、煤的气化物、煤-<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E6%B2%B9" title="焦油">焦油</a>沥青、<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E7%82%AD" title="焦炭">焦炭</a>生产所排放物质、煤烟、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%B4%E6%B2%B9%E5%BC%95%E6%93%8E" title="柴油引擎">柴油机</a>排放气体）</li> <li>电离辐射（<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" title="X射线">X射线</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" title="伽马射线">伽马射线</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A" title="钚">钚</a>）</li> <li>一些有害气体（<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%86%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="甲醚">甲醚</a>（工业级）、双氯甲醚（氯甲基）、硫<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%A5%E5%AD%90%E6%AF%92%E6%B0%94" title="芥子毒气">芥</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%BF%E6%98%A5%E6%96%B0%E7%A2%B1-%E5%BC%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%BE-%E6%B0%AE%E8%8A%A5-%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E8%8B%84%E8%82%BC%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="长春新碱-强的松-氮芥-甲基苄肼混合物（页面不存在）">MOPP</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustargen_Oncovin_Procarbazine_Prednisone" class="extiw" title="en:Mustargen Oncovin Procarbazine Prednisone">Mustargen Oncovin Procarbazine Prednisone</a>）、油画释放的气体）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%A1%E8%83%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="橡胶">橡胶</a>制品和结晶<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A1%85" title="二氧化硅">矽尘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E7%9A%AE%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="硬皮症">硬皮症</a>患者罹患肺癌風險稍高。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="致病機轉">致病機轉</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：致病機轉">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E5%8F%98" title="癌变">癌变</a></div> 和许多其它癌症类似，肺癌也始于原<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="癌基因">癌基因</a>的激活或<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%91%E7%99%8C%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="抑癌基因">抑癌基因</a>的灭活<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>。而致癌物正是誘發這些變的因素<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ras_(protein)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ras (protein)（页面不存在）">K-ras</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_(protein)" class="extiw" title="en:Ras (protein)">Ras (protein)</a>）原癌基因的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8F%98" title="突变">突变</a>导致10-30%的肺腺癌<a href="#cite_note-NEJM-molecular-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aviel-Ronen-63">[63]</a>。大概4%的非小细胞肺癌与一个<a href="/w/index.php?title=EML4-ALK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EML4-ALK（页面不存在）">EML4-ALK</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EML4-ALK" class="extiw" title="en:EML4-ALK">EML4-ALK</a>）<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AA%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8%E6%BF%80%E9%85%B6" title="酪氨酸激酶">酪氨酸激酶</a>融合基因有关<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E8%A7%82%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="表观遗传学">表观遗传学</a>的变化——如<a href="/wiki/DNA%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E5%8C%96" title="DNA甲基化">DNA甲基化</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="组织蛋白">组织蛋白</a>尾部修饰或小核糖核酸（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AERNA" class="mw-redirect" title="微RNA">微RNA</a>）调控的改变可能会导致抑癌基因的灭活<a href="#cite_note-Jakopovic-65">[65]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%AE%E7%94%9F%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93" title="表皮生长因子受体">表皮细胞生长因子受体</a>（EGFR）调控细胞增殖、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%87%8B%E4%BA%A1" title="细胞凋亡">凋亡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E6%96%B0%E7%94%9F" title="血管新生">血管生成</a>和肿瘤侵袭<a href="#cite_note-NEJM-molecular-62">[62]</a>。EGFR基因的突變和增幅是非小細胞癌常見的致病機轉，因此EGFR抑制劑可以用於某些肺癌的治療<a href="#cite_note-NEJM-molecular-62">[62]</a>。其它经常发生突变或扩增的基因有<a href="/w/index.php?title=C-MET&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-MET（页面不存在）">c-MET</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/c-MET" class="extiw" title="en:c-MET">c-MET</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=NKX2-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NKX2-1（页面不存在）">NKX2-1</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NKX2-1" class="extiw" title="en:NKX2-1">NKX2-1</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=LKB1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LKB1（页面不存在）">LKB1</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LKB1" class="extiw" title="en:LKB1">LKB1</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=PIK3CA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PIK3CA（页面不存在）">PIK3CA</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIK3CA" class="extiw" title="en:PIK3CA">PIK3CA</a>）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=BRAF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BRAF（页面不存在）">BRAF</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRAF" class="extiw" title="en:BRAF">BRAF</a>）<a href="#cite_note-NEJM-molecular-62">[62]</a>。 其细胞株系起源機制尚不完全清楚<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-3">[3]</a>。机理可能涉及<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="干细胞">干细胞</a>的异常活化。在气道近端，表达<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%92%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="角蛋白5（页面不存在）">角蛋白5</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/keratin_5" class="extiw" title="en:keratin 5">keratin 5</a>）的干细胞最易發生癌變，导致肺鳞状细胞癌。在气道中段，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%AF%E6%B0%A3%E7%AE%A1%E7%84%A1%E7%BA%96%E6%AF%9B%E5%88%86%E6%B3%8C%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="支氣管無纖毛分泌細胞（页面不存在）">支氣管無纖毛分泌細胞</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/club_cell" class="extiw" title="en:club cell">club cell</a>）（club cell）和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%AE%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="神經上皮細胞">神经上皮細胞</a>等會表達<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%90%E5%AE%AE%E7%90%83%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="子宮球蛋白（页面不存在）">子宮球蛋白</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/uteroglobin" class="extiw" title="en:uteroglobin">uteroglobin</a>）的細胞具幹細胞性質。小细胞肺癌可能来源于这些细胞系<a href="#cite_note-Mulvihill-66">[66]</a>，或<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%88%86%E6%B3%8C%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="神经分泌细胞">神经分泌细胞</a><a href="#cite_note-Harrison-3">[3]</a>，也可能会表达<a href="/wiki/CD44" title="CD44">CD44</a><a href="#cite_note-Mulvihill-66">[66]</a>。 肺癌細胞在原發時大多為上皮细胞型，但該型細胞並不利遠端轉移，必須要轉變為<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%B4%E5%85%85%E8%B4%A8" title="间充质">间质</a>细胞型才可以進行遠端轉移，該現象稱為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%AE%E9%96%93%E8%B3%AA%E8%BD%89%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="上皮間質轉化（页面不存在）">上皮間質轉化</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesenchymal%E2%80%93epithelial_transition" class="extiw" title="en:Mesenchymal–epithelial transition">Mesenchymal–epithelial transition</a>）。涉及轉化的蛋白包含<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E6%BF%80%E9%85%B6B" title="蛋白激酶B">Akt</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK3B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK3B（页面不存在）">GSK3Beta</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSK3B" class="extiw" title="en:GSK3B">GSK3B</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=MEK-ERK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MEK-ERK（页面不存在）">MEK-ERK</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEK-ERK" class="extiw" title="en:MEK-ERK">MEK-ERK</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fas%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fas受体（页面不存在）">Fas</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fas_receptor" class="extiw" title="en:Fas receptor">Fas receptor</a>）和Par6等<a href="#cite_note-Powell_2013-67">[67]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/COPD" class="mw-redirect" title="COPD">COPD</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E5%8C%96" title="肺纤维化">肺纤维化</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%911-%E6%8A%97%E8%83%B0%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E9%85%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Α1-抗胰蛋白酶（页面不存在）">α1-抗胰蛋白酶</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%B11-antitrypsin" class="extiw" title="en:α1-antitrypsin">α1-antitrypsin</a>）缺乏）可能增加肺癌易感性；此外，吸烟者补充<a href="/wiki/%CE%92-%E8%83%A1%E8%90%9D%E5%8D%9C%E7%B4%A0" title="Β-胡萝卜素">β-胡萝卜素</a>也会增加患肺癌的危险性。空气污染和雪茄烟雾中含有致癌物质，这些致癌物质可能存在一定的致癌风险，但尚未显示可引起肺癌。患者若有其他的肺部疾病（如<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%BB%93%E6%A0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="肺结核">肺结核</a>）所致瘢痕，那么他们的患癌风险也将增加。<a href="#cite_note-Merck-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E9%81%93%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%AE%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="呼吸道上皮細胞">呼吸道上皮细胞</a>需长时间暴露于促癌物质下并逐渐积累多种基因突变才能成为<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="新生物">腫瘤</a>。刺激细胞生长（K-ras, MYC）的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>突变逐渐导致生长因子受体（EGFR，HER2/neu）信号异常，抑制凋亡（BCL-2），引起异常细胞增殖。此外，肿瘤抑制基因的突变（p53、APC）亦可导致癌症。<a href="#cite_note-Merck-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="诊断">诊断</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：诊断">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thorax_CT_peripheres_Brronchialcarcinom_li_OF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Thorax_CT_peripheres_Brronchialcarcinom_li_OF.jpg/220px-Thorax_CT_peripheres_Brronchialcarcinom_li_OF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Thorax_CT_peripheres_Brronchialcarcinom_li_OF.jpg/330px-Thorax_CT_peripheres_Brronchialcarcinom_li_OF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Thorax_CT_peripheres_Brronchialcarcinom_li_OF.jpg/440px-Thorax_CT_peripheres_Brronchialcarcinom_li_OF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E6%96%AD%E5%B1%82%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="X射线计算机断层成像">CT</a>扫描显示左肺一癌性肿瘤</figcaption></figure> 當病人的症狀疑為肺癌時，<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E9%83%A8X%E5%85%89" title="胸部X光">胸部影像學</a>檢查可提供初步的檢查和評估。肺癌在影像學的表現包括如单个肿块、多发肿块、孤立的肺结节等等。另外還有肺门增大、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%B1%E8%86%88" title="縱膈">纵隔</a>增宽（可能代表縱膈腔<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%B5%90" title="淋巴結">淋巴結</a>轉移）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E4%B8%8D%E5%BC%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺不张（页面不存在）">肺不张</a>、气管支气管狭窄、肺實變，未緩解的实质浸润、空洞。或其他原因無法解釋的<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8B%E8%86%9C%E7%A9%8D%E6%B0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="肋膜積水">肋膜積水</a><a href="#cite_note-Merck-9">[9]</a>。<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E6%96%AD%E5%B1%82%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="X射线计算机断层成像">電腦斷層</a>（CT）可以提供更多相關資訊，例如說腫瘤的擴散程度及類別，也相較胸部X光片更能發現縱膈腔後的腫瘤。但上述影像學檢查僅能夠提供診斷上的參考，確診必須透過<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="细胞病理学（页面不存在）">细胞病理学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytopathology" class="extiw" title="en:Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a>）證實。因此可以透過<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E6%B0%94%E7%AE%A1%E9%95%9C%E6%A3%80%E6%9F%A5" title="支气管镜检查">支气管镜检查</a>或CT引导下的组织活检，進行<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="组织病理学（页面不存在）">组织病理学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histopathology" class="extiw" title="en:Histopathology">Histopathology</a>）检查的取样<a href="#cite_note-Collins-20">[20]</a>。 胸片上肺癌通常表现为一个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AE%E4%B8%80%E8%82%BA%E7%B5%90%E7%AF%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="單一肺結節（页面不存在）">單一肺結節</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/solitary_pulmonary_nodule" class="extiw" title="en:solitary pulmonary nodule">solitary pulmonary nodule</a>）。但由於有許多症狀類似的疾病，因此仍須配合其他檢查以進行<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%B4%E5%88%AB%E8%AF%8A%E6%96%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="鉴别诊断">鉴别诊断</a>。與肺癌在影像學類似的疾病包含其他腫瘤的轉移、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%94%99%E6%9E%84%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="错构瘤（页面不存在）">错构瘤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hamartomas" class="extiw" title="en:hamartomas">hamartomas</a>）、感染肉芽腫（如肺<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%A0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="结核">结核</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%AD%A2%E6%BC%BF%E8%8F%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="組織孢漿菌症（页面不存在）">組織孢漿菌症</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/histoplasmosis" class="extiw" title="en:histoplasmosis">histoplasmosis</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%83%E9%BB%B4%E8%8F%8C%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="球黴菌症（页面不存在）">球黴菌症</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/coccidioidomycosis" class="extiw" title="en:coccidioidomycosis">coccidioidomycosis</a>）等等）<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>，其他导致单个肺结节但不太常见的原因包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%AF%E6%B0%94%E7%AE%A1%E6%BA%90%E6%80%A7%E5%9B%8A%E8%82%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="支气管源性囊肿（页面不存在）">支气管源性囊肿</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bronchogenic_cysts" class="extiw" title="en:bronchogenic cysts">bronchogenic cysts</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%BA%E7%98%A4" title="腺瘤">腺瘤</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E9%9D%9C%E8%84%88%E7%95%B8%E5%BD%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="動靜脈畸形">动静脉畸形</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E9%9A%94%E7%A6%BB%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺隔离症（页面不存在）">肺隔离症</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pulmonary_sequestration" class="extiw" title="en:pulmonary sequestration">pulmonary sequestration</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%BB%E9%A3%8E%E6%B9%BF%E7%BB%93%E8%8A%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="类风湿结节（页面不存在）">类风湿结节</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rheumatoid_nodules" class="extiw" title="en:rheumatoid nodules">rheumatoid nodules</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%89%E8%8A%BD%E8%82%BF" title="肉芽肿">肉芽肿</a>病伴多血管炎或<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%98%A4" title="淋巴瘤">淋巴瘤</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a>。肺癌亦可能在進行其他无关原因做胸部X片或CT扫描时<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%B6%E8%A6%8B%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="偶見瘤（页面不存在）">意外發現</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/incidentaloma" class="extiw" title="en:incidentaloma">incidentaloma</a>）<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>。肺癌需要通过对可疑组织的临床和影像学特征进行<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%AD%A6" title="组织学">组织学</a>检查方能确诊<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei78-8">[8]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="临床实践指南">临床实践指南</a>推荐了肺<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E7%AF%80_(%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="結節 (醫學)">結節</a>的监测频率<a href="#cite_note-ACCPandATSfive-71">[71]</a>。CT扫描不应使用过长时间或过于频繁，因为会增加人们接触到的射线量<a href="#cite_note-ACCPandATSfive-71">[71]</a>。 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%9B%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83%E6%A8%A3%E6%96%91%E5%A1%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="毛玻璃樣斑塊（页面不存在）">毛玻璃樣斑塊</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground-glass_opacity" class="extiw" title="en:Ground-glass opacity">Ground-glass opacity</a>）（Ground-glass opacity，GGO）是描述胸部照影中的肺部毛玻璃樣病灶，過去大多被視為良性變化。但在更進一步的解剖研究後，發現有些GGO具有惡性潛勢。良性的GGO包含局部間質纖維化（focal interstitial fibrosis）、發炎，或是出血。惡性的狀況則包含<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E5%BD%A2%E8%85%BA%E7%98%A4%E6%80%A7%E5%A2%9E%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="異形腺瘤性增生（页面不存在）">異形腺瘤性增生</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_adenomatous_hyperplasia" class="extiw" title="en:Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia">Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia</a>）（AAH）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8D%E8%82%BA%E8%85%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原位肺腺癌（页面不存在）">原位肺腺癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenocarcinoma_in_situ_of_the_lung" class="extiw" title="en:Adenocarcinoma in situ of the lung">Adenocarcinoma in situ of the lung</a>）（AIS），或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E4%BE%B5%E7%8A%AF%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%BA%E8%85%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微侵犯型肺腺癌（页面不存在）">微侵犯型肺腺癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimally_invasive_adenocarcinoma_of_the_lung" class="extiw" title="en:Minimally invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung">Minimally invasive adenocarcinoma of the lung</a>）（MIA），以及鱗屑樣為主型肺腺癌（lepidic-predominant invasive adenocarcinomas，LPA）等<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a>。由於GGO的惡性機率高達63%，因此在癌早期發現的角色也越顯重要<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="分类">分类</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：分类">编辑</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pie_chart_of_lung_cancers_zh-hant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Pie_chart_of_lung_cancers_zh-hant.svg/260px-Pie_chart_of_lung_cancers_zh-hant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Pie_chart_of_lung_cancers_zh-hant.svg/390px-Pie_chart_of_lung_cancers_zh-hant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Pie_chart_of_lung_cancers_zh-hant.svg/520px-Pie_chart_of_lung_cancers_zh-hant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>圓餅圖顯示癌症各分型的發生率，圖中祐標示出各分型癌症中抽菸者的比率<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a>。</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;width:25%;margin-left:1em"> <caption style="background:#E5AFAA;">按组织类型和年龄调整的肺癌<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="发病率">发生率</a><a href="#cite_note-MurrayNadel52-6">[6]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background: #E5AFAA;text-align:center;font-size:90%;"> <th abbr="Type">组织类型 </th> <th abbr="Frequency">每年每100,00人的发病率 </th></tr> <tr> <td>所有类型 </td> <td>66.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>腺癌 </td> <td>22.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>鳞狀上皮癌 </td> <td>14.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>小细胞癌 </td> <td>9.8 </td></tr></tbody></table> 肺癌的分類須透過<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="組織病理學（页面不存在）">組織病理分型</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/histopathology" class="extiw" title="en:histopathology">histopathology</a>）<a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei78-8">[8]</a>，分類對於治療策略的選擇跟預測療效相當重要。肺癌屬於<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C" title="癌">上皮癌</a>，意即腫瘤發源自<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%AE%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="上皮組織">上皮細胞</a>，可根據<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BE%E5%BE%AE%E9%95%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="显微镜">顯微鏡</a>下觀察到的癌細胞的大小和形態對肺癌進行分類。為方便治療，肺癌可大致分為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E5%B0%8F%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非小細胞肺癌（页面不存在）">非小細胞癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/non-small-cell_lung_carcinoma" class="extiw" title="en:non-small-cell lung carcinoma">non-small-cell lung carcinoma</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="小细胞肺癌">小細胞肺癌</a><a href="#cite_note-Robbins-75">[75]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="非小細胞癌">非小細胞癌</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：非小細胞癌">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Squamous_carcinoma_lung_2_cytology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Squamous_carcinoma_lung_2_cytology.jpg/220px-Squamous_carcinoma_lung_2_cytology.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Squamous_carcinoma_lung_2_cytology.jpg/330px-Squamous_carcinoma_lung_2_cytology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Squamous_carcinoma_lung_2_cytology.jpg/440px-Squamous_carcinoma_lung_2_cytology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AF%E5%BE%AE%E7%85%A7%E7%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="顯微照相">顯微鏡</a>下的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B1%97%E7%8B%80%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%AE%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鱗狀上皮癌（页面不存在）">鱗狀上皮癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/squamous-cell_carcinoma" class="extiw" title="en:squamous-cell carcinoma">squamous-cell carcinoma</a>），<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%B0%E9%87%9D%E6%8A%BD%E5%90%B8%E6%A8%A3%E6%9C%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="細針抽吸樣本（页面不存在）">細針抽吸樣本</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FNA_specimen" class="extiw" title="en:FNA specimen">FNA specimen</a>）（FNA），<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%8F%E6%B0%8F%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柏氏染色（页面不存在）">柏氏染色</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap_stain" class="extiw" title="en:Pap stain">Pap stain</a>）</figcaption></figure> 非小細胞癌（NSCLC）可粗分為三大類：<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E8%85%BA%E7%99%8C" title="肺腺癌">肺腺癌</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E9%B1%97%E7%8B%80%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%AE%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺鱗狀上皮癌（页面不存在）">鱗狀上皮癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/squamous-cell_lung_carcinoma" class="extiw" title="en:squamous-cell lung carcinoma">squamous-cell lung carcinoma</a>），和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大細胞肺癌（页面不存在）">大細胞癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/large-cell_lung_carcinoma" class="extiw" title="en:large-cell lung carcinoma">large-cell lung carcinoma</a>）<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-3">[3]</a>。 接近40%的肺癌屬於肺腺癌，腺癌一般起源於周圍肺組織<a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei78-8">[8]</a>。雖然多數腺癌與吸菸有關，但在從未吸菸者、一生抽菸少於100根，以及曾中度吸菸並已戒治者的肺癌患者中，肺腺癌亦為最常見類型<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Subramanian-76">[76]</a>。而肺癌的其中一種亞型<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%B0%E6%94%AF%E6%B0%A3%E7%AE%A1%E8%82%BA%E6%B3%A1%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="細支氣管肺泡癌（页面不存在）">細支氣管肺泡癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bronchioloalveolar_carcinoma" class="extiw" title="en:bronchioloalveolar carcinoma">bronchioloalveolar carcinoma</a>），則多見於女性未吸菸者，其長期存活率較佳<a href="#cite_note-Raz-77">[77]</a>。 鱗癌大概占肺癌的30%，一般位於大氣道附近。癌組織中央常可發現因細胞<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%9E%E6%AD%BB" title="壞死">壞死</a>而形成的空腔<a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei78-8">[8]</a>。大約9%的肺癌為大細胞癌。之所以稱其為大細胞癌是因為癌細胞體積大，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%B3%AA" title="細胞質">細胞質</a>過量，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞核">細胞核</a>大，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E4%BB%81" title="核仁">核仁</a>明顯<a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei78-8">[8]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="小细胞肺癌">小细胞肺癌</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：小细胞肺癌">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lung_small_cell_carcinoma_(1)_by_core_needle_biopsy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lung_small_cell_carcinoma_%281%29_by_core_needle_biopsy.jpg/220px-Lung_small_cell_carcinoma_%281%29_by_core_needle_biopsy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lung_small_cell_carcinoma_%281%29_by_core_needle_biopsy.jpg/330px-Lung_small_cell_carcinoma_%281%29_by_core_needle_biopsy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lung_small_cell_carcinoma_%281%29_by_core_needle_biopsy.jpg/440px-Lung_small_cell_carcinoma_%281%29_by_core_needle_biopsy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>小细胞肺癌（空芯针穿刺活检后显微镜下观察）</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="小细胞肺癌">小细胞肺癌</a>（SCLC）的癌细胞内含有緻密的神经内分泌颗粒（即含有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%88%86%E6%B3%8C%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="神经分泌细胞">神经</a>内分泌<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0" title="激素">激素</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%8A%E6%B3%A1" title="囊泡">囊泡</a>），因此這類肿瘤可能會有内分泌相關的副癌综合征<a href="#cite_note-Rosti-78">[78]</a>。多数小细胞肺癌发生在大的气道（主支气管和次级<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E6%B0%A3%E7%AE%A1" title="支氣管">支气管</a>）<a href="#cite_note-Collins-20">[20]</a>。病程中癌组织生长迅速，发生扩散早，60-70%的患者就诊时已有廣泛侵犯的情形（意即一次放射線治療無法打完）。小细胞癌和吸烟有着极大的关系<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-3">[3]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="其他">其他</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：其他">编辑</a>]</div> 公认的主要组织学亚型有四种，有些癌组织可能同時擁有不同亚型<a href="#cite_note-Robbins-75">[75]</a>，如腺鱗癌<a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei78-8">[8]</a>。罕见的亚型包括：<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%BA%E7%98%A4" title="腺瘤">腺瘤</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺類癌（页面不存在）">類癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lung_carcinoid" class="extiw" title="en:lung carcinoid">lung carcinoid</a>）和肉瘤樣癌（sarcomatoid carcinomas）<a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei78-8">[8]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="转移">转移</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：转移">编辑</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;width:25%;margin-left:1em"> <caption style="background:#E5AFAA;">原發性肺癌的<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napsin-A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napsin-A（页面不存在）">Napsin-A</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napsin-A" class="extiw" title="en:Napsin-A">Napsin-A</a>）及<a href="/w/index.php?title=TTF-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TTF-1（页面不存在）">TTF-1</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TTF-1" class="extiw" title="en:TTF-1">TTF-1</a>）<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2" title="免疫染色">免疫染色</a><a href="#cite_note-Harrison-3">[3]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background: #E5AFAA;text-align:center;font-size:90%;"> <th abbr="Type">免疫分型 </th> <th abbr="Nap=A">Napsin-A </th> <th>TTF-1 </th> <th>P40 </th></tr> <tr> <td>鳞狀上皮癌 </td> <td>阴性 </td> <td>阴性 </td> <td>阳性 </td></tr> <tr> <td>腺癌 </td> <td>阳性 </td> <td>阳性 </td> <td>阴性 </td></tr> <tr> <td>小細胞癌 </td> <td>阴性 </td> <td>阳性 </td> <td>阴性 </td></tr></tbody></table> 肺部為身體其他腫瘤常見的轉移位置。继发性肿瘤可根据其原发部位分类，如扩散到肺部的乳腺癌被称为转移性乳腺癌。转移性肿瘤在胸片中常显示为典型的圆形<a href="#cite_note-Seo-79">[79]</a>。 而原发性肺癌本身最常见的转移部位是脑、骨、肝脏和<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BE%E4%B8%8A%E8%85%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="肾上腺">肾上腺</a><a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei78-8">[8]</a>。对活检组织进行<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2" title="免疫染色">免疫染色</a>通常有助于确定癌症原发部位<a href="#cite_note-pmid18784820-80">[80]</a>。若腫瘤細胞出現<a href="/w/index.php?title=Napsin-A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napsin-A（页面不存在）">Napsin-A</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napsin-A" class="extiw" title="en:Napsin-A">Napsin-A</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=TTF-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TTF-1（页面不存在）">TTF-1</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TTF-1" class="extiw" title="en:TTF-1">TTF-1</a>）、CK7和CK20等標記，可以協助確認腫瘤的亞型。如SCLC是源自於神經內分泌細胞，因此可能會表現<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%83%E9%BB%8F%E9%99%84%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="神經元黏附分子">CD56</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%83%E9%BB%8F%E9%99%84%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="神經元黏附分子">神經元黏附分子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E8%A7%B8%E7%B4%A0" title="突觸素">突觸素</a>，或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%97%9C%E9%89%BB%E7%B2%92%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="嗜鉻粒蛋白（页面不存在）">嗜鉻粒蛋白</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/chromogranin" class="extiw" title="en:chromogranin">chromogranin</a>）等等<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-3">[3]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="分期">分期</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：分期">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C%E5%88%86%E6%9C%9F" title="肺癌分期">肺癌分期</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E5%88%86%E6%9C%9F" title="癌症分期">癌症分期</a>是对其从原发部位扩散的程度进行评价<a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei2-81">[81]</a>，是影响肺癌<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%84%E5%90%8E" title="预后">预后</a>和潜在治疗措施的因素之一<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei2-81">[81]</a>。最初对非小细胞肺癌的分期评估使用的是<a href="/w/index.php?title=TNM%E5%88%86%E6%9C%9F%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TNM分期法（页面不存在）">TNM分期法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNM_staging_system" class="extiw" title="en:TNM staging system">TNM staging system</a>）。是基于原发肿瘤（Tumor）的大小，是否累及淋巴结（lymph Node）及有否远处转移（Metastasis）<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-3">[3]</a>。 <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;margin-left:1em;background:#E5AFAA;"> <caption>肺癌的TNM分期法（AJCC第八版）<a href="#cite_note-AJCC8-82">[82]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">T：原发性肿瘤 </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">TX </td> <td rowspan="2">任何的： </td> <td>無法評估 </td></tr> <tr> <td>肿瘤细胞存在于痰或支气管洗出液中，但在成像或支气管镜检查中没有发现肿瘤 </td></tr> <tr> <td>T0 </td> <td colspan="2">无原发肿瘤依据 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tis </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8D%E7%99%8C" title="原位癌">原位癌</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>T1 </td> <td colspan="2">腫瘤小於三公分，且腫瘤未侵犯至其他週邊組織、臟層胸膜。 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">T1a </td> <td colspan="2">腫瘤不大於1公分（ ≤１ cm） </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">位於中心氣道表面的腫瘤。大小不限，只要三公分以下都歸於此類，但腫瘤僅限於氣管及支氣管壁。 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">微侵犯的腺癌 </td></tr> <tr> <td>T1b </td> <td colspan="2">腫瘤大於1公分（ >1 cm），但不大於2公分（ ≤2 cm） </td></tr> <tr> <td>T1c </td> <td colspan="2">腫瘤大於2公分（ >2 cm），但不大於3公分（ ≤3 cm） </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">T2 </td> <td rowspan="3">任何的： </td> <td>腫瘤大於3公分（ >3 cm），但不大於5公分（ ≤5 cm） </td></tr> <tr> <td>腫瘤進犯臟層<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E8%86%9C" title="胸膜">胸膜</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>因腫瘤引起肺塌陷或阻塞性肺炎，影像上延伸至肺門。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>T2a </td> <td colspan="2">腫瘤大於3公分（ >3 cm），但不大於4公分（ ≤4 cm） </td></tr> <tr> <td>T2b </td> <td colspan="2">腫瘤大於4公分（ >4 cm），但不大於5公分（ ≤5 cm） </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">T3 </td> <td rowspan="3">任何的： </td> <td>腫瘤大於5公分（ >5 cm），但不大於7公分（ ≤5 cm） </td></tr> <tr> <td>腫瘤進犯胸壁、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%8C%85" title="心包">心包</a>、膈神經 </td></tr> <tr> <td>單一肺葉有超過一顆獨立結節 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">T4 </td> <td rowspan="2">任何的： </td> <td>腫瘤侵犯至<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%B1%E9%9A%94%E8%85%94" class="mw-redirect" title="縱隔腔">縱隔腔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%AB%E8%86%88" class="mw-redirect" title="橫膈">橫膈</a>、心臟、大血管、<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%89%E8%BF%94%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93" title="喉返神經">喉返神經</a>、氣管隆凸（Carina）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E7%AE%A1" title="氣管">氣管</a>、食道、<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93%E6%90%8D%E5%82%B7" title="脊髓損傷">脊椎骨</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>腫瘤細胞同時出現於同側不同肺葉 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">N：淋巴结 </th></tr> <tr> <td>NX </td> <td>区域淋巴结，且無法評估 </td></tr> <tr> <td>N0 </td> <td>無周邊淋巴結侵犯、轉移 </td></tr> <tr> <td>N1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="腫瘤">腫瘤</a>侵犯或轉移至原發腫瘤同側之支氣管周圍淋巴結、肺內淋巴結或肺門淋巴結。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>N2 </td> <td>腫瘤侵犯或轉移至原發腫瘤同側之縱隔腔淋巴結或氣管隆凸下淋巴結。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>N3 </td> <td>腫瘤侵犯或轉移至原發腫瘤對側之縱隔腔或肺門淋巴結，或有無論同對側的鎖骨上淋巴結轉移。 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="width: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">M：转移 </th></tr> <tr> <td>MX </td> <td colspan="2">無法評估 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M0 </td> <td colspan="2">無遠端轉移 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">M1a </td> <td rowspan="3">任何的： </td> <td>對側肺獨立結節 </td></tr> <tr> <td>肋膜獨立結節 </td></tr> <tr> <td>有惡性腫瘤引致的肋膜積液、心包積液 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M1b </td> <td colspan="2">單一胸外轉移 </td></tr> <tr> <td>M1c </td> <td colspan="2">多重胸外轉移 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> 使用TNM分期系统可将非小細胞肺癌分为隐匿癌、0、IA、IB、IIA、IIB、IIIA、IIIB、IIIC、IVA，和IVB期。这一分期系统可辅助选择治疗措施和评估预后<a href="#cite_note-Rami-Porta-83">[83]</a>。 小细胞肺癌被归入局限期（limited stage，只限于單側胸腔的一半，且能被纳入单一<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%B2%BB%E7%96%97" class="mw-redirect" title="放射治疗">放射治疗</a>區域）和广泛期（播散范围更广）<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-3">[3]</a>。但使用TNM系统进行分类有助于评估其预后<a href="#cite_note-Rami-Porta-83">[83]</a>。 对非小细胞肺癌和小细胞肺癌来说有两种分期评估方法：临床分期和外科手术分期。临床分期在根除性手術之前进行，主要以影像学检查结果（如<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E6%96%AD%E5%B1%82%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="X射线计算机断层成像">CT扫描</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E6%96%AD%E5%B1%82%E6%89%AB%E6%8F%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="正电子发射计算机断层扫描">PET扫描</a>）和组织活检结果为基础。外科手术分期在术中或术后进行，综合考虑手术和临床的结果，包括对胸腔淋巴结的手术取样<a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei78-8">[8]</a>。 <table class="wikitable floatleft" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;margin-left:1em;background:#E5AFAA;"> <caption>根據TNM分期法對肺癌患者的分期<a href="#cite_note-AJCC8-82">[82]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>TNM </th> <th>期組 </th></tr> <tr> <td>T1 N0 M0 </td> <td>IA </td></tr> <tr> <td>T2a N0 M0 </td> <td>IB </td></tr> <tr> <td>T2b N0 M0 </td> <td>IIA </td></tr> <tr> <td>T1-T2 N1 M0 </td> <td rowspan="2">IIB </td></tr> <tr> <td>T3 N0 M0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>T1–T2 N2 M0 </td> <td rowspan="3">IIIA </td></tr> <tr> <td>T3 N1 M0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>T4 N0–N1 M0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>T1-T2 N3 M0 </td> <td rowspan="2">IIIB </td></tr> <tr> <td>T3-T4 N2 M0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>T3-T4 N3 M0 </td> <td>IIIC </td></tr> <tr> <td>M1a-M1b </td> <td>IVA </td></tr> <tr> <td>M1c </td> <td>IVB </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="预防">预防</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：预防">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pathology_of_the_lung_(cancer).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Pathology_of_the_lung_%28cancer%29.jpg/220px-Pathology_of_the_lung_%28cancer%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Pathology_of_the_lung_%28cancer%29.jpg/330px-Pathology_of_the_lung_%28cancer%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Pathology_of_the_lung_%28cancer%29.jpg/440px-Pathology_of_the_lung_%28cancer%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1768" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>人類肺部切面，肺上葉的白色團塊為肺癌腫瘤，黑色的部分為抽菸造成的變色</figcaption></figure> 避免吸菸和<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%92%E8%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="戒菸">戒菸</a>是有效預防肺癌發生的方法<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="禁菸">禁菸</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：禁菸">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%81%E8%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="禁菸">禁菸</a></div> 在大多数国家，大部分工业和家用的可致癌物质都已經鑑別出來，並明令規範，但吸菸仍相當普遍。限制吸烟是预防肺癌的首要目标，而戒菸是这个过程中最重要的一环<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a>。 有更多西方国家通过政策干预来减少在餐馆和工作场所等公共区域的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%8A%A8%E5%90%B8%E7%83%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="被动吸烟">被动吸烟</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%B9" title="不丹">不丹</a>於2005年起已实行完全禁烟令<a href="#cite_note-Bhutan-87">[87]</a>，印度也从2008年10月开始也实行了公共场所禁烟令<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界卫生组织">世界卫生组织</a>（WHO）号召各国政府全面禁止菸草广告以防止年轻人沾染，WHO估计在实行这种禁令的国家烟草消费量已减少了至少16%<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF10-89">[89]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="筛檢">筛檢</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：筛檢">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C%E7%AF%A9%E6%AA%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺癌篩檢（页面不存在）">肺癌篩檢</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_screening" class="extiw" title="en:Cancer screening">Cancer screening</a>）乃在没有症状的人群中進行大規模<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E6%A3%80%E6%9F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="医学检查（页面不存在）">医学检查</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/medical_tests" class="extiw" title="en:medical tests">medical tests</a>）<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a>。对有患肺癌高风险的人群可以通过<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E6%96%AD%E5%B1%82%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="X射线计算机断层成像">電腦斷層</a>来筛查发现癌组织，也使病人有机会早期診斷並治療从而延长寿命<a href="#cite_note-ACCPandATSfive-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Us2016-91">[91]</a>。这种形式的筛查使死于肺癌机率的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%95%E5%B0%8D%E9%A2%A8%E9%9A%AA%E6%B8%9B%E5%B0%91%E7%8E%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="絕對風險減少率（页面不存在）">絕對風險</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_risk_reduction" class="extiw" title="en:Absolute risk reduction">Absolute risk reduction</a>）减少了0.3%（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E9%A2%A8%E9%9A%AA%E6%B8%9B%E5%B0%91%E7%8E%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="相對風險減少率（页面不存在）">相對風險</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_risk_reduction" class="extiw" title="en:Relative risk reduction">Relative risk reduction</a>）减少了20%）<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> 。高危人群是指那些年龄为55-74岁，抽烟量相当于连续30年每天1盒，而且戒烟不超过15年的人<a href="#cite_note-ACCPandATSfive-71">[71]</a>。 電腦斷層<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%BD%E9%99%BD%E6%80%A7%E7%8E%87%E5%8F%8A%E5%81%BD%E9%99%B0%E6%80%A7%E7%8E%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="偽陽性率及偽陰性率（页面不存在）">偽陽性率</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_positives_and_false_negatives" class="extiw" title="en:False positives and false negatives">False positives and false negatives</a>）高，可能导致采取不必要的治疗措施<a href="#cite_note-Ab2013-94">[94]</a>。被篩檢為陽性者，僅有1/20為偽陰性<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a>。偽陽性率高所衍生的公衛議題包含會造成額外的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E9%9B%A2%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="游離輻射">輻射暴露</a><a href="#cite_note-Ab2013-94">[94]</a>，且後續檢查也可能造成不必要的花費<a href="#cite_note-ACCPandATSfive-71">[71]</a>。目前<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%B0%E6%B6%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="痰液">痰液</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="細胞病理學（页面不存在）">細胞篩檢</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cytopathology" class="extiw" title="en:cytopathology">cytopathology</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E9%83%A8X%E5%85%89" title="胸部X光">胸部X光</a>等另外兩種篩檢沒有任何已知效益<a href="#cite_note-Us2016-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a>。 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E7%BB%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国预防服务工作组（页面不存在）">美国预防服务工作组</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Preventive_Services_Task_Force" class="extiw" title="en:United States Preventive Services Task Force">United States Preventive Services Task Force</a>）（USPSTF）建议年龄介于55-80歲之间，每年抽菸超過20包，且戒菸未超過15年的族群，每年進行低剂量CT肺癌筛檢<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a>。但若合併其他健康問題，使提前診斷無法延長預期壽命，或就算診斷也無法進行治療的族群，並不建議常規進行低剂量CT（LDCT）肺癌筛檢<a href="#cite_note-Moy2014-98">[98]</a>。2014年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BD%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英国国家卫生署（页面不存在）">英国国家卫生署</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service_(England)" class="extiw" title="en:National Health Service (England)">National Health Service (England)</a>）重新审查了支持进行CT筛查的证据<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a>。 臺灣國民健康署建議下列肺癌高風險族群可考慮LDCT篩檢：<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <ul><li>年齡介於50-80歲，抽菸史超過30包年之民眾(含戒菸時間未超過15年的民眾)。</li> <li>具有肺癌家族史的民眾（父母、子女或兄弟姊妹罹患肺癌）。</li> <li>有肺部病史者（如肺結核、慢性肺阻塞症）。</li> <li>暴露於氡氣環境，或特定職場環境工作者（如：金屬業、冶礦業、石油化學工業、石綿接觸者或長期暴露在有粉塵、油煙、棉絮、化學物質、放射環境下等）。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其他预防措施">其他预防措施</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：其他预防措施">编辑</a>]</div> 长期补充<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0A" class="mw-redirect" title="维生素A">维生素A</a><a href="#cite_note-Fabricius-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0C" title="维生素C">C</a><a href="#cite_note-Fabricius-101">[101]</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0D" title="维生素D">D</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0E" title="维生素E">E</a><a href="#cite_note-Fabricius-101">[101]</a>并不会降低患肺癌的风险。一些研究表明：饮食中蔬菜和水果比例较高的人患肺癌风险似乎更低<a href="#cite_note-Alberg-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Key-104">[104]</a>，但这也可能混杂了其他<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B7%B7%E6%93%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="混擾（页面不存在）">混擾因子</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/confounding" class="extiw" title="en:confounding">confounding</a>），因為會吃蔬果的人可能會抽菸的比例也較低。目前还未有严谨的调查研究证明饮食和肺癌风险之间有明确关联<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Key-104">[104]</a>，但有芸萃分析支持抽菸者如果配合健康飲食可以降低肺癌風險<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="治療">治療</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：治療">编辑</a>]</div> 肺癌的治疗取决于癌细胞的类型，<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C%E5%88%86%E6%9C%9F" title="肺癌分期">扩散程度</a>和病人的身体状况。通常的治疗措施包括：<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E7%BC%93%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97" class="mw-redirect" title="和缓医疗">和缓医疗</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E6%9C%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="手术">手术</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%96%97" class="mw-redirect" title="化疗">化疗</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E7%96%97" class="mw-redirect" title="放疗">放疗</a><a href="#cite_note-Harrison-3">[3]</a>。对晚期肺癌来说，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C%E7%9A%84%E6%A8%99%E9%9D%B6%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺癌的標靶治療（页面不存在）">標靶治療</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeted_therapy_of_lung_cancer" class="extiw" title="en:Targeted therapy of lung cancer">Targeted therapy of lung cancer</a>）会变得越来越重要。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="手术">手术</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：手术">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lung_cancer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lung_cancer.jpg/220px-Lung_cancer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Lung_cancer.jpg/330px-Lung_cancer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Lung_cancer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E8%82%BA%E5%88%87%E9%99%A4%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全肺切除术（页面不存在）">全肺切除术</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonectomy" class="extiw" title="en:Pneumonectomy">Pneumonectomy</a>）后的标本，白色區域為<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%9E%E7%8A%B6%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%99%8C" title="鳞状细胞癌">鳞状细胞癌</a>，生長於支气管附近。</figcaption></figure> 如果确诊为非小细胞肺癌，对其进行<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C%E5%88%86%E6%9C%9F" title="肺癌分期">分期</a>可确定肺癌病灶是否为局限性、能否手术切除，或是否癌组织已扩散到无法用手术治疗的程度，这可用CT和正电子成像术（<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E6%96%AD%E5%B1%82%E6%89%AB%E6%8F%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="正电子发射计算机断层扫描">PET</a>）扫描来决定<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-3">[3]</a>。如果怀疑纵膈淋巴结受累可以取样淋巴结从而协助分期。取樣技術包含經胸壁穿刺針吸活檢術（transthoracic needle aspiration）、经支气管针吸活检（transbronchial needle aspiration，可選擇是否要用氣管內視鏡超音波輔助）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E8%A6%96%E9%8F%A1%E8%B6%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%B3%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內視鏡超音波（页面不存在）">內視鏡超音波</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/endoscopic_ultrasound" class="extiw" title="en:endoscopic ultrasound">endoscopic ultrasound</a>）細針抽吸、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B5%E8%86%88%E9%95%9C%E6%A3%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纵膈镜检（页面不存在）">纵膈镜检</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mediastinoscopy" class="extiw" title="en:mediastinoscopy">mediastinoscopy</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E8%85%94%E9%8F%A1" title="胸腔鏡">胸腔鏡</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2%E6%A3%80%E6%9F%A5" title="血液检查">血液检查</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%A3%80%E6%9F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺功能检查（页面不存在）">肺功能检查</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pulmonary_function_testing" class="extiw" title="en:pulmonary function testing">pulmonary function testing</a>）可用于评估病人能否承受手术<a href="#cite_note-Collins-20">[20]</a>。如果肺功能检查发现病人呼气储备量很低可能不会进行手术<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-3">[3]</a>。 对大多数早期的非小细胞肺癌患者手术会选择只切除一个肺叶（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E5%8F%B6%E5%88%87%E9%99%A4%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺叶切除术（页面不存在）">肺叶切除术</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lobectomy" class="extiw" title="en:lobectomy">lobectomy</a>））。对于不适合行完整肺叶切除术的病人，可能可沿邊緣將含有腫瘤的三角形區域切除（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%94%E5%BD%A2%E5%88%87%E9%99%A4%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="楔形切除术（页面不存在）">楔形切除术</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/wedge_resection" class="extiw" title="en:wedge resection">wedge resection</a>））。但是与肺叶切除术相比楔形切除术术后更易复发<a href="#cite_note-Fishman1855-108">[108]</a>。在楔形切除部位的边缘进行<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E8%B7%9D%E7%A6%BB%E6%B2%BB%E7%96%97" title="近距离治疗">近距离</a>放射<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">碘</a>治療（Radioactive iodine brachytherapy）可能会降低复发的风险<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a>。僅有在相當罕見的情況下才會進行<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E8%82%BA%E5%88%87%E9%99%A4%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全肺切除术（页面不存在）">全肺切除术</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pneumonectomy" class="extiw" title="en:pneumonectomy">pneumonectomy</a>）<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86%E8%BE%85%E5%8A%A9%E8%83%B8%E8%85%94%E9%95%9C%E6%89%8B%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="电视辅助胸腔镜手术（页面不存在）">电视辅助胸腔镜手术</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video-assisted_thoracoscopic_surgery" class="extiw" title="en:Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery">Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery</a>）（VATS）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=VATS%E8%82%BA%E5%8F%B6%E5%88%87%E9%99%A4%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VATS肺叶切除术（页面不存在）">VATS肺叶切除术</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VATS_lobectomy" class="extiw" title="en:VATS lobectomy">VATS lobectomy</a>）使用微创技术对肺癌进行手术治疗<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a>。与传统的开放肺叶切除术相比VATS肺叶切除术同样有效且术后并发症更少<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a>。 小细胞肺癌通常使用化疗和/或放疗<a href="#cite_note-SimonTurrisi-113">[113]</a>，但是人们正重新考量手术对小细胞肺癌的作用。對於沒有遠端轉移且無進犯縱膈者，可以先以外科手術切除，再進行輔助性化療<a href="#cite_note-NCCN2018-114">[114]</a>。而對於已經進犯縱膈腔者，則建議先以化放療作為初始治療<a href="#cite_note-NCCN2018-114">[114]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="放疗">放疗</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：放疗">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_showing_how_you_have_internal_radiotherapy_for_lung_cancer_CRUK_160_zh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Diagram_showing_how_you_have_internal_radiotherapy_for_lung_cancer_CRUK_160_zh.svg/220px-Diagram_showing_how_you_have_internal_radiotherapy_for_lung_cancer_CRUK_160_zh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Diagram_showing_how_you_have_internal_radiotherapy_for_lung_cancer_CRUK_160_zh.svg/330px-Diagram_showing_how_you_have_internal_radiotherapy_for_lung_cancer_CRUK_160_zh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Diagram_showing_how_you_have_internal_radiotherapy_for_lung_cancer_CRUK_160_zh.svg/440px-Diagram_showing_how_you_have_internal_radiotherapy_for_lung_cancer_CRUK_160_zh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>气道内近距离治疗</figcaption></figure>化疗通常和<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E7%96%97" class="mw-redirect" title="放疗">放疗</a>同时进行，对于不符合手术条件的非小细胞肺癌患者，放疗也可用于根治性治疗。这种高强度的放疗被称为根治性放疗<a href="#cite_note-OTO-115">[115]</a>。连续超分割加速放疗（CHART）是对根治性放疗的改进，它在短时间内给予患者大剂量的放疗<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a>。非小细胞肺癌行治疗目的的手术后一般不應進行胸部放疗<a href="#cite_note-PORT_Meta-analysis_Trialists_Group-117">[117]</a>，但对有纵膈N2淋巴结累及的一些患者来说术后放疗可能有好处<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a>。对可能治癒的小细胞肺癌患者化疗之外通常建议进行胸部放疗<a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei78-8">[8]</a>。 如果癌组织堵塞了一小段支气管，可以在气道内用<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E8%B7%9D%E7%A6%BB%E6%B2%BB%E7%96%97" title="近距离治疗">近距离治疗</a>（局部放疗）直接打通。和体外放射治疗相比,近距离治疗可减少治疗时间，也可减少对医护人员的射线照射量<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a>。然而目前近距離治療的相關治療證據，仍比傳統的体外放射治疗要少<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a>。 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%84%E9%98%B2%E6%80%A7%E9%A2%85%E8%84%91%E7%85%A7%E5%B0%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="预防性颅脑照射（页面不存在）">预防性颅脑照射</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophylactic_cranial_irradiation" class="extiw" title="en:Prophylactic cranial irradiation">Prophylactic cranial irradiation</a>）（PCI）是脑部的一种放疗手段，用于降低肿瘤<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E8%BD%AC%E7%A7%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="癌症转移">转移</a>风险，对小细胞肺癌最有用。PCI使局限期肺癌的三年生存率從15%提升至20%，使广泛期肺癌的一年生存率從13%增加至27%<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a>。 近年来靶向治疗和影像技术的改进使立体定向放疗治疗早期肺癌这一疗法得到发展。这种放疗方法使用立体定向定位技术分几次对病人进行大剂量放疗。这最初用于那些由于某些<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E5%B9%B6%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="合并症">合并症</a>无法进行手术的患者<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a>。 对非小细胞肺癌和小细胞肺癌患者来说稍小剂量的胸部放疗可用于控制症状（和緩性放療）<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%84%E9%A0%BB%E6%B6%88%E8%9E%8D%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="射頻消融術">射频消融术</a>是一种利用高频<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%B5%81" title="电流">电流</a>来杀死肿瘤细胞的新技术，可以用于肿瘤病灶较小的早期患者或放疗后的复发患者。这是一种创伤较小的治疗手段，较开胸手术而言，可以尽可能多地保护肺功能，适用于无法手术的患者<a href="#cite_note-Merck-9">[9]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="化疗">化疗</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：化疗">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%96%97" class="mw-redirect" title="化疗">化疗</a>方案取决于肿瘤类型<a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei78-8">[8]</a>。小细胞肺癌（SCLC）即使在相对早期也主要采用化疗和放疗进行治疗<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a>，常用的化疗方案为<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9D%E6%89%98%E6%B3%8A%E8%8B%B7" title="依托泊苷">依托泊苷</a>联合一种铂类药物（顺铂或卡铂）<a href="#cite_note-Murray-125">[125]</a>，二者也常和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%93%82" title="卡铂">卡铂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E8%A5%BF%E4%BB%96%E6%BB%A8" title="吉西他滨">吉西他滨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E6%9D%89%E9%86%87" title="紫杉醇">紫杉醇</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%BF%E6%98%A5%E7%91%9E%E6%BB%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="长春瑞滨（页面不存在）">长春瑞滨</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vinorelbine" class="extiw" title="en:vinorelbine">vinorelbine</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E6%9B%BF%E5%BA%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="拓扑替康">拓扑替康</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%AB%8B%E6%9B%BF%E5%BA%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="伊立替康">伊立替康</a>等药物联用<a href="#cite_note-Azim-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-MacCallum-127">[127]</a>。对于晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC），如果病人身体可承受，化疗可提高存活率，為第一线治疗手段<a href="#cite_note-pmid18678835-128">[128]</a>，并且通常使用两种药物来治疗，其中一种常为铂类（顺铂或卡铂）。其它常用的化疗药物为：<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E8%A5%BF%E4%BB%96%E6%BB%A8" title="吉西他滨">吉西他滨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E6%9D%89%E9%86%87" title="紫杉醇">紫杉醇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%A5%BF%E4%BB%96%E8%B5%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="多西他赛">多西他赛</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clegg-130">[130]</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%B9%E7%BE%8E%E6%9B%B2%E5%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="培美曲塞（页面不存在）">培美曲塞</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pemetrexed" class="extiw" title="en:pemetrexed">pemetrexed</a>）<a href="#cite_note-pmid20446853-131">[131]</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9D%E6%89%98%E6%B3%8A%E8%8B%B7" title="依托泊苷">依托泊苷</a>或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%BF%E6%98%A5%E7%91%9E%E6%BB%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="长春瑞滨（页面不存在）">长春瑞滨</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vinorelbine" class="extiw" title="en:vinorelbine">vinorelbine</a>）<a href="#cite_note-Clegg-130">[130]</a>。70歲以上的患者如果使用铂类药物進行化療，其產生嚴重副作用的風險會較高<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a>。 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%85%E5%8A%A9%E5%8C%96%E7%96%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="辅助化疗（页面不存在）">辅助化疗</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjuvant_therapy" class="extiw" title="en:Adjuvant therapy">Adjuvant therapy</a>）是指在進行根除型手术後再实施化疗，目的是提高疗效。对于非小细胞肺癌，手术过程中会在病灶旁<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%B5%90" title="淋巴結">淋巴结</a>取样以辅助<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C%E5%88%86%E6%9C%9F" title="肺癌分期">分期</a>。如果确定其为肺癌II或III期，辅助性化疗可以使五年生存率提高4%<a href="#cite_note-Carbone-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Le_Chevalier-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> 。与旧的化疗方案相比，长春瑞滨和顺铂联用更有效<a href="#cite_note-Le_Chevalier-134">[134]</a>。对IB期肺癌是否应采用辅助性化疗还有争议，因为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="临床试验">临床试验</a>还未证明其可以提高生存率<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a>。非小细胞肺癌的癌组织若能手术切除，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AF%E5%89%8D%E5%8C%96%E7%96%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="术前化疗（页面不存在）">术前化疗</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy_before_surgery" class="extiw" title="en:Chemotherapy before surgery">Chemotherapy before surgery</a>）也能提高疗效<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a>。 在对非小细胞肺癌的治疗中，化疗可能会与和缓医疗联合应用。对晚期病人而言，适当的化疗比单纯的支持性护理更能提高平均存活率，也可以改善生存质量<a href="#cite_note-pmid7551923-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a>。在和缓医疗的过程中如果病人身体状况允许的话，持續化疗可以使存活时间延长1.5到3个月，也可减轻症状，改善生存质量，且现代化疗药物的效果更好<a href="#cite_note-pmid11441939-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12065068-142">[142]</a>。非小细胞肺癌<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%B8%E8%90%83%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="芸萃分析（页面不存在）">芸萃分析</a>协作小组建议：在晚期非小细胞肺癌的治疗中，如果患者願意而且可忍受就应该考虑进行化疗<a href="#cite_note-pmid18678835-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20464750-143">[143]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="標靶治療">標靶治療</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：標靶治療">编辑</a>]</div> 肺癌、特别是在晚期肺癌的治疗中，有几种<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C%E7%9A%84%E6%A8%99%E9%9D%B6%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺癌的標靶治療（页面不存在）">以分子路径为靶标的药物</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/targeted_therapy_of_lung_cancer" class="extiw" title="en:targeted therapy of lung cancer">targeted therapy of lung cancer</a>）可用。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E6%B4%9B%E6%9B%BF%E5%B0%BC" title="厄洛替尼">厄洛替尼</a> 、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E9%9D%9E%E6%9B%BF%E5%B0%BC" title="吉非替尼">吉非替尼</a>，和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%95%E6%9B%BF%E5%B0%BC" title="阿法替尼">阿法替尼</a>抑制<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%9A%AE%E7%94%9F%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93" title="表皮生长因子受体">表皮生长因子受体</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AA%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8%E6%BF%80%E9%85%B6" title="酪氨酸激酶">酪氨酸激酶</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%88%92%E5%96%AE%E6%8A%97" title="地舒單抗">Denosumab</a>是針對<a href="/wiki/RANKL" title="RANKL">RANKL</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E5%85%8B%E9%9A%86%E6%8A%97%E4%BD%93" title="单克隆抗体">单克隆抗体</a>，本品會與RANKL結合，使其無法激活<a href="/wiki/%E8%9D%95%E9%AA%A8%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="蝕骨細胞">蝕骨細胞</a>，对治疗骨转移癌有效<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a>。2015年单克隆抗体药物<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%BB%B4%E6%B1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="安维汀">安维汀</a>（贝伐珠单抗）肺癌适应症在中国上市，其通过抑制<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="肿瘤">肿瘤</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="血管生成">血管生成</a>来治疗癌症<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/T%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="T细胞">T细胞</a>上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="受体 (生物化学)">受体</a><a href="/wiki/CTLA-4" title="CTLA-4">CTLA-4</a>会抑制免疫系统，有些癌細胞便會依此機制來逃脫免疫系統的偵查。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E5%8C%B9%E5%8D%95%E6%8A%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊匹单抗（页面不存在）">伊匹单抗</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipilimumab" class="extiw" title="en:Ipilimumab">Ipilimumab</a>）（Ipilimumab）會抑制CTLA-4，藉此來阻断其<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E6%81%AF%E5%82%B3%E9%81%9E_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="訊息傳遞 (生物)">信号传导</a>，減少癌細胞逃脫的機會，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E8%8D%AF%E5%93%81%E7%9B%91%E7%9D%A3%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80" title="美国食品药品监督管理局">FDA</a>已批准其用于治疗<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E7%98%A4" title="黑色素瘤">黑色素瘤</a>。目前有第三期試驗顯示伊匹单抗與<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%9D%E7%96%BE%E4%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="保疾伏（页面不存在）">保疾伏</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nivolumab" class="extiw" title="en:nivolumab">nivolumab</a>）（nivolumab）併用可以延長非小细胞肺癌的存活期<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a>。 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E6%80%A7%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="程序性细胞死亡1（页面不存在）">程序性细胞死亡1</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/programmed_cell_death_1" class="extiw" title="en:programmed cell death 1">programmed cell death 1</a>）蛋白（PD-1）传导的信号可使T细胞失活，一些癌细胞會表达PD-L1，使T细胞無法作用。因此有些藥物藉由抑制PD-1与其<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E4%BD%93_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" class="mw-redirect" title="配体 (生物化学)">配体</a><a href="/wiki/PD-1%E9%85%8D%E4%BD%931" class="mw-redirect" title="PD-1配体1">PD-1配体1</a>（PD-L1）来发挥疗效，此類藥物已被批准作為某些肺癌的前幾線藥物<a href="#cite_note-Syn2017-147">[147]</a>。PD-1因此可使用PD-1和PD-L1的单克隆抗体來對況這些癌細胞。此類藥物包含<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BE%E5%A7%86%E5%8D%95%E6%8A%97" class="mw-redirect" title="派姆单抗">派姆单抗</a>（pembrolizumab）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%9D%E7%96%BE%E4%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="保疾伏（页面不存在）">保疾伏</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nivolumab" class="extiw" title="en:nivolumab">nivolumab</a>）<a href="#cite_note-Powell_2013-67">[67]</a>、癌自禦（atezolizumab）<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a>，以及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%A6%E4%BC%90%E9%AD%AF%E5%96%AE%E6%8A%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="度伐魯單抗（页面不存在）">度伐魯單抗</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/durvalumab" class="extiw" title="en:durvalumab">durvalumab</a>）（durvalumab）等等<a href="#cite_note-Syn2017-147">[147]</a>，相關的临床试验目前正在进行<a href="#cite_note-Syn2017-147">[147]</a>。 有些肺癌患者已对表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%97%B4%E5%8F%98%E6%80%A7%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%98%A4%E6%BF%80%E9%85%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="间变性淋巴瘤激酶（页面不存在）">间变性淋巴瘤激酶</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/anaplastic_lymphoma_kinase" class="extiw" title="en:anaplastic lymphoma kinase">anaplastic lymphoma kinase</a>）（ALK）的<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AA%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8%E6%BF%80%E9%85%B6%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%8A%91" title="酪氨酸激酶抑制劑">酪氨酸激酶抑制剂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinase_tyrosine-based_inhibitory_motif" class="extiw" title="en:Kinase tyrosine-based inhibitory motif">Kinase tyrosine-based inhibitory motif</a>）產生耐受性，故有些新药正在開發中。新的EGFR抑制剂包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%95%E6%9B%BF%E5%B0%BC" title="阿法替尼">阿法替尼</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%94%E7%A7%91%E7%B1%B3%E6%9B%BF%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="達科米替尼（页面不存在）">達科米替尼</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacomitinib" class="extiw" title="en:Dacomitinib">Dacomitinib</a>）。新的ALK抑制剂包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%94%91%E6%9B%BF%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克里唑替尼（页面不存在）">克里唑替尼</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/crizotinib" class="extiw" title="en:crizotinib">crizotinib</a>）（crizotinib）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%B2%E7%91%9E%E6%9B%BF%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="色瑞替尼（页面不存在）">色瑞替尼</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ceritinib" class="extiw" title="en:ceritinib">ceritinib</a>）（ceritinib）<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="支氣管鏡">支氣管鏡</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：支氣管鏡">编辑</a>]</div> 對於氣道阻塞或流血的病人，有數種治療可透過支氣管鏡進行。如果氣管遭到腫瘤堵塞者，可以選擇的治療包含硬式支氣管鏡（rigid bronchoscopy）、支氣管內氣囊擴張和成形術（balloon bronchoplasty）、支架置放術，以及微型輕創術（microdebridement）等等<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a>。雷射燒灼術（Laser photosection）則需藉由支氣管鏡讓雷射進入氣道，並將堵塞的腫瘤移除<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="和缓医疗">和缓医疗</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：和缓医疗">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E7%BC%93%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97" class="mw-redirect" title="和缓医疗">和缓医疗</a>能提升患者在治療期間的生活品質。即使正在進行常規化疗的患者，合併給予和緩醫療也有助益<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a>。和緩醫療也能夠給予患者和醫師雙方一段過渡期，以避免情急之下做出無法反悔的決定<a href="#cite_note-pmid20818881-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19856592-154">[154]</a> 。和緩醫療並不只用於生命垂危之際，在整个病程中，和缓医疗都可以避免无用但昂贵的治疗措施。对那些癌症晚期的病人，則建議轉由<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%AE%81%E7%97%85%E6%88%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="安宁病房">安宁病房</a>進行安寧療護<a href="#cite_note-Collins-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19856592-154">[154]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="预后">预后</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：预后">编辑</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;width:35%;margin-left:1em"> <caption style="background:#E5AFAA;">根据肺癌临床分期的治疗结果（AJCC第七版）<a href="#cite_note-Rami-Porta-83">[83]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background: #E5AFAA;text-align:center;font-size:90%;"> <th abbr="Type" rowspan="2">临床分期 </th> <th abbr="5-year" colspan="2">五年以上存活率(%) </th></tr> <tr style="background: #E5AFAA;text-align:center;font-size:90%;"> <th abbr="NSCLC">非小细胞肺癌 </th> <th abbr="SCLC">小细胞肺癌 </th></tr> <tr> <td>IA </td> <td>50 </td> <td>38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>IB </td> <td>47 </td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <td>IIA </td> <td>36 </td> <td>38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>IIB </td> <td>26 </td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>IIIA </td> <td>19 </td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>IIIB </td> <td>7 </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>IV </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td></tr></tbody></table> 美国所有肺癌患者中16.8%确诊后存活了至少5年<a href="#cite_note-SEER-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a>。在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="英格蘭">英格蘭</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="威爾士">威爾斯</a>2010年到2011年之间肺癌总的五年生存率僅約有9.5%<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="发展中国家">发展中国家</a>这一情况更糟糕<a href="#cite_note-Maj2009-24">[24]</a>，确诊时往往已是晚期。就诊时30-40%的非小细胞肺癌已是Ⅳ期，60%的小细胞肺癌也已发展到Ⅳ期<a href="#cite_note-Holland-Frei78-8">[8]</a>。确诊时分期越晚，肺癌患者存活时间越短，英国的数据表明：确诊时处于最早期的病人中70%可以存活至少1年；但对那些确诊时处于最晚期的病人，这一数字下降到只有14%<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a>。 非小细胞肺癌的预后影响因素包括有无肺部症状、肿瘤大小（>3公分）、细胞类型（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%AD%A6" title="组织学">组织学</a>）、扩散程度（<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E5%88%86%E6%9C%9F" title="癌症分期">分期</a>）和是否<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E7%AB%AF%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB" title="遠端轉移">转移</a>到多处<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%B5%90" title="淋巴結">淋巴结</a>，有无<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E4%BE%B5%E7%8A%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="血管侵犯（页面不存在）">血管侵犯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/vascular_invasion" class="extiw" title="en:vascular invasion">vascular invasion</a>）。不能进行手术的病人中，身体状况差且体重下降超过10%者预后更差<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF17-158">[158]</a>。小细胞肺癌的预后影响因素包括：身体状况、性别、癌症分期，还有确诊时癌细胞是否累及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9E%A2%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="中枢神经系统">中枢神经系统</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E8%84%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="肝脏">肝脏</a><a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF18-159">[159]</a>。 对于非小细胞肺癌，若IA期时手术完整切除癌灶预后最好，多达70%患者可存活5年<a href="#cite_note-OTM-160">[160]</a>。小细胞肺癌的五年存活率总共约为5%<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-3">[3]</a>。晚期小细胞肺癌患者平均五年生存率不到1%。局限期患者的平均生存时间是20个月，五年生存率为20%<a href="#cite_note-Merck-9">[9]</a>。 根据<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" class="mw-redirect" title="美国国家癌症研究所">美国国家癌症研究所</a>提供的数据，美国肺癌患者确诊时的年龄中位数为70岁<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a>，死亡年龄中位数为72岁<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a>；有医疗保险的人可能预后更好<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="流行病学">流行病学</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：流行病学">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trachea,_bronchus,_lung_cancers_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Trachea%2C_bronchus%2C_lung_cancers_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/290px-Trachea%2C_bronchus%2C_lung_cancers_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Trachea%2C_bronchus%2C_lung_cancers_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/435px-Trachea%2C_bronchus%2C_lung_cancers_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Trachea%2C_bronchus%2C_lung_cancers_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/580px-Trachea%2C_bronchus%2C_lung_cancers_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>2012年，各國每100万居民死于气管癌、支气管癌、肺癌的年龄标准化数据。 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84565780">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-color-styled{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  0–7</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  8–12</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  13–32</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  33–53</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  54–81</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  82–125</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  126–286</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  287–398</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  399–527</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  528–889</div></div> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lung_cancer_US_distribution.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Lung_cancer_US_distribution.gif/220px-Lung_cancer_US_distribution.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Lung_cancer_US_distribution.gif/330px-Lung_cancer_US_distribution.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Lung_cancer_US_distribution.gif/440px-Lung_cancer_US_distribution.gif 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>白人男性罹患肺癌的地区分布</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lung_cancer,_incidence,_mortality_and_survival,_England_1971_-_2011.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lung_cancer%2C_incidence%2C_mortality_and_survival%2C_England_1971_-_2011.png/220px-Lung_cancer%2C_incidence%2C_mortality_and_survival%2C_England_1971_-_2011.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="591" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lung_cancer%2C_incidence%2C_mortality_and_survival%2C_England_1971_-_2011.png/330px-Lung_cancer%2C_incidence%2C_mortality_and_survival%2C_England_1971_-_2011.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Lung_cancer%2C_incidence%2C_mortality_and_survival%2C_England_1971_-_2011.png/440px-Lung_cancer%2C_incidence%2C_mortality_and_survival%2C_England_1971_-_2011.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>1971到2011年间肺癌的发病率、死亡率和存活率</figcaption></figure> 肺癌是全球男性最常見的癌症，也是發生率和死亡率最高的癌症。在女性則為發生率第三高的癌症，而死亡率則仅次于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%99%8C" title="乳癌">乳癌</a>，居第二位。2012年，全球肺癌新病例數約為182万，同時也有156万例死于肺癌，占了所有因癌症死亡人数的19.4%<a href="#cite_note-WCR2014Epi-23">[23]</a>。肺癌发病率最高的是北美、欧洲和东亚。2012年，超过三分之一的新增患者出现在中国大陸，而非洲和南亚肺癌发病率则要低得多<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a>。在英国肺癌是第二大最常见癌症（2011年有大约43,500人被诊断为肺癌），也是癌症致死的最常见病因（2012年大约35,400人死于肺癌）<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a>。 年龄超过50岁且有吸烟史的人群最可能罹患肺癌。和20多年前就开始下降的男性肺癌死亡率相比，女性的肺癌死亡率在过去数十年來不斷上升，最近才趋于稳定<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF22-166">[166]</a>。在美国，男性一生中患肺癌的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AF%E7%A7%AF%E5%8F%91%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="累积发病率">风险</a>是8%，女性是6%<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-3">[3]</a>。 據統計，約每抽掉300到400万根香烟，就有一个人死于肺癌<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E5%A4%A7%E8%8F%B8%E6%A5%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="五大菸業（页面不存在）">五大菸業</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Tobacco" class="extiw" title="en:Big Tobacco">Big Tobacco</a>）的影响力在吸烟文化中发挥重要作用<a href="#cite_note-Lum-168">[168]</a>。看到烟草广告的年轻的非吸烟者更有可能开始吸烟<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a>。近年來，人们越来越重視<a href="/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%8A%A8%E5%90%B8%E7%83%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="被动吸烟">二手菸</a>在誘發肺癌中的角色<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-38">[38]</a>，以致政府进行政策干预以减少非吸烟者不想要的暴露于其他人的烟草烟雾中的几率<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a>。汽车、工厂、发电厂排放的废气也造成了潜在的风险<a href="#cite_note-MurrayNadel52-6">[6]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%AC%A7" title="东欧">东欧</a>男性的肺癌死亡率最高，而北欧和美国女性的肺癌死亡率最高。美国黑人男性和女性的发病率都更高<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a>。目前在開發中國家，肺癌的發生率相對較低<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF23-172">[172]</a>，但隨著這些國家的吸菸人口逐漸上升，肺癌的發生率在接下來的幾年可能會逐漸上升，特別是中國<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a>和印度<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF25-174">[174]</a>。 在美國，老兵的肺癌發生率較其他族群要高出了25–50%，可能肇因於其抽菸比率較高<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a>。也可能是在二戰和韓戰期間暴露於<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%A3%89" title="石棉">石棉</a>當中，或在越戰中有遭受<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%98%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="橘劑">橘劑</a>暴露<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a>。 肺癌為英國第三常見的癌症（2014年約有46,400人新診斷肺癌）<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a>，且也是最常見的致死癌症（2014年約有35,900人死於肺癌）<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a>。 在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" title="中国大陆">中国大陆</a>，肺癌确诊后存活过5年的病人不足五分之一，中国大陆采用疗法的普遍有效程度虽然高于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="发展中国家">发展中国家</a>的平均水平，但是显著低于<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="韩国">韩国</a>等发达国家，而且也低于例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%99%8C" title="乳癌">乳癌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E7%9B%B4%E8%82%A0%E7%99%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="结直肠癌">结直肠癌</a>等其它癌症在中国大陆的疗效水平。<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a>。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="台湾">台湾</a>，确诊后存活过5年的病人约占总确诊人数的15.9%，其中一半的人能活过13.2个月。<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> 从1960年代开始，相对于其他类型肺癌，<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E8%85%BA%E7%99%8C" title="肺腺癌">肺腺癌</a>的发病率开始上升，部分原因是过滤嘴香烟的面世。过滤嘴过滤掉了烟草中的大颗粒物，因此减少了大气道中的沉积物。但是抽烟者必须吸得更深以获得等量的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%81" title="尼古丁">尼古丁</a>，因此沉积在小气道的颗粒物就增加了，而小氣道正是肺腺癌易发部位<a href="#cite_note-Charloux-181">[181]</a>。肺腺癌的发病率还在持续上升<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史">历史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：历史">编辑</a>]</div> 在吸菸普及之前，肺癌其實並不常見；在1761年之前，人们甚至不认为肺癌是一个明确的疾病<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF27-183">[183]</a>。肺癌的各个方面在1810年得以详细记述<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF28-184">[184]</a>。在1878年，尸检时发现的癌症中恶性肺肿瘤仅占1%，但到20世纪早期，这一比例已上升到10-15%<a href="#cite_note-Witschi-185">[185]</a>。在1912年，全世界医学文献中的肺癌病例报告只有374例<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF29-186">[186]</a>，但是一篇尸检的综述表明肺癌的发病率已经从1852年的0.3%上升到了1952年的5.66%<a href="#cite_note-Grannis-187">[187]</a>。1929年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a>内科医生<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E9%87%91%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗里茨·利金特（页面不存在）">弗里茨·利金特</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Lickint" class="extiw" title="en:Fritz Lickint">Fritz Lickint</a>）意识到了吸烟和肺癌的直接关联<a href="#cite_note-Witschi-185">[185]</a>，这导致了一场激进的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E7%A6%81%E7%85%99%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="納粹德國禁煙運動">反吸烟运动</a><a href="#cite_note-Proctor-188">[188]</a>。在1950年代发表的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E9%86%AB%E5%B8%AB%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英國醫師研究（页面不存在）">对英国医生吸烟和肺癌的研究</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Doctors_Study" class="extiw" title="en:British Doctors Study">British Doctors Study</a>）结果，第一次为吸烟和肺癌之间的关联提供了确凿的流行病学证据<a href="#cite_note-Doll-189">[189]</a>。因此在1964年<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E5%8C%BB%E7%BD%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国军医署（页面不存在）">美国军医署</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="en:Surgeon General of the United States">Surgeon General of the United States</a>）建议吸烟者戒烟<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF30-190">[190]</a>。 至於肺癌與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">氡氣</a>之間的關聯性，則要從一群在<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="萨克森自由州">萨克森州</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%BD%E5%85%A7%E8%B2%9D%E6%A0%BC_(%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="施內貝格 (薩克森)（页面不存在）">施內貝格</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schneeberg,_Saxony" class="extiw" title="en:Schneeberg, Saxony">Schneeberg, Saxony</a>）附近的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E5%B0%94%E5%A3%AB%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="厄尔士山脉">厄尔士山脉</a>工作的礦工開始說起。該礦坑從1740年就开始开采<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="银">银</a>矿，这些矿富含<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%80" class="mw-redirect" title="铀">铀</a>，也附带有<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭">镭</a>和氡气<a href="#cite_note-Greaves-191">[191]</a>。矿工中很多人患了肺部疾病，直到1870年代才意识到是肺癌<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a>。尽管发现了这些问题，但由于<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>对铀的需求，开采还是持续到了1950年代<a href="#cite_note-Greaves-191">[191]</a>。1960年代，氡被确认为肺癌的一个致病因素<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a>。 用于治疗肺癌的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E8%82%BA%E5%88%87%E9%99%A4%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全肺切除术（页面不存在）">全肺切除术</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pneumonectomy" class="extiw" title="en:pneumonectomy">pneumonectomy</a>），在1933年首次成功<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF32-194">[194]</a>。姑息<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E7%96%97" class="mw-redirect" title="放疗">放疗</a>从1940年代开始使用<a href="#cite_note-Edwards-195">[195]</a>，从1950年代开始使用根治性放疗，即尝试对那些处于肺癌早期但不适合手术治疗的病人使用更大的放射剂量<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF33-196">[196]</a>。在1997年，连续超分割加速放疗法出现，这被认为是对传统的根治性放疗的改进<a href="#cite_note-Saunders-197">[197]</a>。对小细胞肺癌，1960年代开始尝试手术切除<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF34-198">[198]</a>和根治性放疗<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF35-199">[199]</a>，但並不成功。至1970年代才开发出了成功的化疗方案<a href="#cite_note-AUTOREF36-200">[200]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="研究方向">研究方向</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：研究方向">编辑</a>]</div> 当前肺癌治疗的研究方向包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E6%B2%BB%E7%96%97" title="免疫治疗">免疫治疗</a>（激活机体免疫系统攻击肿瘤细胞）<a href="#cite_note-Syn2017-147">[147]</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E8%A7%82%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="表观遗传学">表观遗传学</a>、化疗和放疗新组合（单独或合併使用）。这些新的治疗措施中很多是通过<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E9%97%9C%E5%8D%A1%E9%98%BB%E6%96%B7%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="免疫關卡阻斷劑（页面不存在）">阻斷免疫關卡</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/immune_checkpoint_blockade" class="extiw" title="en:immune checkpoint blockade">immune checkpoint blockade</a>），干扰癌细胞逃避<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="免疫系统">免疫系统</a>攻击的能力<a href="#cite_note-Syn2017-147">[147]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E8%A7%82%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="表观遗传学">表观遗传学</a>是研究遺傳性基因修飾以及基因表達的學門。生物體在不改變DNA序列狀況下，可以藉由一些分子標籤改變基因的表現，而這類修飾常常具有遺傳性。针对这些分子标签的药物可以杀死癌细胞，研究显示非小細胞癌早期給予藥物阻斷多重分子標籤，可以在副作用更少的情形下殺死癌細胞<a href="#cite_note-Epi-201">[201]</a>。在对病人进行标准化治疗前给他们用这些药可以提高效果<a href="#cite_note-Epi-201">[201]</a>。相關的臨床研究正在進行中，期望能探知此類藥物對於人類肺癌的效果<a href="#cite_note-Epi-201">[201]</a>。开发中的藥物包含<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%84%B1%E4%B9%99%E9%85%B0%E9%85%B6%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%89%82" class="mw-redirect" title="组蛋白脱乙酰酶抑制剂">组蛋白脱乙酰酶抑制剂</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=DNA%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E8%BD%AC%E7%A7%BB%E9%85%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DNA甲基转移酶（页面不存在）">DNA甲基转移酶</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_methyltransferase" class="extiw" title="en:DNA methyltransferase">DNA methyltransferase</a>），前者包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%99%E6%88%8A%E9%85%B8" title="丙戊酸">丙戊酸</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E7%AB%8B%E8%AF%BA%E4%BB%96" title="伏立诺他">伏立诺他</a>（vorinostat）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%9D%E5%88%A9%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="貝利司他（页面不存在）">貝利司他</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/belinostat" class="extiw" title="en:belinostat">belinostat</a>）（belinostat）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E6%AF%94%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕比司他（页面不存在）">帕比司他</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/panobinostat" class="extiw" title="en:panobinostat">panobinostat</a>）（panobinostat）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%A9%E6%9B%BF%E8%AF%BA%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恩替诺特（页面不存在）">恩替诺特</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/entinostat" class="extiw" title="en:entinostat">entinostat</a>）（entinostat）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%86%9A%E9%85%AF%E8%82%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗醚酯肽（页面不存在）">罗醚酯肽</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/romidepsin" class="extiw" title="en:romidepsin">romidepsin</a>）（romidepsin）。後者則包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%A5%BF%E4%BB%96%E6%BB%A8" title="地西他滨">地西他滨</a>（decitabine）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AE%E6%9D%82%E8%83%9E%E8%8B%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氮杂胞苷（页面不存在）">氮杂胞苷</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/azacytidine" class="extiw" title="en:azacytidine">azacytidine</a>）（azacitidine）和<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BC%E5%B1%88%E5%97%AA" title="肼屈嗪">肼屈嗪</a><a href="#cite_note-Jakopovic-65">[65]</a>。 TRACERx計畫正在观察非小细胞肺癌如何形成和发展，以及这些肿瘤如何变得对治疗耐受<a href="#cite_note-Tracer-202">[202]</a>。这一项目会观察来自850例非小细胞肺癌病人的肿瘤样本，这些病人处于确诊后、初次治疗后、治疗后、和复发后等各个时期<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a>。通过分析肿瘤发展不同阶段的样本，研究者们希望找出哪些变化能够加速肿瘤的生长，加强肿瘤对治疗的耐受性。该项目的结果能够帮助科学家和医生理解非小细胞肺癌，并且可能有助于发现治疗肺癌的新的手段<a href="#cite_note-Tracer-202">[202]</a>。 嵌合抗原受體T細胞免疫療法（Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Immunotherapy）乃是先取得患者自身的T細胞後，在體外以基因工程的技術，使T細胞具有辨識癌細胞的能力後，再回輸到患者身上。被改造後的T細胞即稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%B5%8C%E5%90%88%E6%8A%97%E5%8E%9F%E5%8F%97%E9%AB%94T%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="嵌合抗原受體T細胞">嵌合抗原受體T細胞</a>（CAR-T），該療法在<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A5%E6%80%A7%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E6%80%A7%E7%99%BD%E8%A1%80%E7%97%85" title="急性淋巴性白血病">急性淋巴性白血病</a>（ALL）的治療方面取得了重大突破。目前也正在研究該療法在治療非小細胞肺癌以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%93%E7%9A%AE%E7%98%A4" title="間皮瘤">間皮瘤</a>的潛力<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻">參考文獻</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：參考文獻">编辑</a>]</div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ICD-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICD_1-0">1.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICD_1-1">1.1</a> World Health Organization (WHO, 世界卫生组织). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/2024-01/mms/zh?secondLanguageCode=en#316539081">2C25 支气管或肺恶性肿瘤 Malignant neoplasms of bronchus or lung</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20240515014857/https://icd.who.int/browse/2024-01/mms/zh?secondLanguageCode=en#316539081">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） // ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics 用于死因与疾病统计的ICD-11（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%BF%AE%E8%AE%A2%E6%9C%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="国际疾病分类第十一次修订本">国际疾病分类第十一次修订本</a>）[DB/OL], 2019 (2024-01) [2024-07]. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E5%9D%87%E6%B3%A2" title="葛均波">葛均波</a>; 徐永健; 王辰 (编). 第八章肺癌. 内科学（第9版）. 北京: 人民卫生出版社. 2018: 75. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-117-26541-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-117-26541-6">ISBN 978-7-117-26541-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AB%E7%AB%A0+%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.au=%E5%BE%90%E6%B0%B8%E5%81%A5&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E8%BE%B0&rft.au=%E8%91%9B%E5%9D%87%E6%B3%A2&rft.btitle=%E5%86%85%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC9%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2018&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-7-117-26541-6&rft.pages=75&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrison-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_3-0">3.00</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_3-1">3.01</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_3-2">3.02</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_3-3">3.03</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_3-4">3.04</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_3-5">3.05</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_3-6">3.06</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_3-7">3.07</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_3-8">3.08</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_3-9">3.09</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_3-10">3.10</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_3-11">3.11</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_3-12">3.12</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_3-13">3.13</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_3-14">3.14</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_3-15">3.15</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_3-16">3.16</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_3-17">3.17</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_3-18">3.18</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_3-19">3.19</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_3-20">3.20</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_3-21">3.21</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_3-22">3.22</a> <cite class="citation book">Horn L, Lovly CM, Johnson DH. Chapter 107: Neoplasms of the lung. Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Longo DL, Loscalzo J (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780071842327">Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine</a> 19th. McGraw-Hill. 2015. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-07-180216-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-07-180216-1">ISBN 978-0-07-180216-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Chapter+107%3A+Neoplasms+of+the+lung&rft.au=Johnson%2C+DH&rft.au=Lovly%2C+CM&rft.aufirst=L&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.btitle=Harrison%27s+Principles+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.date=2015&rft.edition=19th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-07-180216-1&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780071842327&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-SEER-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SEER_4-0">4.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEER_4-1">4.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEER_4-2">4.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEER_4-3">4.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEER_4-4">4.4</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lungb.html">Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program</a>. National Cancer Institute. [2016-03-05]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031945/http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lungb.html">存档</a>于2016-03-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Surveillance%2C+Epidemiology+and+End+Results+Program&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Cancer+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseer.cancer.gov%2Fstatfacts%2Fhtml%2Flungb.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-NCI2016Pt-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2016Pt_5-0">5.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2016Pt_5-1">5.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCI2016Pt_5-2">5.2</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/lung">Lung Cancer—Patient Version</a>. NCI. [2016-03-05]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309175259/http://www.cancer.gov/types/lung">存档</a>于2016-03-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Lung+Cancer%E2%80%94Patient+Version&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Ftypes%2Flung&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-MurrayNadel52-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MurrayNadel52_6-0">6.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MurrayNadel52_6-1">6.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MurrayNadel52_6-2">6.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MurrayNadel52_6-3">6.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MurrayNadel52_6-4">6.4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MurrayNadel52_6-5">6.5</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MurrayNadel52_6-6">6.6</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MurrayNadel52_6-7">6.7</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MurrayNadel52_6-8">6.8</a> <cite class="citation book">Alberg AJ, Brock MV, Samet JM. Chapter 52: Epidemiology of lung cancer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/murraynadelstext0000unse_d3h6">Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine</a> 6th. Saunders Elsevier. 2016. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4557-3383-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4557-3383-5">ISBN 978-1-4557-3383-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Chapter+52%3A+Epidemiology+of+lung+cancer&rft.au=Brock%2C+MV&rft.au=Samet%2C+JM&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.aulast=Alberg&rft.btitle=Murray+%26+Nadel%27s+Textbook+of+Respiratory+Medicine&rft.date=2016&rft.edition=6th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-4557-3383-5&rft.pub=Saunders+Elsevier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmurraynadelstext0000unse_d3h6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Reilly-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Reilly_7-0">7.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Reilly_7-1">7.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Reilly_7-2">7.2</a> <cite class="citation journal">O'Reilly KM, Mclaughlin AM, Beckett WS, Sime PJ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070301/683.html">Asbestos-related lung disease</a>. American Family Physician. March 2007, 75 (5): 683–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17375514">PMID 17375514</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929083111/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070301/683.html">存档</a>于2007年9月29日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Asbestos-related+lung+disease&rft.au=Beckett%2C+WS&rft.au=Mclaughlin%2C+AM&rft.au=Sime%2C+PJ&rft.aufirst=KM&rft.aulast=O%27Reilly&rft.date=2007-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=American+Family+Physician&rft.pages=683-8&rft.volume=75&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aafp.org%2Fafp%2F20070301%2F683.html&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17375514&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Holland-Frei78-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holland-Frei78_8-0">8.00</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland-Frei78_8-1">8.01</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland-Frei78_8-2">8.02</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland-Frei78_8-3">8.03</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland-Frei78_8-4">8.04</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland-Frei78_8-5">8.05</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland-Frei78_8-6">8.06</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland-Frei78_8-7">8.07</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland-Frei78_8-8">8.08</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland-Frei78_8-9">8.09</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland-Frei78_8-10">8.10</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland-Frei78_8-11">8.11</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland-Frei78_8-12">8.12</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland-Frei78_8-13">8.13</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland-Frei78_8-14">8.14</a> <cite class="citation book">Lu C, Onn A, Vaporciyan AA, et al. Chapter 78: Cancer of the Lung. Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine 8th. People's Medical Publishing House. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-60795-014-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-60795-014-1">ISBN 978-1-60795-014-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Chapter+78%3A+Cancer+of+the+Lung&rft.au=Onn%2C+A&rft.au=Vaporciyan%2C+AA&rft.aufirst=C&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.btitle=Holland-Frei+Cancer+Medicine&rft.date=2010&rft.edition=8th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-60795-014-1&rft.pub=People%27s+Medical+Publishing+House&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Merck-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merck_9-0">9.00</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merck_9-1">9.01</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merck_9-2">9.02</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merck_9-3">9.03</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merck_9-4">9.04</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merck_9-5">9.05</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merck_9-6">9.06</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merck_9-7">9.07</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merck_9-8">9.08</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merck_9-9">9.09</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merck_9-10">9.10</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merck_9-11">9.11</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec05/ch062/ch062b.html#sec05-ch062-ch062b-1405">Lung Carcinoma: Tumors of the Lungs</a>. Merck Manual Professional Edition, Online edition. [2007-08-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070816142739/http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec05/ch062/ch062b.html#sec05-ch062-ch062b-1405">存档</a>于2007-08-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.btitle=Lung+Carcinoma%3A+Tumors+of+the+Lungs&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Merck+Manual+Professional+Edition%2C+Online+edition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merck.com%2Fmmpe%2Fsec05%2Fch062%2Fch062b.html%23sec05-ch062-ch062b-1405&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-GBD2015Pre-10"><a href="#cite_ref-GBD2015Pre_10-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5055577">Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.</a>. Lancet. 2016-10-08, 388 (10053): 1545–1602. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5055577">PMC 5055577</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27733282">PMID 27733282</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931678-6">doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Global%2C+regional%2C+and+national+incidence%2C+prevalence%2C+and+years+lived+with+disability+for+310+diseases+and+injuries%2C+1990%E2%80%932015%3A+a+systematic+analysis+for+the+Global+Burden+of+Disease+Study+2015.&rft.aufirst=Collaborators.&rft.aulast=GBD+2015+Disease+and+Injury+Incidence+and+Prevalence&rft.date=2016-10-08&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=10053&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.pages=1545-1602&rft.volume=388&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5055577&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5055577&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931678-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27733282&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-GBD2015De-11"><a href="#cite_ref-GBD2015De_11-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5388903">Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.</a>. Lancet. 2016-10-08, 388 (10053): 1459–1544. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5388903">PMC 5388903</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27733281">PMID 27733281</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931012-1">doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Global%2C+regional%2C+and+national+life+expectancy%2C+all-cause+mortality%2C+and+cause-specific+mortality+for+249+causes+of+death%2C+1980%E2%80%932015%3A+a+systematic+analysis+for+the+Global+Burden+of+Disease+Study+2015.&rft.aufirst=Collaborators.&rft.aulast=GBD+2015+Mortality+and+Causes+of+Death&rft.date=2016-10-08&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=10053&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.pages=1459-1544&rft.volume=388&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5388903&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5388903&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931012-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27733281&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia">陈至立 (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240312180723/https://www.cihai.com.cn/detail?q=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&docId=5358127&docLibId=72">肺癌</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9E%E6%B5%B7" title="辞海">辞海</a>. 上海: 上海辞书出版社. 2019. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-5326-5325-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-5326-5325-6">ISBN 978-7-5326-5325-6</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cihai.com.cn/detail?q=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&docId=5358127&docLibId=72">原始内容</a>存档于2024-03-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.au=%E9%99%88%E8%87%B3%E7%AB%8B&rft.btitle=%E8%BE%9E%E6%B5%B7&rft.date=2019&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-7-5326-5325-6&rft.place=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7&rft.pub=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%BE%9E%E4%B9%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cihai.com.cn%2Fdetail%3Fq%3D%25E8%2582%25BA%25E7%2599%258C%26docId%3D5358127%26docLibId%3D72&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://siidb.fudan.edu.cn/syl/list.htm">宋元林</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=448314&Type=bkzyb&SubID=208077">肺癌</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="中国大百科全书">中国大百科全书</a>. 北京: 中国大百科全书出版社. 2022-12-23 [2024-03-18]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318125431/https://www.zgbk.com/ecph/words?SiteID=1&ID=448314&Type=bkzyb&SubID=208077">存档</a>于2024-03-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.au=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Fsiidb.fudan.edu.cn%2Fsyl%2Flist.htm+%E5%AE%8B%E5%85%83%E6%9E%97%5D&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.date=2022-12-23&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zgbk.com%2Fecph%2Fwords%3FSiteID%3D1%26ID%3D448314%26Type%3Dbkzyb%26SubID%3D208077&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/patient/non-small-cell-lung-treatment-pdq">Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment –Patient Version (PDQ®)</a>. NCI. 2015-05-12 [2016-03-05]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160229172247/http://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/patient/non-small-cell-lung-treatment-pdq">存档</a>于2016-02-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Non-Small+Cell+Lung+Cancer+Treatment+%E2%80%93Patient+Version+%28PDQ%C2%AE%29&rft.date=2015-05-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Ftypes%2Flung%2Fpatient%2Fnon-small-cell-lung-treatment-pdq&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Falk S, Williams C. Chapter 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lungcancer0000falk">Lung Cancer—the facts</a> 3rd. Oxford University Press. 2010: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lungcancer0000falk/page/3">3</a>–4. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-956933-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-956933-5">ISBN 978-0-19-956933-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Chapter+1&rft.au=Williams%2C+C&rft.aufirst=S&rft.aulast=Falk&rft.btitle=Lung+Cancer%E2%80%94the+facts&rft.date=2010&rft.edition=3rd&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956933-5&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flungcancer0000falk&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-WCR2014Chp5.1-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014Chp5.1_16-0">16.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014Chp5.1_16-1">16.1</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5">World Cancer Report 2014</a>. World Health Organization. 2014: Chapter 5.1. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/92-832-0429-8" title="Special:网络书源/92-832-0429-8">ISBN 92-832-0429-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.btitle=World+Cancer+Report+2014&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=92-832-0429-8&rft.pages=Chapter+5.1&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Thun-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Thun_17-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Thun MJ, Hannan LM, Adams-Campbell LL, et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2531137">Lung cancer occurrence in never-smokers: an analysis of 13 cohorts and 22 cancer registry studies</a>. PLoS Medicine. September 2008, 5 (9): e185. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2531137">PMC 2531137</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18788891">PMID 18788891</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0050185">doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Lung+cancer+occurrence+in+never-smokers%3A+an+analysis+of+13+cohorts+and+22+cancer+registry+studies&rft.au=Adams-Campbell%2C+LL&rft.au=Hannan%2C+LM&rft.aufirst=MJ&rft.aulast=Thun&rft.date=2008-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=PLoS+Medicine&rft.pages=e185&rft.volume=5&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2531137&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2531137&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0050185&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18788891&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF-18"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF_18-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Carmona, RH. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44324/">The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General</a>. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2006-06-27. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215064658/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44324/">存档</a>于2017-02-15）. <q>Secondhand smoke exposure causes disease and premature death in children and adults who do not smoke.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.au=Carmona%2C+RH&rft.btitle=The+Health+Consequences+of+Involuntary+Exposure+to+Tobacco+Smoke%3A+A+Report+of+the+Surgeon+General&rft.date=2006-06-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Health+and+Human+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK44324%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF1-19"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF1_19-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/mono83.pdf">Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking</a> (PDF). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer). 2004, 83. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150813204458/http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/mono83.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2015-08-13）. <q>There is sufficient evidence that involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) causes lung cancer in humans. ... Involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Tobacco+Smoke+and+Involuntary+Smoking&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IARC+Monographs+on+the+Evaluation+of+Carcinogenic+Risks+to+Humans&rft.volume=83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonographs.iarc.fr%2FENG%2FMonographs%2Fvol83%2Fmono83.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_20-0">20.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_20-1">20.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_20-2">20.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_20-3">20.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_20-4">20.4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_20-5">20.5</a> <cite class="citation journal">Collins LG, Haines C, Perkel R, Enck RE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070101/56.html">Lung cancer: diagnosis and management</a>. American Family Physician. January 2007, 75 (1): 56–63. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17225705">PMID 17225705</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104510/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20070101/56.html">存档</a>于2007年9月29日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Lung+cancer%3A+diagnosis+and+management&rft.au=Enck%2C+RE&rft.au=Haines%2C+C&rft.au=Perkel%2C+R&rft.aufirst=LG&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.date=2007-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=American+Family+Physician&rft.pages=56-63&rft.volume=75&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aafp.org%2Fafp%2F20070101%2F56.html&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17225705&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-NCI2015Pre-21"><a href="#cite_ref-NCI2015Pre_21-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/patient/lung-prevention-pdq#section/_12">Lung Cancer Prevention–Patient Version (PDQ®)</a>. NCI. 2015-11-04 [2016-03-05]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309063009/http://www.cancer.gov/types/lung/patient/lung-prevention-pdq#section/_12">存档</a>于2016-03-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Lung+Cancer+Prevention%E2%80%93Patient+Version+%28PDQ%C2%AE%29&rft.date=2015-11-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NCI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Ftypes%2Flung%2Fpatient%2Flung-prevention-pdq%23section%2F_12&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Chapman S, Robinson G, Stradling J, West S, Wrightson J. Chapter 31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_f2c2">Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine</a> 3rd. Oxford University Press. 2014: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhandbookof0000unse_f2c2/page/n309">284</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-870386-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-870386-0">ISBN 978-0-19-870386-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Chapter+31&rft.au=Robinson%2C+G&rft.au=Stradling%2C+J&rft.au=West%2C+S&rft.au=Wrightson%2C+J&rft.aufirst=S&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+Respiratory+Medicine&rft.date=2014&rft.edition=3rd&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-19-870386-0&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhandbookof0000unse_f2c2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-WCR2014Epi-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014Epi_23-0">23.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WCR2014Epi_23-1">23.1</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5">World Cancer Report 2014</a>. World Health Organization. 2014: Chapter 1.1. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/92-832-0429-8" title="Special:网络书源/92-832-0429-8">ISBN 92-832-0429-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.btitle=World+Cancer+Report+2014&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=92-832-0429-8&rft.pages=Chapter+1.1&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Maj2009-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maj2009_24-0">24.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maj2009_24-1">24.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Majumder S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HaErOupWnO0C&pg=PA193">Stem cells and cancer</a> Online-Ausg. New York: Springer. 2009: 193. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-387-89611-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-387-89611-3">ISBN 978-0-387-89611-3</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018040051/https://books.google.com/books?id=HaErOupWnO0C&pg=PA193">存档</a>于2015-10-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.aufirst=Sadhan&rft.aulast=Majumder&rft.btitle=Stem+cells+and+cancer&rft.date=2009&rft.edition=Online-Ausg.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-387-89611-3&rft.pages=193&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHaErOupWnO0C%26pg%3DPA193&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Sung, Hyuna; Ferlay, Jacques; Siegel, Rebecca L.; Laversanne, Mathieu; Soerjomataram, Isabelle; Jemal, Ahmedin; Bray, Freddie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21660">Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries</a>. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2021-05, 71 (3) [2023-11-24]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0007-9235">ISSN 0007-9235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3322%2Fcaac.21660">doi:10.3322/caac.21660</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303044434/https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21660">存档</a>于2024-03-03） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Global+Cancer+Statistics+2020%3A+GLOBOCAN+Estimates+of+Incidence+and+Mortality+Worldwide+for+36+Cancers+in+185+Countries&rft.au=Bray%2C+Freddie&rft.au=Ferlay%2C+Jacques&rft.au=Jemal%2C+Ahmedin&rft.au=Laversanne%2C+Mathieu&rft.au=Siegel%2C+Rebecca+L.&rft.au=Soerjomataram%2C+Isabelle&rft.aufirst=Hyuna&rft.aulast=Sung&rft.date=2021-05&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0007-9235&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=CA%3A+A+Cancer+Journal+for+Clinicians&rft.volume=71&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.3322%2Fcaac.21660&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3322%2Fcaac.21660&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Xia, Changfa; Dong, Xuesi; Li, He; Cao, Maomao; Sun, Dianqin; He, Siyi; Yang, Fan; Yan, Xinxin; Zhang, Shaoli; Li, Ni; Chen, Wanqing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cm9.0000000000002108">Cancer statistics in China and United States, 2022: profiles, trends, and determinants</a>. Chinese Medical Journal. 2022-02-09, 135 (5). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0366-6999">ISSN 0366-6999</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2Fcm9.0000000000002108">doi:10.1097/cm9.0000000000002108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Cancer+statistics+in+China+and+United+States%2C+2022%3A+profiles%2C+trends%2C+and+determinants&rft.au=Cao%2C+Maomao&rft.au=Chen%2C+Wanqing&rft.au=Dong%2C+Xuesi&rft.au=He%2C+Siyi&rft.au=Li%2C+He&rft.au=Li%2C+Ni&rft.au=Sun%2C+Dianqin&rft.au=Yan%2C+Xinxin&rft.au=Yang%2C+Fan&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Shaoli&rft.aufirst=Changfa&rft.aulast=Xia&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0366-6999&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Medical+Journal&rft.volume=135&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1097%2Fcm9.0000000000002108&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2Fcm9.0000000000002108&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Honnorat-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Honnorat_27-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Honnorat J, Antoine JC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ojrd.com/content/2/1/22">Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes</a>. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases (BioMed Central). May 2007, 2 (1): 22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1868710">PMC 1868710</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17480225">PMID 17480225</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1750-1172-2-22">doi:10.1186/1750-1172-2-22</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927213613/http://www.ojrd.com/content/2/1/22">存档</a>于2007年9月27日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Paraneoplastic+neurological+syndromes&rft.au=Antoine%2C+JC&rft.aufirst=J&rft.aulast=Honnorat&rft.date=2007-05&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Orphanet+Journal+of+Rare+Diseases&rft.pages=22&rft.volume=2&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1868710&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ojrd.com%2Fcontent%2F2%2F1%2F22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1750-1172-2-22&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17480225&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ajcc-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ajcc_28-0">28.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ajcc_28-1">28.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Frederick L G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ajcccancerstagin0000unse">AJCC cancer staging manual</a>. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-387-95271-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-387-95271-3">ISBN 0-387-95271-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.aufirst=Greene&rft.aulast=Frederick+L.&rft.btitle=AJCC+cancer+staging+manual&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-387-95271-3&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fajcccancerstagin0000unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Holland-Frei8-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Holland-Frei8_29-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Brown KM, Keats JJ, Sekulic A, et al. Chapter 8. Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine 8th. People's Medical Publishing House USA. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-60795-014-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-60795-014-1">ISBN 978-1-60795-014-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Chapter+8&rft.au=Keats%2C+JJ&rft.au=Sekulic%2C+A&rft.aufirst=KM&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.btitle=Holland-Frei+Cancer+Medicine&rft.date=2010&rft.edition=8th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-60795-014-1&rft.pub=People%27s+Medical+Publishing+House+USA&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Hecht-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hecht_30-0">30.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hecht_30-1">30.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hecht SS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3479369">Lung carcinogenesis by tobacco smoke</a>. International Journal of Cancer. 2012, 131 (12): 2724–2732. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3479369">PMC 3479369</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22945513">PMID 22945513</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fijc.27816">doi:10.1002/ijc.27816</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Lung+carcinogenesis+by+tobacco+smoke&rft.aufirst=SS&rft.aulast=Hecht&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Cancer&rft.pages=2724-2732&rft.volume=131&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3479369&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3479369&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fijc.27816&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22945513&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Chapter 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robbinsbasicpath0000unse_c0q1">Robbins Basic Pathology</a> 9th. Elsevier Saunders. 2013: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robbinsbasicpath0000unse_c0q1/page/n901">199</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4377-1781-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4377-1781-5">ISBN 978-1-4377-1781-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Chapter+5&rft.au=Abbas%2C+AK&rft.au=Aster%2C+JC&rft.aufirst=V&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.btitle=Robbins+Basic+Pathology&rft.date=2013&rft.edition=9th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-4377-1781-5&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Elsevier+Saunders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobbinsbasicpath0000unse_c0q1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Peto-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Peto_32-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Peto R, Lopez AD, Boreham J, et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctsu.ox.ac.uk/~tobacco/">Mortality from smoking in developed countries 1950–2000: Indirect estimates from National Vital Statistics</a>. Oxford University Press. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-262535-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-262535-7">ISBN 0-19-262535-7</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070905151935/http://www.ctsu.ox.ac.uk/~tobacco/">存档</a>于2007年9月5日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.au=Boreham%2C+J&rft.au=Lopez%2C+AD&rft.aufirst=R&rft.aulast=Peto&rft.btitle=Mortality+from+smoking+in+developed+countries+1950%E2%80%932000%3A+Indirect+estimates+from+National+Vital+Statistics&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-262535-7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctsu.ox.ac.uk%2F~tobacco%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF7-33"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF7_33-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/tobacco/caets/ets-main.htm">Health effects of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. California Environmental Protection Agency</a>. Tobacco Control. 1997, 6 (4): 346–53. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1759599">PMC 1759599</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9583639">PMID 9583639</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Ftc.6.4.346">doi:10.1136/tc.6.4.346</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808045344/http://druglibrary.org/schaffer/tobacco/caets/ets-main.htm">存档</a>于2007年8月8日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Health+effects+of+exposure+to+environmental+tobacco+smoke.+California+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Tobacco+Control&rft.pages=346-53&rft.volume=6&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1759599&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.druglibrary.org%2Fschaffer%2Ftobacco%2Fcaets%2Fets-main.htm&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Ftc.6.4.346&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9583639&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5049a1.htm">State-specific prevalence of current cigarette smoking among adults, and policies and attitudes about secondhand smoke--United States, 2000</a>. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (CDC). December 2001, 50 (49): 1101–6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11794619">PMID 11794619</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170625143734/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5049a1.htm">存档</a>于2017年6月25日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=State-specific+prevalence+of+current+cigarette+smoking+among+adults%2C+and+policies+and+attitudes+about+secondhand+smoke--United+States%2C+2000&rft.date=2001-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=49&rft.jtitle=MMWR.+Morbidity+and+Mortality+Weekly+Report&rft.pages=1101-6&rft.volume=50&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmmwr%2Fpreview%2Fmmwrhtml%2Fmm5049a1.htm&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11794619&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Alberg-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alberg_35-0">35.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberg_35-1">35.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberg_35-2">35.2</a> <cite class="citation journal">Alberg AJ, Ford JG, Samet JM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/132/3_suppl/29S.long">Epidemiology of lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition)</a>. Chest (American College of Chest Physicians). September 2007, 132 (3 Suppl): 29S–55S [2015-08-04]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17873159">PMID 17873159</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1378%2Fchest.07-1347">doi:10.1378/chest.07-1347</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329053623/http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/132/3_suppl/29S.long">存档</a>于2020-03-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Epidemiology+of+lung+cancer%3A+ACCP+evidence-based+clinical+practice+guidelines+%282nd+edition%29&rft.au=Ford%2C+JG&rft.au=Samet%2C+JM&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.aulast=Alberg&rft.date=2007-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3+Suppl&rft.jtitle=Chest&rft.pages=29S-55S&rft.volume=132&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchestjournal.chestpubs.org%2Fcontent%2F132%2F3_suppl%2F29S.long&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1378%2Fchest.07-1347&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17873159&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jaakkola MS, Jaakkola JJ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/28/2/397.long">Impact of smoke-free workplace legislation on exposures and health: possibilities for prevention</a>. The European Respiratory Journal. August 2006, 28 (2): 397–408. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16880370">PMID 16880370</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1183%2F09031936.06.00001306">doi:10.1183/09031936.06.00001306</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130129003845/http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/28/2/397.long">存档</a>于2013年1月29日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Impact+of+smoke-free+workplace+legislation+on+exposures+and+health%3A+possibilities+for+prevention&rft.au=Jaakkola%2C+JJ&rft.aufirst=MS&rft.aulast=Jaakkola&rft.date=2006-08&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=The+European+Respiratory+Journal&rft.pages=397-408&rft.volume=28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ferj.ersjournals.com%2Fcontent%2F28%2F2%2F397.long&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1183%2F09031936.06.00001306&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16880370&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Parkin DM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3252064">2. Tobacco-attributable cancer burden in the UK in 2010</a>. British Journal of Cancer. December 2011,. 105 Suppl 2 (Suppl. 2): S6–S13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3252064">PMC 3252064</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158323">PMID 22158323</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fbjc.2011.475">doi:10.1038/bjc.2011.475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=2.+Tobacco-attributable+cancer+burden+in+the+UK+in+2010&rft.aufirst=DM&rft.aulast=Parkin&rft.date=2011-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=Suppl.+2&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Cancer&rft.pages=S6-S13&rft.volume=105+Suppl+2&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3252064&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3252064&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fbjc.2011.475&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22158323&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_38-0">38.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_38-1">38.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Taylor R, Najafi F, Dobson A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/36/5/1048.long">Meta-analysis of studies of passive smoking and lung cancer: effects of study type and continent</a>. International Journal of Epidemiology. October 2007, 36 (5): 1048–59. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17690135">PMID 17690135</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2Fdym158">doi:10.1093/ije/dym158</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805173006/http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/36/5/1048.long">存档</a>于2011年8月5日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Meta-analysis+of+studies+of+passive+smoking+and+lung+cancer%3A+effects+of+study+type+and+continent&rft.au=Dobson%2C+A&rft.au=Najafi%2C+F&rft.aufirst=R&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.date=2007-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Epidemiology&rft.pages=1048-59&rft.volume=36&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fije.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F36%2F5%2F1048.long&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fije%2Fdym158&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17690135&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/tobacco/research/secondhand_smoke/faq/en/index.html">Frequently asked questions about second hand smoke</a>. World Health Organization. [2012年7月25日]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130101163934/http://www.who.int/tobacco/research/secondhand_smoke/faq/en/index.html">存档</a>于2013年1月1日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Frequently+asked+questions+about+second+hand+smoke&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Ftobacco%2Fresearch%2Fsecondhand_smoke%2Ffaq%2Fen%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Schick-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Schick_40-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Schick S, Glantz S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1748121">Philip Morris toxicological experiments with fresh sidestream smoke: more toxic than mainstream smoke</a>. Tobacco Control. December 2005, 14 (6): 396–404. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1748121">PMC 1748121</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16319363">PMID 16319363</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Ftc.2005.011288">doi:10.1136/tc.2005.011288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Philip+Morris+toxicological+experiments+with+fresh+sidestream+smoke%3A+more+toxic+than+mainstream+smoke&rft.au=Glantz%2C+S&rft.aufirst=S&rft.aulast=Schick&rft.date=2005-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Tobacco+Control&rft.pages=396-404&rft.volume=14&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1748121&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1748121&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Ftc.2005.011288&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16319363&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Greydanus DE, Hawver EK, Greydanus MM, Merrick J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3859982">Marijuana: current concepts(†)</a>. Frontiers in Public Health. October 2013, 1 (42): 42. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3859982">PMC 3859982</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24350211">PMID 24350211</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpubh.2013.00042">doi:10.3389/fpubh.2013.00042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Marijuana%3A+current+concepts%28%E2%80%A0%29&rft.au=Greydanus%2C+MM&rft.au=Hawver%2C+EK&rft.au=Merrick%2C+J&rft.aufirst=DE&rft.aulast=Greydanus&rft.date=2013-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=42&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Public+Health&rft.pages=42&rft.volume=1&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3859982&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3859982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpubh.2013.00042&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24350211&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Owen KP, Sutter ME, Albertson TE. Marijuana: respiratory tract effects. Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. February 2014, 46 (1): 65–81. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23715638">PMID 23715638</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12016-013-8374-y">doi:10.1007/s12016-013-8374-y</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Marijuana%3A+respiratory+tract+effects&rft.au=Albertson%2C+TE&rft.au=Sutter%2C+ME&rft.aufirst=KP&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.date=2014-02&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Reviews+in+Allergy+%26+Immunology&rft.pages=65-81&rft.volume=46&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12016-013-8374-y&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23715638&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Joshi M, Joshi A, Bartter T. Marijuana and lung diseases. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine. March 2014, 20 (2): 173–9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24384575">PMID 24384575</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2Fmcp.0000000000000026">doi:10.1097/mcp.0000000000000026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Marijuana+and+lung+diseases&rft.au=Bartter%2C+T&rft.au=Joshi%2C+A&rft.aufirst=M&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.date=2014-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Pulmonary+Medicine&rft.pages=173-9&rft.volume=20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2Fmcp.0000000000000026&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24384575&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Tashkin DP. Effects of marijuana smoking on the lung. Annals of the American Thoracic Society. June 2013, 10 (3): 239–47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23802821">PMID 23802821</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1513%2Fannalsats.201212-127fr">doi:10.1513/annalsats.201212-127fr</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Effects+of+marijuana+smoking+on+the+lung&rft.aufirst=DP&rft.aulast=Tashkin&rft.date=2013-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+American+Thoracic+Society&rft.pages=239-47&rft.volume=10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1513%2Fannalsats.201212-127fr&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23802821&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Underner M, Urban T, Perriot J, de Chazeron I, Meurice JC. [Cannabis smoking and lung cancer]. Revue Des Maladies Respiratoires. June 2014, 31 (6): 488–98. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25012035">PMID 25012035</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rmr.2013.12.002">doi:10.1016/j.rmr.2013.12.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=%5BCannabis+smoking+and+lung+cancer%5D&rft.au=Meurice%2C+JC&rft.au=Perriot%2C+J&rft.au=Urban%2C+T&rft.au=de+Chazeron%2C+I&rft.aufirst=M&rft.aulast=Underner&rft.date=2014-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Revue+Des+Maladies+Respiratoires&rft.pages=488-98&rft.volume=31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.rmr.2013.12.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25012035&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Choi H, Mazzone P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccjm.org/content/81/9/567.long">Radon and lung cancer: assessing and mitigating the risk</a>. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine. September 2014, 81 (9): 567–75 [2015-08-04]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25183848">PMID 25183848</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3949%2Fccjm.81a.14046">doi:10.3949/ccjm.81a.14046</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219100327/https://www.ccjm.org/content/81/9/567.long">存档</a>于2020-02-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Radon+and+lung+cancer%3A+assessing+and+mitigating+the+risk&rft.au=Mazzone%2C+P&rft.aufirst=H&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.date=2014-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Cleveland+Clinic+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.pages=567-75&rft.volume=81&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccjm.org%2Fcontent%2F81%2F9%2F567.long&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3949%2Fccjm.81a.14046&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25183848&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/radon/healthrisks.html">Radon (Rn) Health Risks</a>. EPA. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081020231845/http://www.epa.gov/radon/healthrisks.html">存档</a>于2008-10-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.btitle=Radon+%28Rn%29+Health+Risks&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=EPA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fradon%2Fhealthrisks.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Schmid K, Kuwert T, Drexler H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2853156">Radon in Indoor Spaces: An Underestimated Risk Factor for Lung Cancer in Environmental Medicine</a>. Dtsch Arztebl Int. March 2010, 107 (11): 181–6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2853156">PMC 2853156</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20386676">PMID 20386676</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3238%2Farztebl.2010.0181">doi:10.3238/arztebl.2010.0181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Radon+in+Indoor+Spaces%3A+An+Underestimated+Risk+Factor+for+Lung+Cancer+in+Environmental+Medicine&rft.au=Drexler%2C+H&rft.au=Kuwert%2C+T&rft.aufirst=K&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.date=2010-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=Dtsch+Arztebl+Int&rft.pages=181-6&rft.volume=107&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2853156&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2853156&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3238%2Farztebl.2010.0181&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20386676&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-EPA_radon-49"><a href="#cite_ref-EPA_radon_49-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/radionuclides/radon.html">Radiation information: radon</a>. EPA. February 2013. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429130828/http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/radionuclides/radon.html">存档</a>于2009年4月29日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.au=EPA&rft.btitle=Radiation+information%3A+radon&rft.date=2013-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=EPA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Frpdweb00%2Fradionuclides%2Fradon.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Tobias J, Hochhauser D. Chapter 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canceritsmanagem00tobi">Cancer and its Management</a> 6th. Wiley-Blackwell. 2010: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canceritsmanagem00tobi/page/199">199</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4051-7015-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4051-7015-4">ISBN 978-1-4051-7015-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Chapter+12&rft.au=Hochhauser%2C+D&rft.aufirst=J&rft.aulast=Tobias&rft.btitle=Cancer+and+its+Management&rft.date=2010&rft.edition=6th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7015-4&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanceritsmanagem00tobi&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Davies RJ, Lee YC. 18.19.3. Oxford Textbook Medicine 5th. OUP Oxford. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-920485-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-920485-4">ISBN 978-0-19-920485-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=18.19.3&rft.au=Lee%2C+YC&rft.aufirst=RJ&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.btitle=Oxford+Textbook+Medicine&rft.date=2010&rft.edition=5th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920485-4&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Chen H, Goldberg MS, Villeneuve PJ. A systematic review of the relation between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and chronic diseases. Reviews on Environmental Health. Oct–Dec 2008, 23 (4): 243–97. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19235364">PMID 19235364</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Freveh.2008.23.4.243">doi:10.1515/reveh.2008.23.4.243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=A+systematic+review+of+the+relation+between+long-term+exposure+to+ambient+air+pollution+and+chronic+diseases&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+MS&rft.au=Villeneuve%2C+PJ&rft.aufirst=H&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.date=2008-10%2F2008-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Reviews+on+Environmental+Health&rft.pages=243-97&rft.volume=23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Freveh.2008.23.4.243&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19235364&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Clapp RW, Jacobs MM, Loechler EL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791455">Environmental and occupational causes of cancer: new evidence 2005-2007</a>. Reviews on Environmental Health. Jan–Mar 2008, 23 (1): 1–37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791455">PMC 2791455</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18557596">PMID 18557596</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2FREVEH.2008.23.1.1">doi:10.1515/REVEH.2008.23.1.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Environmental+and+occupational+causes+of+cancer%3A+new+evidence+2005-2007&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+MM&rft.au=Loechler%2C+EL&rft.aufirst=RW&rft.aulast=Clapp&rft.date=2008-01%2F2008-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Reviews+on+Environmental+Health&rft.pages=1-37&rft.volume=23&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2791455&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2791455&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2FREVEH.2008.23.1.1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18557596&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Lim2012-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lim2012_54-0">54.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lim2012_54-1">54.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Lim WY, Seow A. Biomass fuels and lung cancer. Respirology. January 2012, 17 (1): 20–31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22008241">PMID 22008241</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1440-1843.2011.02088.x">doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02088.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Biomass+fuels+and+lung+cancer&rft.au=Seow%2C+A&rft.aufirst=WY&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.date=2012-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Respirology&rft.pages=20-31&rft.volume=17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1440-1843.2011.02088.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22008241&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Sood2012-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sood2012_55-0">55.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sood2012_55-1">55.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Sood, A. Indoor fuel exposure and the lung in both developing and developed countries: an update.. Clinics in chest medicine. 2012年12月, 33 (4): 649–65. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23153607">PMID 23153607</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ccm.2012.08.003">doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2012.08.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Indoor+fuel+exposure+and+the+lung+in+both+developing+and+developed+countries%3A+an+update.&rft.aufirst=A&rft.aulast=Sood&rft.date=2012-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Clinics+in+chest+medicine&rft.pages=649-65&rft.volume=33&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ccm.2012.08.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23153607&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Yang IA, Holloway JW, Fong KM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3804872">Genetic susceptibility to lung cancer and co-morbidities</a>. Journal of Thoracic Disease. October 2013,. 5 Suppl 5 (Suppl. 5): S454–62. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3804872">PMC 3804872</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24163739">PMID 24163739</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3978%2Fj.issn.2072-1439.2013.08.06">doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.08.06</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Genetic+susceptibility+to+lung+cancer+and+co-morbidities&rft.au=Fong%2C+KM&rft.au=Holloway%2C+JW&rft.aufirst=IA&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.date=2013-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=Suppl.+5&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Thoracic+Disease&rft.pages=S454-62&rft.volume=5+Suppl+5&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3804872&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3804872&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3978%2Fj.issn.2072-1439.2013.08.06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24163739&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Dela Cruz CS, Tanoue LT, Matthay RA. Chapter 109: Epidemiology of lung cancer. Grippi MA, Elias JA, Fishman JA, Kotloff RM, Pack AI, Senior RM (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fishmanspulmonar0001unse">Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders</a> 5th. McGraw-Hill. 2015: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fishmanspulmonar0001unse/page/n1205">1673</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-07-179672-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-07-179672-9">ISBN 978-0-07-179672-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Chapter+109%3A+Epidemiology+of+lung+cancer&rft.au=Matthay%2C+RA&rft.au=Tanoue%2C+LT&rft.aufirst=CS&rft.aulast=Dela+Cruz&rft.btitle=Fishman%27s+Pulmonary+Diseases+and+Disorders&rft.date=2015&rft.edition=5th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-07-179672-9&rft.pages=1673&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffishmanspulmonar0001unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Larsen JE, Minna JD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_clinics-in-chest-medicine_2011-12_32_4/page/703">Molecular biology of lung cancer: clinical implications</a>. Clinics in Chest Medicine. December 2011, 32 (4): 703–40. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3367865">PMC 3367865</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22054881">PMID 22054881</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ccm.2011.08.003">doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2011.08.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Molecular+biology+of+lung+cancer%3A+clinical+implications&rft.au=Minna%2C+JD&rft.aufirst=JE&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.date=2011-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Clinics+in+Chest+Medicine&rft.pages=703-40&rft.volume=32&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3367865&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_clinics-in-chest-medicine_2011-12_32_4%2Fpage%2F703&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ccm.2011.08.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22054881&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-WHOListLungCancer-59"><a href="#cite_ref-WHOListLungCancer_59-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Cogliano VJ, Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Lauby-Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120920150724/http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/Table4.pdf">Preventable exposures associated with human cancers</a> (PDF). Journal of the National Cancer Institute. December 2011, 103 (24): 1827–39 [2015年8月4日]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3243677">PMC 3243677</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158127">PMID 22158127</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnci%2Fdjr483">doi:10.1093/jnci/djr483</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/Table4.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2012年9月20日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Preventable+exposures+associated+with+human+cancers&rft.au=Baan%2C+R&rft.au=Benbrahim-Tallaa%2C+L&rft.au=Bouvard%2C+V&rft.au=El+Ghissassi%2C+F&rft.au=Freeman%2C+C&rft.au=Galichet%2C+L&rft.au=Grosse%2C+Y&rft.au=Guha%2C+N&rft.au=Lauby-Secretan%2C+B&rft.au=Straif%2C+K&rft.au=Wild%2C+CP&rft.aufirst=VJ&rft.aulast=Cogliano&rft.date=2011-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=24&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+National+Cancer+Institute&rft.pages=1827-39&rft.volume=103&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3243677&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonographs.iarc.fr%2FENG%2FClassification%2FTable4.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjnci%2Fdjr483&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22158127&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Cooper WA, Lam DC, O'Toole SA, Minna JD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3804875">Molecular biology of lung cancer</a>. Journal of Thoracic Disease. October 2013,. 5 Suppl 5 (Suppl. 5): S479–90. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3804875">PMC 3804875</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24163741">PMID 24163741</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3978%2Fj.issn.2072-1439.2013.08.03">doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.08.03</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181827/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3804875/pdf/jtd-05-S5-S479.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2017年9月10日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Molecular+biology+of+lung+cancer&rft.au=Lam%2C+DC&rft.au=Minna%2C+JD&rft.au=O%27Toole%2C+SA&rft.aufirst=WA&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.date=2013-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=Suppl.+5&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Thoracic+Disease&rft.pages=S479-90&rft.volume=5+Suppl+5&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3804875&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3804875&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3978%2Fj.issn.2072-1439.2013.08.03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24163741&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Tobias J, Hochhauser D. Chapter 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canceritsmanagem00tobi">Cancer and its Management</a> 6th. Wiley-Blackwell. 2010: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canceritsmanagem00tobi/page/200">200</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4051-7015-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4051-7015-4">ISBN 978-1-4051-7015-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Chapter+12&rft.au=Hochhauser%2C+D&rft.aufirst=J&rft.aulast=Tobias&rft.btitle=Cancer+and+its+Management&rft.date=2010&rft.edition=6th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7015-4&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanceritsmanagem00tobi&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-NEJM-molecular-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NEJM-molecular_62-0">62.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NEJM-molecular_62-1">62.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NEJM-molecular_62-2">62.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NEJM-molecular_62-3">62.3</a> <cite class="citation journal">Herbst RS, Heymach JV, Lippman SM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/359/13/1367">Lung cancer</a>. The New England Journal of Medicine. September 2008, 359 (13): 1367–80. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18815398">PMID 18815398</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMra0802714">doi:10.1056/NEJMra0802714</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080928073051/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/359/13/1367">存档</a>于2008年9月28日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Lung+cancer&rft.au=Heymach%2C+JV&rft.au=Lippman%2C+SM&rft.aufirst=RS&rft.aulast=Herbst&rft.date=2008-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=13&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.pages=1367-80&rft.volume=359&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.nejm.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F359%2F13%2F1367&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMra0802714&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18815398&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Aviel-Ronen-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Aviel-Ronen_63-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Aviel-Ronen S, Blackhall FH, Shepherd FA, Tsao MS. K-ras mutations in non-small-cell lung carcinoma: a review. Clinical Lung Cancer (Cancer Information Group). July 2006, 8 (1): 30–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16870043">PMID 16870043</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3816%2FCLC.2006.n.030">doi:10.3816/CLC.2006.n.030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=K-ras+mutations+in+non-small-cell+lung+carcinoma%3A+a+review&rft.au=Blackhall%2C+FH&rft.au=Shepherd%2C+FA&rft.au=Tsao%2C+MS&rft.aufirst=S&rft.aulast=Aviel-Ronen&rft.date=2006-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Lung+Cancer&rft.pages=30-8&rft.volume=8&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3816%2FCLC.2006.n.030&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16870043&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. Chapter 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robbinsbasicpath0000unse_c0q1">Robbins Basic Pathology</a> 9th. Elsevier Saunders. 2013: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robbinsbasicpath0000unse_c0q1/page/n905">212</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4377-1781-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4377-1781-5">ISBN 978-1-4377-1781-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Chapter+5&rft.au=Abbas%2C+AK&rft.au=Aster%2C+JC&rft.aufirst=V&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.btitle=Robbins+Basic+Pathology&rft.date=2013&rft.edition=9th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-4377-1781-5&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Elsevier+Saunders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobbinsbasicpath0000unse_c0q1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Jakopovic-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jakopovic_65-0">65.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jakopovic_65-1">65.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jakopovic, M; Thomas A; Balasubramaniam S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506022659/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3793201/pdf/fonc-03-00261.pdf">Targeting the epigenome in lung cancer: expanding approaches to epigenetic therapy</a> (PDF). Frontiers in Oncology. 2013年10月, 3 (261) [2015-08-04]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3793201">PMC 3793201</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24130964">PMID 24130964</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffonc.2013.00261">doi:10.3389/fonc.2013.00261</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3793201/pdf/fonc-03-00261.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2021-05-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Targeting+the+epigenome+in+lung+cancer%3A+expanding+approaches+to+epigenetic+therapy&rft.au=Balasubramaniam+S&rft.au=Thomas+A&rft.aufirst=M&rft.aulast=Jakopovic&rft.date=2013-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=261&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Oncology&rft.volume=3&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3793201&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3793201%2Fpdf%2Ffonc-03-00261.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffonc.2013.00261&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24130964&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Mulvihill-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mulvihill_66-0">66.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mulvihill_66-1">66.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Mulvihill MS, Kratz JR, Pham P, Jablons DM, He B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3845611">The role of stem cells in airway repair: implications for the origins of lung cancer</a>. Chinese Journal of Cancer. February 2013, 32 (2): 71–4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3845611">PMC 3845611</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23114089">PMID 23114089</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5732%2Fcjc.012.10097">doi:10.5732/cjc.012.10097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=The+role+of+stem+cells+in+airway+repair%3A+implications+for+the+origins+of+lung+cancer&rft.au=He%2C+B&rft.au=Jablons%2C+DM&rft.au=Kratz%2C+JR&rft.au=Pham%2C+P&rft.aufirst=MS&rft.aulast=Mulvihill&rft.date=2013-02&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Journal+of+Cancer&rft.pages=71-4&rft.volume=32&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3845611&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3845611&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5732%2Fcjc.012.10097&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23114089&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell_2013-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Powell_2013_67-0">67.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Powell_2013_67-1">67.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Powell CA, Halmos B, Nana-Sinkam SP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3778761">Update in lung cancer and mesothelioma 2012</a>. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. July 2013, 188 (2): 157–66. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3778761">PMC 3778761</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23855692">PMID 23855692</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1164%2Frccm.201304-0716UP">doi:10.1164/rccm.201304-0716UP</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181827/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3778761/pdf/rccm.201304-0716UP.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2017年9月10日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Update+in+lung+cancer+and+mesothelioma+2012&rft.au=Halmos%2C+B&rft.au=Nana-Sinkam%2C+SP&rft.aufirst=CA&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.date=2013-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Respiratory+and+Critical+Care+Medicine&rft.pages=157-66&rft.volume=188&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3778761&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3778761&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1164%2Frccm.201304-0716UP&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23855692&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Ost D. Chapter 110: Approach to the patient with pulmonary nodules. Grippi MA, Elias JA, Fishman JA, Kotloff RM, Pack AI, Senior RM (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fishmanspulmonar0001unse">Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders</a> 5th. McGraw-Hill. 2015: 1685. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-07-179672-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-07-179672-9">ISBN 978-0-07-179672-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Chapter+110%3A+Approach+to+the+patient+with+pulmonary+nodules&rft.aufirst=D&rft.aulast=Ost&rft.btitle=Fishman%27s+Pulmonary+Diseases+and+Disorders&rft.date=2015&rft.edition=5th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-07-179672-9&rft.pages=1685&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffishmanspulmonar0001unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Miller, WT. Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders 4th. McGraw-Hill. 2008: 486. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-07-145739-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-07-145739-9">ISBN 0-07-145739-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.aufirst=WT&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.btitle=Fishman%27s+Pulmonary+Diseases+and+Disorders&rft.date=2008&rft.edition=4th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-07-145739-9&rft.pages=486&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Frank L, Quint LE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3335330">Chest CT incidentalomas: thyroid lesions, enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes, and lung nodules</a>. Cancer Imaging. March 2012, 12 (1): 41–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3335330">PMC 3335330</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22391408">PMID 22391408</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1102%2F1470-7330.2012.0006">doi:10.1102/1470-7330.2012.0006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Chest+CT+incidentalomas%3A+thyroid+lesions%2C+enlarged+mediastinal+lymph+nodes%2C+and+lung+nodules&rft.au=Quint%2C+LE&rft.aufirst=L&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.date=2012-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Imaging&rft.pages=41-8&rft.volume=12&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3335330&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3335330&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1102%2F1470-7330.2012.0006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22391408&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ACCPandATSfive-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACCPandATSfive_71-0">71.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACCPandATSfive_71-1">71.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACCPandATSfive_71-2">71.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACCPandATSfive_71-3">71.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACCPandATSfive_71-4">71.4</a> <cite class="citation web">American College of Chest Physicians; American Thoracic Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-college-of-chest-physicians-and-american-thoracic-society/">Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Choosing_Wisely&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choosing Wisely（页面不存在）">Choosing Wisely</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choosing_Wisely" class="extiw" title="en:Choosing Wisely">Choosing Wisely</a>）: an initiative of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=ABIM_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABIM Foundation（页面不存在）">ABIM Foundation</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABIM_Foundation" class="extiw" title="en:ABIM Foundation">ABIM Foundation</a>）. American College of Chest Physicians and American Thoracic Society. September 2013 [2013年1月6日]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103063427/http://www.choosingwisely.org/doctor-patient-lists/american-college-of-chest-physicians-and-american-thoracic-society/">存档</a>于2013年11月3日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Five+Things+Physicians+and+Patients+Should+Question&rft.au=American+College+of+Chest+Physicians&rft.au=American+Thoracic+Society&rft.date=2013-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22Choosing+Wisely%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Choosing+Wisely%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3EChoosing+Wisely%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EChoosing+Wisely%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%3A+an+initiative+of+the+%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22ABIM+Foundation%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22ABIM+Foundation%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3EABIM+Foundation%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EABIM+Foundation%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.choosingwisely.org%2Fdoctor-patient-lists%2Famerican-college-of-chest-physicians-and-american-thoracic-society%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Gao, Jian-Wei; Rizzo, Stefania; Ma, Li-Hong; Qiu, Xiang-Yu; Warth, Arne; Seki, Nobuhiko; Hasegawa, Mizue; Zou, Jia-Wei; Li, Qian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506022713/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5344841/">Pulmonary ground-glass opacity: computed tomography features, histopathology and molecular pathology</a>. Translational Lung Cancer Research. 2017-2, 6 (1): 68–75 [2018-04-19]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2218-6751">ISSN 2218-6751</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5344841">PMC 5344841</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28331826">PMID 28331826</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21037%2Ftlcr.2017.01.02">doi:10.21037/tlcr.2017.01.02</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5344841/">原始内容</a>存档于2021-05-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Pulmonary+ground-glass+opacity%3A+computed+tomography+features%2C+histopathology+and+molecular+pathology&rft.au=Hasegawa%2C+Mizue&rft.au=Li%2C+Qian&rft.au=Ma%2C+Li-Hong&rft.au=Qiu%2C+Xiang-Yu&rft.au=Rizzo%2C+Stefania&rft.au=Seki%2C+Nobuhiko&rft.au=Warth%2C+Arne&rft.au=Zou%2C+Jia-Wei&rft.aufirst=Jian-Wei&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.chron=2017-2&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=2218-6751&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Translational+Lung+Cancer+Research&rft.pages=68-75&rft.volume=6&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5344841&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5344841%2F&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21037%2Ftlcr.2017.01.02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28331826&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Migliore, Marcello; Fornito, Mariaconcetta; Palazzolo, Manuela; Criscione, Alessandra; Gangemi, Mariapia; Borrata, Francesco; Vigneri, Paolo; Nardini, Marco; Dunning, Joel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506024625/https://atm.amegroups.com/article/view/16332">Ground glass opacities management in the lung cancer screening era</a>. Annals of Translational Medicine. 2017-08-31, 6 (5) [2018-04-19]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2305-5847">ISSN 2305-5847</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21037%2F16332">doi:10.21037/16332</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atm.amegroups.com/article/view/16332">原始内容</a>存档于2021-05-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Ground+glass+opacities+management+in+the+lung+cancer+screening+era&rft.au=Borrata%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Criscione%2C+Alessandra&rft.au=Dunning%2C+Joel&rft.au=Fornito%2C+Mariaconcetta&rft.au=Gangemi%2C+Mariapia&rft.au=Nardini%2C+Marco&rft.au=Palazzolo%2C+Manuela&rft.au=Vigneri%2C+Paolo&rft.aufirst=Marcello&rft.aulast=Migliore&rft.date=2017-08-31&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=2305-5847&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Translational+Medicine&rft.volume=6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatm.amegroups.com%2Farticle%2Fview%2F16332&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21037%2F16332&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> 本圖對於吸菸者的定義為現在正在抽菸者，或曾經吸菸超過一年者。詳細百分率請參考 <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pie_chart_of_lung_cancers.svg" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Pie chart of lung cancers.svg">維基共享資源</a>。參考文獻：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3044470/table/T2/">Table 2</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181827/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3044470/table/T2/">存檔</a>，存档日期2017-09-10. in: <cite class="citation journal">Kenfield SA, Wei EK, Stampfer MJ, Rosner BA, Colditz GA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3044470">Comparison of aspects of smoking among the four histological types of lung cancer</a>. Tobacco Control. June 2008, 17 (3): 198–204. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3044470">PMC 3044470</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18390646">PMID 18390646</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Ftc.2007.022582">doi:10.1136/tc.2007.022582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+aspects+of+smoking+among+the+four+histological+types+of+lung+cancer&rft.au=Colditz%2C+GA&rft.au=Rosner%2C+BA&rft.au=Stampfer%2C+MJ&rft.au=Wei%2C+EK&rft.aufirst=SA&rft.aulast=Kenfield&rft.date=2008-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Tobacco+Control&rft.pages=198-204&rft.volume=17&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3044470&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3044470&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Ftc.2007.022582&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18390646&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Robbins-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robbins_75-0">75.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robbins_75-1">75.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC. 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robbinsbasicpath0000unse_c0q1">Robbins Basic Pathology</a> 9th. Elsevier Saunders. 2013: 505. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4377-1781-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4377-1781-5">ISBN 978-1-4377-1781-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=12&rft.au=Abbas%2C+AK&rft.au=Aster%2C+JC&rft.aufirst=V&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.btitle=Robbins+Basic+Pathology&rft.date=2013&rft.edition=9th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-4377-1781-5&rft.pages=505&rft.pub=Elsevier+Saunders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobbinsbasicpath0000unse_c0q1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Subramanian-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Subramanian_76-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Subramanian J, Govindan R. Lung cancer in never smokers: a review. Journal of Clinical Oncology (American Society of Clinical Oncology). February 2007, 25 (5): 561–70. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17290066">PMID 17290066</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2006.06.8015">doi:10.1200/JCO.2006.06.8015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Lung+cancer+in+never+smokers%3A+a+review&rft.au=Govindan%2C+R&rft.aufirst=J&rft.aulast=Subramanian&rft.date=2007-02&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Oncology&rft.pages=561-70&rft.volume=25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1200%2FJCO.2006.06.8015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17290066&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Raz-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Raz_77-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Raz DJ, He B, Rosell R, Jablons DM. Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma: a review. Clinical Lung Cancer. March 2006, 7 (5): 313–22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16640802">PMID 16640802</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3816%2FCLC.2006.n.012">doi:10.3816/CLC.2006.n.012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Bronchioloalveolar+carcinoma%3A+a+review&rft.au=He%2C+B&rft.au=Jablons%2C+DM&rft.au=Rosell%2C+R&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft.aulast=Raz&rft.date=2006-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Lung+Cancer&rft.pages=313-22&rft.volume=7&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3816%2FCLC.2006.n.012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16640802&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosti-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosti_78-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Rosti G, Bevilacqua G, Bidoli P, Portalone L, Santo A, Genestreti G. Small cell lung cancer. Annals of Oncology. March 2006,. 17 Suppl 2 (Suppl. 2): ii5–10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16608983">PMID 16608983</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fannonc%2Fmdj910">doi:10.1093/annonc/mdj910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Small+cell+lung+cancer&rft.au=Bevilacqua%2C+G&rft.au=Bidoli%2C+P&rft.au=Genestreti%2C+G&rft.au=Portalone%2C+L&rft.au=Santo%2C+A&rft.aufirst=G&rft.aulast=Rosti&rft.date=2006-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=Suppl.+2&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Oncology&rft.pages=ii5-10&rft.volume=17+Suppl+2&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fannonc%2Fmdj910&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16608983&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Seo-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Seo_79-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Seo JB, Im JG, Goo JM, Chung MJ, Kim MY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiographics.rsnajnls.org/cgi/content/full/21/2/403">Atypical pulmonary metastases: spectrum of radiologic findings</a>. Radiographics. 2001-03-01, 21 (2): 403–17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11259704">PMID 11259704</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1148%2Fradiographics.21.2.g01mr17403">doi:10.1148/radiographics.21.2.g01mr17403</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011203717/http://radiographics.rsnajnls.org/cgi/content/full/21/2/403">存档</a>于2007年10月11日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Atypical+pulmonary+metastases%3A+spectrum+of+radiologic+findings&rft.au=Chung%2C+MJ&rft.au=Goo%2C+JM&rft.au=Im%2C+JG&rft.au=Kim%2C+MY&rft.aufirst=JB&rft.aulast=Seo&rft.date=2001-03-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Radiographics&rft.pages=403-17&rft.volume=21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiographics.rsnajnls.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F21%2F2%2F403&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1148%2Fradiographics.21.2.g01mr17403&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11259704&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18784820-80"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18784820_80-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Tan D, Zander DS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2480532">Immunohistochemistry for Assessment of Pulmonary and Pleural Neoplasms: A Review and Update</a>. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2008, 1 (1): 19–31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2480532">PMC 2480532</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18784820">PMID 18784820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Immunohistochemistry+for+Assessment+of+Pulmonary+and+Pleural+Neoplasms%3A+A+Review+and+Update&rft.au=Zander%2C+DS&rft.aufirst=D&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Clin+Exp+Pathol&rft.pages=19-31&rft.volume=1&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2480532&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2480532&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18784820&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Holland-Frei2-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holland-Frei2_81-0">81.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland-Frei2_81-1">81.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Connolly JL, Goldsmith JD, Wang HH, et al. 37: Principles of Cancer Pathology. Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine 8th. People's Medical Publishing House. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-60795-014-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-60795-014-1">ISBN 978-1-60795-014-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=37%3A+Principles+of+Cancer+Pathology&rft.au=Goldsmith%2C+JD&rft.au=Wang%2C+HH&rft.aufirst=JL&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.btitle=Holland-Frei+Cancer+Medicine&rft.date=2010&rft.edition=8th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-60795-014-1&rft.pub=People%27s+Medical+Publishing+House&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AJCC8-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AJCC8_82-0">82.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AJCC8_82-1">82.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Detterbeck, Frank C.; Boffa, Daniel J.; Kim, Anthony W.; Tanoue, Lynn T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220525063215/https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692%2816%2960780-8/fulltext">The Eighth Edition Lung Cancer Stage Classification</a>. Chest. 2017-01-01, 151 (1): 193–203 [2018-04-05]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0012-3692">ISSN 0012-3692</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chest.2016.10.010">doi:10.1016/j.chest.2016.10.010</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(16)60780-8/fulltext">原始内容</a>存档于2022-05-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=The+Eighth+Edition+Lung+Cancer+Stage+Classification&rft.au=Boffa%2C+Daniel+J.&rft.au=Kim%2C+Anthony+W.&rft.au=Tanoue%2C+Lynn+T.&rft.aufirst=Frank+C.&rft.aulast=Detterbeck&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0012-3692&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Chest&rft.pages=193-203&rft.volume=151&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.chestnet.org%2Farticle%2FS0012-3692%2816%2960780-8%2Ffulltext&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chest.2016.10.010&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Rami-Porta-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rami-Porta_83-0">83.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rami-Porta_83-1">83.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rami-Porta_83-2">83.2</a> <cite class="citation journal">Rami-Porta R, Crowley JJ, Goldstraw P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atcs.jp/pdf/2009_15_1/4.pdf">The revised TNM staging system for lung cancer</a> (PDF). Annals of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. February 2009, 15 (1): 4–9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19262443">PMID 19262443</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509223416/http://www.atcs.jp/pdf/2009_15_1/4.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2012年5月9日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=The+revised+TNM+staging+system+for+lung+cancer&rft.au=Crowley%2C+JJ&rft.au=Goldstraw%2C+P&rft.aufirst=R&rft.aulast=Rami-Porta&rft.date=2009-02&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Thoracic+and+Cardiovascular+Surgery&rft.pages=4-9&rft.volume=15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atcs.jp%2Fpdf%2F2009_15_1%2F4.pdf&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19262443&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Dela Cruz CS, Tanoue LT, Matthay RA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_clinics-in-chest-medicine_2011-12_32_4/page/605">Lung cancer: epidemiology, etiology, and prevention</a>. Clinics in Chest Medicine. December 2011, 32 (4): 605–44. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3864624">PMC 3864624</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22054876">PMID 22054876</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ccm.2011.09.001">doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2011.09.001</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181827/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3864624/pdf/nihms468128.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2017年9月10日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Lung+cancer%3A+epidemiology%2C+etiology%2C+and+prevention&rft.au=Matthay%2C+RA&rft.au=Tanoue%2C+LT&rft.aufirst=CS&rft.aulast=Dela+Cruz&rft.date=2011-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Clinics+in+Chest+Medicine&rft.pages=605-44&rft.volume=32&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3864624&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_clinics-in-chest-medicine_2011-12_32_4%2Fpage%2F605&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ccm.2011.09.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22054876&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Goodman GE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1746232/pdf/v057p00994.pdf">Lung cancer. 1: prevention of lung cancer</a> (PDF). Thorax. November 2002, 57 (11): 994–999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1746232">PMC 1746232</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12403886">PMID 12403886</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fthorax.57.11.994">doi:10.1136/thorax.57.11.994</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181827/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1746232/pdf/v057p00994.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2017-09-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Lung+cancer.+1%3A+prevention+of+lung+cancer&rft.aufirst=GE&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.date=2002-11&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=Thorax&rft.pages=994-999&rft.volume=57&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1746232&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1746232%2Fpdf%2Fv057p00994.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fthorax.57.11.994&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12403886&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">McNabola A, Gill LW. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672352">The control of environmental tobacco smoke: a policy review</a>. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. February 2009, 6 (2): 741–58. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2672352">PMC 2672352</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19440413">PMID 19440413</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph6020741">doi:10.3390/ijerph6020741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=The+control+of+environmental+tobacco+smoke%3A+a+policy+review&rft.au=Gill%2C+LW&rft.aufirst=A&rft.aulast=McNabola&rft.date=2009-02&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Environmental+Research+and+Public+Health&rft.pages=741-58&rft.volume=6&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2672352&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2672352&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijerph6020741&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19440413&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhutan-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Bhutan_87-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Pandey G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4305715.stm">Bhutan's smokers face public ban</a>. BBC. February 2005 [2007年9月7日]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080407045728/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4305715.stm">存档</a>于2008年4月7日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Bhutan%27s+smokers+face+public+ban&rft.aufirst=G&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.date=2005-02&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F4305715.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Pandey G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7645868.stm">Indian ban on smoking in public</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="英国广播公司">BBC</a>. 2008-10-02 [2012年4月25日]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115143617/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/7645868.stm">存档</a>于2009年1月15日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Indian+ban+on+smoking+in+public&rft.aufirst=G&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.date=2008-10-02&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fsouth_asia%2F7645868.stm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF10-89"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF10_89-0">^</a> <cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=26857">UN health agency calls for total ban on tobacco advertising to protect young</a> (新闻稿). <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="联合国">United Nations</a> News service. 2008-05-30. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201703/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=26857">存档</a>于2016年3月4日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.btitle=UN+health+agency+calls+for+total+ban+on+tobacco+advertising+to+protect+young&rft.date=2008-05-30&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=United+Nations+News+service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fapps%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3FNewsID%3D26857&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Gutierrez A, Suh R, Abtin F, Genshaft S, Brown K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3709936">Lung cancer screening</a>. Seminars in Interventional Radiology. June 2013, 30 (2): 114–20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3709936">PMC 3709936</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24436526">PMID 24436526</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0033-1342951">doi:10.1055/s-0033-1342951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Lung+cancer+screening&rft.au=Abtin%2C+F&rft.au=Brown%2C+K&rft.au=Genshaft%2C+S&rft.au=Suh%2C+R&rft.aufirst=A&rft.aulast=Gutierrez&rft.date=2013-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Interventional+Radiology&rft.pages=114-20&rft.volume=30&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3709936&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3709936&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1055%2Fs-0033-1342951&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24436526&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Us2016-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Us2016_91-0">91.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Us2016_91-1">91.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Usman Ali M, Miller J, Peirson L, Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Kenny M, Sherifali D, Raina P. Screening for lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Preventive Medicine. August 2016, 89: 301–14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27130532">PMID 27130532</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ypmed.2016.04.015">doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.04.015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Screening+for+lung+cancer%3A+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.au=Fitzpatrick-Lewis%2C+D&rft.au=Kenny%2C+M&rft.au=Miller%2C+J&rft.au=Peirson%2C+L&rft.au=Raina%2C+P&rft.au=Sherifali%2C+D&rft.aufirst=M&rft.aulast=Usman+Ali&rft.date=2016-08&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Preventive+Medicine&rft.pages=301-14&rft.volume=89&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ypmed.2016.04.015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27130532&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jaklitsch MT, Jacobson FL, Austin JH, et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-thoracic-and-cardiovascular-surgery_2012-07_144_1/page/33">The American Association for Thoracic Surgery guidelines for lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography scans for lung cancer survivors and other high-risk groups</a>. Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. July 2012, 144 (1): 33–38. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22710039">PMID 22710039</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jtcvs.2012.05.060">doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.05.060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=The+American+Association+for+Thoracic+Surgery+guidelines+for+lung+cancer+screening+using+low-dose+computed+tomography+scans+for+lung+cancer+survivors+and+other+high-risk+groups&rft.au=Austin%2C+JH&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+FL&rft.aufirst=MT&rft.aulast=Jaklitsch&rft.date=2012-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Thoracic+and+Cardiovascular+Surgery&rft.pages=33-38&rft.volume=144&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-thoracic-and-cardiovascular-surgery_2012-07_144_1%2Fpage%2F33&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jtcvs.2012.05.060&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22710039&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bach PB, Mirkin JN, Oliver TK, et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3709596">Benefits and harms of CT screening for lung cancer: a systematic review</a>. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. June 2012, 307 (22): 2418–2429. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3709596">PMC 3709596</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22610500">PMID 22610500</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2012.5521">doi:10.1001/jama.2012.5521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Benefits+and+harms+of+CT+screening+for+lung+cancer%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.au=Mirkin%2C+JN&rft.au=Oliver%2C+TK&rft.aufirst=PB&rft.aulast=Bach&rft.date=2012-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=22&rft.jtitle=JAMA%3A+The+Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.pages=2418-2429&rft.volume=307&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3709596&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3709596&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2012.5521&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22610500&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Ab2013-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ab2013_94-0">94.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ab2013_94-1">94.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Aberle DR, Abtin F, Brown K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3589698">Computed tomography screening for lung cancer: has it finally arrived? Implications of the national lung screening trial</a>. Journal of Clinical Oncology. March 2013, 31 (8): 1002–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3589698">PMC 3589698</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23401434">PMID 23401434</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2012.43.3110">doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.43.3110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Computed+tomography+screening+for+lung+cancer%3A+has+it+finally+arrived%3F+Implications+of+the+national+lung+screening+trial&rft.au=Abtin%2C+F&rft.au=Brown%2C+K&rft.aufirst=DR&rft.aulast=Aberle&rft.date=2013-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Oncology&rft.pages=1002-8&rft.volume=31&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3589698&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3589698&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1200%2FJCO.2012.43.3110&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23401434&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bach PB, Mirkin JN, Oliver TK, Azzoli CG, Berry DA, Brawley OW, Byers T, Colditz GA, Gould MK, Jett JR, Sabichi AL, Smith-Bindman R, Wood DE, Qaseem A, Detterbeck FC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3709596">Benefits and harms of CT screening for lung cancer: a systematic review</a>. JAMA. June 2012, 307 (22): 2418–29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3709596">PMC 3709596</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22610500">PMID 22610500</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2012.5521">doi:10.1001/jama.2012.5521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Benefits+and+harms+of+CT+screening+for+lung+cancer%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.au=Azzoli%2C+CG&rft.au=Berry%2C+DA&rft.au=Brawley%2C+OW&rft.au=Byers%2C+T&rft.au=Colditz%2C+GA&rft.au=Detterbeck%2C+FC&rft.au=Gould%2C+MK&rft.au=Jett%2C+JR&rft.au=Mirkin%2C+JN&rft.au=Oliver%2C+TK&rft.au=Qaseem%2C+A&rft.au=Sabichi%2C+AL&rft.au=Smith-Bindman%2C+R&rft.au=Wood%2C+DE&rft.aufirst=PB&rft.aulast=Bach&rft.date=2012-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=22&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.pages=2418-29&rft.volume=307&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3709596&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3709596&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2012.5521&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22610500&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Manser R, Lethaby A, Irving LB, Stone C, Byrnes G, Abramson MJ, Campbell D. Screening for lung cancer. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. June 2013, 6 (6): CD001991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23794187">PMID 23794187</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD001991.pub3">doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001991.pub3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Screening+for+lung+cancer&rft.au=Abramson%2C+MJ&rft.au=Byrnes%2C+G&rft.au=Campbell%2C+D&rft.au=Irving%2C+LB&rft.au=Lethaby%2C+A&rft.au=Stone%2C+C&rft.aufirst=R&rft.aulast=Manser&rft.date=2013-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.pages=CD001991&rft.volume=6&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD001991.pub3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23794187&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Krist, Alex H.; Davidson, Karina W.; Mangione, Carol M.; Barry, Michael J.; Cabana, Michael; Caughey, Aaron B.; Davis, Esa M.; Donahue, Katrina E.; Doubeni, Chyke A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506022757/https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2777244">Screening for Lung Cancer</a>. JAMA. 2021-03-09, 325 (10): 962 [2021-03-16]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0098-7484">ISSN 0098-7484</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2021.1117">doi:10.1001/jama.2021.1117</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2777244">原始内容</a>存档于2021-05-06） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Screening+for+Lung+Cancer&rft.au=Barry%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Cabana%2C+Michael&rft.au=Caughey%2C+Aaron+B.&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Karina+W.&rft.au=Davis%2C+Esa+M.&rft.au=Donahue%2C+Katrina+E.&rft.au=Doubeni%2C+Chyke+A.&rft.au=Mangione%2C+Carol+M.&rft.aufirst=Alex+H.&rft.aulast=Krist&rft.date=2021-03-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0098-7484&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.pages=962&rft.volume=325&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamanetwork.com%2Fjournals%2Fjama%2Ffullarticle%2F2777244&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.2021.1117&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Moy2014-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Moy2014_98-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Moyer VA. Screening for lung cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Annals of Internal Medicine. March 2014, 160 (5): 330–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24378917">PMID 24378917</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2FM13-2771">doi:10.7326/M13-2771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Screening+for+lung+cancer%3A+U.S.+Preventive+Services+Task+Force+recommendation+statement&rft.aufirst=VA&rft.aulast=Moyer&rft.date=2014-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.pages=330-8&rft.volume=160&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2FM13-2771&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24378917&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Baldwin DR, Hansell DM, Duffy SW, Field JK. Lung cancer screening with low dose computed tomography. BMJ. March 2014, 348: g1970. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24609921">PMID 24609921</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.g1970">doi:10.1136/bmj.g1970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Lung+cancer+screening+with+low+dose+computed+tomography&rft.au=Duffy%2C+SW&rft.au=Field%2C+JK&rft.au=Hansell%2C+DM&rft.aufirst=DR&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.date=2014-03&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.pages=g1970&rft.volume=348&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.g1970&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24609921&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621063049/https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=4306&pid=14042">存档副本</a>. [2021-07-10]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hpa.gov.tw/Pages/Detail.aspx?nodeid=4306&pid=14042">原始内容</a>存档于2022-06-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hpa.gov.tw%2FPages%2FDetail.aspx%3Fnodeid%3D4306%26pid%3D14042&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Fabricius-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fabricius_101-0">101.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fabricius_101-1">101.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fabricius_101-2">101.2</a> <cite class="citation journal">Fabricius P, Lange P. Diet and lung cancer. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease = Archivio Monaldi Per Le Malattie Del Torace. July–September 2003, 59 (3): 207–11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15065316">PMID 15065316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Diet+and+lung+cancer&rft.au=Lange%2C+P&rft.aufirst=P&rft.aulast=Fabricius&rft.date=2003-07%2F2003-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Monaldi+Archives+for+Chest+Disease+%3D+Archivio+Monaldi+Per+Le+Malattie+Del+Torace&rft.pages=207-11&rft.volume=59&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15065316&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Fritz H, Kennedy D, Fergusson D, Fernandes R, Doucette S, Cooley K, Seely A, Sagar S, Wong R, Seely D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3124481">Vitamin A and retinoid derivatives for lung cancer: a systematic review and meta analysis</a>. PLOS One. 2011, 6 (6): e21107. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3124481">PMC 3124481</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21738614">PMID 21738614</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0021107">doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0021107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Vitamin+A+and+retinoid+derivatives+for+lung+cancer%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta+analysis&rft.au=Cooley%2C+K&rft.au=Doucette%2C+S&rft.au=Fergusson%2C+D&rft.au=Fernandes%2C+R&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+D&rft.au=Sagar%2C+S&rft.au=Seely%2C+A&rft.au=Seely%2C+D&rft.au=Wong%2C+R&rft.aufirst=H&rft.aulast=Fritz&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=PLOS+One&rft.pages=e21107&rft.volume=6&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3124481&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3124481&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0021107&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21738614&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E8%8E%B7%E5%8F%96" title="开放获取文献，可免费阅读"><img alt="开放获取" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Herr C, Greulich T, Koczulla RA, Meyer S, Zakharkina T, Branscheidt M, Eschmann R, Bals R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3071319">The role of vitamin D in pulmonary disease: COPD, asthma, infection, and cancer</a>. Respiratory Research. March 2011, 12 (1): 31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3071319">PMC 3071319</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21418564">PMID 21418564</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1465-9921-12-31">doi:10.1186/1465-9921-12-31</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=The+role+of+vitamin+D+in+pulmonary+disease%3A+COPD%2C+asthma%2C+infection%2C+and+cancer&rft.au=Bals%2C+R&rft.au=Branscheidt%2C+M&rft.au=Eschmann%2C+R&rft.au=Greulich%2C+T&rft.au=Koczulla%2C+RA&rft.au=Meyer%2C+S&rft.au=Zakharkina%2C+T&rft.aufirst=C&rft.aulast=Herr&rft.date=2011-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Respiratory+Research&rft.pages=31&rft.volume=12&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3071319&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3071319&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1465-9921-12-31&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21418564&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Key-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Key_104-0">104.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Key_104-1">104.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Key TJ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3039795">Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk</a>. British Journal of Cancer. January 2011, 104 (1): 6–11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3039795">PMC 3039795</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21119663">PMID 21119663</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bjc.6606032">doi:10.1038/sj.bjc.6606032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Fruit+and+vegetables+and+cancer+risk&rft.aufirst=TJ&rft.aulast=Key&rft.date=2011-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Cancer&rft.pages=6-11&rft.volume=104&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3039795&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3039795&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.bjc.6606032&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21119663&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Sun Y, Li Z, Li J, Li Z, Han J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4808863">A Healthy Dietary Pattern Reduces Lung Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</a>. Nutrients. March 2016, 8 (3): 134. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4808863">PMC 4808863</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26959051">PMID 26959051</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu8030134">doi:10.3390/nu8030134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=A+Healthy+Dietary+Pattern+Reduces+Lung+Cancer+Risk%3A+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-Analysis&rft.au=Han%2C+J&rft.au=Li%2C+J&rft.au=Li%2C+Z&rft.au=Li%2C+Z&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.date=2016-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Nutrients&rft.pages=134&rft.volume=8&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4808863&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4808863&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fnu8030134&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26959051&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Ferrell B, Koczywas M, Grannis F, Harrington A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_surgical-clinics-of-north-america_2011-04_91_2/page/403">Palliative care in lung cancer</a>. The Surgical Clinics of North America. April 2011, 91 (2): 403–17, ix. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3655433">PMC 3655433</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21419260">PMID 21419260</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.suc.2010.12.003">doi:10.1016/j.suc.2010.12.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Palliative+care+in+lung+cancer&rft.au=Grannis%2C+F&rft.au=Harrington%2C+A&rft.au=Koczywas%2C+M&rft.aufirst=B&rft.aulast=Ferrell&rft.date=2011-04&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=The+Surgical+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.pages=403-17%2C+ix&rft.volume=91&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3655433&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_surgical-clinics-of-north-america_2011-04_91_2%2Fpage%2F403&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.suc.2010.12.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21419260&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Chang L, Rivera MP. Chapter 112: Clinical evaluation, diagnosis, and staging of lung cancer. Grippi MA, Elias JA, Fishman JA, Kotloff RM, Pack AI, Senior RM (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fishmanspulmonar0001unse">Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders</a> 5th. McGraw-Hill. 2015: 1728. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-07-179672-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-07-179672-9">ISBN 978-0-07-179672-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Chapter+112%3A+Clinical+evaluation%2C+diagnosis%2C+and+staging+of+lung+cancer&rft.au=Rivera%2C+MP&rft.aufirst=L&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.btitle=Fishman%27s+Pulmonary+Diseases+and+Disorders&rft.date=2015&rft.edition=5th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-07-179672-9&rft.pages=1728&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffishmanspulmonar0001unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Fishman1855-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Fishman1855_108-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Kaiser LR. Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders 4th. McGraw-Hill. 2008: 1855–1856. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-07-145739-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-07-145739-9">ISBN 0-07-145739-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.au=Kaiser+LR&rft.btitle=Fishman%27s+Pulmonary+Diseases+and+Disorders&rft.date=2008&rft.edition=4th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-07-145739-9&rft.pages=1855-1856&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Odell, DD; Kent MS; Fernando HC. Sublobar resection with brachytherapy mesh for stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2010-01-03, 22 (1): 32–37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20813314">PMID 20813314</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fj.semtcvs.2010.04.003">doi:10.1053/j.semtcvs.2010.04.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Sublobar+resection+with+brachytherapy+mesh+for+stage+I+non-small+cell+lung+cancer&rft.au=Fernando+HC&rft.au=Kent+MS&rft.aufirst=DD&rft.aulast=Odell&rft.date=2010-01-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Thoracic+and+Cardiovascular+Surgery&rft.pages=32-37&rft.volume=22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fj.semtcvs.2010.04.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20813314&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Reznik SI, Smythe WR. Chapter 113: Treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer: surgery. Grippi MA, Elias JA, Fishman JA, Kotloff RM, Pack AI, Senior RM (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fishmanspulmonar0001unse">Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders</a> 5th. McGraw-Hill. 2015: 1737–1738. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-07-179672-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-07-179672-9">ISBN 978-0-07-179672-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Chapter+113%3A+Treatment+of+non-small-cell+lung+cancer%3A+surgery&rft.au=Smythe%2C+WR&rft.aufirst=SI&rft.aulast=Reznik&rft.btitle=Fishman%27s+Pulmonary+Diseases+and+Disorders&rft.date=2015&rft.edition=5th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-07-179672-9&rft.pages=1737-1738&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffishmanspulmonar0001unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Alam N, Flores RM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3015831">Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomy: the evidence base</a>. Jsls. July–September 2007, 11 (3): 368–74. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3015831">PMC 3015831</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17931521">PMID 17931521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Video-assisted+thoracic+surgery+%28VATS%29+lobectomy%3A+the+evidence+base&rft.au=Flores%2C+RM&rft.aufirst=N&rft.aulast=Alam&rft.date=2007-07%2F2007-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Jsls&rft.pages=368-74&rft.volume=11&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3015831&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3015831&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17931521&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Rueth NM, Andrade RS. Is VATS lobectomy better: perioperatively, biologically and oncologically?. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. June 2010, 89 (6): S2107–11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20493991">PMID 20493991</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.athoracsur.2010.03.020">doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.03.020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Is+VATS+lobectomy+better%3A+perioperatively%2C+biologically+and+oncologically%3F&rft.au=Andrade%2C+RS&rft.aufirst=NM&rft.aulast=Rueth&rft.date=2010-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+Thoracic+Surgery&rft.pages=S2107-11&rft.volume=89&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.athoracsur.2010.03.020&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20493991&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-SimonTurrisi-113"><a href="#cite_ref-SimonTurrisi_113-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Simon GR, Turrisi A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chestjournal.chestpubs.org/content/132/3_suppl/324S.long">Management of small cell lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition)</a>. Chest. September 2007, 132 (3 Suppl): 324S–339S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17873178">PMID 17873178</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1378%2Fchest.07-1385">doi:10.1378/chest.07-1385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Management+of+small+cell+lung+cancer%3A+ACCP+evidence-based+clinical+practice+guidelines+%282nd+edition%29&rft.au=Turrisi%2C+A&rft.aufirst=GR&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.date=2007-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3+Suppl&rft.jtitle=Chest&rft.pages=324S-339S&rft.volume=132&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchestjournal.chestpubs.org%2Fcontent%2F132%2F3_suppl%2F324S.long&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1378%2Fchest.07-1385&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17873178&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-NCCN2018-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NCCN2018_114-0">114.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NCCN2018_114-1">114.1</a> <cite class="citation web">National Comprehensive Cancer Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070422223147/http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/PDF/sclc.pdf">NCCN Guidelines 2018 - Small Cell Lung Cancer</a> (PDF). 2018-01-17 [2018-04-08]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/sclc.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2007-04-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.au=National+Comprehensive+Cancer+Network&rft.btitle=NCCN+Guidelines+2018+-+Small+Cell+Lung+Cancer&rft.date=2018-01-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nccn.org%2Fprofessionals%2Fphysician_gls%2Fpdf%2Fsclc.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-OTO-115"><a href="#cite_ref-OTO_115-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Arriagada R, Goldstraw P, Le Chevalier T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordtextbookof0001unse_a7y7">Oxford Textbook of Oncology</a> 2nd. Oxford University Press. 2002: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordtextbookof0001unse_a7y7/page/n2094">2094</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-262926-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-262926-3">ISBN 0-19-262926-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.au=Goldstraw%2C+P&rft.au=Le+Chevalier%2C+T&rft.aufirst=R&rft.aulast=Arriagada&rft.btitle=Oxford+Textbook+of+Oncology&rft.date=2002&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-262926-3&rft.pages=2094&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordtextbookof0001unse_a7y7&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hatton MQ, Martin JE. Continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (CHART) and non-conventionally fractionated radiotherapy in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a review and consideration of future directions. Clinical Oncology. June 2010, 22 (5): 356–64. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20399629">PMID 20399629</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clon.2010.03.010">doi:10.1016/j.clon.2010.03.010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Continuous+hyperfractionated+accelerated+radiotherapy+%28CHART%29+and+non-conventionally+fractionated+radiotherapy+in+the+treatment+of+non-small+cell+lung+cancer%3A+a+review+and+consideration+of+future+directions&rft.au=Martin%2C+JE&rft.aufirst=MQ&rft.aulast=Hatton&rft.date=2010-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Oncology&rft.pages=356-64&rft.volume=22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.clon.2010.03.010&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20399629&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-PORT_Meta-analysis_Trialists_Group-117"><a href="#cite_ref-PORT_Meta-analysis_Trialists_Group_117-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Rydzewska, Larysa (编). Postoperative radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. April 2005, (2): CD002142. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15846628">PMID 15846628</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD002142.pub2">doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002142.pub2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Postoperative+radiotherapy+for+non-small+cell+lung+cancer&rft.aufirst=Larysa&rft.aulast=Rydzewska&rft.date=2005-04&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.pages=CD002142&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD002142.pub2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15846628&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Le Péchoux C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3228187">Role of postoperative radiotherapy in resected non-small cell lung cancer: a reassessment based on new data</a>. The Oncologist. 2011, 16 (5): 672–81. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3228187">PMC 3228187</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21378080">PMID 21378080</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1634%2Ftheoncologist.2010-0150">doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2010-0150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Role+of+postoperative+radiotherapy+in+resected+non-small+cell+lung+cancer%3A+a+reassessment+based+on+new+data&rft.aufirst=C&rft.aulast=Le+P%C3%A9choux&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=The+Oncologist&rft.pages=672-81&rft.volume=16&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3228187&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3228187&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1634%2Ftheoncologist.2010-0150&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21378080&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Ikushima, Hitoshi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424162519/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmi/57/1,2/57_1,2_1/_article">Radiation therapy: state of the art and the future</a>. The Journal of Medical Investigation. 2010, 57 (1,2): 1–11 [2018-09-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1349-6867">ISSN 1349-6867</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20299738">PMID 20299738</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2152%2Fjmi.57.1">doi:10.2152/jmi.57.1</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmi/57/1,2/57_1,2_1/_article">原始内容</a>存档于2021-04-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Radiation+therapy%3A+state+of+the+art+and+the+future&rft.aufirst=Hitoshi&rft.aulast=Ikushima&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1349-6867&rft.issue=1%2C2&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Medical+Investigation&rft.pages=1-11&rft.volume=57&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fjmi%2F57%2F1%2C2%2F57_1%2C2_1%2F_article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2152%2Fjmi.57.1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20299738&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Reveiz L, Rueda JR, Cardona AF. Palliative endobronchial brachytherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. December 2012, 12: CD004284. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235606">PMID 23235606</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD004284.pub3">doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004284.pub3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Palliative+endobronchial+brachytherapy+for+non-small+cell+lung+cancer&rft.au=Cardona%2C+AF&rft.au=Rueda%2C+JR&rft.aufirst=L&rft.aulast=Reveiz&rft.date=2012-12&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.pages=CD004284&rft.volume=12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD004284.pub3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23235606&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Paumier A, Cuenca X, Le Péchoux C. Prophylactic cranial irradiation in lung cancer. Cancer Treatment Reviews. June 2011, 37 (4): 261–5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20934256">PMID 20934256</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ctrv.2010.08.009">doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2010.08.009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Prophylactic+cranial+irradiation+in+lung+cancer&rft.au=Cuenca%2C+X&rft.au=Le+P%C3%A9choux%2C+C&rft.aufirst=A&rft.aulast=Paumier&rft.date=2011-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Treatment+Reviews&rft.pages=261-5&rft.volume=37&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ctrv.2010.08.009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20934256&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Girard N, Mornex F. [Stereotactic radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer: From concept to clinical reality. 2011 update]. Cancer Radiotherapie. October 2011, 15 (6–7): 522–6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21889901">PMID 21889901</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.canrad.2011.07.241">doi:10.1016/j.canrad.2011.07.241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=%5BStereotactic+radiotherapy+for+non-small+cell+lung+cancer%3A+From+concept+to+clinical+reality.+2011+update%5D&rft.au=Mornex%2C+F&rft.aufirst=N&rft.aulast=Girard&rft.date=2011-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6%E2%80%937&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Radiotherapie&rft.pages=522-6&rft.volume=15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.canrad.2011.07.241&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21889901&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Fairchild A, Harris K, Barnes E, et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/24/4001.full">Palliative thoracic radiotherapy for lung cancer: a systematic review</a>. Journal of Clinical Oncology. August 2008, 26 (24): 4001–4011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18711191">PMID 18711191</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2007.15.3312">doi:10.1200/JCO.2007.15.3312</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130413233918/http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/26/24/4001.full">存档</a>于2013-04-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Palliative+thoracic+radiotherapy+for+lung+cancer%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.au=Barnes%2C+E&rft.au=Harris%2C+K&rft.aufirst=A&rft.aulast=Fairchild&rft.date=2008-08&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=24&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Oncology&rft.pages=4001-4011&rft.volume=26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjco.ascopubs.org%2Fcontent%2F26%2F24%2F4001.full&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1200%2FJCO.2007.15.3312&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18711191&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hann CL, Rudin CM. Management of small-cell lung cancer: incremental changes but hope for the future. Oncology (Williston Park). 2008-11-30, 22 (13): 1486–92. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19133604">PMID 19133604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Management+of+small-cell+lung+cancer%3A+incremental+changes+but+hope+for+the+future&rft.au=Rudin%2C+CM&rft.aufirst=CL&rft.aulast=Hann&rft.date=2008-11-30&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=13&rft.jtitle=Oncology+%28Williston+Park%29&rft.pages=1486-92&rft.volume=22&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19133604&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Murray_125-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Murray N, Turrisi AT. A review of first-line treatment for small-cell lung cancer. Journal of Thoracic Oncology. March 2006, 1 (3): 270–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17409868">PMID 17409868</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1556-0864%2815%2931579-3">doi:10.1016/s1556-0864(15)31579-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=A+review+of+first-line+treatment+for+small-cell+lung+cancer&rft.au=Turrisi%2C+AT&rft.aufirst=N&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.date=2006-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Thoracic+Oncology&rft.pages=270-8&rft.volume=1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs1556-0864%2815%2931579-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17409868&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Azim-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Azim_126-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Azim HA, Ganti AK. Treatment options for relapsed small-cell lung cancer. Anti-Cancer Drugs. March 2007, 18 (3): 255–61. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17264756">PMID 17264756</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FCAD.0b013e328011a547">doi:10.1097/CAD.0b013e328011a547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Treatment+options+for+relapsed+small-cell+lung+cancer&rft.au=Ganti%2C+AK&rft.aufirst=HA&rft.aulast=Azim&rft.date=2007-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Anti-Cancer+Drugs&rft.pages=255-61&rft.volume=18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FCAD.0b013e328011a547&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17264756&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-MacCallum-127"><a href="#cite_ref-MacCallum_127-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">MacCallum C, Gillenwater HH. Second-line treatment of small-cell lung cancer. Current Oncology Reports. July 2006, 8 (4): 258–64. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17254525">PMID 17254525</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11912-006-0030-8">doi:10.1007/s11912-006-0030-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Second-line+treatment+of+small-cell+lung+cancer&rft.au=Gillenwater%2C+HH&rft.aufirst=C&rft.aulast=MacCallum&rft.date=2006-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Current+Oncology+Reports&rft.pages=258-64&rft.volume=8&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11912-006-0030-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17254525&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18678835-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18678835_128-0">128.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid18678835_128-1">128.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">NSCLC Meta-Analyses Collaborative Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2653127">Chemotherapy in Addition to Supportive Care Improves Survival in Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Individual Patient Data From 16 Randomized Controlled Trials</a>. J. Clin. Oncol. October 2008, 26 (28): 4617–25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2653127">PMC 2653127</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18678835">PMID 18678835</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2008.17.7162">doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.17.7162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Chemotherapy+in+Addition+to+Supportive+Care+Improves+Survival+in+Advanced+Non%E2%80%93Small-Cell+Lung+Cancer%3A+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-Analysis+of+Individual+Patient+Data+From+16+Randomized+Controlled+Trials&rft.au=NSCLC+Meta-Analyses+Collaborative+Group&rft.date=2008-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=28&rft.jtitle=J.+Clin.+Oncol.&rft.pages=4617-25&rft.volume=26&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2653127&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2653127&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1200%2FJCO.2008.17.7162&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18678835&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Carr LL, Jett JR. Chapter 114: Treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer: chemotherapy. Grippi MA, Elias JA, Fishman JA, Kotloff RM, Pack AI, Senior RM (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fishmanspulmonar0001unse">Fishman's Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders</a> 5th. McGraw-Hill. 2015: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fishmanspulmonar0001unse/page/n1242">1752</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-07-179672-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-07-179672-9">ISBN 978-0-07-179672-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Chapter+114%3A+Treatment+of+non-small-cell+lung+cancer%3A+chemotherapy&rft.au=Jett%2C+JR&rft.aufirst=LL&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.btitle=Fishman%27s+Pulmonary+Diseases+and+Disorders&rft.date=2015&rft.edition=5th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-07-179672-9&rft.pages=1752&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffishmanspulmonar0001unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Clegg-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clegg_130-0">130.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clegg_130-1">130.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Clegg A, Scott DA, Hewitson P, Sidhu M, Waugh N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1746188">Clinical and cost effectiveness of paclitaxel, docetaxel, gemcitabine, and vinorelbine in non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review</a>. Thorax (BMJ Publishing Group). January 2002, 57 (1): 20–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1746188">PMC 1746188</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11809985">PMID 11809985</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fthorax.57.1.20">doi:10.1136/thorax.57.1.20</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Clinical+and+cost+effectiveness+of+paclitaxel%2C+docetaxel%2C+gemcitabine%2C+and+vinorelbine+in+non-small+cell+lung+cancer%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.au=Hewitson%2C+P&rft.au=Scott%2C+DA&rft.au=Sidhu%2C+M&rft.au=Waugh%2C+N&rft.aufirst=A&rft.aulast=Clegg&rft.date=2002-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Thorax&rft.pages=20-8&rft.volume=57&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1746188&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1746188&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fthorax.57.1.20&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11809985&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20446853-131"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20446853_131-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Fuld AD, Dragnev KH, Rigas JR. Pemetrexed in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother. June 2010, 11 (8): 1387–402. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20446853">PMID 20446853</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1517%2F14656566.2010.482560">doi:10.1517/14656566.2010.482560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Pemetrexed+in+advanced+non-small-cell+lung+cancer&rft.au=Dragnev%2C+KH&rft.au=Rigas%2C+JR&rft.aufirst=AD&rft.aulast=Fuld&rft.date=2010-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Expert+Opin+Pharmacother&rft.pages=1387-402&rft.volume=11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1517%2F14656566.2010.482560&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20446853&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Santos FN, de Castria TB, Cruz MR, Riera R. Chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer in the elderly population. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. October 2015, (10): CD010463. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26482542">PMID 26482542</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD010463.pub2">doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010463.pub2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Chemotherapy+for+advanced+non-small+cell+lung+cancer+in+the+elderly+population&rft.au=Cruz%2C+MR&rft.au=Riera%2C+R&rft.au=de+Castria%2C+TB&rft.aufirst=FN&rft.aulast=Santos&rft.date=2015-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.pages=CD010463&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD010463.pub2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26482542&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Carbone-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Carbone_133-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Carbone DP, Felip E. Adjuvant therapy in non-small cell lung cancer: future treatment prospects and paradigms. Clinical Lung Cancer. September 2011, 12 (5): 261–71. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21831720">PMID 21831720</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cllc.2011.06.002">doi:10.1016/j.cllc.2011.06.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Adjuvant+therapy+in+non-small+cell+lung+cancer%3A+future+treatment+prospects+and+paradigms&rft.au=Felip%2C+E&rft.aufirst=DP&rft.aulast=Carbone&rft.date=2011-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Lung+Cancer&rft.pages=261-71&rft.volume=12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cllc.2011.06.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21831720&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Le_Chevalier-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Le_Chevalier_134-0">134.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Le_Chevalier_134-1">134.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Le Chevalier T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/suppl_7/vii196.long">Adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable non-small-cell lung cancer: where is it going?</a>. Annals of Oncology. October 2010,. 21 Suppl 7 (Suppl. 7): vii196–8 [2013-01-21]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20943614">PMID 20943614</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fannonc%2Fmdq376">doi:10.1093/annonc/mdq376</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130113045819/http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/suppl_7/vii196.long">存档</a>于2013-01-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Adjuvant+chemotherapy+for+resectable+non-small-cell+lung+cancer%3A+where+is+it+going%3F&rft.aufirst=T&rft.aulast=Le+Chevalier&rft.date=2010-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=Suppl.+7&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Oncology&rft.pages=vii196-8&rft.volume=21+Suppl+7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fannonc.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F21%2Fsuppl_7%2Fvii196.long&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fannonc%2Fmdq376&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20943614&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Burdett S, Pignon JP, Tierney J, Tribodet H, Stewart L, Le Pechoux C, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy for resected early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. March 2015, (3): CD011430. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25730344">PMID 25730344</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD011430">doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Adjuvant+chemotherapy+for+resected+early-stage+non-small+cell+lung+cancer&rft.au=Arriagada%2C+R&rft.au=Aup%C3%A9rin%2C+A&rft.au=Bergman%2C+B&rft.au=Douillard%2C+JY&rft.au=Dunant%2C+A&rft.au=Endo%2C+C&rft.au=Girling%2C+D&rft.au=Higgins%2C+JP&rft.au=Johnson%2C+DH&rft.au=Kato%2C+H&rft.au=Keller%2C+SM&rft.au=Kimura%2C+H&rft.au=Knuuttila%2C+A&rft.au=Kodama%2C+K&rft.au=Komaki%2C+R&rft.au=Kris%2C+MG&rft.au=Lad%2C+T&rft.au=Le+Chevalier%2C+T&rft.au=Le+Pechoux%2C+C&rft.au=Liang%2C+Y&rft.au=Mineo%2C+T&rft.au=Parmar%2C+MK&rft.au=Piantadosi%2C+S&rft.au=Pignon%2C+JP&rft.au=Rosell%2C+R&rft.au=Scagliotti%2C+G&rft.au=Seymour%2C+LK&rft.au=Shepherd%2C+FA&rft.au=Souhami%2C+RL&rft.au=Stephens%2C+RJ&rft.au=Stewart%2C+L&rft.au=Sylvester%2C+R&rft.au=Tada%2C+H&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+F&rft.au=Tierney%2C+J&rft.au=Torri%2C+V&rft.au=Tribodet%2C+H&rft.au=Van+Meerbeeck%2C+J&rft.au=Waller%2C+D&rft.aufirst=S&rft.aulast=Burdett&rft.date=2015-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.pages=CD011430&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD011430&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25730344&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">He J, Shen J, Yang C, Jiang L, Liang W, Shi X, Xu X, He J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4616365">Adjuvant Chemotherapy for the Completely Resected Stage IB Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</a>. Medicine. June 2015, 94 (22): e903. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4616365">PMC 4616365</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26039122">PMID 26039122</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMD.0000000000000903">doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000000903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Adjuvant+Chemotherapy+for+the+Completely+Resected+Stage+IB+Nonsmall+Cell+Lung+Cancer%3A+A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-Analysis&rft.au=He%2C+J&rft.au=Jiang%2C+L&rft.au=Liang%2C+W&rft.au=Shen%2C+J&rft.au=Shi%2C+X&rft.au=Xu%2C+X&rft.au=Yang%2C+C&rft.aufirst=J&rft.aulast=He&rft.date=2015-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=22&rft.jtitle=Medicine&rft.pages=e903&rft.volume=94&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4616365&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4616365&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FMD.0000000000000903&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26039122&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4022989">Preoperative chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data</a>. Lancet. May 2014, 383 (9928): 1561–71. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4022989">PMC 4022989</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24576776">PMID 24576776</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2813%2962159-5">doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62159-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Preoperative+chemotherapy+for+non-small-cell+lung+cancer%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+individual+participant+data&rft.date=2014-05&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=9928&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.pages=1561-71&rft.volume=383&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4022989&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4022989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2813%2962159-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24576776&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Burdett SS, Stewart LA, Rydzewska L. Chemotherapy and surgery versus surgery alone in non-small cell lung cancer. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. July 2007, (3): CD006157. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17636828">PMID 17636828</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD006157.pub2">doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006157.pub2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Chemotherapy+and+surgery+versus+surgery+alone+in+non-small+cell+lung+cancer&rft.au=Rydzewska%2C+L&rft.au=Stewart%2C+LA&rft.aufirst=SS&rft.aulast=Burdett&rft.date=2007-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.pages=CD006157&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD006157.pub2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17636828&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7551923-139"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7551923_139-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Souquet PJ, Chauvin F, Boissel JP, Bernard JP. Meta-analysis of randomised trials of systemic chemotherapy versus supportive treatment in non-resectable non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. April 1995,. 12 Suppl 1: S147–54. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7551923">PMID 7551923</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0169-5002%2895%2900430-9">doi:10.1016/0169-5002(95)00430-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Meta-analysis+of+randomised+trials+of+systemic+chemotherapy+versus+supportive+treatment+in+non-resectable+non-small+cell+lung+cancer&rft.au=Bernard%2C+JP&rft.au=Boissel%2C+JP&rft.au=Chauvin%2C+F&rft.aufirst=PJ&rft.aulast=Souquet&rft.date=1995-04&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lung+Cancer&rft.pages=S147-54&rft.volume=12+Suppl+1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0169-5002%2895%2900430-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7551923&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Collaborative Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200515130207/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20464750">Chemotherapy and supportive care versus supportive care alone for advanced non-small cell lung cancer</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010-05-12, (5): CD007309 [2018-04-09]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-493X">ISSN 1469-493X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20464750">PMID 20464750</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD007309.pub2">doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007309.pub2</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20464750">原始内容</a>存档于2020-05-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Chemotherapy+and+supportive+care+versus+supportive+care+alone+for+advanced+non-small+cell+lung+cancer&rft.au=Non-Small+Cell+Lung+Cancer+Collaborative+Group&rft.date=2010-05-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1469-493X&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.pages=CD007309&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F20464750&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD007309.pub2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20464750&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11441939-141"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11441939_141-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Sörenson S, Glimelius B, Nygren P. A systematic overview of chemotherapy effects in non-small cell lung cancer. Acta Oncologica. 2001, 40 (2–3): 327–39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11441939">PMID 11441939</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02841860151116402">doi:10.1080/02841860151116402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=A+systematic+overview+of+chemotherapy+effects+in+non-small+cell+lung+cancer&rft.au=Glimelius%2C+B&rft.au=Nygren%2C+P&rft.aufirst=S&rft.aulast=S%C3%B6renson&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.jtitle=Acta+Oncologica&rft.pages=327-39&rft.volume=40&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02841860151116402&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11441939&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12065068-142"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12065068_142-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Clegg A, Scott DA, Sidhu M, Hewitson P, Waugh N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/52130/">A rapid and systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of paclitaxel, docetaxel, gemcitabine and vinorelbine in non-small-cell lung cancer</a>. Health Technology Assessment. 2001, 5 (32): 1–195. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12065068">PMID 12065068</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170830234842/http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/52130/">存档</a>于2017-08-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=A+rapid+and+systematic+review+of+the+clinical+effectiveness+and+cost-effectiveness+of+paclitaxel%2C+docetaxel%2C+gemcitabine+and+vinorelbine+in+non-small-cell+lung+cancer&rft.au=Hewitson%2C+P&rft.au=Scott%2C+DA&rft.au=Sidhu%2C+M&rft.au=Waugh%2C+N&rft.aufirst=A&rft.aulast=Clegg&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=32&rft.jtitle=Health+Technology+Assessment&rft.pages=1-195&rft.volume=5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwrap.warwick.ac.uk%2F52130%2F&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12065068&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20464750-143"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20464750_143-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Collaborative, Group. Chemotherapy and supportive care versus supportive care alone for advanced non-small cell lung cancer.. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010-05-12, (5): CD007309. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20464750">PMID 20464750</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD007309.pub2">doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007309.pub2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Chemotherapy+and+supportive+care+versus+supportive+care+alone+for+advanced+non-small+cell+lung+cancer.&rft.aufirst=Group&rft.aulast=Non-Small+Cell+Lung+Cancer+Collaborative&rft.date=2010-05-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.pages=CD007309&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD007309.pub2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20464750&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">D'Antonio C, Passaro A, Gori B, Del Signore E, Migliorino MR, Ricciardi S, Fulvi A, de Marinis F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3987652">Bone and brain metastasis in lung cancer: recent advances in therapeutic strategies</a>. Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology. May 2014, 6 (3): 101–14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3987652">PMC 3987652</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24790650">PMID 24790650</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1758834014521110">doi:10.1177/1758834014521110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Bone+and+brain+metastasis+in+lung+cancer%3A+recent+advances+in+therapeutic+strategies&rft.au=Del+Signore%2C+E&rft.au=Fulvi%2C+A&rft.au=Gori%2C+B&rft.au=Migliorino%2C+MR&rft.au=Passaro%2C+A&rft.au=Ricciardi%2C+S&rft.au=de+Marinis%2C+F&rft.aufirst=C&rft.aulast=D%27Antonio&rft.date=2014-05&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Therapeutic+Advances+in+Medical+Oncology&rft.pages=101-14&rft.volume=6&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3987652&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3987652&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1758834014521110&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24790650&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151002051252/http://news.21cn.com/caiji/roll1/a/2015/0803/19/29877301.shtml">安维汀正式在华上市将为中国患者打开希望之门</a>. [2015-08-09]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.21cn.com/caiji/roll1/a/2015/0803/19/29877301.shtml">原始内容</a>存档于2015-10-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.btitle=%E5%AE%89%E7%BB%B4%E6%B1%80%E6%AD%A3%E5%BC%8F%E5%9C%A8%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%82+%E5%B0%86%E4%B8%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%82%A3%E8%80%85%E6%89%93%E5%BC%80%E5%B8%8C%E6%9C%9B%E4%B9%8B%E9%97%A8&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.21cn.com%2Fcaiji%2Froll1%2Fa%2F2015%2F0803%2F19%2F29877301.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hellmann, Matthew D.; Ciuleanu, Tudor-Eliade; Pluzanski, Adam; Lee, Jong Seok; Otterson, Gregory A.; Audigier-Valette, Clarisse; Minenza, Elisa; Linardou, Helena; Burgers, Sjaak. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1801946">Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab in Lung Cancer with a High Tumor Mutational Burden</a>. New England Journal of Medicine. 2018-04-16, 0 (0): null. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793">ISSN 0028-4793</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29658845">PMID 29658845</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa1801946">doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1801946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Nivolumab+plus+Ipilimumab+in+Lung+Cancer+with+a+High+Tumor+Mutational+Burden&rft.au=Audigier-Valette%2C+Clarisse&rft.au=Burgers%2C+Sjaak&rft.au=Ciuleanu%2C+Tudor-Eliade&rft.au=Lee%2C+Jong+Seok&rft.au=Linardou%2C+Helena&rft.au=Minenza%2C+Elisa&rft.au=Otterson%2C+Gregory+A.&rft.au=Pluzanski%2C+Adam&rft.aufirst=Matthew+D.&rft.aulast=Hellmann&rft.date=2018-04-16&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0028-4793&rft.issue=0&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.pages=null&rft.volume=0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1056%2FNEJMoa1801946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMoa1801946&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29658845&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Syn2017-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Syn2017_147-0">147.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syn2017_147-1">147.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syn2017_147-2">147.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syn2017_147-3">147.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syn2017_147-4">147.4</a> <cite class="citation journal">Syn NL, Teng MW, Mok TS, Soo RA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190514213327/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1470204517306071">De-novo and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint targeting</a>. The Lancet. Oncology. December 2017, 18 (12): e731–e741 [2018-04-10]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29208439">PMID 29208439</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1470-2045%2817%2930607-1">doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30607-1</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1470204517306071">原始内容</a>存档于2019-05-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=De-novo+and+acquired+resistance+to+immune+checkpoint+targeting&rft.au=Mok%2C+TS&rft.au=Soo%2C+RA&rft.au=Teng%2C+MW&rft.aufirst=NL&rft.aulast=Syn&rft.date=2017-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet.+Oncology&rft.pages=e731-e741&rft.volume=18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1470204517306071&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs1470-2045%2817%2930607-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29208439&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Powell, CA; Halmos, B; Nana-Sinkam, SP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3778761">Update in lung cancer and mesothelioma 2012</a>. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2013年7月, 188 (2): 157–166. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3778761">PMC 3778761</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23855692">PMID 23855692</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1164%2Frccm.201304-0716UP">doi:10.1164/rccm.201304-0716UP</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Update+in+lung+cancer+and+mesothelioma+2012&rft.au=Halmos%2C+B&rft.au=Nana-Sinkam%2C+SP&rft.aufirst=CA&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.date=2013-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Respiratory+and+Critical+Care+Medicine&rft.pages=157-166&rft.volume=188&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3778761&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3778761&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1164%2Frccm.201304-0716UP&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23855692&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Spaans JN, Goss GD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4145253">Trials to Overcome Drug Resistance to EGFR and ALK Targeted Therapies - Past, Present, and Future</a>. Frontiers in Oncology. August 2014, 4 (233): 233. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4145253">PMC 4145253</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25221748">PMID 25221748</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffonc.2014.00233">doi:10.3389/fonc.2014.00233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Trials+to+Overcome+Drug+Resistance+to+EGFR+and+ALK+Targeted+Therapies+-+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future&rft.au=Goss%2C+GD&rft.aufirst=JN&rft.aulast=Spaans&rft.date=2014-08&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=233&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Oncology&rft.pages=233&rft.volume=4&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4145253&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4145253&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffonc.2014.00233&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25221748&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Lazarus DR, Eapen GA. Chapter 16: Bronchoscopic interventions for lung cancer. Roth JA, Hong WK, Komaki RU (编). Lung Cancer 4th. Wiley-Blackwell. 2014. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-118-46874-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-118-46874-6">ISBN 978-1-118-46874-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Chapter+16%3A+Bronchoscopic+interventions+for+lung+cancer&rft.au=Eapen%2C+GA&rft.aufirst=DR&rft.aulast=Lazarus&rft.btitle=Lung+Cancer&rft.date=2014&rft.edition=4th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-118-46874-6&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Khemasuwan D, Mehta AC, Wang KP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700383">Past, present, and future of endobronchial laser photoresection</a>. Journal of Thoracic Disease. December 2015, 7 (Suppl 4): S380–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700383">PMC 4700383</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26807285">PMID 26807285</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3978%2Fj.issn.2072-1439.2015.12.55">doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.12.55</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Past%2C+present%2C+and+future+of+endobronchial+laser+photoresection&rft.au=Mehta%2C+AC&rft.au=Wang%2C+KP&rft.aufirst=D&rft.aulast=Khemasuwan&rft.date=2015-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=Suppl+4&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Thoracic+Disease&rft.pages=S380-8&rft.volume=7&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4700383&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4700383&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3978%2Fj.issn.2072-1439.2015.12.55&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26807285&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Parikh RB, Kirch RA, Smith TJ, Temel JS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3991113">Early specialty palliative care--translating data in oncology into practice</a>. The New England Journal of Medicine. December 2013, 369 (24): 2347–51. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3991113">PMC 3991113</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24328469">PMID 24328469</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2Fnejmsb1305469">doi:10.1056/nejmsb1305469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Early+specialty+palliative+care--translating+data+in+oncology+into+practice&rft.au=Kirch%2C+RA&rft.au=Smith%2C+TJ&rft.au=Temel%2C+JS&rft.aufirst=RB&rft.aulast=Parikh&rft.date=2013-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=24&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.pages=2347-51&rft.volume=369&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3991113&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3991113&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2Fnejmsb1305469&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24328469&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20818881-153"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20818881_153-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Kelley AS, Meier DE. Palliative care--a shifting paradigm. The New England Journal of Medicine. August 2010, 363 (8): 781–2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818881">PMID 20818881</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMe1004139">doi:10.1056/NEJMe1004139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Palliative+care--a+shifting+paradigm&rft.au=Meier%2C+DE&rft.aufirst=AS&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.date=2010-08&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.pages=781-2&rft.volume=363&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMe1004139&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20818881&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19856592-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19856592_154-0">154.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid19856592_154-1">154.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Prince-Paul M. When hospice is the best option: an opportunity to redefine goals. Oncology. April 2009, 23 (4 Suppl Nurse Ed): 13–7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19856592">PMID 19856592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=When+hospice+is+the+best+option%3A+an+opportunity+to+redefine+goals&rft.aufirst=M&rft.aulast=Prince-Paul&rft.date=2009-04&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4+Suppl+Nurse+Ed&rft.jtitle=Oncology&rft.pages=13-7&rft.volume=23&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19856592&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Ridge CA, McErlean AM, Ginsberg MS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3709917">Epidemiology of lung cancer</a>. Seminars in Interventional Radiology. June 2013, 30 (2): 93–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3709917">PMC 3709917</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24436524">PMID 24436524</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0033-1342949">doi:10.1055/s-0033-1342949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Epidemiology+of+lung+cancer&rft.au=Ginsberg%2C+MS&rft.au=McErlean%2C+AM&rft.aufirst=CA&rft.aulast=Ridge&rft.date=2013-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Seminars+in+Interventional+Radiology&rft.pages=93-8&rft.volume=30&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3709917&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3709917&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1055%2Fs-0033-1342949&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24436524&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/lung/survival/">Lung cancer survival statistics</a>. Cancer Research UK. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141007155320/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/lung/survival/">存档</a>于2014年10月7日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.btitle=Lung+cancer+survival+statistics&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Cancer+Research+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancerresearchuk.org%2Fcancer-info%2Fcancerstats%2Ftypes%2Flung%2Fsurvival%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/lung/survival/#stage">Lung cancer survival statistics</a>. [2014年10月28日]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009015127/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/lung/survival/#stage">存档</a>于2014年10月9日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.btitle=Lung+cancer+survival+statistics&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancerresearchuk.org%2Fcancer-info%2Fcancerstats%2Ftypes%2Flung%2Fsurvival%2F%23stage&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF17-158"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF17_158-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210828151905/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65865/">Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment</a>. PDQ for Health Professionals. National Cancer Institute. [2015-11-17]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26389304">PMID 26389304</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0032637/">原始内容</a>存档于2021-08-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Non-Small+Cell+Lung+Cancer+Treatment&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PDQ+for+Health+Professionals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmedhealth%2FPMH0032637%2F&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26389304&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF18-159"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF18_159-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/small-cell-lung/healthprofessional">Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment</a>. PDQ for Health Professionals. National Cancer Institute. 2012 [2012年5月16日]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513015218/http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/small-cell-lung/healthprofessional">存档</a>于2012年5月13日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Small+Cell+Lung+Cancer+Treatment&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PDQ+for+Health+Professionals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancer.gov%2Fcancertopics%2Fpdq%2Ftreatment%2Fsmall-cell-lung%2Fhealthprofessional&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-OTM-160"><a href="#cite_ref-OTM_160-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Spiro SG. 18.19.1. Oxford Textbook Medicine 5th. OUP Oxford. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-920485-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-920485-4">ISBN 978-0-19-920485-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=18.19.1&rft.aufirst=SG&rft.aulast=Spiro&rft.btitle=Oxford+Textbook+Medicine&rft.date=2010&rft.edition=5th&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920485-4&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> SEER data (SEER.cancer.gov) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2003/results_single/sect_01_table.11_2pgs.pdf">Median Age of Cancer Patients at Diagnosis 2002–2003</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516124412/http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2003/results_single/sect_01_table.11_2pgs.pdf">存檔</a>，存档日期2011-05-16. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> SEER data (SEER.cancer.gov) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2006/results_single/sect_01_table.13_2pgs.pdf">Median Age of Cancer Patients at Death 2002–2006</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722134255/http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2006/results_single/sect_01_table.13_2pgs.pdf">存檔</a>，存档日期2011-07-22. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Slatore CG, Au DH, Gould MK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/content/182/9/1195.long">An official American Thoracic Society systematic review: insurance status and disparities in lung cancer practices and outcomes</a>. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. November 2010, 182 (9): 1195–205 [2012-11-22]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21041563">PMID 21041563</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1164%2Frccm.2009-038ST">doi:10.1164/rccm.2009-038ST</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200613071318/https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/full/10.1164/rccm.2009-038ST">存档</a>于2020-06-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=An+official+American+Thoracic+Society+systematic+review%3A+insurance+status+and+disparities+in+lung+cancer+practices+and+outcomes&rft.au=Au%2C+DH&rft.au=Gould%2C+MK&rft.aufirst=CG&rft.aulast=Slatore&rft.date=2010-11&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Respiratory+and+Critical+Care+Medicine&rft.pages=1195-205&rft.volume=182&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajrccm.atsjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F182%2F9%2F1195.long&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1164%2Frccm.2009-038ST&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21041563&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Stewart, edited by Bernard W.; Wild, Christopher P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5">World cancer report 2014</a>. Lyon: IARC Press. 2014: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5/page/350">350</a>–352. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789283204299" title="Special:网络书源/9789283204299">ISBN 9789283204299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.au=Wild%2C+Christopher+P.&rft.aufirst=edited+by+Bernard+W.&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.btitle=World+cancer+report+2014&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9789283204299&rft.pages=350-352&rft.place=Lyon&rft.pub=IARC+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldcancerrepor0000unse_p0u5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/lung/">Lung cancer statistics</a>. Cancer Research UK. [2014-10-28]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512144023/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/lung/">存档</a>于2015-05-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Lung+cancer+statistics&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Research+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancerresearchuk.org%2Fcancer-info%2Fcancerstats%2Ftypes%2Flung%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF22-166"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF22_166-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jemal A, Tiwari RC, Murray T, Ghafoor A, Samuels A, Ward E, Feuer EJ, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2004. Ca. 2004, 54 (1): 8–29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14974761">PMID 14974761</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3322%2Fcanjclin.54.1.8">doi:10.3322/canjclin.54.1.8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Cancer+statistics%2C+2004&rft.au=Feuer%2C+EJ&rft.au=Ghafoor%2C+A&rft.au=Murray%2C+T&rft.au=Samuels%2C+A&rft.au=Thun%2C+MJ&rft.au=Tiwari%2C+RC&rft.au=Ward%2C+E&rft.aufirst=A&rft.aulast=Jemal&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Ca&rft.pages=8-29&rft.volume=54&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3322%2Fcanjclin.54.1.8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14974761&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Proctor RN. The history of the discovery of the cigarette-lung cancer link: evidentiary traditions, corporate denial, global toll. Tobacco Control. March 2012, 21 (2): 87–91. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22345227">PMID 22345227</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Ftobaccocontrol-2011-050338">doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=The+history+of+the+discovery+of+the+cigarette-lung+cancer+link%3A+evidentiary+traditions%2C+corporate+denial%2C+global+toll&rft.aufirst=RN&rft.aulast=Proctor&rft.date=2012-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Tobacco+Control&rft.pages=87-91&rft.volume=21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Ftobaccocontrol-2011-050338&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22345227&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Lum-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Lum_168-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Lum KL, Polansky JR, Jackler RK, Glantz SA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/17/5/313">Signed, sealed and delivered: "big tobacco" in Hollywood, 1927-1951</a>. Tobacco Control. October 2008, 17 (5): 313–23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2602591">PMC 2602591</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18818225">PMID 18818225</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Ftc.2008.025445">doi:10.1136/tc.2008.025445</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090404085818/http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/17/5/313">存档</a>于2009年4月4日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Signed%2C+sealed+and+delivered%3A+%22big+tobacco%22+in+Hollywood%2C+1927-1951&rft.au=Glantz%2C+SA&rft.au=Jackler%2C+RK&rft.au=Polansky%2C+JR&rft.aufirst=KL&rft.aulast=Lum&rft.date=2008-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Tobacco+Control&rft.pages=313-23&rft.volume=17&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2602591&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftobaccocontrol.bmj.com%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F17%2F5%2F313&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Ftc.2008.025445&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18818225&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Lovato C, Watts A, Stead LF. Impact of tobacco advertising and promotion on increasing adolescent smoking behaviours. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. October 2011, (10): CD003439. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21975739">PMID 21975739</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD003439.pub2">doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003439.pub2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Impact+of+tobacco+advertising+and+promotion+on+increasing+adolescent+smoking+behaviours&rft.au=Stead%2C+LF&rft.au=Watts%2C+A&rft.aufirst=C&rft.aulast=Lovato&rft.date=2011-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.pages=CD003439&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD003439.pub2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21975739&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Kemp FB. Smoke free policies in Europe. An overview. Pneumologia. Jul–Sep 2009, 58 (3): 155–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19817310">PMID 19817310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Smoke+free+policies+in+Europe.+An+overview&rft.aufirst=FB&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.date=2009-07%2F2009-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Pneumologia&rft.pages=155-8&rft.volume=58&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19817310&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lungb.html#incidence-mortality">SEER stat fact sheets: Lung and Bronchus. Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results</a>. National Cancer Institute. 2010 [2012-11-22]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031945/http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/lungb.html#incidence-mortality">存档</a>于2016-03-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.btitle=SEER+stat+fact+sheets%3A+Lung+and+Bronchus.+Surveillance+Epidemiology+and+End+Results&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=National+Cancer+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseer.cancer.gov%2Fstatfacts%2Fhtml%2Flungb.html%23incidence-mortality&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF23-172"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF23_172-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/gender/documents/en/lungcancerlow.pdf">Gender in lung cancer and smoking research</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界卫生组织">World Health Organization</a>. 2004 [2007年5月26日]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614013951/http://www.who.int/gender/documents/en/lungcancerlow.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2007年6月14日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.btitle=Gender+in+lung+cancer+and+smoking+research&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fgender%2Fdocuments%2Fen%2Flungcancerlow.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Zhang J, Ou JX, Bai CX. Tobacco smoking in China: prevalence, disease burden, challenges and future strategies. Respirology. November 2011, 16 (8): 1165–72. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21910781">PMID 21910781</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1440-1843.2011.02062.x">doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02062.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Tobacco+smoking+in+China%3A+prevalence%2C+disease+burden%2C+challenges+and+future+strategies&rft.au=Bai%2C+CX&rft.au=Ou%2C+JX&rft.aufirst=J&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.date=2011-11&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Respirology&rft.pages=1165-72&rft.volume=16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1440-1843.2011.02062.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21910781&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF25-174"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF25_174-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Behera D, Balamugesh T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vpci.org.in/upload/Journals/pic130.pdf#page=27">Lung cancer in India</a> (PDF). The Indian Journal of Chest Diseases & Allied Sciences. 2004, 46 (4): 269–81. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15515828">PMID 15515828</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217024508/http://www.vpci.org.in/upload/Journals/pic130.pdf#page=27">存档</a> (PDF)于2008年12月17日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Lung+cancer+in+India&rft.au=Balamugesh%2C+T&rft.aufirst=D&rft.aulast=Behera&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Journal+of+Chest+Diseases+%26+Allied+Sciences&rft.pages=269-81&rft.volume=46&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vpci.org.in%2Fupload%2FJournals%2Fpic130.pdf%23page%3D27&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15515828&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151128063005/http://gibbscancercenter.org/news/honoring-veterans-good-health/">HONORING VETERANS WITH GOOD HEALTH</a>. 2014-11-07 [2015-12-01]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gibbscancercenter.org/news/honoring-veterans-good-health/">原始内容</a>存档于2015-11-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.btitle=HONORING+VETERANS+WITH+GOOD+HEALTH&rft.date=2014-11-07&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgibbscancercenter.org%2Fnews%2Fhonoring-veterans-good-health%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208170738/http://www.lungcanceralliance.org/special-features/special-focus-on-veterans-and-lung-cancer/lung-cancer-and-wartime-exposure.html">Lung Cancer As It Affects Veterans And Military</a>. [2015-12-01]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lungcanceralliance.org/special-features/special-focus-on-veterans-and-lung-cancer/lung-cancer-and-wartime-exposure.html">原始内容</a>存档于2015-12-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.btitle=Lung+Cancer+As+It+Affects+Veterans+And+Military&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lungcanceralliance.org%2Fspecial-features%2Fspecial-focus-on-veterans-and-lung-cancer%2Flung-cancer-and-wartime-exposure.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/incidence#heading-One">Cancer incidence statistics</a>. Cancer Research UK. [2016-12-20]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102165540/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/incidence#heading-One">存档</a>于2017-01-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Cancer+incidence+statistics&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Research+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancerresearchuk.org%2Fhealth-professional%2Fcancer-statistics%2Fincidence%23heading-One&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/lung/">Lung cancer statistics</a>. Cancer Research UK. [2016-12-20]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512144023/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/types/lung/">存档</a>于2015-05-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Lung+cancer+statistics&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Research+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cancerresearchuk.org%2Fcancer-info%2Fcancerstats%2Ftypes%2Flung%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Caicun, Zhou. Lung cancer molecular epidemiology in China: recent trends. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3978%2Fj.issn.2218-6751.2014.09.01">doi:10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2014.09.01</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Lung+cancer+molecular+epidemiology+in+China%3A+recent+trends&rft.au=Caicun%2C+Zhou&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3978%2Fj.issn.2218-6751.2014.09.01&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bing-Yen, Wang; Jing-Yang Huang; Ching-Yuan Cheng; Ching-Hsiung Lin; Jiunn- Liang Ko; Yung-Po Liaw. Lung Cancer and Prognosis in Taiwan: A Population-Based Cancer Registry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FJTO.0b013e31829ceba4">doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e31829ceba4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Lung+Cancer+and+Prognosis+in+Taiwan%3A+A+Population-Based+Cancer+Registry&rft.au=Bing-Yen%2C+Wang&rft.au=Ching-Hsiung+Lin&rft.au=Ching-Yuan+Cheng&rft.au=Jing-Yang+Huang&rft.au=Jiunn-+Liang+Ko&rft.au=Yung-Po+Liaw&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FJTO.0b013e31829ceba4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Charloux-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Charloux_181-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Charloux A, Quoix E, Wolkove N, Small D, Pauli G, Kreisman H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/26/1/14">The increasing incidence of lung adenocarcinoma: reality or artefact? A review of the epidemiology of lung adenocarcinoma</a>. International Journal of Epidemiology. February 1997, 26 (1): 14–23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9126499">PMID 9126499</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2F26.1.14">doi:10.1093/ije/26.1.14</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205204700/http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/26/1/14">存档</a>于2008年12月5日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=The+increasing+incidence+of+lung+adenocarcinoma%3A+reality+or+artefact%3F+A+review+of+the+epidemiology+of+lung+adenocarcinoma&rft.au=Kreisman%2C+H&rft.au=Pauli%2C+G&rft.au=Quoix%2C+E&rft.au=Small%2C+D&rft.au=Wolkove%2C+N&rft.aufirst=A&rft.aulast=Charloux&rft.date=1997-02&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Epidemiology&rft.pages=14-23&rft.volume=26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fije.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F26%2F1%2F14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fije%2F26.1.14&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9126499&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Kadara H, Kabbout M, Wistuba II. Pulmonary adenocarcinoma: a renewed entity in 2011. Respirology. January 2012, 17 (1): 50–65. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22040022">PMID 22040022</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1440-1843.2011.02095.x">doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02095.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Pulmonary+adenocarcinoma%3A+a+renewed+entity+in+2011&rft.au=Kabbout%2C+M&rft.au=Wistuba%2C+II&rft.aufirst=H&rft.aulast=Kadara&rft.date=2012-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Respirology&rft.pages=50-65&rft.volume=17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1440-1843.2011.02095.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22040022&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF27-183"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF27_183-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Morgagni GB. De sedibus et causis morborum per anatomen indagatis. 1761. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL24830495M">OL 24830495M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.aufirst=Giovanni+Battista&rft.aulast=Morgagni&rft.btitle=De+sedibus+et+causis+morborum+per+anatomen+indagatis&rft.date=1761&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF28-184"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF28_184-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Bayle GL. Recherches sur la phthisie pulmonaire. Paris. 1810. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/works/OL15355651W">OL 15355651W</a> （法语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.aufirst=Gaspard-Laurent&rft.aulast=Bayle&rft.btitle=Recherches+sur+la+phthisie+pulmonaire&rft.date=1810&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Paris&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Witschi-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Witschi_185-0">185.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Witschi_185-1">185.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Witschi H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/64/1/4">A short history of lung cancer</a>. Toxicological Sciences. November 2001, 64 (1): 4–6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11606795">PMID 11606795</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2F64.1.4">doi:10.1093/toxsci/64.1.4</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070309064452/http://toxsci.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/64/1/4">存档</a>于2007年3月9日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=A+short+history+of+lung+cancer&rft.aufirst=H&rft.aulast=Witschi&rft.date=2001-11&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Toxicological+Sciences&rft.pages=4-6&rft.volume=64&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftoxsci.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F64%2F1%2F4&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2F64.1.4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11606795&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF29-186"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF29_186-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Adler, I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/primarymalignant00adle">Primary Malignant Growths of the Lungs and Bronchi</a>. New York: Longmans, Green, and Company. 1912. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/14783544">OCLC 14783544</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//openlibrary.org/books/OL24396062M">OL 24396062M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.au=Adler%2C+I&rft.btitle=Primary+Malignant+Growths+of+the+Lungs+and+Bronchi&rft.date=1912&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprimarymalignant00adle&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14783544&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> , cited in <cite class="citation journal">Spiro SG, Silvestri GA. One hundred years of lung cancer. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. September 2005, 172 (5): 523–9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15961694">PMID 15961694</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1164%2Frccm.200504-531OE">doi:10.1164/rccm.200504-531OE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=One+hundred+years+of+lung+cancer&rft.au=Silvestri%2C+GA&rft.aufirst=SG&rft.aulast=Spiro&rft.date=2005-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Respiratory+and+Critical+Care+Medicine&rft.pages=523-9&rft.volume=172&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1164%2Frccm.200504-531OE&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15961694&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Grannis-187"><a href="#cite_ref-Grannis_187-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Grannis FW. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070718174754/http://www.smokinglungs.com/cighist.htm">History of cigarette smoking and lung cancer</a>. smokinglungs.com. [2007年8月6日]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smokinglungs.com/cighist.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2007年7月18日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.aufirst=FW&rft.aulast=Grannis&rft.btitle=History+of+cigarette+smoking+and+lung+cancer&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=smokinglungs.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smokinglungs.com%2Fcighist.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Proctor-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Proctor_188-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Proctor R. The Nazi War on Cancer. Princeton University Press. 2000: 173–246. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-691-00196-0" title="Special:网络书源/0-691-00196-0">ISBN 0-691-00196-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.aufirst=R&rft.aulast=Proctor&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+War+on+Cancer&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-691-00196-0&rft.pages=173-246&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Doll-189"><a href="#cite_ref-Doll_189-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Doll R, Hill AB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2035864">Lung cancer and other causes of death in relation to smoking; a second report on the mortality of British doctors</a>. British Medical Journal. November 1956, 2 (5001): 1071–81. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2035864">PMC 2035864</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13364389">PMID 13364389</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.5001.1071">doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5001.1071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Lung+cancer+and+other+causes+of+death+in+relation+to+smoking%3B+a+second+report+on+the+mortality+of+British+doctors&rft.au=Hill%2C+AB&rft.aufirst=R&rft.aulast=Doll&rft.date=1956-11&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5001&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&rft.pages=1071-81&rft.volume=2&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2035864&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2035864&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.2.5001.1071&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13364389&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF30-190"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF30_190-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">US Department of Health Education and Welfare. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/B/M/Q/_/nnbbmq.pdf">Smoking and health: report of the advisory committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service</a> (PDF). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. 1964. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217024606/http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/NN/B/B/M/Q/_/nnbbmq.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2008年12月17日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.au=US+Department+of+Health+Education+and+Welfare&rft.btitle=Smoking+and+health%3A+report+of+the+advisory+committee+to+the+Surgeon+General+of+the+Public+Health+Service&rft.date=1964&rft.genre=unknown&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprofiles.nlm.nih.gov%2FNN%2FB%2FB%2FM%2FQ%2F_%2Fnnbbmq.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Greaves-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greaves_191-0">191.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greaves_191-1">191.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Greaves M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cancerevolutiona00grea">Cancer: the Evolutionary Legacy</a>. Oxford University Press. 2000: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cancerevolutiona00grea/page/196">196</a>–197. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-262835-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-262835-6">ISBN 0-19-262835-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.aufirst=M&rft.aulast=Greaves&rft.btitle=Cancer%3A+the+Evolutionary+Legacy&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-262835-6&rft.pages=196-197&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcancerevolutiona00grea&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Greenberg M, Selikoff IJ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-occupational-hygiene_1993-02_37_1/page/5">Lung cancer in the Schneeberg mines: a reappraisal of the data reported by Harting and Hesse in 1879</a>. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene. February 1993, 37 (1): 5–14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8460878">PMID 8460878</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fannhyg%2F37.1.5">doi:10.1093/annhyg/37.1.5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Lung+cancer+in+the+Schneeberg+mines%3A+a+reappraisal+of+the+data+reported+by+Harting+and+Hesse+in+1879&rft.au=Selikoff%2C+IJ&rft.aufirst=M&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.date=1993-02&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+Occupational+Hygiene&rft.pages=5-14&rft.volume=37&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_annals-of-occupational-hygiene_1993-02_37_1%2Fpage%2F5&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fannhyg%2F37.1.5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8460878&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Samet JM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3073196">Radiation and cancer risk: a continuing challenge for epidemiologists</a>. Environmental Health. April 2011, 10 (Suppl. 1): S4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3073196">PMC 3073196</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21489214">PMID 21489214</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1476-069X-10-S1-S4">doi:10.1186/1476-069X-10-S1-S4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Radiation+and+cancer+risk%3A+a+continuing+challenge+for+epidemiologists&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.aulast=Samet&rft.date=2011-04&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=Suppl.+1&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health&rft.pages=S4&rft.volume=10&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3073196&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3073196&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1476-069X-10-S1-S4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21489214&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF32-194"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF32_194-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Horn L, Johnson DH. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317080747/https://ascopubs.org/cgi/pdf_extract/26/19/3268">Evarts A. Graham and the first pneumonectomy for lung cancer</a>. Journal of Clinical Oncology. July 2008, 26 (19): 3268–75 [2010-03-09]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18591561">PMID 18591561</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1200%2FJCO.2008.16.8260">doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.16.8260</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/pdf_extract/26/19/3268">原始内容</a>存档于2020-03-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Evarts+A.+Graham+and+the+first+pneumonectomy+for+lung+cancer&rft.au=Johnson%2C+DH&rft.aufirst=L&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.date=2008-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=19&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Oncology&rft.pages=3268-75&rft.volume=26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjco.ascopubs.org%2Fcgi%2Fpdf_extract%2F26%2F19%2F3268&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1200%2FJCO.2008.16.8260&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18591561&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Edwards_195-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Edwards AT. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1018207">Carcinoma of the bronchus</a>. Thorax. March 1946, 1 (1): 1–25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1018207">PMC 1018207</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20986395">PMID 20986395</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fthx.1.1.1">doi:10.1136/thx.1.1.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Carcinoma+of+the+bronchus&rft.aufirst=AT&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.date=1946-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Thorax&rft.pages=1-25&rft.volume=1&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1018207&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1018207&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fthx.1.1.1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20986395&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF33-196"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF33_196-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Kabela M. [Experience with radical irradiation of bronchial cancer] [Experience with radical irradiation of bronchial cancer]. Ceskoslovenska Onkologia. 1956, 3 (2): 109–15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13383622">PMID 13383622</a> （德语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=%5BExperience+with+radical+irradiation+of+bronchial+cancer%5D&rft.aufirst=M&rft.aulast=Kabela&rft.date=1956&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Ceskoslovenska+Onkologia&rft.pages=109-15&rft.volume=3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13383622&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Saunders-197"><a href="#cite_ref-Saunders_197-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Saunders M, Dische S, Barrett A, Harvey A, Gibson D, Parmar M. Continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (CHART) versus conventional radiotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomised multicentre trial. CHART Steering Committee. Lancet (Elsevier). July 1997, 350 (9072): 161–5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9250182">PMID 9250182</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2897%2906305-8">doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)06305-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Continuous+hyperfractionated+accelerated+radiotherapy+%28CHART%29+versus+conventional+radiotherapy+in+non-small-cell+lung+cancer%3A+a+randomised+multicentre+trial.+CHART+Steering+Committee&rft.au=Barrett%2C+A&rft.au=Dische%2C+S&rft.au=Gibson%2C+D&rft.au=Harvey%2C+A&rft.au=Parmar%2C+M&rft.aufirst=M&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.date=1997-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=9072&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.pages=161-5&rft.volume=350&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2897%2906305-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9250182&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF34-198"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF34_198-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Lennox SC, Flavell G, Pollock DJ, Thompson VC, Wilkins JL. Results of resection for oat-cell carcinoma of the lung. Lancet (Elsevier). November 1968, 2 (7575): 925–7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4176258">PMID 4176258</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2868%2991163-X">doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(68)91163-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Results+of+resection+for+oat-cell+carcinoma+of+the+lung&rft.au=Flavell%2C+G&rft.au=Pollock%2C+DJ&rft.au=Thompson%2C+VC&rft.au=Wilkins%2C+JL&rft.aufirst=SC&rft.aulast=Lennox&rft.date=1968-11&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7575&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.pages=925-7&rft.volume=2&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2868%2991163-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4176258&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF35-199"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF35_199-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Miller AB, Fox W, Tall R. Five-year follow-up of the Medical Research Council comparative trial of surgery and radiotherapy for the primary treatment of small-celled or oat-celled carcinoma of the bronchus. Lancet (Elsevier). September 1969, 2 (7619): 501–5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4184834">PMID 4184834</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2869%2990212-8">doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(69)90212-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Five-year+follow-up+of+the+Medical+Research+Council+comparative+trial+of+surgery+and+radiotherapy+for+the+primary+treatment+of+small-celled+or+oat-celled+carcinoma+of+the+bronchus&rft.au=Fox%2C+W&rft.au=Tall%2C+R&rft.aufirst=AB&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.date=1969-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7619&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.pages=501-5&rft.volume=2&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2869%2990212-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4184834&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-AUTOREF36-200"><a href="#cite_ref-AUTOREF36_200-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Cohen MH, Creaven PJ, Fossieck BE, Broder LE, Selawry OS, Johnston AV, Williams CL, Minna JD. Intensive chemotherapy of small cell bronchogenic carcinoma. Cancer Treatment Reports. 1977, 61 (3): 349–54. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/194691">PMID 194691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Intensive+chemotherapy+of+small+cell+bronchogenic+carcinoma&rft.au=Broder%2C+LE&rft.au=Creaven%2C+PJ&rft.au=Fossieck%2C+BE&rft.au=Johnston%2C+AV&rft.au=Minna%2C+JD&rft.au=Selawry%2C+OS&rft.au=Williams%2C+CL&rft.aufirst=MH&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.date=1977&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Treatment+Reports&rft.pages=349-54&rft.volume=61&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F194691&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Epi-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Epi_201-0">201.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epi_201-1">201.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epi_201-2">201.2</a> <cite class="citation journal">Forde PM, Brahmer JR, Kelly RJ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4325981">New strategies in lung cancer: epigenetic therapy for non-small cell lung cancer</a>. Clinical Cancer Research. May 2014, 20 (9): 2244–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4325981">PMC 4325981</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24644000">PMID 24644000</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1158%2F1078-0432.ccr-13-2088">doi:10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=New+strategies+in+lung+cancer%3A+epigenetic+therapy+for+non-small+cell+lung+cancer&rft.au=Brahmer%2C+JR&rft.au=Kelly%2C+RJ&rft.aufirst=PM&rft.aulast=Forde&rft.date=2014-05&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Cancer+Research&rft.pages=2244-8&rft.volume=20&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4325981&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4325981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1158%2F1078-0432.ccr-13-2088&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24644000&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Tracer-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tracer_202-0">202.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tracer_202-1">202.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jamal-Hanjani M, Hackshaw A, Ngai Y, Shaw J, Dive C, Quezada S, et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4086714">Tracking genomic cancer evolution for precision medicine: the lung TRACERx study</a>. PLoS Biology. July 2014, 12 (7): e1001906. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4086714">PMC 4086714</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25003521">PMID 25003521</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001906">doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=Tracking+genomic+cancer+evolution+for+precision+medicine%3A+the+lung+TRACERx+study&rft.au=Adams%2C+H&rft.au=Ahmad%2C+T&rft.au=Attanoos%2C+R&rft.au=Bennett%2C+J&rft.au=Birkbak%2C+NJ&rft.au=Blackhall%2C+F&rft.au=Booton%2C+R&rft.au=Brady%2C+G&rft.au=Buchan%2C+K&rft.au=Capitano%2C+A&rft.au=Chetty%2C+M&rft.au=Cobbold%2C+M&rft.au=Crosbie%2C+P&rft.au=Davies%2C+H&rft.au=Denison%2C+A&rft.au=Dive%2C+C&rft.au=Djearman%2C+M&rft.au=Falzon%2C+M&rft.au=Fennell%2C+D&rft.au=Forster%2C+M&rft.au=Goldman%2C+J&rft.au=Hackshaw%2C+A&rft.au=Haswell%2C+T&rft.au=Horswell%2C+S&rft.au=Iles%2C+N&rft.au=Janes%2C+S&rft.au=Joseph%2C+L&rft.au=Kerr%2C+K&rft.au=Khan%2C+I&rft.au=Kornaszewska%2C+M&rft.au=Krebs%2C+M&rft.au=Langman%2C+G&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+D&rft.au=Le+Quesne%2C+J&rft.au=Lee%2C+SM&rft.au=Lester%2C+J&rft.au=MacKenzie%2C+M&rft.au=Matthews%2C+N&rft.au=McGranahan%2C+N&rft.au=Middleton%2C+G&rft.au=Millar%2C+J&rft.au=Mitter%2C+R&rft.au=Morgan%2C+B&rft.au=Muller%2C+S&rft.au=Murugaesu%2C+N&rft.au=Naidu%2C+B&rft.au=Ngai%2C+Y&rft.au=Nicolson%2C+M&rft.au=Nonaka%2C+D&rft.au=Peggs%2C+K&rft.au=Pritchard%2C+C&rft.au=Quezada%2C+S&rft.au=Remmen%2C+H&rft.au=Rowan%2C+A&rft.au=Salm%2C+M&rft.au=Shafi%2C+S&rft.au=Shah%2C+R&rft.au=Shaw%2C+J&rft.au=Smith%2C+E&rft.au=Smith%2C+S&rft.au=Stuart%2C+A&rft.au=Summers%2C+Y&rft.au=Swanton%2C+C&rft.au=Taylor%2C+M&rft.au=Veeriah%2C+S&rft.au=Waller%2C+D&rft.au=Wilcox%2C+B&rft.au=Wilcox%2C+M&rft.au=Woolhouse%2C+I&rft.au=de+Bruin%2C+E&rft.aufirst=M&rft.aulast=Jamal-Hanjani&rft.date=2014-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=PLoS+Biology&rft.pages=e1001906&rft.volume=12&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4086714&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4086714&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001906&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25003521&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2013/07/18/a-new-era-in-lung-cancer-research-the-tracerx-study/">TRACERx project, Cancer Research UK science blog</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129023515/http://scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2013/07/18/a-new-era-in-lung-cancer-research-the-tracerx-study/">存檔</a>，存档日期2014-11-29. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Zeltsman, Masha; Dozier, Jordan; McGee, Erin; Ngai, Daniel; Adusumilli, Prasad S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200517022709/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28502785">CAR T-cell therapy for lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma</a>. Translational Research: The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 09 2017, 187: 1–10 [2018-04-14]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1878-1810">ISSN 1878-1810</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5581988">PMC 5581988</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28502785">PMID 28502785</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.trsl.2017.04.004">doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2017.04.004</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28502785">原始内容</a>存档于2020-05-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&rft.atitle=CAR+T-cell+therapy+for+lung+cancer+and+malignant+pleural+mesothelioma&rft.au=Adusumilli%2C+Prasad+S.&rft.au=Dozier%2C+Jordan&rft.au=McGee%2C+Erin&rft.au=Ngai%2C+Daniel&rft.aufirst=Masha&rft.aulast=Zeltsman&rft.chron=09+2017&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1878-1810&rft.jtitle=Translational+Research%3A+The+Journal+of+Laboratory+and+Clinical+Medicine&rft.pages=1-10&rft.volume=187&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5581988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F28502785&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.trsl.2017.04.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28502785&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0">分類</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47912" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E5%92%8C%E6%9C%89%E5%85%B3%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="疾病和有关健康问题的国际统计分类">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/C33">C33</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/C34">C34</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E5%92%8C%E6%9C%89%E5%85%B3%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="疾病和有关健康问题的国际统计分类">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-9%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="ICD-9编码列表">9-CM</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=162">162</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%9F%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="人類孟德爾遺傳學">OMIM</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/211980">211980</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98%E8%AF%8D" title="医学主题词">MeSH</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D002283">D002283</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="疾病資料庫">DiseasesDB</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb7616.htm">7616</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0">外部資源</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007194.htm">007194</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/1333-overview">med/1333</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic1336.htm">med/1336</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic335.htm">emerg/335</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/radio/topic807.htm">radio/807</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/radio/topic405.htm">radio/405</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/radio/topic406.htm">radio/406</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patient_UK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patient UK（页面不存在）">Patient UK</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/lung-cancer-pro">肺癌</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="国家癌症研究所">NCI</a>：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/lung">肺癌</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lung_cancers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lung cancers">肺癌</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E5%BC%8F%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="开放式目录">开放目录项目</a>中的“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Cancer/Lung/">肺癌</a>”</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="呼吸道中的肿瘤和瘤形成（C30–C34/D14,_160–163/212.0–212.4）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E9%81%93%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4" title="Template:呼吸道肿瘤"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E9%81%93%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4" title="Template talk:呼吸道肿瘤"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E9%81%93%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:呼吸道肿瘤"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="呼吸道中的肿瘤和瘤形成（C30–C34/D14,_160–163/212.0–212.4）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E9%81%93%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="呼吸道肿瘤">呼吸道中的肿瘤和瘤形成</a>（<a href="/wiki/ICD-10_%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AB%A0%EF%BC%9A%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4" title="ICD-10 第二章：肿瘤">C30–C34/D14</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_ICD-9_codes_140%E2%80%93239:_neoplasms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of ICD-9 codes 140–239: neoplasms（页面不存在）">160–163/212.0–212.4</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E9%81%93" title="呼吸道">上呼吸道</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E8%85%94" title="鼻腔">鼻腔</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BC%BB%E8%85%94%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E8%83%B6%E8%B4%A8%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鼻腔神经胶质瘤（页面不存在）">鼻腔神经胶质瘤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esthesioneuroblastoma" class="extiw" title="en:Esthesioneuroblastoma">Esthesioneuroblastoma</a>）</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%BD" title="咽">咽</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E5%92%BD%E7%99%8C" title="鼻咽癌">鼻咽癌</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E5%92%BD%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E7%98%A4" title="鼻咽血管纤维瘤">鼻咽血管纤维瘤</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%89%E9%A0%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="喉頭">喉頭</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%89%E7%99%8C" title="喉癌">喉癌</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%89%E4%B9%B3%E9%A0%AD%E7%8B%80%E7%98%A4" title="喉乳頭狀瘤">喉乳頭狀瘤</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E9%81%93" title="呼吸道">下呼吸道</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E7%AE%A1" title="氣管">氣管</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E7%AE%A1%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="气管肿瘤（页面不存在）">气管肿瘤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracheal_tumor" class="extiw" title="en:Tracheal tumor">Tracheal tumor</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">肺</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E5%B0%8F%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非小细胞肺癌（页面不存在）">非小细胞肺癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-small-cell_lung_carcinoma" class="extiw" title="en:Non-small-cell lung carcinoma">Non-small-cell lung carcinoma</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E9%B3%9E%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺鳞癌（页面不存在）">肺鳞癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squamous_cell_lung_carcinoma" class="extiw" title="en:Squamous cell lung carcinoma">Squamous cell lung carcinoma</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E8%85%BA%E7%99%8C" title="肺腺癌">肺腺癌</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E9%83%A8%E9%BB%8F%E6%B6%B2%E6%80%A7%E5%9B%8A%E8%85%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺部黏液性囊腺癌（页面不存在）">黏液性囊腺癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucinous_cystadenocarcinoma_of_the_lung" class="extiw" title="en:Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the lung">Mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the lung</a>））</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大细胞肺癌（页面不存在）">大细胞肺癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-cell_lung_carcinoma" class="extiw" title="en:Large-cell lung carcinoma">Large-cell lung carcinoma</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%99%8C%E4%BC%B4%E6%A8%AA%E7%BA%B9%E8%82%8C%E6%A0%B7%E8%A1%A8%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大细胞癌伴横纹肌样表型（页面不存在）">Rhabdoid carcinoma</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large-cell_lung_carcinoma_with_rhabdoid_phenotype" class="extiw" title="en:Large-cell lung carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype">Large-cell lung carcinoma with rhabdoid phenotype</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%89%E7%98%A4%E6%A0%B7%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肉瘤样癌（页面不存在）">肉瘤样癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcomatoid_carcinoma" class="extiw" title="en:Sarcomatoid carcinoma">Sarcomatoid carcinoma</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B8%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%BA%E7%B1%BB%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="典型肺类癌（页面不存在）">类癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typical_pulmonary_carcinoid_tumour" class="extiw" title="en:Typical pulmonary carcinoid tumour">Typical pulmonary carcinoid tumour</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E9%83%A8%E6%B6%8E%E8%85%BA%E6%A0%B7%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺部涎腺样癌（页面不存在）">肺部涎腺样癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salivary_gland-like_carcinoma_of_the_lung" class="extiw" title="en:Salivary gland-like carcinoma of the lung">Salivary gland-like carcinoma of the lung</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%BA%E9%B3%9E%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腺鳞癌（页面不存在）">腺鳞癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosquamous_carcinoma" class="extiw" title="en:Adenosquamous carcinoma">Adenosquamous carcinoma</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E5%A4%B4%E7%8A%B6%E8%85%BA%E7%99%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="乳头状腺癌">乳头状腺癌</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E5%B7%A8%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺巨细胞癌（页面不存在）">巨细胞癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant-cell_carcinoma_of_the_lung" class="extiw" title="en:Giant-cell carcinoma of the lung">Giant-cell carcinoma of the lung</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%99%8C" title="小细胞癌">小细胞癌</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E6%80%A7%E5%B0%8F%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="复合性小细胞肺癌（页面不存在）">复合性小细胞癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_small-cell_lung_carcinoma" class="extiw" title="en:Combined small-cell lung carcinoma">Combined small-cell lung carcinoma</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">非<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C" title="癌">癌</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%89%E7%98%A4" title="肉瘤">肉瘤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%98%A4" title="淋巴瘤">淋巴瘤</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AA%E6%88%90%E7%86%9F%E7%95%B8%E8%83%8E%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="未成熟畸胎瘤（页面不存在）">未成熟畸胎瘤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immature_teratoma" class="extiw" title="en:Immature teratoma">Immature teratoma</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E7%98%A4" title="黑色素瘤">黑色素瘤</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">按位置</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E5%B0%96%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺尖肿瘤（页面不存在）">肺尖肿瘤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancoast_tumor" class="extiw" title="en:Pancoast tumor">Pancoast tumor</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E6%80%A7%E8%82%BA%E7%BB%93%E8%8A%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孤立性肺结节（页面不存在）">孤立性肺结节</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solitary_pulmonary_nodule" class="extiw" title="en:Solitary pulmonary nodule">Solitary pulmonary nodule</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E9%97%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肺门（页面不存在）">中央型肺癌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilum_of_lung" class="extiw" title="en:Hilum of lung">Hilum of lung</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%94%AF%E6%B0%A3%E7%AE%A1" title="小支氣管">周围型肺癌</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E8%86%9C%E8%85%94" title="胸膜腔">胸膜腔</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%93%E7%9A%AE%E7%98%A4" title="間皮瘤">間皮瘤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B6%E6%80%A7" title="恶性">恶性</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E6%80%A7%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E6%80%A7%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孤立性纤维性肿瘤（页面不存在）">孤立性纤维性肿瘤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/solitary_fibrous_tumor" class="extiw" title="en:solitary fibrous tumor">solitary fibrous tumor</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a>：各地 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47912#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4008343-3">德国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007538669605171">以色列</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85078900">美国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000085575&P_CON_LNG=ENG">拉脱维亚</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562782">日本</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph138679&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph138680&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=肺癌&oldid=85008028">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=肺癌&oldid=85008028</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%82%BA%E9%83%A8%E8%82%BF%E7%98%A4" title="Category:肺部肿瘤">肺部肿瘤</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%B8%E7%83%9F" title="Category:吸烟">吸烟</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(en)" title="Category:CS1英语来源 (en)">CS1英语来源 (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%EF%BC%9A%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%9F" title="Category:引文格式1错误：日期">引文格式1错误：日期</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BFwayback%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Category:Webarchive模板wayback链接">Webarchive模板wayback链接</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(fr)" title="Category:CS1法语来源 (fr)">CS1法语来源 (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(de)" title="Category:CS1德语来源 (de)">CS1德语来源 (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2024%E5%B9%B47%E6%9C%88%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E5%BE%9E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:自2024年7月需要從英語維基百科翻譯的條目">自2024年7月需要從英語維基百科翻譯的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E5%BE%9E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:需要從英語維基百科翻譯的條目">需要從英語維基百科翻譯的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2024%E5%B9%B47%E6%9C%88%E7%BC%BA%E5%B0%91%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:自2024年7月缺少重要資訊的條目">自2024年7月缺少重要資訊的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%AA%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有多个问题的条目">含有多个问题的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%AB%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含医学声明的条目">包含医学声明的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有英語的條目">含有英語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%89%E8%93%9D%E9%93%BE%E5%8D%B4%E6%9C%AA%E7%A7%BB%E9%99%A4%E5%86%85%E9%83%A8%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E5%8A%A9%E6%89%8B%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:有蓝链却未移除内部链接助手模板的页面">有蓝链却未移除内部链接助手模板的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%94%B1%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89" title="Category:维基共享资源分类链接由本地定义">维基共享资源分类链接由本地定义</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABGND%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含GND标识符的维基百科条目">包含GND标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABJ9U%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目">包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABLCCN%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目">包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABLNB%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含LNB标识符的维基百科条目">包含LNB标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNDL%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目">包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNKC%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目">包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%85%B8%E8%8C%83%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:典范条目">典范条目</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年11月17日 (星期日) 18:19。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>） Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。 </li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-gqj5v","wgBackendResponseTime":223,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.403","walltime":"2.821","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18998,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":743087,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":19410,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":26,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":131,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":441080,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2414.583 1 -total"," 46.12% 1113.543 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.78% 598.385 135 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.73% 234.840 1 Template:Multiple_issues"," 9.51% 229.546 4 Template:Navbox"," 7.26% 175.291 1 Template:Infobox_medical_condition_(new)"," 7.19% 173.667 35 Template:Cite_book"," 6.69% 161.559 3 Template:Ambox"," 6.66% 160.779 1 Template:Expand_language"," 5.84% 140.967 1 Template:Infobox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.299","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10214977,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","260","18.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","140","10.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","140","10.0"],["?","120","8.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","8.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","7.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","40","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","2.9"],["[others]","320","22.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5c7bc58d8b-r4q8w","timestamp":"20241126203559","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u80ba\u764c","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%82%BA%E7%99%8C","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q47912","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q47912","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-04-09T12:07:10Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T18:19:45Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/03\/LungCACXR.PNG","headline":"\u53d1\u75c5\u4e8e\u80ba\u90e8\u7684\u764c\u75c7"}</script> </body> </html>