CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Muhammad Ali Jinnah - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"63356e41-9395-45a8-8fb1-e413c72cd5d6","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah","wgTitle":"Muhammad Ali Jinnah","wgCurRevisionId":1257970035,"wgRevisionId":1257970035,"wgArticleId":37486661,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Urdu-language text","Pages with Urdu IPA","Articles containing Gujarati-language text","Pages with Gujarati IPA","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Featured articles","Use Pakistani English from September 2024","All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English","Use dmy dates from September 2024", "Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Muhammad Ali Jinnah","1876 births","1948 deaths","20th-century deaths from tuberculosis","All-India Muslim League politicians","Alumni of City, University of London","Alumni of the Inns of Court School of Law","Cathedral and John Connon School alumni","Church Mission School alumni","Converts to Sunni Islam from Shia Islam","Expatriates from British India in the United Kingdom","Governors-general of Pakistan","Indian National Congress politicians","Indian newspaper founders","Infectious disease deaths in Sindh","Jinnah family","Lawyers from Karachi","Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India","Members of Lincoln's Inn","Members of the Fabian Society","Members of the Imperial Legislative Council of India","Members of the Pakistan Philosophical Congress","National symbols of Pakistan","Pakistani barristers","Pakistani former Shia Muslims", "Pakistani MNAs 1947–1954","Pakistani newspaper founders","Pakistani people of Gujarati descent","Pakistani Sunni Muslims","Partition of India","Politicians from Karachi","Presidents of Pakistan","Sindh Madressatul Islam University alumni","Tuberculosis deaths in Pakistan","University of Mumbai alumni","Muhajir people","People from Karachi","People from Mumbai"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah","wgRelevantArticleId":37486661,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions" :{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q160554","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons": "ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Jinnah1945c.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1575"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Jinnah1945c.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1050"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jinnah1945c.jpg/640px-Jinnah1945c.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="840"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Muhammad Ali Jinnah - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah rootpage-Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Muhammad+Ali+Jinnah" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Muhammad+Ali+Jinnah" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Muhammad+Ali+Jinnah" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Muhammad+Ali+Jinnah" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early years </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early years subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_and_childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_and_childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Family and childhood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_and_childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_in_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_in_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Education in England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_in_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_and_early_political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_and_early_political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Legal and early political career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_and_early_political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legal and early political career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_and_early_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Barrister" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barrister"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Barrister </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barrister-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_unionist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_unionist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Trade unionist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_unionist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rising_leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rising_leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Rising leader </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rising_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farewell_to_Congress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farewell_to_Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Farewell to Congress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farewell_to_Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wilderness_years;_interlude_in_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wilderness_years;_interlude_in_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Wilderness years; interlude in England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wilderness_years;_interlude_in_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Return to politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struggle_for_Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struggle_for_Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Struggle for Pakistan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Struggle_for_Pakistan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Struggle for Pakistan subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Struggle_for_Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background_to_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_to_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Background to independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_to_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iqbal's_influence_on_Jinnah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iqbal's_influence_on_Jinnah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Iqbal's influence on Jinnah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iqbal's_influence_on_Jinnah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War_and_Lahore_Resolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War_and_Lahore_Resolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Second World War and Lahore Resolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War_and_Lahore_Resolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Postwar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mountbatten_and_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountbatten_and_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Mountbatten and independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountbatten_and_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor-General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Governor-General </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illness_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illness_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Illness and death </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Illness_and_death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Illness and death subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Illness_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legacy and honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References and notes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References_and_notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References and notes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References_and_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 98 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" > 98 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="محمد علي جناح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محمد علي جناح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99h%C9%99mm%C9%99d_%C6%8Fli_Cinnah" title="Məhəmməd Əli Cinnah – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məhəmməd Əli Cinnah" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="محمد علی جیناح – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="محمد علی جیناح" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="মুহাম্মদ আলী জিন্নাহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুহাম্মদ আলী জিন্নাহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82_%D2%92%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мөхәммәт Ғәли Джинна – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мөхәммәт Ғәли Джинна" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мухамед Алі Джына – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мухамед Алі Джына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="मोहम्मद अली जिन्ना – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मोहम्मद अली जिन्ना" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мохамед Али Джина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мохамед Али Джина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah" title="Mohammed Ali Jinnah – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mohammed Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Al%C3%AD_D%C5%BEinn%C3%A1h" title="Muhammad Alí Džinnáh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Muhammad Alí Džinnáh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah" title="Mohammed Ali Jinnah – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mohammed Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammed Ali Jinnah – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Muhammed Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="محمد علي جناح – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="محمد علي جناح" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%AF_%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Μοχάμεντ Αλί Τζίνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μοχάμεντ Αλί Τζίνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="محمد علی جناح – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محمد علی جناح" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A6_%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%9D%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%BE" title="મહમદ અલી ઝીણા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મહમદ અલી ઝીણા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%ED%95%A8%EB%A7%88%EB%93%9C_%EC%95%8C%EB%A6%AC_%EC%A7%84%EB%82%98" title="무함마드 알리 진나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무함마드 알리 진나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A4_%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%8B%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B0" title="Մուհամմադ Ալի Ջինահ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մուհամմադ Ալի Ջինահ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="मोहम्मद अली जिन्नाह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मोहम्मद अली जिन्नाह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Mohammad Ali Jinnah – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mohammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93_%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מוחמד עלי ג'ינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוחמד עלי ג'ינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE" title="ಮುಹಮ್ಮದ್ ಅಲಿ ಜಿನ್ನಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮುಹಮ್ಮದ್ ಅಲಿ ಜಿನ್ನಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მუჰამედ ალი ჯინა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მუჰამედ ალი ჯინა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="محمد علی جناح – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="محمد علی جناح" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D3%98%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мұхаммед Әли Джинна – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мұхаммед Әли Джинна" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мухаммад Али Жинна – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мухаммад Али Жинна" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahometus_Ali_Jinnah" title="Mahometus Ali Jinnah – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mahometus Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohameds_Ali_D%C5%BEinna" title="Mohameds Ali Džinna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mohameds Ali Džinna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamadas_Ali_D%C5%BEina" title="Muhamadas Ali Džina – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Muhamadas Ali Džina" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah" title="Mohammed Ali Jinnah – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mohammed Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Dzsinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Dzsinnah – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Muhammad Ali Dzsinnah" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="मुहम्मद अलि जिन्ना – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मुहम्मद अलि जिन्ना" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8" title="മുഹമ്മദ് അലി ജിന്ന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുഹമ്മദ് അലി ജിന്ന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="मोहम्मद अली जिना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मोहम्मद अली जिना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="მუჰამედ ალი ჯინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მუჰამედ ალი ჯინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="محمد على جناح – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="محمد على جناح" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE_%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="မိုဟာမက်အလီ ဂျင်းနား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မိုဟာမက်အလီ ဂျင်းနား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah" title="Mohammed Ali Jinnah – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mohammed Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="मोहम्मद अली जिनाह – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मोहम्मद अली जिनाह" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC" title="ムハンマド・アリー・ジンナー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムハンマド・アリー・ジンナー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Jinnah – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Muhammad Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A6_%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE" title="ମହମ୍ମଦ ଅଲ୍ଲୀ ଜିନ୍ନା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମହମ୍ମଦ ଅଲ୍ଲୀ ଜିନ୍ନା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9" title="ਮੁਹੰਮਦ ਅਲੀ ਜਿੰਨਾਹ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੁਹੰਮਦ ਅਲੀ ਜਿੰਨਾਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="محمد علی جناح – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="محمد علی جناح" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="محمد علي جناح – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="محمد علي جناح" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Джинна, Мухаммад Али – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джинна, Мухаммад Али" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="قائد اعظم محمد علی جناح – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="قائد اعظم محمد علی جناح" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Xhinah" title="Ali Xhinah – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ali Xhinah" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F" title="මෙහොමඩ් අලිජින්නා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මෙහොමඩ් අලිජින්නා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="محمد علي جناح – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="محمد علي جناح" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_D%C5%BEinn%C3%A1h" title="Muhammad Džinnáh – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Muhammad Džinnáh" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%DB%95%D9%85%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF_%D8%B9%DB%95%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="محەممەد عەلی جیناح – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="محەممەد عەلی جیناح" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%8F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мухамед Али Џина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мухамед Али Џина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhamed_Ali_D%C5%BEina" title="Muhamed Ali Džina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Muhamed Ali Džina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammed Ali Jinnah – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Muhammed Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE" title="முகம்மது அலி ஜின்னா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முகம்மது அலி ஜின்னா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D1%85%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%82_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D2%96%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%BB" title="Мөхәммәт Гали Җиннаһ – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мөхәммәт Гали Җиннаһ" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE" title="ముహమ్మద్ అలీ జిన్నా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ముహమ్మద్ అలీ జిన్నా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C" title="มุฮัมมัด อะลี จินนาห์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มุฮัมมัด อะลี จินนาห์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammed_Ali_Cinnah" title="Muhammed Ali Cinnah – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Muhammed Ali Cinnah" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мухаммед Алі Джинна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мухаммед Алі Джинна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="محمد علی جناح – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="محمد علی جناح" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E7%9C%9F%E7%BA%B3" title="穆罕默德·阿里·真纳 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="穆罕默德·阿里·真纳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%B4%8D" title="真納 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="真納" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1hemmed_Eli_Cinnah" title="Mıhemmed Eli Cinnah – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mıhemmed Eli Cinnah" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E7%9C%9F%E7%B4%8D" title="穆罕默德·阿里·真納 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="穆罕默德·阿里·真納" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q160554#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah&oldid=1257970035" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah&id=1257970035&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMuhammad_Ali_Jinnah">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMuhammad_Ali_Jinnah">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q160554" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Founder and 1st Governor-General of Pakistan (1876–1948)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Jinnah" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jinnah_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jinnah (disambiguation)">Jinnah (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Baba-e-Qaum</a> <a href="/wiki/Qaid" title="Qaid">Quaid-e-Azam</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Muhammad Ali Jinnah <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">محمد علی جناح</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinnah1945c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A view of Jinnah's face late in life" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jinnah1945c.jpg/220px-Jinnah1945c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jinnah1945c.jpg/330px-Jinnah1945c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jinnah1945c.jpg/440px-Jinnah1945c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="853" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Jinnah in 1945</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General of Pakistan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 14 August 1947 – 11 September 1948</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Prime Minister</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Khawaja Nazimuddin</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan">Speaker of the Constituent Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 11 August 1947 – 11 September 1948</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maulvi_Tamizuddin_Khan" title="Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan">Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maulvi_Tamizuddin_Khan" title="Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan">Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_League_(1947%E2%80%931958)" title="Muslim League (1947–1958)">President of the Muslim League</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 15 December 1947 – 11 September 1948</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Mahomedali Jinnahbhai</div> <a href="/wiki/Jinnah%27s_Birthday" title="Jinnah's Birthday">(1876-12-25)25 December 1876</a> <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 September 1948(1948-09-11) (aged 71) Karachi, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Capital_Territory_(Pakistan)" title="Federal Capital Territory (Pakistan)">Federal Capital Territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Dominion of Pakistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaid" title="Mazar-e-Quaid">Mazar-e-Quaid</a>, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_League_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim League (Pakistan)">Muslim League</a> (1947–1948)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> (1906–1920) <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a> (1913–1947)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Emibai_Jinnah" title="Emibai Jinnah">Emibai Jinnah</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1892; died 1893)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rattanbai_Petit" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanbai Petit">Rattanbai Petit</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1918; died 1929)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="/wiki/Jinnah_family" title="Jinnah family">Jinnah family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1 (<a href="/wiki/Dina_Wadia" title="Dina Wadia">Dina Wadia</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn" title="Lincoln's Inn">Lincoln's Inn</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Barrister</li><li>politician</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinnah_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Jinnah_signature.svg/128px-Jinnah_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Jinnah_signature.svg/192px-Jinnah_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Jinnah_signature.svg/256px-Jinnah_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="111" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157919884">.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person{border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-title{font-size:110%;padding:0;line-height:150%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title-image{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title>div{font-size:88%;line-height:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#185719;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinnah1945a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Jinnah1945a.jpg/75px-Jinnah1945a.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Jinnah1945a.jpg/113px-Jinnah1945a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Jinnah1945a.jpg/150px-Jinnah1945a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="1276" /></a></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#185719;color: #FFF;"><div>This article is part of a series about</div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_family" title="Jinnah family">Jinnah family</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_years">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus_Case" title="Caucus Case">Caucus Case</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Struggle_for_Pakistan">Political career</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General of Pakistan</a> 14 August 1947 – 11 September 1948 <hr /> <ul><li>Political views</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah%27s_11_August_Speech" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah's 11 August Speech">11 August Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity,_Faith,_Discipline" class="mw-redirect" title="Unity, Faith, Discipline">Unity, Faith, Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_nation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Two nation theory">Two nation theory</a></li></ul> <hr /> Parties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_League_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim League (Pakistan)">Pakistan Muslim League</a></li></ul> <hr /> Properties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_properties_of_Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="List of properties of Muhammad Ali Jinnah">List </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Mansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinnah Mansion">Jinnah Mansion, Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_House,_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinnah House, Lahore">Jinnah House, Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_House" title="Quaid-e-Azam House">Quaid-e-Azam House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Mansion" title="Wazir Mansion">Wazir Mansion</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> Tributes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaid" title="Mazar-e-Quaid">Mazar-e-Quaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiwan-e-Nawadrat-e-Quaid-i-Azam" title="Aiwan-e-Nawadrat-e-Quaid-i-Azam">Aiwan-e-Nawadrat-e-Quaid-i-Azam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="List of things named after Muhammad Ali Jinnah">List of things named after Jinnah</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/File:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/40px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/60px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/80px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="587" /></a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Gallery: Picture, Sound, Video</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah_sidebar" title="Template:Muhammad Ali Jinnah sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah_sidebar" title="Template talk:Muhammad Ali Jinnah sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muhammad Ali Jinnah sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Muhammad Ali Jinnah<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> (born Mahomedali Jinnahbhai;<a href="#cite_note-3">[b]</a> 25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948) was a barrister, politician, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistan_Movement_activists" title="List of Pakistan Movement activists">founder</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Jinnah served as the leader of the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a> from 1913 until the inception of Pakistan on 14 August 1947 and then as the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Republic of Pakistan</a>'s first <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">governor-general</a> until his death. Born at <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Mansion" title="Wazir Mansion">Wazir Mansion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, Jinnah was trained as a <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn" title="Lincoln's Inn">Lincoln's Inn</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. Upon his return to <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a>, he enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_High_Court" title="Bombay High Court">Bombay High Court</a>, and took an interest in national politics, which eventually replaced his legal practice. Jinnah rose to prominence in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> in the first two decades of the 20th century. In these early years of his political career, Jinnah advocated <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Muslim_unity" title="Hindu–Muslim unity">Hindu–Muslim unity</a>, helping to shape the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a> between the Congress and the All-India Muslim League, in which Jinnah had also become prominent. Jinnah became a key leader in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">All-India Home Rule League</a>, and proposed a <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">fourteen-point constitutional reform plan</a> to safeguard the political rights of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. In 1920, however, Jinnah resigned from the Congress when it agreed to follow a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">satyagraha</a>, which he regarded as <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">political anarchy</a>. By 1940, Jinnah had come to believe that the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Islam in South Asia">Muslims of the subcontinent</a> should have their own state to avoid the possible marginalised status they might be reduced to in an independent Hindu–Muslim state. In that year, the Muslim League, led by Jinnah, passed the <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a>, demanding a separate nation for <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">Indian</a> Muslims. During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, the League gained strength while leaders of the Congress were imprisoned, and in the <a href="/wiki/1946_Indian_provincial_elections" title="1946 Indian provincial elections">provincial elections</a> held shortly after the war, it won most of the seats reserved for Muslims. Ultimately, the Congress and the Muslim League could not reach a power-sharing formula that would allow the entirety of British India to be united as a single state following independence, leading all parties to agree instead to the independence of a <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>-majority India, and for a predominantly Muslim state of Pakistan. As the first governor-general of Pakistan, Jinnah worked to establish the new nation's government and policies, and to aid the millions of <a href="/wiki/Muhajir_(Pakistan)" title="Muhajir (Pakistan)">Muslim migrants</a> who had emigrated from neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> to Pakistan after the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">two states' independence</a>, personally supervising the establishment of refugee camps. Jinnah died at age 71 in September 1948, just over a year after Pakistan gained independence from the United Kingdom. He left a deep and respected legacy in Pakistan. Several <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="List of things named after Muhammad Ali Jinnah">universities and public buildings</a> in Pakistan bear Jinnah's name. He is revered in Pakistan as the Quaid-e-Azam ("Great Leader") and Baba-e-Qaum ("<a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father of the Nation</a>"). <a href="/wiki/Jinnah%27s_Birthday" title="Jinnah's Birthday">His birthday</a> is also observed as a <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Pakistan" title="Public holidays in Pakistan">national holiday</a> in the country. According to his biographer, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wolpert" title="Stanley Wolpert">Stanley Wolpert</a>, Jinnah remains Pakistan's greatest leader. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_and_childhood">Family and childhood</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jinnah_family" title="Jinnah family">Jinnah family</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinnah_Poonjha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jinnah_Poonjha.jpg/170px-Jinnah_Poonjha.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Jinnah_Poonjha.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Jinnah's father, <a href="/wiki/Jinnahbhai_Poonja" title="Jinnahbhai Poonja">Jinnahbhai Poonja</a></figcaption></figure> Jinnah's given name at birth was Mahomedali Jinnahbhai, and he likely was born in 1876,<a href="#cite_note-4">[c]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jinnahbhai_Poonja" title="Jinnahbhai Poonja">Jinnahbhai Poonja</a> and his wife Mithibai, in a rented apartment on the second floor of <a href="/wiki/Wazir_Mansion" title="Wazir Mansion">Wazir Mansion</a> near Karachi,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoini2003-5">[2]</a> now in <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, Pakistan, but then within the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>. Jinnah's paternal grandfather lived in <a href="/wiki/Gondal_State" title="Gondal State">Gondal state</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kathiawar" title="Kathiawar">Kathiawar</a> peninsula (now in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, India).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed4-6">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirbhai201725-7">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a> He himself was a <a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizari Isma'ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Muslim">Shia Muslim</a> background from Gujarat, though he later followed the <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> Shi'a teachings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2010-9">[6]</a> After his death, his relatives and other witnesses claimed that he had converted in later life to the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> sect of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed4-6">[3]</a> Jinnah was from a wealthy merchant background. His father was a merchant and was born to a family of textile weavers in the village of Paneli in the <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> of Gondal; his mother was from the nearby village of Dhaffa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirbhai201725-7">[4]</a> They had moved to Karachi in 1875, having married before their departure. Karachi was then enjoying an economic boom: the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in 1869 meant it was 200 nautical miles closer to Europe for shipping than <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh30–33-10">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert3–5-11">[8]</a> Jinnah was the second child;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed3-12">[9]</a> he had three brothers and three sisters, including his younger sister <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Fatima Jinnah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJinnah,_Fatima48–49-13">[10]</a> Jinnah was not fluent in Gujarati, his mother-tongue, nor in Urdu; he was more fluent in English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwamy1997-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh1999-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik2006-16">[13]</a> Except for Fatima, little is known of his siblings, where they settled or if they met with their brother as he advanced in his legal and political careers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuri34-17">[14]</a> As a boy, Jinnah lived for a time in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> with an aunt and may have attended the Gokal Das Tej Primary School there, later on studying at the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_and_John_Connon_School" title="Cathedral and John Connon School">Cathedral and John Connon School</a>. In Karachi, he attended the <a href="/wiki/Sindh_Madressatul_Islam_University" title="Sindh Madressatul Islam University">Sindh Madressatul Islam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_School" title="Church Mission School">Christian Missionary Society High School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh54-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed26-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharif2010-20">[17]</a> He gained his matriculation from <a href="/wiki/Bombay_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay University">Bombay University</a> at the high school. In his later years and especially after his death, a large number of stories about the boyhood of Pakistan's founder were circulated: that he spent all his spare time at the police court, listening to the proceedings, and that he studied his books by the glow of street lights for lack of other illumination. His official biographer, <a href="/wiki/Hector_Bolitho" title="Hector Bolitho">Hector Bolitho</a>, writing in 1954, interviewed surviving boyhood associates, and obtained a tale that the young Jinnah discouraged other children from playing marbles in the dust, urging them to rise up, keep their hands and clothes clean, and play cricket instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho5–7-21">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education_in_England">Education in England</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincolns_Inn_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lincolns_Inn_1.jpg/220px-Lincolns_Inn_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lincolns_Inn_1.jpg/330px-Lincolns_Inn_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Lincolns_Inn_1.jpg/440px-Lincolns_Inn_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn" title="Lincoln's Inn">Lincoln's Inn</a>, seen in 2006</figcaption></figure> In 1892, Sir <a href="/wiki/Croft_baronets#Croft_baronets,_of_Cowling_Hall" title="Croft baronets">Frederick Leigh Croft</a>, a business associate of <a href="/wiki/Jinnahbhai_Poonja" title="Jinnahbhai Poonja">Jinnahbhai Poonja</a>, offered young Jinnah a London apprenticeship with his firm, Graham's Shipping and Trading Company.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERead95–96-22">[19]</a> He accepted the position despite the opposition of his mother, who before he left, had him enter an arranged marriage with his cousin, two years his junior from the ancestral village of Paneli, <a href="/wiki/Emibai_Jinnah" title="Emibai Jinnah">Emibai Jinnah</a>. Jinnah's mother and first wife both died during his absence in England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert8–9-23">[20]</a> Although the apprenticeship in London was considered a great opportunity for Jinnah, one reason for sending him overseas was a legal proceeding against his father, which placed the family's property at risk of being sequestered by the court. In 1893, the Jinnahbhai family moved to Bombay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh54-18">[15]</a> Soon after his arrival in London, Jinnah gave up the business apprenticeship in order to study law, enraging his father, who had, before his departure, given him enough money to live for three years. The aspiring <a href="/wiki/Barristers_in_England_and_Wales" title="Barristers in England and Wales">barrister</a> joined <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn" title="Lincoln's Inn">Lincoln's Inn</a>, later stating that the reason he chose Lincoln's over the other <a href="/wiki/Inns_of_Court" title="Inns of Court">Inns of Court</a> was that over the main entrance to Lincoln's Inn were the names of the world's great lawgivers, including <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. Jinnah's biographer Stanley Wolpert notes that there is no such inscription, but inside is a mural showing Muhammad and other lawgivers, and speculates that Jinnah may have edited the story in his own mind to avoid mentioning a pictorial depiction which would be offensive to many Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert9–10-24">[21]</a> Jinnah's legal education followed the <a href="/wiki/Pupillage" title="Pupillage">pupillage</a> (legal apprenticeship) system, which had been in force there for centuries. To gain knowledge of the law, he followed an established barrister and learned from what he did, as well as from <a href="/wiki/City_Law_School" title="City Law School">studying lawbooks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert12–13-25">[22]</a> During this period, he shortened his name to Muhammad Ali Jinnah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh56-26">[23]</a> During his student years in England, Jinnah was influenced by 19th-century British <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">liberalism</a>, like many other future Indian independence leaders. His main intellectual references were peoples like <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngineer200672-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanerjee1981219-28">[25]</a> This political education included exposure to the idea of the democratic nation, and progressive politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehmood1998725-29">[26]</a> He became an admirer of the <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsi</a> British Indian political leaders <a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Pherozeshah_Mehta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Pherozeshah Mehta">Sir Pherozeshah Mehta</a>. Naoroji had become the first British Member of Parliament of Indian extraction shortly before Jinnah's arrival, triumphing with a majority of three votes in <a href="/wiki/Finsbury_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Finsbury Central (UK Parliament constituency)">Finsbury Central</a>. Jinnah listened to Naoroji's <a href="/wiki/Maiden_speech" title="Maiden speech">maiden speech</a> in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> from the visitor's gallery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho10–12-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh55-31">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah_smoking.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah_smoking.jpg/220px-Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah_smoking.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah_smoking.jpg/330px-Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah_smoking.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah_smoking.jpg/440px-Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah_smoking.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Jinnah wearing a suit</figcaption></figure> The Western world not only inspired Jinnah in his political life, but also greatly influenced his personal preferences, particularly when it came to dress. Jinnah abandoned local garb for Western-style clothing, and throughout his life he was always impeccably dressed in public. He came to own over 200 suits, which he wore with heavily starched shirts with detachable collars, and as a barrister took pride in never wearing the same silk tie twice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert9-32">[29]</a> Even when he was dying, he insisted on being formally dressed, "I will not travel in my pyjamas."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuri34-17">[14]</a> In his later years he was usually seen wearing a <a href="/wiki/Karakul_(hat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakul (hat)">Karakul hat</a> which subsequently came to be known as the "Jinnah cap".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed85-33">[30]</a> Dissatisfied with the law, Jinnah briefly embarked on a stage career with a Shakespearean company, but resigned after receiving a stern letter from his father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert14–15-34">[31]</a> In 1895, at age 19, he became the youngest British Indian to be <a href="/wiki/Call_to_the_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Call to the Bar">called to the bar</a> in England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed3-12">[9]</a> Although he returned to Karachi, he remained there only a short time before moving to Bombay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert14–15-34">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_and_early_political_career">Legal and early political career</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barrister">Barrister</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JinnahBarrister.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/JinnahBarrister.jpg/170px-JinnahBarrister.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/JinnahBarrister.jpg/255px-JinnahBarrister.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/JinnahBarrister.jpg/340px-JinnahBarrister.jpg 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="1167" /></a><figcaption>Jinnah as a barrister</figcaption></figure> At the age of 20, Jinnah began his practice in Bombay, the only Muslim barrister in the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed3-12">[9]</a> English had become his principal language and would remain so throughout his life. His first three years in the law, from 1897 to 1900, brought him few briefs. His first step towards a brighter career occurred when the acting <a href="/wiki/Advocate_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Advocate General">Advocate General</a> of Bombay, John Molesworth MacPherson, invited Jinnah to work from his chambers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho14–17-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert17-36">[33]</a> In 1900, P. H. Dastoor, a <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency#Administration" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay presidency magistrate</a>, left the post temporarily and Jinnah succeeded in getting the interim position. After his six-month appointment period, Jinnah was offered a permanent position on a 1,500 rupee per month salary. Jinnah politely declined the offer, stating that he planned to earn 1,500 rupees a day—a huge sum at that time—which he eventually did.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho14–17-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert17-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed4–5-37">[34]</a> Nevertheless, as <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General of Pakistan</a>, he would refuse to accept a large salary, fixing it at 1 <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">rupee</a> per month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed212-38">[35]</a> As a lawyer, Jinnah gained fame for his skilled handling of the 1908 "<a href="/wiki/Caucus_Case" title="Caucus Case">Caucus Case</a>". This controversy arose out of Bombay municipal elections, which Indians alleged were rigged by a "caucus" of Europeans to keep Sir <a href="/wiki/Pherozeshah_Mehta" title="Pherozeshah Mehta">Pherozeshah Mehta</a> out of the council.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> Jinnah gained great esteem from leading the case for Sir Pherozeshah, himself a noted barrister. It was after his case that Jinnah posted a successful record, becoming well known for his advocacy and legal logic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho20-40">[37]</a> In 1908, his factional foe in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a>, was arrested for sedition. Before Tilak unsuccessfully represented himself at trial, he engaged Jinnah in an attempt to secure his release on bail. Jinnah did not succeed, but obtained an acquittal for Tilak when he was charged with sedition again in 1916.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert29-41">[38]</a> One of Jinnah's fellow barristers from the Bombay High Court remembered that "Jinnah's faith in himself was incredible"; he recalled that on being admonished by a judge with "Mr. Jinnah, remember that you are not addressing a third-class magistrate", Jinnah shot back, "My Lord, allow me to warn you that you are not addressing a third-class pleader."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho17-42">[39]</a> Another of his fellow barristers described him, saying: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> He was what God made him, a great pleader. He had a sixth sense: he could see around corners. That is where his talents lay ... he was a very clear thinker ... But he drove his points home—points chosen with exquisite selection—slow delivery, word by word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert19-43">[40]</a> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_unionist">Trade unionist</h3></div> Jinnah was also a supporter of working class causes and an active trade unionist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEleazar2017-44">[41]</a> He was elected President of All India Postal Staff Union in 1925 whose membership was 70,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEleazar2017-44">[41]</a> According to All Pakistan Labour Federation's publication Productive Role of Trade Unions and Industrial Relations, being a member of Legislative Assembly, Jinnah pleaded forcefully for rights of workers and struggled for getting a "living wage and fair conditions" for them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Dawn''2003-45">[42]</a> He also played an important role in enactment of Trade Union Act of 1926 which gave trade union movement legal cover to organise themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Dawn''2003-45">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rising_leader">Rising leader</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan movement">Pakistan movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammad_Ali_Jinnah,_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mohammad_Ali_Jinnah%2C_1910.jpg/170px-Mohammad_Ali_Jinnah%2C_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mohammad_Ali_Jinnah%2C_1910.jpg/255px-Mohammad_Ali_Jinnah%2C_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Mohammad_Ali_Jinnah%2C_1910.jpg/340px-Mohammad_Ali_Jinnah%2C_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1308" /></a><figcaption>Jinnah in 1910</figcaption></figure> In 1857, many Indians had risen <a href="/wiki/Sepoy_Mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepoy Mutiny">in revolt</a> against British rule. In the aftermath of the conflict, some Anglo-Indians, as well as Indians in Britain, called for greater self-government for the subcontinent, resulting in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> in 1885. Most founding members had been educated in Britain, and were content with the minimal reform efforts being made by the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho23-46">[43]</a> Muslims were not enthusiastic about calls for democratic institutions in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, as they constituted a quarter to a third of the population, outnumbered by the Hindus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen18,_24-47">[44]</a> Early meetings of the Congress contained a minority of Muslims, mostly from the elite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik120-48">[45]</a> Jinnah devoted much of his time to his law practice in the early 1900s, but remained politically involved. Jinnah began political life by attending the Congress's twentieth annual meeting, in Bombay in December 1904.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert20-49">[46]</a> He was a member of the moderate group in the Congress, favouring Hindu–Muslim unity in achieving self-government, and following such leaders as Mehta, Naoroji, and <a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh41–42-50">[47]</a> They were opposed by leaders such as Tilak and <a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a>, who sought quick action towards independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert28-51">[48]</a> In 1906, a delegation of Muslim leaders, known as the Simla Delegation, headed by the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_III" title="Aga Khan III">Aga Khan</a> called on the new <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_4th_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto">Lord Minto</a>, to assure him of their loyalty and to ask for assurances that in any political reforms they would be protected from the "unsympathetic [Hindu] majority".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert20–23-52">[49]</a> Dissatisfied with this, Jinnah wrote a letter to the editor of the newspaper Gujarati, asking what right the members of the delegation had to speak for Indian Muslims, as they were unelected and self-appointed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh41–42-50">[47]</a> When many of the same leaders met in <a href="/wiki/Dacca" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacca">Dacca</a> in December of that year to form the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a> to advocate for their community's interests, Jinnah was again opposed. The Aga Khan later wrote that it was "freakishly ironic" that Jinnah, who would lead the League to independence, "came out in bitter hostility toward all that I and my friends had done ... He said that our principle of separate electorates was dividing the nation against itself."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert24–26-53">[50]</a> In its earliest years, however, the League was not influential; Minto refused to consider it as the Muslim community's representative, and it was ineffective in preventing the 1911 repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">partition of Bengal</a>, an action seen as a blow to Muslim interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh47-54">[51]</a> Although Jinnah initially opposed separate electorates for Muslims, he used this means to gain his first elective office in 1909, as Bombay's Muslim representative on the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Legislative_Council" title="Imperial Legislative Council">Imperial Legislative Council</a>. He was a compromise candidate when two older, better-known Muslims who were seeking the post deadlocked. The council, which had been expanded to 60 members as part of reforms enacted by Minto, recommended legislation to the Viceroy. Only officials could vote in the council; non-official members, such as Jinnah, had no vote. Throughout his legal career, Jinnah practised <a href="/wiki/Probate_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Probate law">probate law</a> (with many clients from India's nobility), and in 1911 introduced the <a href="/wiki/Wakf" class="mw-redirect" title="Wakf">Wakf</a> Validation Act to place Muslim religious trusts on a sound legal footing under British Indian law. Two years later, the measure passed, the first act sponsored by non-officials to pass the council and be enacted by the Viceroy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert33-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh75-56">[53]</a> Jinnah was also appointed to a committee which helped to establish the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Military_Academy" title="Indian Military Academy">Indian Military Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dehra_Dun" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehra Dun">Dehra Dun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-statesman-57">[54]</a> In December 1912, Jinnah addressed the annual meeting of the Muslim League although he was not yet a member. He joined the following year, although he remained a member of the Congress as well and stressed that League membership took second priority to the "greater national cause" of an independent India. In April 1913, he again went to Britain, with Gokhale, to meet with officials on behalf of the Congress. Gokhale, a Hindu, later stated that Jinnah "has true stuff in him, and that freedom from all sectarian prejudice which will make him the best ambassador of Hindu–Muslim Unity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert34–35-58">[55]</a> Jinnah led another delegation of the Congress to London in 1914, but due to the start of the First World War in August 1914, found officials little interested in Indian reforms. By coincidence, he was in Britain at the same time as a man who would become his great political rival, <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a>, a Hindu lawyer who had become well known for advocating <a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">satyagraha</a>, non-violent non-co-operation, while in South Africa. Jinnah attended a reception for Gandhi where the two men met and talked with each other for the first time. Shortly afterwards, Jinnah returned home to India in January 1915.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert35–37-59">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farewell_to_Congress">Farewell to Congress</h3></div> Jinnah's moderate faction in the Congress was undermined by the deaths of Mehta and Gokhale in 1915; he was further isolated by the fact that Naoroji was in London, where he remained until his death in 1917. Nevertheless, Jinnah worked to bring the Congress and League together. In 1916, with Jinnah now president of the Muslim League, the two organisations signed the <a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a>, setting quotas for Muslim and Hindu representation in the various provinces. Although the pact was never fully implemented, its signing ushered in a period of co-operation between the Congress and the League.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert38,_46–49-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik120-48">[45]</a> During the war, Jinnah joined other Indian moderates in supporting the British war effort, hoping that Indians would be rewarded with political freedoms. Jinnah played an important role in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Home_Rule_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Home Rule League">All India Home Rule League</a> in 1916. Along with political leaders <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a> and Tilak, Jinnah demanded "<a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">home rule</a>" for India—the status of a self-governing <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> in the Empire similar to Canada, New Zealand and Australia, although, with the war, Britain's politicians were not interested in considering Indian constitutional reform. British Cabinet minister <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Montagu" title="Edwin Montagu">Edwin Montagu</a> recalled Jinnah in his memoirs, "young, perfectly mannered, impressive-looking, armed to the teeth with <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectics</a>, and insistent on the whole of his scheme".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho61–70-61">[58]</a> In 1918, Jinnah married his second wife <a href="/wiki/Rattanbai_Petit" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanbai Petit">Rattanbai Petit</a> ("Ruttie"), 24 years his junior. She was the fashionable young daughter of his friend <a href="/wiki/Petit_baronets#Petit_Baronets,_of_Petit_Hall_(1890)" title="Petit baronets">Sir Dinshaw Petit</a>, and was part of an elite <a href="/wiki/Parsi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi people">Parsi</a> family of Bombay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehmood1998725-29">[26]</a> There was great opposition to the marriage from Rattanbai's family and the Parsi community, as well as from some Muslim religious leaders. Rattanbai defied her family and nominally <a href="/wiki/Converted_to_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Converted to Islam">converted to Islam</a>, adopting (though never using) the name Maryam Jinnah, resulting in a permanent estrangement from her family and Parsi society. The couple resided at <a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Mansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinnah Mansion">South Court Mansion</a> in Bombay, and frequently travelled across India and Europe. The couple's only child, daughter <a href="/wiki/Dina_Wadia" title="Dina Wadia">Dina</a>, was born on 15 August 1919.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehmood1998725-29">[26]</a> The couple separated prior to Ruttie's death in 1929, and subsequently Jinnah's sister <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Fatima</a> looked after him and his child.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed11–15-62">[59]</a> Relations between Indians and British were strained in 1919 when the Imperial Legislative Council extended emergency wartime restrictions on civil liberties; Jinnah resigned from it when it did. There was unrest across India, which worsened after the <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> troops fired upon a protest meeting, killing hundreds. In the wake of Amritsar, Gandhi, who had returned to India and become a widely respected leader and highly influential in the Congress, called for satyagraha against the British. Gandhi's proposal gained broad Hindu support, and was also attractive to many Muslims of the <a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat</a> faction. These Muslims, supported by Gandhi, sought retention of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman caliphate">Ottoman caliphate</a>, which supplied spiritual leadership to many Muslims. The caliph was the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Emperor">Ottoman Emperor</a>, who would be deprived of both offices following his nation's defeat in the First World War. Gandhi had achieved considerable popularity among Muslims because of his work during the war on behalf of killed or imprisoned Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh90–93-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert61–71-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohiuddin61-65">[62]</a> Unlike Jinnah and other leaders of the Congress, Gandhi did not wear western-style clothing, did his best to use <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">an Indian language</a> instead of English, and was deeply rooted in Indian culture. Gandhi's local style of leadership gained great popularity with the Indian people. Jinnah criticised Gandhi's Khilafat advocacy, which he saw as an endorsement of religious zealotry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal8-66">[63]</a> Jinnah regarded Gandhi's proposed satyagraha campaign as political anarchy, and believed that self-government should be secured through constitutional means. He opposed Gandhi, but the tide of Indian opinion was against him. At the 1920 session of the Congress in <a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a>, Jinnah was shouted down by the delegates, who passed Gandhi's proposal, pledging satyagraha until India was independent. Jinnah did not attend the subsequent League meeting, held in the same city, which passed a similar resolution. Because of the action of the Congress in endorsing Gandhi's campaign, Jinnah resigned from it, leaving all positions except in the Muslim League.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho84–85-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert71–72-68">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wilderness_years;_interlude_in_England">Wilderness years; interlude in England</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quaid_passport_burhan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Quaid_passport_burhan.jpg/300px-Quaid_passport_burhan.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Quaid_passport_burhan.jpg/450px-Quaid_passport_burhan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Quaid_passport_burhan.jpg/600px-Quaid_passport_burhan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>Jinnah's passport</figcaption></figure> The alliance between Gandhi and the Khilafat faction did not last long, and the campaign of resistance proved less effective than hoped, as India's institutions continued to function. Jinnah sought alternative political ideas, and contemplated organising a new political party as a rival to the Congress. In September 1923, Jinnah was elected as Muslim member for <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay</a> in the new <a href="/wiki/Central_Legislative_Assembly" title="Central Legislative Assembly">Central Legislative Assembly</a>. He showed much skill as a parliamentarian, organising many Indian members to work with the <a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a>, and continued to press demands for full responsible government. In 1925, as recognition for his legislative activities, he was offered a <a href="/wiki/Knighthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Knighthood">knighthood</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Isaacs,_1st_Marquess_of_Reading" title="Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading">Lord Reading</a>, who was retiring from the Viceroyalty. He replied: "I prefer to be plain Mr Jinnah."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert74–76,_87-69">[66]</a> In 1927, the British Government, under <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Party (United Kingdom)">Conservative</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Stanley Baldwin</a>, undertook a decennial review of Indian policy mandated by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1919" title="Government of India Act 1919">Government of India Act 1919</a>. The review began two years early as Baldwin feared he would lose the next election (which he did, in 1929). The Cabinet was influenced by minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, who strongly opposed self-government for India, and members hoped that by having the commission appointed early, the policies for India which they favoured would survive their government. <a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">The resulting commission</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party (United Kingdom)">Liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">MP</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">John Simon</a>, though with a majority of Conservatives, arrived in India in March 1928.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh130–131-70">[67]</a> They were met with a boycott by India's leaders, Muslim and Hindu alike, angered at the British refusal to include their representatives on the commission. A minority of Muslims, though, withdrew from the League, choosing to welcome the Simon Commission and repudiating Jinnah. Most members of the League's executive council remained loyal to Jinnah, attending the League meeting in December 1927 and January 1928 which confirmed him as the League's permanent president. At that session, Jinnah told the delegates that "A constitutional war has been declared on Great Britain. Negotiations for a settlement are not to come from our side ... By appointing an exclusively white Commission, [<a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a>] <a href="/wiki/F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead" title="F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead">Lord Birkenhead</a> has declared our unfitness for self-government."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert89–90-71">[68]</a> Birkenhead in 1928 challenged Indians to come up with their own proposal for constitutional change for India; in response, the Congress convened a committee under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a>.<a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah#endnote_Bolitho">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a> favoured constituencies based on geography on the ground that being dependent on each other for election would bind the communities closer together. Jinnah, though he believed separate electorates, based on religion, necessary to ensure Muslims had a voice in the government, was willing to compromise on this point, but talks between the two parties failed. He put forth proposals that he hoped might satisfy a broad range of Muslims and reunite the League, calling for mandatory representation for Muslims in legislatures and cabinets. These became known as his <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points</a>. He could not secure adoption of the Fourteen Points, as the League meeting in Delhi at which he hoped to gain a vote instead dissolved into chaotic argument.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert96–105-72">[69]</a> After Baldwin was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929 British parliamentary election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour Party (United Kingdom)">Labour Party</a> became prime minister. MacDonald desired a conference of Indian and British leaders in London to discuss India's future, a course of action supported by Jinnah. Three <a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round Table Conferences</a> followed over as many years, none of which resulted in a settlement. Jinnah was a delegate to the first two conferences, but was not invited to the last.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh170-73">[70]</a> He remained in Britain for most of the period 1930 through 1934, practising as a barrister before the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Privy Council</a>, where he dealt with a number of India-related cases. His biographers disagree over why he remained so long in Britain—Wolpert asserts that had Jinnah been made a <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Appeal_in_Ordinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of Appeal in Ordinary">Law Lord</a>, he would have stayed for life, and that Jinnah alternatively sought a parliamentary seat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho99–100-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert119–130-75">[72]</a> Early biographer <a href="/wiki/Hector_Bolitho" title="Hector Bolitho">Hector Bolitho</a> denied that Jinnah sought to enter the British Parliament,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho99–100-74">[71]</a> while Jaswant Singh deems Jinnah's time in Britain as a break or sabbatical from the Indian struggle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh172-76">[73]</a> Bolitho called this period "Jinnah's years of order and contemplation, wedged in between the time of early struggle, and the final storm of conquest".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho102-77">[74]</a> In 1931, <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Fatima Jinnah</a> joined her brother in England. From then on, Muhammad Ali Jinnah would receive personal care and support from her as he aged and began to suffer from the lung ailments which would eventually kill him. She lived and travelled with him, and became a close advisor. Muhammad Jinnah's daughter, Dina, was educated in England and India. Jinnah later became estranged from Dina after she decided to marry a <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neville_Wadia" title="Neville Wadia">Neville Wadia</a> from a prominent business family. When Jinnah urged Dina to marry a Muslim, she reminded him that he had married a woman not raised in his faith. Jinnah continued to correspond cordially with his daughter, but their personal relationship was strained, and she did not come to Pakistan in his lifetime, but only for his funeral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho101–102-78">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert370–371-79">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_politics">Return to politics</h2></div> The early 1930s saw a resurgence in Indian Muslim nationalism, which came to a head with the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Declaration" title="Pakistan Declaration">Pakistan Declaration</a>. In 1933, Indian Muslims, especially from the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="United Provinces of British India">United Provinces</a>, began to urge Jinnah to return and take up again his leadership of the Muslim League, an organisation which had fallen into inactivity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal9–13-80">[77]</a> He remained titular president of the League,<a href="#cite_note-81">[d]</a> but declined to travel to India to preside over its 1933 session in April, writing that he could not possibly return there until the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert133-82">[78]</a> Among those who met with Jinnah to seek his return was <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a>, who would be a major political associate of Jinnah in the years to come and the first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">prime minister of Pakistan</a>. At Jinnah's request, Liaquat discussed the return with a large number of Muslim politicians and confirmed his recommendation to Jinnah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho104–106-83">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik130-84">[80]</a> In early 1934, Jinnah relocated to the subcontinent, though he shuttled between London and India on business for the next few years, selling his house in <a href="/wiki/Hampstead" title="Hampstead">Hampstead</a> and closing his legal practice in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho106-85">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert134-86">[82]</a> Muslims of Bombay elected Jinnah, though then absent in London, as their representative to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Legislative_Assembly" title="Central Legislative Assembly">Central Legislative Assembly</a> in October 1934.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert136-87">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot1984-88">[84]</a> The British Parliament's <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Government of India Act 1935</a> gave considerable power to India's provinces, with a weak central parliament in New Delhi, which had no authority over such matters as foreign policy, defence, and much of the budget. Full power remained in the hands of the Viceroy, however, who could dissolve legislatures and rule by decree. The League reluctantly accepted the scheme, though expressing reservations about the weak parliament. The Congress was much better prepared for <a href="/wiki/Indian_Provincial_Elections,_1937" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Provincial Elections, 1937">the provincial elections in 1937</a>, and the League failed to win a majority even of the Muslim seats in any of the provinces where members of that faith held a majority. It did win a majority of the Muslim seats in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, but could not form a government anywhere, though it was part of the ruling coalition in <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a>. The Congress and its allies formed the government even in the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%931955)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)">North-West Frontier Province</a> (N.W.F.P.), where the League won no seats despite the fact that almost all residents were Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal15–34-89">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_League_Working_Committee,_Lucknow_Session_(Photo_429-4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Muslim_League_Working_Committee%2C_Lucknow_Session_%28Photo_429-4%29.jpg/220px-Muslim_League_Working_Committee%2C_Lucknow_Session_%28Photo_429-4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Muslim_League_Working_Committee%2C_Lucknow_Session_%28Photo_429-4%29.jpg/330px-Muslim_League_Working_Committee%2C_Lucknow_Session_%28Photo_429-4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Muslim_League_Working_Committee%2C_Lucknow_Session_%28Photo_429-4%29.jpg/440px-Muslim_League_Working_Committee%2C_Lucknow_Session_%28Photo_429-4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Jinnah (front, left) with the Working Committee of the Muslim League after a meeting in Lucknow, October 1937</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh" title="Jaswant Singh">Jaswant Singh</a>, "the events of 1937 had a tremendous, almost a traumatic effect upon Jinnah".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh188-90">[86]</a> Despite his beliefs of twenty years that Muslims could protect their rights in a united India through separate electorates, provincial boundaries drawn to preserve Muslim majorities, and by other protections of minority rights, Muslim voters had failed to unite, with the issues Jinnah hoped to bring forward lost amid factional fighting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh188-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal35-91">[87]</a> Singh notes the effect of the 1937 elections on Muslim political opinion, "when the Congress formed a government with almost all of the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)">MLAs</a> sitting on the Opposition benches, non-Congress Muslims were suddenly faced with this stark reality of near-total political powerlessness. It was brought home to them, like a bolt of lightning, that even if the Congress did not win a single Muslim seat ... as long as it won an absolute majority in the House, on the strength of the general seats, it could and would form a government entirely on its own ..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh198-92">[88]</a> In the next two years, Jinnah worked to build support among Muslims for the League. He secured the right to speak for the Muslim-led Bengali and <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (British India)">Punjabi</a> provincial governments in the central government in New Delhi ("the centre"). He worked to expand the League, reducing the cost of membership to two <a href="/wiki/Indian_anna" title="Indian anna">annas</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄8 of a rupee), half of what it cost to join the Congress. He restructured the League along the lines of the Congress, putting most power in a Working Committee, which he appointed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal39–41-93">[89]</a> By December 1939, Liaquat estimated that the League had three million two-anna members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore548-94">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struggle_for_Pakistan">Struggle for Pakistan</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_to_independence">Background to independence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_India_Muslim_League,_26th_Session_at_Patna,_December_1938_(Photo_429-5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/All_India_Muslim_League%2C_26th_Session_at_Patna%2C_December_1938_%28Photo_429-5%29.jpg/220px-All_India_Muslim_League%2C_26th_Session_at_Patna%2C_December_1938_%28Photo_429-5%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/All_India_Muslim_League%2C_26th_Session_at_Patna%2C_December_1938_%28Photo_429-5%29.jpg/330px-All_India_Muslim_League%2C_26th_Session_at_Patna%2C_December_1938_%28Photo_429-5%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/All_India_Muslim_League%2C_26th_Session_at_Patna%2C_December_1938_%28Photo_429-5%29.jpg/440px-All_India_Muslim_League%2C_26th_Session_at_Patna%2C_December_1938_%28Photo_429-5%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Jinnah addresses the Muslim League session at Patna, 1938</figcaption></figure> Until the late 1930s, most Muslims of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> expected, upon independence, to be part of a unitary state encompassing all of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, as did the Hindus and others who advocated self-government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore532-95">[91]</a> Despite this, other nationalist proposals were being made. In a <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Address" title="Allahabad Address">speech given at Allahabad</a> to a League session in 1930, Sir <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a> called for a state for Muslims in British India. <a href="/wiki/Choudhary_Rahmat_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Choudhary Rahmat Ali">Choudhary Rahmat Ali</a> published <a href="/wiki/Now_or_Never;_Are_We_to_Live_or_Perish_Forever%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?">a pamphlet</a> in 1933 advocating a state "Pakistan" in the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a>, with other names given to Muslim-majority areas elsewhere in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik121-96">[92]</a> Jinnah and Iqbal corresponded in 1936 and 1937; in subsequent years, Jinnah credited Iqbal as his mentor and used Iqbal's imagery and rhetoric in his speeches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed80-97">[93]</a> Although many leaders of the Congress sought a strong central government for an Indian state, some Muslim politicians, including Jinnah, were unwilling to accept this without powerful protections for their community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore532-95">[91]</a> Other Muslims supported the Congress, which officially advocated a secular state upon independence, though the traditionalist wing (including politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a>) believed that an independent India should enact laws such as banning the killing of cows and making <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> a national language. The failure of the Congress leadership to disavow Hindu <a href="/wiki/Communalism_(South_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (South Asia)">communalists</a> worried Congress-supporting Muslims. Nevertheless, the Congress enjoyed considerable Muslim support up to about 1937.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbard121–124-98">[94]</a> Events which separated the communities included the failed attempt to form a coalition government including the Congress and the League in the United Provinces following the 1937 election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbard124-99">[95]</a> According to historian Ian Talbot, "The provincial Congress governments made no effort to understand and respect their Muslim populations' cultural and religious sensibilities. The Muslim League's claims that it alone could safeguard Muslim interests thus received a major boost. Significantly it was only after this period of Congress rule that it [the League] took up the demand for a Pakistan state ..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot1984-88">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Balraj_Puri" title="Balraj Puri">Balraj Puri</a> in his journal article about Jinnah suggests that the Muslim League president, after the 1937 vote, turned to the idea of partition in "sheer desperation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuri35-100">[96]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Akbar_S._Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar S. Ahmed">Akbar S. Ahmed</a> suggests that Jinnah abandoned hope of reconciliation with the Congress as he "rediscover[ed] his own Islamic roots, his own sense of identity, of culture and history, which would come increasingly to the fore in the final years of his life".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed26-19">[16]</a> Jinnah also increasingly adopted Muslim dress in the late 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed8-101">[97]</a> In the wake of the 1937 balloting, Jinnah demanded that the question of power sharing be settled on an all-India basis, and that he, as president of the League, be accepted as the sole spokesman for the Muslim community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200-102">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iqbal's_influence_on_Jinnah">Iqbal's influence on Jinnah</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:24em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> There is only one way out. Muslims should strengthen Jinnah's hands. They should join the Muslim League. Indian question, as is now being solved, can be countered by our united front against both the Hindus and the English. Without it, our demands are not going to be accepted. People say our demands smack of communalism. This is sheer propaganda. These demands relate to the defence of our national existence.... The united front can be formed under the leadership of the Muslim League. And the Muslim League can succeed only on account of Jinnah. Now none but Jinnah is capable of leading the Muslims. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a>, 1938<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh20092-103">[99]</a></cite> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinnah_with_Iqbal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jinnah_with_Iqbal.jpg/220px-Jinnah_with_Iqbal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jinnah_with_Iqbal.jpg/330px-Jinnah_with_Iqbal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jinnah_with_Iqbal.jpg/440px-Jinnah_with_Iqbal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1917" /></a><figcaption>Jinnah seated with Iqbal at the round table conference</figcaption></figure> The well documented influence of Iqbal on Jinnah, with regard to taking the lead in creating Pakistan, has been described as "significant", "powerful" and even "unquestionable" by scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2010151-104">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenworthy1968230-105">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarim201025-106">[102]</a> Iqbal has also been cited as an influential force in convincing Jinnah to end his self-imposed exile in London and re-enter the politics of India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiring198067-107">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAziz200198-108">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1951153-109">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghMishra2010342-110">[106]</a> Initially, however, Iqbal and Jinnah were opponents, as Iqbal believed Jinnah did not care about the crises confronting the Muslim community during the British Raj. According to <a href="/wiki/Akbar_S._Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar S. Ahmed">Akbar S. Ahmed</a>, this began to change during Iqbal's final years prior to his death in 1938. Iqbal gradually succeeded in converting Jinnah over to his view, who eventually accepted Iqbal as his mentor. Ahmed comments that in his annotations to Iqbal's letters, Jinnah expressed solidarity with Iqbal's view: that Indian Muslims required a separate homeland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed62–73-111">[107]</a> Iqbal's influence also gave Jinnah a deeper appreciation for Muslim identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazimi2005114-112">[108]</a> The evidence of this influence began to be revealed from 1937 onwards. Jinnah not only began to echo Iqbal in his speeches, he started using Islamic symbolism and began directing his addresses to the underprivileged. Ahmed noted a change in Jinnah's words: while he still advocated freedom of religion and protection of the minorities, the model he was now aspiring to was that of the Prophet Muhammad, rather than that of a secular politician. Ahmed further avers that those scholars who have painted the later Jinnah as secular have misread his speeches which, he argues, must be read in the context of Islamic history and culture. Accordingly, Jinnah's imagery of the Pakistan began to become clear that it was to have an Islamic nature. This change has been seen to last for the rest of Jinnah's life. He continued to borrow ideas "directly from Iqbal—including his thoughts on Muslim unity, on Islamic ideals of liberty, justice and equality, on economics, and even on practices such as prayers".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarim201026-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2010151-104">[100]</a> In a speech in 1940, two years after the death of Iqbal, Jinnah expressed his preference for implementing Iqbal's vision for an Islamic Pakistan even if it meant he himself would never lead a nation. Jinnah stated, "If I live to see the ideal of a Muslim state being achieved in India, and I was then offered to make a choice between the works of Iqbal and the rulership of the Muslim state, I would prefer the former."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2010152-114">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War_and_Lahore_Resolution">Second World War and Lahore Resolution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party,_1940_(Photo_429-6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg/220px-Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg/330px-Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg/440px-Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre.</figcaption></figure> On 3 September 1939, British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a> announced the commencement of war with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho123-115">[111]</a> The following day, the Viceroy, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Lord Linlithgow</a>, without consulting Indian political leaders, announced that India had entered the war along with Britain. There were widespread protests in India. After meeting with Jinnah and with Gandhi, Linlithgow announced that negotiations on self-government were suspended for the duration of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh223-116">[112]</a> The Congress on 14 September demanded immediate independence with a constituent assembly to decide a constitution; when this was refused, its eight provincial governments resigned on 10 November and governors in those provinces thereafter ruled by decree for the remainder of the war. Jinnah, on the other hand, was more willing to accommodate the British, and they in turn increasingly recognised him and the League as the representatives of India's Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal47–49-117">[113]</a> Jinnah later stated, "after the war began, ... I was treated on the same basis as Mr Gandhi. I was wonderstruck why I was promoted and given a place side by side with Mr Gandhi."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh225–226-118">[114]</a> Although the League did not actively support the British war effort, neither did they try to obstruct it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh225-119">[115]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinnah_and_Gandhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Jinnah_and_Gandhi.jpg/220px-Jinnah_and_Gandhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Jinnah_and_Gandhi.jpg/330px-Jinnah_and_Gandhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Jinnah_and_Gandhi.jpg/440px-Jinnah_and_Gandhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2242" data-file-height="1690" /></a><figcaption>Jinnah and Gandhi arguing after a meeting between them in Delhi, November 1939</figcaption></figure> With the British and Muslims to some extent co-operating, the Viceroy asked Jinnah for an expression of the Muslim League's position on self-government, confident that it would differ greatly from that of the Congress. To come up with such a position, the League's Working Committee met for four days in February 1940 to set out terms of reference to a constitutional sub-committee. The Working Committee asked that the sub-committee return with a proposal that would result in "independent dominions in direct relationship with Great Britain" where Muslims were dominant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal51–55-120">[116]</a> On 6 February, Jinnah informed the Viceroy that the Muslim League would be demanding partition instead of the federation contemplated in the 1935 Act. The <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a> (sometimes called the "Pakistan Resolution", although it does not contain that name), based on the sub-committee's work, embraced the <a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">two-nation theory</a> and called for a union of the Muslim-majority provinces in the northwest of British India, with complete autonomy. Similar rights were to be granted to the Muslim-majority areas in the east, and unspecified protections given to Muslim minorities in other provinces. The resolution was passed by the League session in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> on 23 March 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh232–233-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal54–58-122">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinnah_addresses_the_delegates_to_the_Moslem_Political_Convention_held_in_New_Delhi_during_1943_(Photo_429-8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jinnah_addresses_the_delegates_to_the_Moslem_Political_Convention_held_in_New_Delhi_during_1943_%28Photo_429-8%29.jpg/220px-Jinnah_addresses_the_delegates_to_the_Moslem_Political_Convention_held_in_New_Delhi_during_1943_%28Photo_429-8%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jinnah_addresses_the_delegates_to_the_Moslem_Political_Convention_held_in_New_Delhi_during_1943_%28Photo_429-8%29.jpg/330px-Jinnah_addresses_the_delegates_to_the_Moslem_Political_Convention_held_in_New_Delhi_during_1943_%28Photo_429-8%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Jinnah_addresses_the_delegates_to_the_Moslem_Political_Convention_held_in_New_Delhi_during_1943_%28Photo_429-8%29.jpg/440px-Jinnah_addresses_the_delegates_to_the_Moslem_Political_Convention_held_in_New_Delhi_during_1943_%28Photo_429-8%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Jinnah makes a speech in New Delhi, 1943</figcaption></figure> Gandhi's reaction to the Lahore Resolution was muted; he called it "baffling", but told his disciples that Muslims, in common with other people of India, had the right to self-determination. Leaders of the Congress were more vocal; <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> referred to Lahore as "Jinnah's fantastic proposals" while <a href="/wiki/Chakravarti_Rajagopalachari" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakravarti Rajagopalachari">Chakravarti Rajagopalachari</a> deemed Jinnah's views on partition "a sign of a diseased mentality".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert185-123">[119]</a> Linlithgow met with Jinnah in June 1940,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert189-124">[120]</a> soon after <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> became the British prime minister, and in August offered both the Congress and the League a deal whereby in exchange for full support for the war, Linlithgow would allow Indian representation on his major war councils. The Viceroy promised a representative body after the war to determine India's future, and that no future settlement would be imposed over the objections of a large part of the population. This was satisfactory to neither the Congress nor the League, though Jinnah was pleased that the British had moved towards recognising Jinnah as the representative of the Muslim community's interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal62–63-125">[121]</a> Jinnah was reluctant to make specific proposals as to the boundaries of Pakistan, or its relationships with Britain and with the rest of the subcontinent, fearing that any precise plan would divide the League.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore551-126">[122]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Jinnah_with_Gandhi_in_1944_(Photo_429-17).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Photograph_of_Jinnah_with_Gandhi_in_1944_%28Photo_429-17%29.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_Jinnah_with_Gandhi_in_1944_%28Photo_429-17%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Photograph_of_Jinnah_with_Gandhi_in_1944_%28Photo_429-17%29.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_Jinnah_with_Gandhi_in_1944_%28Photo_429-17%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Photograph_of_Jinnah_with_Gandhi_in_1944_%28Photo_429-17%29.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_Jinnah_with_Gandhi_in_1944_%28Photo_429-17%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Jinnah with <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> in Bombay, September 1944</figcaption></figure>The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> in December 1941 brought the United States into the war. In the following months, the Japanese advanced in Southeast Asia, and the British Cabinet sent <a href="/wiki/Cripps%27_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Cripps' mission">a mission</a> led by Sir <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Stafford Cripps</a> to try to conciliate the Indians and cause them to fully back the war. Cripps proposed giving some provinces what was dubbed the "local option" to remain outside of an Indian central government either for a period of time or permanently, to become dominions on their own or be part of another confederation. The Muslim League was far from certain of winning the legislative votes that would be required for mixed provinces such as Bengal and Punjab to secede, and Jinnah rejected the proposals as not sufficiently recognising Pakistan's right to exist. The Congress also rejected the Cripps plan, demanding immediate concessions which Cripps was not prepared to give.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal71–81-127">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert196–201-128">[124]</a> Despite the rejection, Jinnah and the League saw the Cripps proposal as recognising Pakistan in principle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore553-129">[125]</a> The Congress followed the failed Cripps mission by demanding, in August 1942, that the British immediately "<a href="/wiki/Quit_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Quit India">Quit India</a>", proclaiming a mass campaign of satyagraha until they did. The British promptly arrested most major leaders of the Congress and imprisoned them for the remainder of the war. Gandhi, however, was placed on house arrest in one of the Aga Khan's palaces prior to his release for health reasons in 1944. With the Congress leaders absent from the political scene, Jinnah warned against the threat of Hindu domination and maintained his Pakistan demand without going into great detail about what that would entail. Jinnah also worked to increase the League's political control at the provincial level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal82–84-130">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert208,_229-131">[127]</a> He helped to found the newspaper <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a> in the early 1940s in Delhi; it helped to spread the League's message and eventually became the major English-language newspaper of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed107-132">[128]</a> He also started living in Delhi on <a href="/wiki/Dr_APJ_Abdul_Kalam_Road" title="Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road">Aurangzeb Road</a> (now Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Road), near <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Smriti" title="Gandhi Smriti">Birla House</a> where <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> stayed and Jinnah was neighbours with the wealthiest man in Delhi at the time, <a href="/wiki/Sobha_Singh_(builder)" title="Sobha Singh (builder)">Sir Sobha Singh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009316-133">[129]</a> His house is now the Embassy of Netherlands in India and is known as Jinnah House by most.<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> In September 1944, Jinnah hosted Gandhi, recently released from confinement, at his home on <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Hill" title="Malabar Hill">Malabar Hill</a> in Bombay. Two weeks of talks between them followed, which resulted in no agreement. Jinnah insisted on Pakistan being conceded prior to the British departure and to come into being immediately, while Gandhi proposed that plebiscites on partition occur sometime after a united India gained its independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh266–280-135">[131]</a> In early 1945, Liaquat and the Congress leader <a href="/wiki/Bhulabhai_Desai" title="Bhulabhai Desai">Bhulabhai Desai</a> met, with Jinnah's approval, and agreed that after the war, the Congress and the League should form an interim government with the members of the Executive Council of the Viceroy to be nominated by the Congress and the League in equal numbers. When the Congress leadership were released from prison in June 1945, they repudiated the agreement and censured Desai for acting without proper authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh280–283-136">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar">Postwar</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nehrujinnah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nehrujinnah.jpg/220px-Nehrujinnah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Nehrujinnah.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Nehru (left) and Jinnah walk together at Simla, 1946</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Field Marshal Viscount Wavell</a> succeeded Linlithgow as Viceroy in 1943. In June 1945, following the release of the Congress leaders, Wavell called for <a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">a conference</a>, and invited the leading figures from the various communities to meet with him at <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Simla</a>. He proposed a temporary government along the lines which Liaquat and Desai had agreed. However, Wavell was unwilling to guarantee that only the League's candidates would be placed in the seats reserved for Muslims. All other invited groups submitted lists of candidates to the Viceroy. Wavell cut the conference short in mid-July without further seeking an agreement; with a <a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">British general election</a> imminent, Churchill's government did not feel it could proceed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh289–297-137">[133]</a> British voters returned <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> and his Labour Party <a href="/wiki/Attlee_ministry" title="Attlee ministry">to government</a> later in July. Attlee and his Secretary of State for India, Lord <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Pethick-Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Pethick-Lawrence">Frederick Pethick-Lawrence</a>, immediately ordered a review of the Indian situation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal132-138">[134]</a> Jinnah had no comment on the change of government, but called a meeting of his Working Committee and issued a statement calling for new elections in India. The League held influence at the provincial level in the Muslim-majority states mostly by alliance, and Jinnah believed that, given the opportunity, the League would improve its electoral standing and lend added support to his claim to be the sole spokesman for the Muslims. Wavell returned to India in September after consultation with his new masters in London; elections, both for the centre and for the provinces, were announced soon after. The British indicated that formation of a constitution-making body would follow the votes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh301–302-139">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_League_leaders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Muslim_League_leaders.jpg/220px-Muslim_League_leaders.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Muslim_League_leaders.jpg/330px-Muslim_League_leaders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Muslim_League_leaders.jpg/440px-Muslim_League_leaders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3229" data-file-height="1955" /></a><figcaption>Jinnah with Muslim League leaders in the corridor of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Legislative_Assembly" title="Central Legislative Assembly">Central Legislative Assembly</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> in 1946.</figcaption></figure> The Muslim League declared that they would campaign on a single issue: Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh302-140">[136]</a> Speaking in <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>, Jinnah echoed this, "Pakistan is a matter of life or death for us."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert251-141">[137]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1945_Indian_general_election" title="1945 Indian general election">December 1945 elections</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly of India</a>, the League won every seat reserved for Muslims. In the <a href="/wiki/1946_Indian_provincial_elections" title="1946 Indian provincial elections">provincial elections</a> in January 1946, the League took 75% of the Muslim vote, an increase from 4.4% in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal171–172-142">[138]</a> According to his biographer Bolitho, "This was Jinnah's glorious hour: his arduous political campaigns, his robust beliefs and claims, were at last justified."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho158-143">[139]</a> Wolpert wrote that the League election showing "appeared to prove the universal appeal of Pakistan among Muslims of the subcontinent".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert254-144">[140]</a> The Congress dominated the central assembly nevertheless, though it lost four seats from its previous strength.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert254-144">[140]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinnah_with_Stafford_Cripps_and_Lord_Pethick_Lawrence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jinnah_with_Stafford_Cripps_and_Lord_Pethick_Lawrence.jpg/220px-Jinnah_with_Stafford_Cripps_and_Lord_Pethick_Lawrence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jinnah_with_Stafford_Cripps_and_Lord_Pethick_Lawrence.jpg/330px-Jinnah_with_Stafford_Cripps_and_Lord_Pethick_Lawrence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jinnah_with_Stafford_Cripps_and_Lord_Pethick_Lawrence.jpg/440px-Jinnah_with_Stafford_Cripps_and_Lord_Pethick_Lawrence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Jinnah with <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Stafford Cripps</a> (right) and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Pethick-Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Pethick-Lawrence" title="Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence">Pethick-Lawrence</a> (left)</figcaption></figure> In February 1946, the British Cabinet resolved to send a delegation to India to negotiate with leaders there. This <a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a> included Cripps and Pethick-Lawrence. The highest-level delegation to try to break the deadlock, it arrived in New Delhi in late March. Little negotiation had been done since the previous October because of the elections in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh302,_303–308-145">[141]</a> The British in May released a plan for a united Indian state comprising substantially autonomous provinces, and called for "groups" of provinces formed on the basis of religion. Matters such as defence, external relations and communications would be handled by a central authority. Provinces would have the option of leaving the union entirely, and there would be an interim government with representation from the Congress and the League. Jinnah and his Working Committee accepted this plan in June, but it fell apart over the question of how many members of the interim government the Congress and the League would have, and over the Congress's desire to include a Muslim member in its representation. Before leaving India, the British ministers stated that they intended to inaugurate an interim government even if one of the major groups was unwilling to participate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh308–322-146">[142]</a> The Congress soon joined the new Indian ministry. The League was slower to do so, not entering until October 1946. In agreeing to have the League join the government, Jinnah abandoned his demands for parity with the Congress and a veto on matters concerning Muslims. The new ministry met amid a backdrop of rioting, especially <a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">in Calcutta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal221–225-147">[143]</a> The Congress wanted the Viceroy to immediately summon the constituent assembly and begin the work of writing a constitution and felt that the League ministers should either join in the request or resign from the government. Wavell attempted to save the situation by flying leaders such as Jinnah, Liaquat, and Jawaharlal Nehru to London in December 1946. At the end of the talks, participants issued a statement that the constitution would not be forced on any unwilling parts of India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal229–231-148">[144]</a> On the way back from London, Jinnah and Liaquat stopped in Cairo for several days of pan-Islamic meetings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert305-149">[145]</a> The Congress endorsed the joint statement from the London conference over the angry dissent from some elements. The League refused to do so, and took no part in the constitutional discussions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal229–231-148">[144]</a> Jinnah had been willing to consider some continued links to Hindustan (as the Hindu-majority state which would be formed on partition was sometimes referred to), such as a joint military or communications. However, by December 1946, he insisted on a fully sovereign Pakistan with dominion status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore557-150">[146]</a> Following the failure of the London trip, Jinnah was in no hurry to reach an agreement, considering that time would allow him to gain the undivided provinces of Bengal and Punjab for Pakistan, but these wealthy, populous provinces had sizeable non-Muslim minorities, complicating a settlement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal246–256-151">[147]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Attlee_ministry" title="Attlee ministry">Attlee ministry</a> desired a rapid British departure from the subcontinent, but had little confidence in Wavell to achieve that end. Beginning in December 1946, British officials began looking for a viceregal successor to Wavell, and soon fixed on <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Admiral Lord Mountbatten of Burma</a>, a war leader popular among Conservatives as the great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> and among Labour for his political views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert305-149">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mountbatten_and_independence">Mountbatten and independence</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountbatten_Jinnah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mountbatten_Jinnah.jpg/250px-Mountbatten_Jinnah.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mountbatten_Jinnah.jpg/375px-Mountbatten_Jinnah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mountbatten_Jinnah.jpg/500px-Mountbatten_Jinnah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Lord Louis Mountbatten</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Edwina_Mountbatten,_Countess_Mountbatten_of_Burma" title="Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma">Edwina Mountbatten</a> with Jinnah in 1947</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pakistan_Independence_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pakistan Independence Movement (page does not exist)">Pakistan Independence Movement</a></div> On 20 February 1947, Attlee announced Mountbatten's appointment, and that Britain would transfer power in India not later than June 1948.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal237-152">[148]</a> Mountbatten took office as Viceroy on 24 March 1947, two days after his arrival in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan87-153">[149]</a> By then, the Congress had come around to the idea of partition. Nehru stated in 1960, "the truth is that we were tired men and we were getting on in years ... The plan for partition offered a way out and we took it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan85–87-154">[150]</a> Leaders of the Congress decided that having loosely tied Muslim-majority provinces as part of a future India was not worth the loss of the powerful government at the centre which they desired.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan85–86-155">[151]</a> However, the Congress insisted that if Pakistan were to become independent, Bengal and Punjab would have to be divided.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert312-156">[152]</a> Mountbatten had been warned in his briefing papers that Jinnah would be his "toughest customer" who had proved a chronic nuisance because "no one in this country [India] had so far gotten into Jinnah's mind".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal250-157">[153]</a> The men met over six days beginning on 5 April. The sessions began lightly when Jinnah, photographed between Louis and <a href="/wiki/Edwina_Mountbatten" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwina Mountbatten">Edwina Mountbatten</a>, quipped "A rose between two thorns" which the Viceroy took, perhaps gratuitously, as evidence that the Muslim leader had pre-planned his joke but had expected the vicereine to stand in the middle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert317-158">[154]</a> Mountbatten was not favourably impressed with Jinnah, repeatedly expressing frustration to his staff about Jinnah's insistence on Pakistan in the face of all argument.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert318–319-159">[155]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Mountbatten_meets_Nehru,_Jinnah_and_other_Leaders_to_plan_Partition_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lord_Mountbatten_meets_Nehru%2C_Jinnah_and_other_Leaders_to_plan_Partition_of_India.jpg/220px-Lord_Mountbatten_meets_Nehru%2C_Jinnah_and_other_Leaders_to_plan_Partition_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lord_Mountbatten_meets_Nehru%2C_Jinnah_and_other_Leaders_to_plan_Partition_of_India.jpg/330px-Lord_Mountbatten_meets_Nehru%2C_Jinnah_and_other_Leaders_to_plan_Partition_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lord_Mountbatten_meets_Nehru%2C_Jinnah_and_other_Leaders_to_plan_Partition_of_India.jpg/440px-Lord_Mountbatten_meets_Nehru%2C_Jinnah_and_other_Leaders_to_plan_Partition_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>Mountbatten meets Jinnah, Nehru and other leaders to plan the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></figcaption></figure> Jinnah feared that at the end of the British presence in the subcontinent, they would turn control over to the Congress-dominated constituent assembly, putting Muslims at a disadvantage in attempting to win autonomy. He demanded that Mountbatten divide <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">the army</a> prior to independence, which would take at least a year. Mountbatten had hoped that the post-independence arrangements would include a common defence force, but Jinnah saw it as essential that a sovereign state should have its own forces. Mountbatten met with Liaquat the day of his final session with Jinnah, and concluded, as he told Attlee and the Cabinet in May, that "it had become clear that the Muslim League would resort to arms if Pakistan in some form were not conceded."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert319–325-160">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal249–259-161">[157]</a> The Viceroy was also influenced by negative Muslim reaction to the constitutional report of the assembly, which envisioned broad powers for the post-independence central government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal261–262-162">[158]</a> On 2 June 1947, the final plan was given by the Viceroy to Indian leaders: on 15 August, the British would turn over power to two dominions. The provinces would vote on whether to continue in the existing constituent assembly or to have a new one, that is, to join Pakistan. Bengal and Punjab would also vote, both on the question of which assembly to join, and on the partition. A boundary commission would determine the final lines in the partitioned provinces. Plebiscites would take place in the North-West Frontier Province (which did not have a League government despite an overwhelmingly Muslim population), and in the majority-Muslim <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Assam_Province" title="Assam Province">Assam</a>, adjacent to eastern Bengal. On 3 June, Mountbatten, Nehru, Jinnah and <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Baldev_Singh" title="Baldev Singh">Baldev Singh</a> made the formal announcement by radio.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2–4-163">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert327–329-164">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal287–290-165">[161]</a> Jinnah concluded his address with "<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Zindabad" title="Pakistan Zindabad">Pakistan Zindabad</a>" (Long live Pakistan), which was not in the script.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho187-166">[162]</a> Some listeners misunderstood his Urdu as "Pakistan's in the bag!".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell-Johnson1951125-167">[163]</a> In the weeks which followed Punjab and Bengal cast the votes which resulted in partition. Sylhet and the N.W.F.P. voted to cast their lots with Pakistan, a decision joined by the assemblies in <a href="/wiki/Sind_Province_(1936%E2%80%9355)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sind Province (1936–55)">Sind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baluchistan_(Chief_Commissioner%27s_Province)" title="Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)">Baluchistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal287–290-165">[161]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinnah_announces_the_creation_of_Pakistan_over_All_India_Radio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jinnah_announces_the_creation_of_Pakistan_over_All_India_Radio.jpg/220px-Jinnah_announces_the_creation_of_Pakistan_over_All_India_Radio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jinnah_announces_the_creation_of_Pakistan_over_All_India_Radio.jpg/330px-Jinnah_announces_the_creation_of_Pakistan_over_All_India_Radio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jinnah_announces_the_creation_of_Pakistan_over_All_India_Radio.jpg/440px-Jinnah_announces_the_creation_of_Pakistan_over_All_India_Radio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Jinnah announcing the creation of Pakistan over <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a> on 3 June 1947</figcaption></figure> On 4 July 1947, Liaquat asked Mountbatten on Jinnah's behalf to recommend to the British king, <a href="/wiki/George_VI_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George VI of the United Kingdom">George VI</a>, that Jinnah be appointed Pakistan's first governor-general. This request angered Mountbatten, who had hoped to have that position in both dominions—he would be India's first post-independence governor-general—but Jinnah felt that Mountbatten would be likely to favour the new Hindu-majority state because of his closeness to Nehru. In addition, the governor-general would initially be a powerful figure, and Jinnah did not trust anyone else to take that office. Although the Boundary Commission, led by British lawyer Sir <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Radcliffe" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Radcliffe">Cyril Radcliffe</a>, had not yet reported, there were already massive movements of populations between the nations-to-be, as well as sectarian violence. Jinnah arranged to sell his house in Bombay and procured a new one in Karachi. On 7 August, Jinnah, with his sister and close staff, flew from Delhi to Karachi in Mountbatten's plane, and as the plane taxied, he was heard to murmur, "That's the end of that."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh393–396-168">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal290–293-169">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert333–336-170">[166]</a> On 11 August, he presided over the new <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Constituent Assembly of Pakistan">constituent assembly</a> for Pakistan at Karachi, and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah%27s_11_August_Speech" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah's 11 August Speech">addressed</a> them, "You are free; you are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan ... You may belong to any religion or caste or creed—that has nothing to do with the business of the State ... I think we should keep that in front of us as our ideal and you will find that in course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert337–339-171">[167]</a> On 14 August, Pakistan became independent; Jinnah led the celebrations in Karachi. One observer wrote, "here indeed is Pakistan's King Emperor, Archbishop of Canterbury, Speaker and Prime Minister concentrated into one formidable Quaid-e-Azam."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert341–342-172">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governor-General">Governor-General</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah_sitting_on_the_Chair_of_Governer_General_wearing_a_Sherwani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah_sitting_on_the_Chair_of_Governer_General_wearing_a_Sherwani.jpg/220px-Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah_sitting_on_the_Chair_of_Governer_General_wearing_a_Sherwani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah_sitting_on_the_Chair_of_Governer_General_wearing_a_Sherwani.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption>Jinnah during the oath taking ceremony as Governor General</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Radcliffe Commission">Radcliffe Commission</a>, dividing Bengal and Punjab, completed its work and reported to Mountbatten on 12 August; the last Viceroy held the maps until the 17th, not wanting to spoil the independence celebrations in both nations. There had already been ethnically charged violence and movement of populations; publication of the <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a> dividing the new nations sparked mass migration, murder, and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>. Many on the "wrong side" of the lines fled or were murdered, or murdered others, hoping to make facts on the ground which would reverse the commission's verdict. Radcliffe wrote in his report that he knew that neither side would be happy with his award; he declined his fee for the work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan124–127-173">[169]</a> Christopher Beaumont, Radcliffe's private secretary, later wrote that Mountbatten "must take the blame—though not the sole blame—for the massacres in the Punjab in which between 500,000 to a million men, women and children perished".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2007-174">[170]</a> Jinnah did what he could for the eight million people who migrated to Pakistan; although by now over 70 and frail from lung ailments, he travelled across <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistan</a> and personally supervised the provision of aid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik131-175">[171]</a> According to Ahmed, "What Pakistan needed desperately in those early months was a symbol of the state, one that would unify people and give them the courage and resolve to succeed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed145-176">[172]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinnah_speaking_on_14_August_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Jinnah_speaking_on_14_August_1947.jpg/220px-Jinnah_speaking_on_14_August_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Jinnah_speaking_on_14_August_1947.jpg/330px-Jinnah_speaking_on_14_August_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Jinnah_speaking_on_14_August_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Jinnah speaking at the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Constituent Assembly of Pakistan">Constituent Assembly of Pakistan</a> on 14 August 1947</figcaption></figure> Among the restive regions of the new nation was the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">North-West Frontier Province</a>. The referendum there in July 1947 had been tainted by low turnout as less than 10 per cent of the population were allowed to vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2003108–109-177">[173]</a> On 22 August 1947, just after a week of becoming governor general, Jinnah dissolved the elected government of <a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Jabbar_Khan" title="Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan">Khan Abdul Jabbar Khan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> Later on, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qayyum_Khan" title="Abdul Qayyum Khan">Abdul Qayyum Khan</a> was put in place by Jinnah in the <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a>-dominated province despite him being a Kashmiri.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorejo1993-179">[175]</a> On 12 August 1948 the <a href="/wiki/Babrra_massacre" title="Babrra massacre">Babrra massacre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charsadda" title="Charsadda">Charsadda</a> occurred resulting in the death of 400 people aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENavid2013-180">[176]</a> Along with Liaquat and <a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rab_Nishtar" title="Abdur Rab Nishtar">Abdur Rab Nishtar</a>, Jinnah represented Pakistan's interests in the Division Council to appropriately divide public assets between India and Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERGandhi416-181">[177]</a> Pakistan was supposed to receive one-sixth of the pre-independence government's assets, carefully divided by agreement, even specifying how many sheets of paper each side would receive. The new Indian state, however, was slow to deliver, hoping for the collapse of the nascent <a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan_government" title="Liaquat Ali Khan government">Pakistani government</a>, and reunion. Few members of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service" title="Indian Civil Service">Indian Civil Service</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Police_Service" title="Indian Police Service">Indian Police Service</a> had chosen Pakistan, resulting in staff shortages. Partition meant that for some farmers, the markets to sell their crops were on the other side of an international border. There were shortages of machinery, not all of which was made in Pakistan. In addition to the massive refugee problem, the new government sought to save abandoned crops, establish security in a chaotic situation, and provide basic services. According to economist Yasmeen Niaz Mohiuddin in her study of Pakistan, "although Pakistan was born in bloodshed and turmoil, it survived in the initial and difficult months after partition only because of the tremendous sacrifices made by its people and the selfless efforts of its great leader."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohiuddin78–79-182">[178]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Princely_states_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Princely states of India">princely states of India</a> were advised by the departing British to choose whether to join Pakistan or India. Most did so prior to independence, but the holdouts contributed to what have become lasting divisions between the two nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik131–132-183">[179]</a> Indian leaders were angered at Jinnah's attempts to convince the princes of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Marwar" title="Kingdom of Marwar">Jodhpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udaipur_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Udaipur State">Udaipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhopal_State" title="Bhopal State">Bhopal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indore_State" title="Indore State">Indore</a> to accede to Pakistan—the latter three princely states did not border Pakistan. Jodhpur bordered it and had both a Hindu majority population and a Hindu ruler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERGandhi407–408-184">[180]</a> The coastal princely state of <a href="/wiki/Junagadh_State" title="Junagadh State">Junagadh</a>, which had a majority-Hindu population, did accede to Pakistan in September 1947, with its ruler's <a href="/wiki/Dewan" title="Dewan">dewan</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Shah_Nawaz_Bhutto" title="Shah Nawaz Bhutto">Shah Nawaz Bhutto</a>, personally delivering the accession papers to Jinnah. But two of three vassal states that were subject to the suzerainty of Junagadh—<a href="/wiki/Mangrol,_Gujarat" title="Mangrol, Gujarat">Mangrol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babariawad" title="Babariawad">Babariawad</a>—declared their independence from Junagadh and acceded to India. In response, the <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Junagarh" title="Nawab of Junagarh">Nawab of Junagarh</a> militarily occupied the two states. Subsequently, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> occupied the principality in November,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELumby1954237–238-185">[181]</a> forcing its former leaders, including Bhutto, to flee to Pakistan, beginning the politically influential <a href="/wiki/Bhutto_family" title="Bhutto family">Bhutto family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert347-186">[182]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinnah_lands_at_Lahore_airport.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jinnah_lands_at_Lahore_airport.png/220px-Jinnah_lands_at_Lahore_airport.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jinnah_lands_at_Lahore_airport.png/330px-Jinnah_lands_at_Lahore_airport.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jinnah_lands_at_Lahore_airport.png/440px-Jinnah_lands_at_Lahore_airport.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Jinnah's arrival at Lahore to discuss the Kashmir crisis in 1948</figcaption></figure> The most contentious of the disputes was, and continues to be, that over the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_and_Jammu_(princely_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)">princely state of Kashmir</a>. It had a Muslim-majority population and a Hindu <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">maharaja</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh" title="Hari Singh">Hari Singh</a>, who stalled his decision on which nation to join. With the <a href="/wiki/1947_Poonch_rebellion" title="1947 Poonch rebellion">population in revolt</a> in October 1947, aided by Pakistani irregulars, the maharaja <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession_(Jammu_and_Kashmir)" title="Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)">acceded to India</a>; Indian troops were airlifted in. Jinnah objected to this action, and ordered that Pakistani troops move into Kashmir. The <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani Army">Pakistani Army</a> was still commanded by British officers, and the commanding officer, General Sir <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Gracey" title="Douglas Gracey">Douglas Gracey</a>, refused the order, stating that he would not move into what he considered the territory of another nation without approval from higher authority, which was not forthcoming. Jinnah withdrew the order. This did not stop the violence there, which broke into the <a href="/wiki/First_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First India–Pakistan War">First India–Pakistan War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik131–132-183">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert347–351-187">[183]</a> Some historians allege that Jinnah's courting the rulers of Hindu-majority states and his gambit with Junagadh are evidence of ill-intent towards India, as Jinnah had promoted separation by religion, yet tried to gain the accession of Hindu-majority states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERGandhi435-188">[184]</a> In his book Patel: A Life, <a href="/wiki/Rajmohan_Gandhi" title="Rajmohan Gandhi">Rajmohan Gandhi</a> asserts that Jinnah hoped for a plebiscite in Junagadh, knowing Pakistan would lose, in the hope the principle would be established for Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERGandhi435–436-189">[185]</a> However, when Mountbatten proposed to Jinnah that, in all the princely States where the ruler did not accede to a Dominion corresponding to the majority population (which would have included Junagadh, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad</a> and Kashmir), the accession should be decided by an 'impartial reference to the will of the people', Jinnah rejected the offer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoorani201413–14-190">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaghavan2010111-191">[187]</a> Despite the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_47" class="extiw" title="wikisource:United Nations Security Council Resolution 47">United Nations Security Council Resolution 47</a>, issued at India's request for a plebiscite in Kashmir after the withdrawal of Pakistani forces, this has never occurred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert347–351-187">[183]</a> In January 1948, the Indian government finally agreed to pay Pakistan its share of British India's assets on 15 January 1948. The partition violence stopped by 18 January following the fast by Mahatma Gandhi with religious rioters promising Gandhi to frown upon the violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta20061035-192">[188]</a> Only days later, on 30 January, <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi">Gandhi was assassinated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Nathuram Godse</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> activist, who claimed that Gandhi was pro-Muslim. After hearing about Gandhi's murder, Jinnah publicly made a brief statement of condolence, calling Gandhi "one of the greatest men produced by the Hindu community".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert357–358-193">[189]</a> In February 1948, in a radio talk broadcast addressed to the people of the US,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamec2016-194">[190]</a> Jinnah expressed his views regarding Pakistan's constitution to be in the following way: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Constitution of Pakistan is yet to be framed by the Pakistan Constituent Assembly, I do not know what the ultimate shape of the constitution is going to be, but I am sure that it will be of a democratic type, embodying the essential principles of Islam. Today these are as applicable in actual life as these were 1300 years ago. Islam and its idealism have taught us democracy. It has taught equality of man, justice and fair play to everybody. We are the inheritors of these glorious traditions and are fully alive to our responsibilities and obligations as framers of the future constitution of Pakistan.</blockquote> In March, Jinnah, despite his declining health, made his only post-independence visit to <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>. In a speech before a crowd estimated at 300,000, Jinnah stated (in English) that <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> alone should be the national language, believing a single language was needed for a nation to remain united. The Bengali-speaking people of East Pakistan <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_movement" title="Bengali language movement">strongly opposed</a> this policy, and in 1971 the official language issue was a factor in the region's secession to form the country of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert359-195">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illness_and_death">Illness and death</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quaid-e-Azam_Jinnah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Quaid-e-Azam_Jinnah.jpg/220px-Quaid-e-Azam_Jinnah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Quaid-e-Azam_Jinnah.jpg/330px-Quaid-e-Azam_Jinnah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Quaid-e-Azam_Jinnah.jpg/440px-Quaid-e-Azam_Jinnah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1770" /></a><figcaption>Jinnah smoking a cigarette</figcaption></figure> From the 1930s, Jinnah suffered from <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>; only his sister and a few others close to him were aware of his condition. Jinnah believed public knowledge of his lung ailments would hurt him politically. In a 1938 letter, he wrote to a supporter that "you must have read in the papers how during my tours ... I suffered, which was not because there was anything wrong with me, but the irregularities [of the schedule] and over-strain told upon my health".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert158–159,_343-196">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed9-197">[193]</a> Many years later, Mountbatten stated that if he had known Jinnah was so physically ill, he would have stalled, hoping Jinnah's death would avert partition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed10-198">[194]</a> Fatima Jinnah later wrote, "even in his hour of triumph, the Quaid-e-Azam was gravely ill ... He worked in a frenzy to consolidate Pakistan. And, of course, he totally neglected his health ..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert343-199">[195]</a> Jinnah was a heavy smoker who worked with a tin of <a href="/wiki/Craven_A" title="Craven A">Craven "A"</a> cigarettes at his desk, of which he had smoked 50 or more a day for the previous 30 years, as well as a box of Cuban cigars. As his health got worse, he took longer and longer rest breaks in the private wing of <a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_House_(Karachi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor's House (Karachi)">Government House</a> in Karachi, where only he, Fatima and the servants were allowed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert343,_367-200">[196]</a> In June 1948, he and Fatima flew to <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a>, in the mountains of Balochistan, where the weather was cooler than in Karachi. He could not completely rest there, addressing the officers at the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Command_and_Staff_College" title="Pakistan Command and Staff College">Command and Staff College</a> saying, "you, along with the other Forces of Pakistan, are the custodians of the life, property and honour of the people of Pakistan."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert361-201">[197]</a> He returned to Karachi for the 1 July opening ceremony for the <a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_Pakistan" title="State Bank of Pakistan">State Bank of Pakistan</a>, at which he spoke. A reception by the Canadian trade commissioner that evening in honour of Canada's <a href="/wiki/Canada_Day" title="Canada Day">Dominion Day</a> was the last public event he attended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert361–362-202">[198]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quaid_e_Azam_Residency,_Ziarat,Pakistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Quaid_e_Azam_Residency%2C_Ziarat%2CPakistan.jpg/220px-Quaid_e_Azam_Residency%2C_Ziarat%2CPakistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Quaid_e_Azam_Residency%2C_Ziarat%2CPakistan.jpg/330px-Quaid_e_Azam_Residency%2C_Ziarat%2CPakistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Quaid_e_Azam_Residency%2C_Ziarat%2CPakistan.jpg/440px-Quaid_e_Azam_Residency%2C_Ziarat%2CPakistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Jinnah spent many of the last days of his life at <a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Residency" title="Quaid-e-Azam Residency">Quaid-e-Azam Residency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziarat" title="Ziarat">Ziarat</a>, Pakistan.</figcaption></figure> On 6 July 1948, Jinnah returned to Quetta, but at the advice of doctors, soon journeyed to <a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Residency" title="Quaid-e-Azam Residency">an even higher retreat</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ziarat" title="Ziarat">Ziarat</a>. Jinnah had always been reluctant to undergo medical treatment but realising his condition was getting worse, the Pakistani government sent the best doctors it could find to treat him. Tests confirmed tuberculosis, and also showed evidence of advanced lung cancer. He was treated with the new "miracle drug" of <a href="/wiki/Streptomycin" title="Streptomycin">streptomycin</a>, but it did not help. Jinnah's condition continued to deteriorate despite the <a href="/wiki/Eid_prayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid prayer">Eid prayers</a> of his people. He was moved to the lower altitude of Quetta on 13 August, the eve of <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Pakistan)" title="Independence Day (Pakistan)">Independence Day</a>, for which a ghost-written statement for him was released. Despite an increase in appetite (he then weighed just over 36 kilograms or 79 pounds), it was clear to his doctors that if he was to return to Karachi in life, he would have to do so very soon. Jinnah, however, was reluctant to go, not wishing his aides to see him as an invalid on a stretcher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert366–368-203">[199]</a> By 9 September, Jinnah had also developed pneumonia. Doctors urged him to return to Karachi, where he could receive better care, and with his agreement, he was flown there on the morning of 11 September. Dr Ilahi Bux, his personal physician, believed that Jinnah's change of mind was caused by foreknowledge of death. The plane landed at Karachi that afternoon, to be met by Jinnah's limousine, and an ambulance into which Jinnah's stretcher was placed. The ambulance broke down on the road into town, and the Governor-General and those with him waited for another to arrive; he could not be placed in the car as he could not sit up. They waited by the roadside in oppressive heat as trucks and buses passed by, unsuitable for transporting the dying man and with their occupants not knowing of Jinnah's presence. After an hour, the replacement ambulance came, and transported Jinnah to Government House, arriving there over two hours after the landing. Jinnah died later that night at 10:20 pm at his home in Karachi on 11 September 1948 at the age of 71, just over a year after Pakistan's creation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh402–405-204">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert369–370-205">[201]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bidstond_in_de_Kwitang_moskee_te_Jakarta_naar_aanleiding_van_het_overlijden_van_Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah_de_eerste_gouverneur_van_Pakistan_(14_september_1948)_TMnr_10001269.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bidstond_in_de_Kwitang_moskee_te_Jakarta_naar_aanleiding_van_het_overlijden_van_Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah_de_eerste_gouverneur_van_Pakistan_%2814_september_1948%29_TMnr_10001269.jpg/210px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bidstond_in_de_Kwitang_moskee_te_Jakarta_naar_aanleiding_van_het_overlijden_van_Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah_de_eerste_gouverneur_van_Pakistan_%2814_september_1948%29_TMnr_10001269.jpg/315px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Bidstond_in_de_Kwitang_moskee_te_Jakarta_naar_aanleiding_van_het_overlijden_van_Mohammed_Ali_Jinnah_de_eerste_gouverneur_van_Pakistan_%2814_september_1948%29_TMnr_10001269.jpg/420px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Special services and prayers were held in the Kwitang mosque of <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) after the death of Jinnah.</figcaption></figure> Indian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> stated upon Jinnah's death, "How shall we judge him? I have been very angry with him often during the past years. But now there is no bitterness in my thought of him, only a great sadness for all that has been ... he succeeded in his quest and gained his objective, but at what a cost and with what a difference from what he had imagined."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh407-206">[202]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_Jinnah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tomb_Jinnah.jpg/250px-Tomb_Jinnah.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tomb_Jinnah.jpg/375px-Tomb_Jinnah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tomb_Jinnah.jpg/500px-Tomb_Jinnah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaid" title="Mazar-e-Quaid">Tomb of Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> in Karachi</figcaption></figure> Jinnah was buried on 12 September 1948 amid official mourning in Pakistan; a million people gathered for his funeral led by <a href="/wiki/Shabbir_Ahmad_Usmani" title="Shabbir Ahmad Usmani">Shabbir Ahmad Usmani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Dawn''2017-207">[203]</a> Today, Jinnah rests in a large marble mausoleum, <a href="/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaid" title="Mazar-e-Quaid">Mazar-e-Quaid</a>, in Karachi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh406–407-208">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert370-209">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed205-210">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3></div> After Jinnah died, his sister Fatima asked the court to execute Jinnah's will under <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> Islamic law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed1998-211">[207]</a> This subsequently became part of the argument in Pakistan about Jinnah's religious affiliation. <a href="/wiki/Iranian-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian-American">Iranian-American</a> academic <a href="/wiki/Vali_Nasr" title="Vali Nasr">Vali Nasr</a> claimed that Jinnah "was an Ismaili by birth and a <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver Shia">Twelver Shia</a> by confession, though not a religiously observant man."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr200688–90-212">[208]</a> In a 1970 legal challenge, Hussain Ali Ganji Walji claimed Jinnah had converted to Sunni Islam. Witness Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada stated in court that Jinnah converted to Sunni Islam in 1901 when his sisters married Sunnis. In 1970, Liaquat Ali Khan and Fatima Jinnah's joint affidavit that Jinnah was Shia was rejected. But in 1976 the court rejected Walji's claim that Jinnah was Sunni; effectively implying that he was a Shia. In 1984 a high court bench reversed the 1976 verdict and maintained that "the Quaid was definitely not a Shia", which suggested that Jinnah was Sunni.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''United_News_of_India''1998-213">[209]</a> According to the journalist Khaled Ahmed, Jinnah publicly had a non-sectarian stance and "was at pains to gather the Muslims of India under the banner of a general Muslim faith and not under a divisive sectarian identity." Liaquat H. Merchant, Jinnah's grandnephew, writes that "the Quaid was not a Shia; he was also not a Sunni, he was simply a Muslim".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed1998-211">[207]</a> An eminent lawyer who practised in the Bombay High Court until 1940 testified that Jinnah used to pray as an orthodox Sunni.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed195-214">[210]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Ahmed" title="Akbar Ahmed">Akbar Ahmed</a>, Jinnah became a firm Sunni Muslim by the end of his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed4-6">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honours">Legacy and honours</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="List of things named after Muhammad Ali Jinnah">List of things named after Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah_with_sister_Fatima_Jinnah.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah_with_sister_Fatima_Jinnah.JPG/250px-Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah_with_sister_Fatima_Jinnah.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah_with_sister_Fatima_Jinnah.JPG/375px-Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah_with_sister_Fatima_Jinnah.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah_with_sister_Fatima_Jinnah.JPG/500px-Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah_with_sister_Fatima_Jinnah.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Jinnah and his sister Fatima. Wax statues in the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Virsa_Museum" title="Lok Virsa Museum">Lok Virsa Museum</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Monument" title="Pakistan Monument">Pakistan Monument</a>, Islamabad.</figcaption></figure> Jinnah's legacy is Pakistan. According to Mohiuddin, "He was and continues to be as highly honored in Pakistan as [first US president] <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> is in the United States ... Pakistan owes its very existence to his drive, tenacity, and judgment ... Jinnah's importance in the creation of Pakistan was monumental and immeasurable."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohiuddin74–75-215">[211]</a> American historian <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wolpert" title="Stanley Wolpert">Stanley Wolpert</a>, giving a speech in honour of Jinnah in 1998, deemed him Pakistan's greatest leader.<a href="#cite_note-greatest-216">[212]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yorkstatue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Yorkstatue.jpg/200px-Yorkstatue.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Yorkstatue.jpg/300px-Yorkstatue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Yorkstatue.jpg/400px-Yorkstatue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Jinnah at <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a> in Toronto</figcaption></figure> According to Jaswant Singh, "With Jinnah's death Pakistan lost its moorings. In India there will not easily arrive another Gandhi, nor in Pakistan another Jinnah."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh406-217">[213]</a> Malik writes, "As long as Jinnah was alive, he could persuade and even pressure regional leaders toward greater mutual accommodation, but after his death, the lack of consensus on the distribution of political power and economic resources often turned controversial."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik134-218">[214]</a> According to Mohiuddin, "Jinnah's death deprived Pakistan of a leader who could have enhanced stability and democratic governance ... The rocky road to democracy in Pakistan and the relatively smooth one in India can in some measure be ascribed to Pakistan's tragedy of losing an incorruptible and highly revered leader so soon after independence."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohiuddin81–82-219">[215]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinnah_blue_plaque.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jinnah_blue_plaque.JPG/250px-Jinnah_blue_plaque.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jinnah_blue_plaque.JPG/375px-Jinnah_blue_plaque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jinnah_blue_plaque.JPG/500px-Jinnah_blue_plaque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blue_Plaque" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Plaque">Blue Plaque</a> in London dedicated to Jinnah</figcaption></figure> His birthday is observed as a <a href="/wiki/Holidays_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Holidays in Pakistan">national holiday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaid-e-Azam Day">Quaid-e-Azam Day</a>, in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-ggb-220">[216]</a> Jinnah earned the title Quaid-e-Azam (meaning "Great Leader"). His other title is Baba-e-Qawm (<a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father of the Nation</a>). The former title was reportedly given to Jinnah at first by Mian Ferozuddin Ahmed. It became an official title by effect of a resolution passed on 11 August 1947 by Liaquat Ali Khan in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-mil-221">[217]</a> Within a few days of Pakistan's creation Jinnah's name was read in the sermon at mosques as Amir ul-Millat, a traditional title of Muslim rulers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed195-214">[210]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Civil_decorations_of_Pakistan" title="Civil decorations of Pakistan">civil awards of Pakistan</a> includes an 'Order of Quaid-i-Azam'. The Jinnah Society also confers the 'Jinnah Award' annually to a person that renders outstanding and meritorious services to Pakistan and its people.<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> Jinnah is depicted on all <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">Pakistani rupee</a> currency, and is the <a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">namesake</a> of many Pakistani public institutions. The former Quaid-i-Azam International Airport in Karachi, now called the <a href="/wiki/Jinnah_International_Airport" title="Jinnah International Airport">Jinnah International Airport</a>, is Pakistan's busiest. One of the largest streets in the Turkish capital Ankara, <a href="/wiki/Cinnah_Caddesi" title="Cinnah Caddesi">Cinnah Caddesi</a>, is named after him, as is the <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jenah_Expressway" title="Mohammad Ali Jenah Expressway">Mohammad Ali Jenah Expressway</a> in Tehran, Iran. In Chicago, a portion of <a href="/wiki/Devon_Avenue" title="Devon Avenue">Devon Avenue</a> was named "Mohammed Ali Jinnah Way". A section of <a href="/wiki/Coney_Island_Avenue" title="Coney Island Avenue">Coney Island Avenue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York was also named 'Muhammad Ali Jinnah Way' in honour of the founder of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaid" title="Mazar-e-Quaid">Mazar-e-Quaid</a>, Jinnah's <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a>, is among Karachi's notable landmarks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehmood1998869-224">[220]</a> The "<a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Tower" title="Jinnah Tower">Jinnah Tower</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Guntur" title="Guntur">Guntur</a>, Andhra Pradesh, India, was built to commemorate Jinnah.<a href="#cite_note-HinduOnNet-225">[221]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">royalist</a> government of Iran also released a stamp commemorating the centennial of Jinnah's birth in 1976. The <a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Mansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinnah Mansion">Jinnah Mansion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Hill" title="Malabar Hill">Malabar Hill</a>, Bombay, is in the possession of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>, but the issue of its ownership has been disputed by the Government of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Dawn''2005-226">[222]</a> Jinnah had personally requested Prime Minister Nehru to preserve the house, hoping one day he could return to Bombay. There are proposals for the house to be offered to the government of Pakistan to establish a consulate in the city as a goodwill gesture, but Dina Wadia had also staked a claim on the property.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Dawn''2005-226">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sitapati_2008-227">[223]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:309px;max-width:309px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamps_of_Turkmenistan,_2001_-_Portrait_of_founder_of_Pakistan_Quaid_Azam,_1876-1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Stamps_of_Turkmenistan%2C_2001_-_Portrait_of_founder_of_Pakistan_Quaid_Azam%2C_1876-1948.jpg/155px-Stamps_of_Turkmenistan%2C_2001_-_Portrait_of_founder_of_Pakistan_Quaid_Azam%2C_1876-1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Stamps_of_Turkmenistan%2C_2001_-_Portrait_of_founder_of_Pakistan_Quaid_Azam%2C_1876-1948.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="264" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammad_Ali_Jenah_Iran_stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Mohammad_Ali_Jenah_Iran_stamp.jpg/146px-Mohammad_Ali_Jenah_Iran_stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Mohammad_Ali_Jenah_Iran_stamp.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="165" data-file-height="240" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Jinnah's portraits on the stamps of Turkmenistan and Iran</div></div></div></div> There is a considerable amount of scholarship on Jinnah which stems from Pakistan; according to <a href="/wiki/Akbar_S._Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar S. Ahmed">Akbar S. Ahmed</a>, it is not widely read outside the country and usually avoids even the slightest criticism of Jinnah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed31-228">[224]</a> According to Ahmed, some books published about Jinnah outside Pakistan mention that he consumed alcohol, but this is omitted from books published inside Pakistan. Ahmed suggests that depicting the Quaid drinking would weaken Jinnah's Islamic identity, and by extension, Pakistan's. Some sources allege he gave up alcohol near the end of his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot1984-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed200-229">[225]</a> The professor Maya Tudor concluded that "Jinnah could not be described as a practicing Muslim" given his consumption of pork, use of alcohol, and usage of <a href="/wiki/Interest" title="Interest">interest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETudor201395-230">[226]</a> On the other hand, Yahya Bakhtiar, who observed Jinnah at close quarters, concluded that Jinnah was a "very sincere, deeply committed and dedicated Mussalman."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed195-214">[210]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Ayesha_Jalal" title="Ayesha Jalal">Ayesha Jalal</a>, while there is a tendency towards <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a> in the Pakistani view of Jinnah, in India he is viewed negatively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal221-231">[227]</a> Ahmed deems Jinnah "the most maligned person in recent Indian history ... In India, many see him as the demon who divided the land."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed27-232">[228]</a> Even many Indian Muslims see Jinnah negatively, blaming him for their woes as a minority in that state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed28-233">[229]</a> Some historians such as Jalal and <a href="/wiki/H._M._Seervai" class="mw-redirect" title="H. M. Seervai">H. M. Seervai</a> assert that Jinnah never wanted the partition of India—it was the outcome of the Congress leaders being unwilling to share power with the Muslim League. They contend that Jinnah only used the Pakistan demand in an attempt to mobilise support to obtain significant political rights for Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeervai2005127-234">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Mudie" title="Francis Mudie">Francis Mudie</a>, the last British <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Sindh" title="Governor of Sindh">governor of Sindh</a>, in Jinnah's honour once said: <blockquote>In judging Jinnah, we must remember what he was up against. He had against him not only the wealth and brains of the Hindus, but also nearly the whole of British officialdom, and most of the Home politicians, who made the great mistake of refusing to take Pakistan seriously. Never was his position really examined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho208-235">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed126-236">[232]</a></blockquote> Muhammad Ali Jinnah, according to Yasser Latif Hamdani and Eamon Murphy, is associated with his call for <a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a>, which resulted in bloodshed and communal violence that culminated in the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-Hamdani2020-237">[233]</a> This incident and Jinnah's role, according to these authors, is viewed with contempt in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy201337-238">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddique202388-239">[235]</a> Jinnah has gained the admiration of Indian nationalist politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Lal_Krishna_Advani" class="mw-redirect" title="Lal Krishna Advani">Lal Krishna Advani</a>, whose comments praising Jinnah caused an uproar in his <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP).<a href="#cite_note-advani-240">[236]</a> Indian politician <a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh" title="Jaswant Singh">Jaswant Singh</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/Jinnah:_India,_Partition,_Independence" title="Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence">Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence</a> (2009) caused controversy in India.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-241">[237]</a> The book was based on Jinnah's ideology and alleged that Nehru's desire for a powerful centre led to Partition.<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> Upon the book release, Singh was expelled from his membership of Bharatiya Janata Party, to which he responded that BJP is "narrow-minded" and has "limited thoughts".<a href="#cite_note-LiveMint-243">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a> Jinnah was the central figure of the 1998 film <a href="/wiki/Jinnah_(film)" title="Jinnah (film)">Jinnah</a>, which was based on Jinnah's life and his struggle for the creation of Pakistan. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lee" title="Christopher Lee">Christopher Lee</a>, who portrayed Jinnah, called his performance the best of his career.<a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a> The 1954 <a href="/wiki/Hector_Bolitho" title="Hector Bolitho">Hector Bolitho</a>'s book Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan prompted Fatima Jinnah to release a book, titled <a href="/wiki/My_Brother_(book)" title="My Brother (book)">My Brother</a> (1987), as she thought that Bolitho's book had failed to express the political aspects of Jinnah. The book received positive reception in Pakistan. <a href="/wiki/Jinnah_of_Pakistan" title="Jinnah of Pakistan">Jinnah of Pakistan</a> (1984) by Stanley Wolpert is regarded as one of the best biographical books on Jinnah.<a href="#cite_note-dailytimes2011-247">[243]</a> The view of Jinnah in the West has been shaped to some extent by his portrayal in Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a>'s 1982 film, <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_(film)" title="Gandhi (film)">Gandhi</a>. The film was dedicated to Nehru and Mountbatten and was given considerable support by Nehru's daughter, the Indian prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>. It portrays Jinnah (played by <a href="/wiki/Alyque_Padamsee" title="Alyque Padamsee">Alyque Padamsee</a>) in an unflattering light, who seems to act out of jealousy of Gandhi. Padamsee later stated that his portrayal was not historically accurate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed28–29-248">[244]</a> In a journal article on Pakistan's first governor-general, historian R. J. Moore wrote that Jinnah is universally recognised as central to the creation of Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore529–569-249">[245]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wolpert" title="Stanley Wolpert">Stanley Wolpert</a> summarises the profound effect that Jinnah had on the world: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> Few individuals significantly alter the course of history. Fewer still modify the map of the world. Hardly anyone can be credited with creating a nation-state. Mohammad Ali Jinnah did all three.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpertvii-250">[246]</a> </blockquote><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_notes">References and notes</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">محمد علی جناح; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">[mʊɦəmːəd̪ əli d͡ʒɪnɑː(ɦ)]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>: માહમદ અલી ઝીણા;<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Gujarati" title="Help:IPA/Gujarati">[mɑɦməd̪ əli dʒʱiɳɑ]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> While <a href="/wiki/Jinnah%27s_birthday" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinnah's birthday">Jinnah's birthday</a> is celebrated as 25 December 1876, there is reason to doubt that date. Karachi did not then issue birth certificates, no record was kept by his family (birth dates being of little importance to Muslims of the time), and his school records reflect a birth date of 20 October 1875. See <a href="#CITEREFBolitho">Bolitho</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Jinnah was permanent president of the League from 1919 to 1930, when the position was abolished. He was also sessional president in 1916, 1920, and from 1924 until his death in 1948. See <a href="#CITEREFJalal">Jalal</a>, p. 36. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBawany1987" class="citation book cs1">Bawany, Yahya Hashim (1987). Rare speeches and documents of Quaid-e-Azam. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arif_Mukati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arif Mukati (page does not exist)">Arif Mukati</a>. pp. 39–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rare+speeches+and+documents+of+Quaid-e-Azam&rft.pages=39-40&rft.pub=Arif+Mukati&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Bawany&rft.aufirst=Yahya+Hashim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoini2003-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoini2003_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoini2003">Moini 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed4-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed4_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed4_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed4_6-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed">Ahmed</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirbhai201725-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPirbhai201725_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPirbhai201725_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPirbhai2017">Pirbhai 2017</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusain" class="citation web cs1">Husain, Mahmud. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mohammed-Ali-Jinnah">"Mohammed Ali Jinnah | Biography, Accomplishments, Religion, Significance, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. Retrieved 29 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Mohammed+Ali+Jinnah+%7C+Biography%2C+Accomplishments%2C+Religion%2C+Significance%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.aulast=Husain&rft.aufirst=Mahmud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMohammed-Ali-Jinnah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed2010-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed2010_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed2010">Ahmed 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh30–33-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh30–33_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, pp. 30–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert3–5-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert3–5_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 3–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed3-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed3_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed3_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed3_12-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed">Ahmed</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJinnah,_Fatima48–49-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJinnah,_Fatima48–49_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJinnah,_Fatima">Jinnah, Fatima</a>, pp. 48–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwamy1997-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwamy1997_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwamy1997">Swamy 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhosh1999-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhosh1999_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGhosh1999">Ghosh 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik2006-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik2006_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalik2006">Malik 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuri34-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuri34_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuri34_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPuri">Puri</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh54-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh54_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh54_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed26-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed26_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed26_19-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed">Ahmed</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharif2010-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharif2010_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharif2010">Sharif 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho5–7-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolitho5–7_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBolitho">Bolitho</a>, pp. 5–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERead95–96-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERead95–96_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRead">Read</a>, pp. 95–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert8–9-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert8–9_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert9–10-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert9–10_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert12–13-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert12–13_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh56-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh56_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngineer200672-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngineer200672_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngineer2006">Engineer 2006</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanerjee1981219-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanerjee1981219_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBanerjee1981">Banerjee 1981</a>, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehmood1998725-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehmood1998725_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehmood1998725_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehmood1998725_29-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMehmood1998">Mehmood 1998</a>, p. 725. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho10–12-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolitho10–12_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBolitho">Bolitho</a>, pp. 10–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh55-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh55_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert9-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert9_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed85-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed85_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed">Ahmed</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert14–15-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert14–15_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert14–15_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho14–17-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolitho14–17_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolitho14–17_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBolitho">Bolitho</a>, pp. 14–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert17-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert17_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert17_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed4–5-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed4–5_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed">Ahmed</a>, pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed212-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed212_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed">Ahmed</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/historicalcases/cases/The_Caucus_Case_-_1908.html">"THE CAUCUS CASE – 1908"</a>. bombayhighcourt.nic.in. Retrieved 13 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bombayhighcourt.nic.in&rft.atitle=THE+CAUCUS+CASE+%E2%80%93+1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbombayhighcourt.nic.in%2Flibweb%2Fhistoricalcases%2Fcases%2FThe_Caucus_Case_-_1908.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho20-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolitho20_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBolitho">Bolitho</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert29-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert29_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho17-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolitho17_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBolitho">Bolitho</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert19-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert19_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEleazar2017-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEleazar2017_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEleazar2017_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEleazar2017">Eleazar 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Dawn''2003-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Dawn''2003_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Dawn''2003_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDawn2003">Dawn 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho23-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolitho23_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBolitho">Bolitho</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen18,_24-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen18,_24_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen">Cohen</a>, pp. 18, 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik120-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik120_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik120_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalik">Malik</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert20-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert20_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh41–42-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh41–42_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh41–42_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, pp. 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert28-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert28_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert20–23-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert20–23_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 20–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert24–26-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert24–26_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 24–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh47-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh47_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert33-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert33_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh75-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh75_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-statesman-57"><a href="#cite_ref-statesman_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOfficial_website" class="citation web cs1">Official website, Government of Pakistan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060127234847/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/politician7.htm">"The Statesman: Jinnah's differences with the Congress"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/politician7.htm">the original</a> on 27 January 2006. Retrieved 20 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Statesman%3A+Jinnah%27s+differences+with+the+Congress&rft.aulast=Official+website&rft.aufirst=Government+of+Pakistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakistan.gov.pk%2FQuaid%2Fpolitician7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert34–35-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert34–35_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert35–37-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert35–37_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 35–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert38,_46–49-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert38,_46–49_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 38, 46–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho61–70-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolitho61–70_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBolitho">Bolitho</a>, pp. 61–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed11–15-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed11–15_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed">Ahmed</a>, pp. 11–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh90–93-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh90–93_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, pp. 90–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert61–71-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert61–71_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 61–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohiuddin61-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohiuddin61_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMohiuddin">Mohiuddin</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal8-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal8_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJalal">Jalal</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho84–85-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolitho84–85_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBolitho">Bolitho</a>, pp. 84–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert71–72-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert71–72_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 71–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert74–76,_87-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert74–76,_87_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 74–76, 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh130–131-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh130–131_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, pp. 130–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert89–90-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert89–90_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 89–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert96–105-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert96–105_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 96–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh170-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh170_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho99–100-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolitho99–100_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolitho99–100_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBolitho">Bolitho</a>, pp. 99–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert119–130-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert119–130_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 119–130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh172-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh172_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho102-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolitho102_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBolitho">Bolitho</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho101–102-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolitho101–102_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBolitho">Bolitho</a>, pp. 101–102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert370–371-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert370–371_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 370–371. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal9–13-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal9–13_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJalal">Jalal</a>, pp. 9–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert133-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert133_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho104–106-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolitho104–106_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBolitho">Bolitho</a>, pp. 104–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik130-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik130_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalik">Malik</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho106-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolitho106_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBolitho">Bolitho</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert134-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert134_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert136-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert136_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETalbot1984-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot1984_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot1984_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETalbot1984_88-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTalbot1984">Talbot 1984</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal15–34-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal15–34_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJalal">Jalal</a>, pp. 15–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh188-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh188_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh188_90-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal35-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal35_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJalal">Jalal</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh198-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh198_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal39–41-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal39–41_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJalal">Jalal</a>, pp. 39–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore548-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore548_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore">Moore</a>, p. 548. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore532-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore532_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore532_95-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore">Moore</a>, p. 532. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik121-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik121_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalik">Malik</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed80-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed80_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed">Ahmed</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbard121–124-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHibbard121–124_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHibbard">Hibbard</a>, pp. 121–124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbard124-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHibbard124_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHibbard">Hibbard</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuri35-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuri35_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPuri">Puri</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed8-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed8_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed">Ahmed</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh20092-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh20092_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh2009">Singh 2009</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2010151-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan2010151_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan2010151_104-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhan2010">Khan 2010</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenworthy1968230-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenworthy1968230_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKenworthy1968">Kenworthy 1968</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarim201025-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarim201025_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarim2010">Karim 2010</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiring198067-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiring198067_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZiring1980">Ziring 1980</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAziz200198-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAziz200198_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAziz2001">Aziz 2001</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1951153-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1951153_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh1951">Singh 1951</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghMishra2010342-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinghMishra2010342_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSinghMishra2010">Singh & Mishra 2010</a>, p. 342. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed62–73-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed62–73_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed">Ahmed</a>, pp. 62–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKazimi2005114-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKazimi2005114_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKazimi2005">Kazimi 2005</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarim201026-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarim201026_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarim2010">Karim 2010</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2010152-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan2010152_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhan2010">Khan 2010</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho123-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolitho123_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBolitho">Bolitho</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh223-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh223_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal47–49-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal47–49_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJalal">Jalal</a>, pp. 47–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh225–226-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh225–226_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, pp. 225–226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh225-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh225_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal51–55-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal51–55_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJalal">Jalal</a>, pp. 51–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh232–233-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh232–233_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, pp. 232–233. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal54–58-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal54–58_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJalal">Jalal</a>, pp. 54–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert185-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert185_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert189-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert189_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal62–63-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal62–63_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJalal">Jalal</a>, pp. 62–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore551-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore551_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore">Moore</a>, p. 551. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal71–81-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal71–81_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJalal">Jalal</a>, pp. 71–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert196–201-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert196–201_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 196–201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore553-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore553_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore">Moore</a>, p. 553. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal82–84-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal82–84_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJalal">Jalal</a>, pp. 82–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert208,_229-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert208,_229_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 208, 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed107-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed107_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed">Ahmed</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2009316-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2009316_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh2009">Singh 2009</a>, p. 316. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gunnidhidalmia.com/jinnah-house/">"Nidhi Dalmia | Jinnah House"</a>. Retrieved 25 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nidhi+Dalmia+%7C+Jinnah+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgunnidhidalmia.com%2Fjinnah-house%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh266–280-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh266–280_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, pp. 266–280. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh280–283-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh280–283_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, pp. 280–283. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh289–297-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh289–297_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, pp. 289–297. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal132-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal132_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJalal">Jalal</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh301–302-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh301–302_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, pp. 301–302. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh302-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh302_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, p. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert251-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert251_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, p. 251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal171–172-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal171–172_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJalal">Jalal</a>, pp. 171–172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho158-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolitho158_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBolitho">Bolitho</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert254-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert254_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert254_144-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh302,_303–308-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh302,_303–308_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, pp. 302, 303–308. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh308–322-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh308–322_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, pp. 308–322. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal221–225-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal221–225_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJalal">Jalal</a>, pp. 221–225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal229–231-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal229–231_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal229–231_148-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJalal">Jalal</a>, pp. 229–231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert305-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert305_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert305_149-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, p. 305. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore557-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore557_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore">Moore</a>, p. 557. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal246–256-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal246–256_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJalal">Jalal</a>, pp. 246–256. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal237-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal237_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJalal">Jalal</a>, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan87-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan87_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhan">Khan</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan85–87-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan85–87_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhan">Khan</a>, pp. 85–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan85–86-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan85–86_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhan">Khan</a>, pp. 85–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert312-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert312_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, p. 312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal250-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal250_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJalal">Jalal</a>, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert317-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert317_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert318–319-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert318–319_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 318–319. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert319–325-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert319–325_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 319–325. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal249–259-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal249–259_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJalal">Jalal</a>, pp. 249–259. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal261–262-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal261–262_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJalal">Jalal</a>, pp. 261–262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan2–4-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan2–4_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhan">Khan</a>, pp. 2–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert327–329-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert327–329_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 327–329. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal287–290-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal287–290_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal287–290_165-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJalal">Jalal</a>, pp. 287–290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho187-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolitho187_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBolitho">Bolitho</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell-Johnson1951125-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell-Johnson1951125_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell-Johnson1951">Campbell-Johnson 1951</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh393–396-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh393–396_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, pp. 393–396. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal290–293-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal290–293_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJalal">Jalal</a>, pp. 290–293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert333–336-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert333–336_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 333–336. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert337–339-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert337–339_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 337–339. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert341–342-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert341–342_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 341–342. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhan124–127-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhan124–127_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhan">Khan</a>, pp. 124–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson2007-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson2007_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLawson2007">Lawson 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik131-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik131_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalik">Malik</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed145-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed145_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed">Ahmed</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2003108–109-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2003108–109_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2003">Roberts 2003</a>, pp. 108–109. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishapuri2012" class="citation web cs1">Nishapuri, Abdul (29 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150414074638/https://lubpak.com/archives/222082">"This too was Pakistan (1947–71): A response to Nadeem Paracha's "Also Pakistan""</a>. Let Us Build Pakistan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lubpak.com/archives/222082">the original</a> on 14 April 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Let+Us+Build+Pakistan&rft.atitle=This+too+was+Pakistan+%281947%E2%80%9371%29%3A+A+response+to+Nadeem+Paracha%27s+%22Also+Pakistan%22&rft.date=2012-07-29&rft.aulast=Nishapuri&rft.aufirst=Abdul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flubpak.com%2Farchives%2F222082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorejo1993-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorejo1993_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKorejo1993">Korejo 1993</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENavid2013-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENavid2013_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNavid2013">Navid 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERGandhi416-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERGandhi416_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRGandhi">RGandhi</a>, p. 416. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohiuddin78–79-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohiuddin78–79_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMohiuddin">Mohiuddin</a>, pp. 78–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik131–132-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik131–132_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik131–132_183-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalik">Malik</a>, pp. 131–132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERGandhi407–408-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERGandhi407–408_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRGandhi">RGandhi</a>, pp. 407–408. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELumby1954237–238-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELumby1954237–238_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLumby1954">Lumby 1954</a>, pp. 237–238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert347-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert347_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, p. 347. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert347–351-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert347–351_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert347–351_187-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 347–351. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERGandhi435-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERGandhi435_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRGandhi">RGandhi</a>, p. 435. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERGandhi435–436-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERGandhi435–436_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRGandhi">RGandhi</a>, pp. 435–436. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoorani201413–14-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoorani201413–14_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoorani2014">Noorani 2014</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaghavan2010111-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaghavan2010111_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaghavan2010">Raghavan 2010</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta20061035-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta20061035_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupta2006">Gupta 2006</a>, p. 1035. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert357–358-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert357–358_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 357–358. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamec2016-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamec2016_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamec2016">Adamec 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert359-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert359_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, p. 359. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert158–159,_343-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert158–159,_343_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 158–159, 343. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed9-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed9_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed">Ahmed</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed10-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed10_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed">Ahmed</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert343-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert343_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, p. 343. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert343,_367-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert343,_367_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 343, 367. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert361-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert361_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, p. 361. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert361–362-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert361–362_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 361–362. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert366–368-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert366–368_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 366–368. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh402–405-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh402–405_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, pp. 402–405. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert369–370-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert369–370_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, pp. 369–370. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh407-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh407_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, p. 407. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Dawn''2017-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Dawn''2017_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDawn2017">Dawn 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh406–407-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh406–407_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, pp. 406–407. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert370-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert370_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, p. 370. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed205-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed205_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed">Ahmed</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed1998-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed1998_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed1998_211-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed1998">Ahmed 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasr200688–90-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasr200688–90_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNasr2006">Nasr 2006</a>, pp. 88–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''United_News_of_India''1998-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''United_News_of_India''1998_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUnited_News_of_India1998">United News of India 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed195-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed195_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed195_214-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed195_214-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed">Ahmed</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohiuddin74–75-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohiuddin74–75_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMohiuddin">Mohiuddin</a>, pp. 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-greatest-216"><a href="#cite_ref-greatest_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert1998" class="citation web cs1">Wolpert, Stanley (22 March 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929223341/http://www.humsafar.info/wolp02.php">"Lecture by Prof. Stanley Wolpert"</a>. humsafar.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humsafar.info/wolp02.php">the original</a> on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lecture+by+Prof.+Stanley+Wolpert&rft.pub=humsafar.info&rft.date=1998-03-22&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humsafar.info%2Fwolp02.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh406-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh406_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh">Singh</a>, p. 406. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalik134-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalik134_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalik">Malik</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohiuddin81–82-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohiuddin81–82_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMohiuddin">Mohiuddin</a>, pp. 81–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-ggb-220"><a href="#cite_ref-ggb_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesai2009" class="citation book cs1">Desai, Meghnad (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fhovRowWr1gC&pg=PA240">The Rediscovery of India</a>. Penguin Books India. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08300-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08300-8"><bdi>978-0-670-08300-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rediscovery+of+India&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-670-08300-8&rft.aulast=Desai&rft.aufirst=Meghnad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfhovRowWr1gC%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mil-221"><a href="#cite_ref-mil_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milligazette.com/news/1281-was-quaid-e-azam-jinnah-the-only-founder-of-pakistan">"Was Quaid-e Azam Jinnah the only founder of Pakistan?"</a>. The Milli Gazette. 8 May 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Milli+Gazette&rft.atitle=Was+Quaid-e+Azam+Jinnah+the+only+founder+of+Pakistan%3F&rft.date=2011-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milligazette.com%2Fnews%2F1281-was-quaid-e-azam-jinnah-the-only-founder-of-pakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jinnahsociety.org.pk/TheJinnahAwards.html">"Projects of The Jinnah Society"</a>. jinnahsociety.org.pk. Retrieved 7 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Projects+of+The+Jinnah+Society&rft.pub=jinnahsociety.org.pk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjinnahsociety.org.pk%2FTheJinnahAwards.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/1906998/1-muhammad-ali-jinnah-way-unveiled-new-york-honour-pakistans-founder/">"'Muhammad Ali Jinnah Way' unveiled in New York to honour Pakistan's founder"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Express_Tribune" title="The Express Tribune">The Express Tribune</a>. 9 February 2019. Retrieved 9 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=%27Muhammad+Ali+Jinnah+Way%27+unveiled+in+New+York+to+honour+Pakistan%27s+founder&rft.date=2019-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F1906998%2F1-muhammad-ali-jinnah-way-unveiled-new-york-honour-pakistans-founder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMehmood1998869-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMehmood1998869_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMehmood1998">Mehmood 1998</a>, p. 869. </li> <li id="cite_note-HinduOnNet-225"><a href="#cite_ref-HinduOnNet_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekhar2003" class="citation news cs1">Sekhar, A. Saye (7 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090503222829/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/09/07/stories/2003090701152000.htm">"Tower of harmony in Guntur"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/2003/09/07/stories/2003090701152000.htm">the original</a> on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 28 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Tower+of+harmony+in+Guntur&rft.date=2003-09-07&rft.aulast=Sekhar&rft.aufirst=A.+Saye&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2F2003%2F09%2F07%2Fstories%2F2003090701152000.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Dawn''2005-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Dawn''2005_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Dawn''2005_226-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDawn2005">Dawn 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sitapati_2008-227"><a href="#cite_ref-Sitapati_2008_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSitapati2008" class="citation news cs1">Sitapati, Vinay (13 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/muslim-law-doesnt-apply-to-jinnah-says-daughter/372877/0">"Muslim law doesn't apply to Jinnah, says daughter"</a>. The Indian Express. Retrieved 22 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Muslim+law+doesn%27t+apply+to+Jinnah%2C+says+daughter&rft.date=2008-10-13&rft.aulast=Sitapati&rft.aufirst=Vinay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fmuslim-law-doesnt-apply-to-jinnah-says-daughter%2F372877%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed31-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed31_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed">Ahmed</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed200-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed200_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed">Ahmed</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETudor201395-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETudor201395_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTudor2013">Tudor 2013</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJalal221-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJalal221_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJalal">Jalal</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed27-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed27_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed">Ahmed</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed28-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed28_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed">Ahmed</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeervai2005127-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeervai2005127_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeervai2005">Seervai 2005</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolitho208-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolitho208_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBolitho">Bolitho</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed126-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed126_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed">Ahmed</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamdani2020-237"><a href="#cite_ref-Hamdani2020_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamdani2020" class="citation book cs1">Hamdani, Yasser Latif (23 June 2020). Jinnah: A Life. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-89109-64-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-89109-64-1"><bdi>978-93-89109-64-1</bdi></a>. <q>Speaking at a Students Brotherhood event, which he presided over in July in 1922, Jinnah spoke of direct action, something that would become synonymous with him in the Indian mind, owing to his famous direct action day call in 1946 - direct action meant bloodshed and independence would mean bloodshed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jinnah%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=2020-06-23&rft.isbn=978-93-89109-64-1&rft.aulast=Hamdani&rft.aufirst=Yasser+Latif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy201337-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy201337_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurphy2013">Murphy 2013</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiddique202388-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiddique202388_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiddique2023">Siddique 2023</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-advani-240"><a href="#cite_ref-advani_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050609004505/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1391007%2C001300270001.htm">"Pakistan expresses shock over Advani's resignation as BJP chief"</a>. Hindustan Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1391007,001300270001.htm">the original</a> on 9 June 2005. Retrieved 20 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Pakistan+expresses+shock+over+Advani%27s+resignation+as+BJP+chief&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fnews%2F181_1391007%2C001300270001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-241"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8211038.stm">"India state bans book on Jinnah"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 20 August 2009. Retrieved 20 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=India+state+bans+book+on+Jinnah&rft.date=2009-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F8211038.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090822004045/http://jaibihar.com/nehru-patel-conceded-pakistan-to-jinnah-jaswant/11301/">"Nehru not Jinnah's polity led to partition"</a>. Jai Bihar. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jaibihar.com/nehru-patel-conceded-pakistan-to-jinnah-jaswant/11301/">the original</a> on 22 August 2009. Retrieved 19 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nehru+not+Jinnah%27s+polity+led+to+partition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjaibihar.com%2Fnehru-patel-conceded-pakistan-to-jinnah-jaswant%2F11301%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LiveMint-243"><a href="#cite_ref-LiveMint_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoy2009" class="citation news cs1">Joy, Santosh (19 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215224018/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/SErCZ0ewVhfPabjq7ie2MK/BJP-expels-Jaswant-Singh-over-praise-for-Jinnah-in-his-book.html">"BJP expels Jaswant Singh over praise for Jinnah in his book"</a>. LiveMint. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livemint.com/2009/08/19224542/BJP-expels-Jaswant-Singh-over.html">the original</a> on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LiveMint&rft.atitle=BJP+expels+Jaswant+Singh+over+praise+for+Jinnah+in+his+book&rft.date=2009-08-19&rft.aulast=Joy&rft.aufirst=Santosh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2F2009%2F08%2F19224542%2FBJP-expels-Jaswant-Singh-over.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090821162128/http://jaibihar.com/jaswant-singh-expelled-over-jinnah-remarks/11454/">"Jaswant Singh expelled over Jinnah remarks"</a>. Jai Bihar. 19 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jaibihar.com/jaswant-singh-expelled-over-jinnah-remarks/11454/">the original</a> on 21 August 2009. Retrieved 19 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jaswant+Singh+expelled+over+Jinnah+remarks&rft.date=2009-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjaibihar.com%2Fjaswant-singh-expelled-over-jinnah-remarks%2F11454%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindrea,_Victoria2004" class="citation web cs1">Lindrea, Victoria (11 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3733894.stm">"Christopher Lee on the making of legends"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 5 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christopher+Lee+on+the+making+of+legends&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2004-10-11&rft.au=Lindrea%2C+Victoria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F3733894.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CE_1ofnBFos">"Christopher Lee talks about his favorite role"</a>. 21 March 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/CE_1ofnBFos">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2009 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christopher+Lee+talks+about+his+favorite+role&rft.date=2002-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DCE_1ofnBFos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dailytimes2011-247"><a href="#cite_ref-dailytimes2011_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131018024943/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2011%5C07%5C09%5Cstory_9-7-2011_pg3_6">"Book Review: The nation was orphaned, forever —by Dr Irfan Zafar"</a>. Daily Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2011\story_9-7-2011_pg3_6">the original</a> on 18 October 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+The+nation+was+orphaned%2C+forever+%E2%80%94by+Dr+Irfan+Zafar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytimes.com.pk%2Fdefault.asp%3Fpage%3D2011%5Cstory_9-7-2011_pg3_6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed28–29-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhmed28–29_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmed">Ahmed</a>, pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore529–569-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore529–569_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoore">Moore</a>, pp. 529–569. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpertvii-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpertvii_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert">Wolpert</a>, p. vii. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed1998" class="citation news cs1">Ahmed, Khaled (23 May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515043103/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/ie/daily/19980523/14350814.html">"The secular Mussalman"</a>. The Indian Express. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.financialexpress.com/old/ie/daily/19980523/14350814.html">the original</a> on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 4 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=The+secular+Mussalman&rft.date=1998-05-23&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Fold%2Fie%2Fdaily%2F19980523%2F14350814.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2010" class="citation news cs1">Ahmed, Khaled (24 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111117111449/http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml">"Was Jinnah a Shia or a Sunni?"</a>. The Friday Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefridaytimes.com/24122010/page27.shtml">the original</a> on 17 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Friday+Times&rft.atitle=Was+Jinnah+a+Shia+or+a+Sunni%3F&rft.date=2010-12-24&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefridaytimes.com%2F24122010%2Fpage27.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Ahmed" title="Akbar Ahmed">Ahmed, Akbar S.</a> (2005) [First published 1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RqyniTHXFxUC&pg=PT33">Jinnah, Pakistan, and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin</a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-75022-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-75022-1"><bdi>978-1-134-75022-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jinnah%2C+Pakistan%2C+and+Islamic+Identity%3A+The+Search+for+Saladin&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-134-75022-1&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Akbar+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRqyniTHXFxUC%26pg%3DPT33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAziz2001" class="citation book cs1">Aziz, Qutubuddin (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1wluAAAAMAAJ">Jinnah and Pakistan</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jinnah+and+Pakistan&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Aziz&rft.aufirst=Qutubuddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1wluAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjee1981" class="citation book cs1">Banerjee, Anil Chandra (1981). Two Nations: The Philosophy of Muslim Nationalism. Concept Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Nations%3A+The+Philosophy+of+Muslim+Nationalism&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Banerjee&rft.aufirst=Anil+Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolitho" class="citation book cs1">Bolith, Hector (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jinnahcreatorofp0000boli">Jinnah: Creator of Pakistan</a>. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1001456192">1001456192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jinnah%3A+Creator+of+Pakistan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1001456192&rft.aulast=Bolith&rft.aufirst=Hector&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjinnahcreatorofp0000boli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell-Johnson1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Campbell_Johnson" title="Alan Campbell Johnson">Campbell-Johnson, Alan</a> (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MissionWithMountbatten/page/n131/mode/2up?q=%22in+the+bag%22">"The Great Acceptance"</a> (PDF). Mission With Mountbatten. Aico Publishing House. Retrieved 12 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Great+Acceptance&rft.btitle=Mission+With+Mountbatten&rft.pub=Aico+Publishing+House&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Campbell-Johnson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMissionWithMountbatten%2Fpage%2Fn131%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3D%2522in%2Bthe%2Bbag%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawn2003" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/121891">"Quaid backed labour struggle"</a>. Dawn. 27 October 2003. Retrieved 10 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Quaid+backed+labour+struggle&rft.date=2003-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F121891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Stephen Philip (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe">The Idea of Pakistan</a>. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-1503-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-1503-0"><bdi>978-0-8157-1503-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Pakistan&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-1503-0&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fideaofpakistan00cohe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawn2005" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101029083102/http://www.dawn.com/2005/05/25/top14.htm">"Dina seeks Jinnah House's possession"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a>. 25 May 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/2005/05/25/top14.htm">the original</a> on 29 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Dina+seeks+Jinnah+House%27s+possession&rft.date=2005-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2F2005%2F05%2F25%2Ftop14.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEleazar2017" class="citation news cs1">Eleazar, Sarah (4 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epaper.dawn.com/DetailImage.php?StoryImage=04_11_2017_002_008">"'Pakistan's founder worked as a trade union leader'"</a>. Dawn. Retrieved 10 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=%27Pakistan%27s+founder+worked+as+a+trade+union+leader%27&rft.date=2017-11-04&rft.aulast=Eleazar&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepaper.dawn.com%2FDetailImage.php%3FStoryImage%3D04_11_2017_002_008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngineer2006" class="citation book cs1">Engineer, Asghar Ali (2006). They Too Fought for India's Freedom: The Role of Minorities. Hope India Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+Too+Fought+for+India%27s+Freedom%3A+The+Role+of+Minorities&rft.pub=Hope+India+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Engineer&rft.aufirst=Asghar+Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRGandhi" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rajmohan_Gandhi" title="Rajmohan Gandhi">Gandhi, Rajmohan</a> (1990). Patel: A Life. <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>: Navajivan. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006EYQ0A">B0006EYQ0A</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patel%3A+A+Life&rft.place=Ahmedabad&rft.pub=Navajivan&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0006EYQ0A%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Rajmohan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2006" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, K. R. G. A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC">Concise Encyclopaedia of India</a>. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0639-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0639-0"><bdi>978-81-269-0639-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopaedia+of+India&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0639-0&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=K.+R.+G.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9dNOT9iYxcMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbard" class="citation book cs1">Hibbard, Scott (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ndxzxaXIvH0C">Religious Politics and Secular States: Egypt, India, and the United States</a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9669-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9669-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-9669-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Politics+and+Secular+States%3A+Egypt%2C+India%2C+and+the+United+States&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-9669-9&rft.aulast=Hibbard&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DndxzxaXIvH0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalal" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ayesha_Jalal" title="Ayesha Jalal">Jalal, Ayesha</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D63KMRN1SJ8C">The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan</a> (paperback ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45850-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45850-4"><bdi>978-0-521-45850-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sole+Spokesman%3A+Jinnah%2C+the+Muslim+League+and+the+Demand+for+Pakistan&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45850-4&rft.aulast=Jalal&rft.aufirst=Ayesha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD63KMRN1SJ8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarim2010" class="citation book cs1">Karim, Saleena (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MGiuSgAACAAJ">Secular Jinnah & Pakistan: What the Nation Doesn't Know</a>. Checkpoint Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906628-22-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906628-22-2"><bdi>978-1-906628-22-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secular+Jinnah+%26+Pakistan%3A+What+the+Nation+Doesn%27t+Know&rft.pub=Checkpoint+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-906628-22-2&rft.aulast=Karim&rft.aufirst=Saleena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMGiuSgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenworthy1968" class="citation book cs1">Kenworthy, Leonard (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leadersofnewnati00kenw">Leaders of New Nations</a>. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leaders+of+New+Nations&rft.pub=Garden+City%2C+N.Y.%2C+Doubleday&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Kenworthy&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleadersofnewnati00kenw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2010" class="citation journal cs1">Khan, Zamir (30 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qurtuba.edu.pk/thedialogue/The%20Dialogue/5_2/Dialogue_April_June2010_136-164.pdf">"Iqbal and Quaid's Vision of Pakistan"</a> (PDF). The Dialogue. V (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dialogue&rft.atitle=Iqbal+and+Quaid%27s+Vision+of+Pakistan&rft.volume=V&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2010-06-30&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Zamir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qurtuba.edu.pk%2Fthedialogue%2FThe%2520Dialogue%2F5_2%2FDialogue_April_June2010_136-164.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorejo1993" class="citation book cs1">Korejo, M.S (1993). The Frontier Gandhi: His Place in History. Karachi: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Frontier+Gandhi%3A+His+Place+in+History&rft.place=Karachi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Korejo&rft.aufirst=M.S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2003" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Jeffrey J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj8DIT_bva0C&pg=PA108">The Origins of Conflict in Afghanistan</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97878-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97878-5"><bdi>978-0-275-97878-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Conflict+in+Afghanistan&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97878-5&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPj8DIT_bva0C%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrelot2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Jaffrelot" title="Christophe Jaffrelot">Jaffrelot, Christophe</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pakistanatcrossr0000unse/page/10/mode/1up">Pakistan at the crossroads : domestic dynamics and external pressures</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54025-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54025-4"><bdi>978-0-231-54025-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+at+the+crossroads+%3A+domestic+dynamics+and+external+pressures&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-231-54025-4&rft.aulast=Jaffrelot&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpakistanatcrossr0000unse%2Fpage%2F10%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJinnah,_Fatima" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Jinnah, Fatima</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hwNuAAAAMAAJ">My Brother</a>. Quaid-i-Azam Academy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9694130361" title="Special:BookSources/978-9694130361"><bdi>978-9694130361</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Brother&rft.pub=Quaid-i-Azam+Academy&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-9694130361&rft.aulast=Jinnah&rft.aufirst=Fatima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhwNuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazimi2005" class="citation book cs1">Kazimi, M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgVuAAAAMAAJ&q=influence">M.A. Jinnah Views and Reviews</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-597979-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-597979-4"><bdi>978-0-19-597979-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M.A.+Jinnah+Views+and+Reviews&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-597979-4&rft.aulast=Kazimi&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZgVuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dinfluence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Yasmin (2008) [2007]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan">The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan</a> (paperback ed.). New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12078-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12078-3"><bdi>978-0-300-12078-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Partition%3A+The+Making+of+India+and+Pakistan&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn.&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12078-3&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Yasmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatpartitionma00khan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson2007" class="citation news cs1">Lawson, Alastair (10 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6926464.stm">"South Asia | Partitioning India over lunch"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 15 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=South+Asia+%26%23124%3B+Partitioning+India+over+lunch&rft.date=2007-08-10&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F6926464.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLumby1954" class="citation book cs1">Lumby, Esmond (1954). The Transfer of Power in India. G. Allen and Unwin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transfer+of+Power+in+India&rft.pub=G.+Allen+and+Unwin&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Lumby&rft.aufirst=Esmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik" class="citation book cs1">Malik, Iftikar H. (2008). The History of Pakistan. The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34137-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34137-3"><bdi>978-0-313-34137-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Pakistan&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.series=The+Greenwood+Histories+of+the+Modern+Nations&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34137-3&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.aufirst=Iftikar+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehmood1998" class="citation book cs1">Mehmood, Syed Qasim (1998). Encyclopedia Pakistanica. Karachi: Qadir Printers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Pakistanica&rft.place=Karachi&rft.pub=Qadir+Printers&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Mehmood&rft.aufirst=Syed+Qasim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoini2003" class="citation news cs1">Moini, Qasim Abdallah (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081007170324/http://www.dawn.com/weekly/yworld/archive/031220/yworld3.htm">"Remembering the Quaid"</a>. Dawn. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/weekly/yworld/archive/031220/yworld3.htm">the original</a> on 7 October 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Remembering+the+Quaid&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Moini&rft.aufirst=Qasim+Abdallah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fweekly%2Fyworld%2Farchive%2F031220%2Fyworld3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavid2013" class="citation web cs1">Navid, Nurul Bashar (15 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/pashto/interactivity/2013/08/130815_ss-nawed-babrra-massacre.shtml">"پښتونخوا کالم: زه بابړه يم"</a>. BBC Pashto.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D9%BE%DA%9A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7+%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%3A+%D8%B2%D9%87+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%DA%93%D9%87+%D9%8A%D9%85&rft.pub=BBC+Pashto&rft.date=2013-08-15&rft.aulast=Navid&rft.aufirst=Nurul+Bashar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fpashto%2Finteractivity%2F2013%2F08%2F130815_ss-nawed-babrra-massacre.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavan2010" class="citation cs2">Raghavan, Srinath (2010), War and Peace in Modern India, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 111, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-00737-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-00737-7"><bdi>978-1-137-00737-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Peace+in+Modern+India&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-137-00737-7&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=Srinath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohiuddin" class="citation book cs1">Mohiuddin, Yasmeen Niaz (2007). Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-801-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-801-9"><bdi>978-1-85109-801-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+A+Global+Studies+Handbook&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-801-9&rft.aulast=Mohiuddin&rft.aufirst=Yasmeen+Niaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, R. J. (1983). "Jinnah and the Pakistan Demand". Modern Asian Studies. 17 (4): 529–561. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X00011069">10.1017/S0026749X00011069</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-749X">0026-749X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/312235">312235</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144125491">144125491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Jinnah+and+the+Pakistan+Demand&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=529-561&rft.date=1983&rft.issn=0026-749X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144125491%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F312235%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X00011069&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2013" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Eamon (2013). The Making of Terrorism in Pakistan: Historical and Social Roots of Extremism. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-56526-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-56526-4"><bdi>978-0-415-56526-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Terrorism+in+Pakistan%3A+Historical+and+Social+Roots+of+Extremism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-56526-4&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Eamon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr2006" class="citation book cs1">Nasr, Vali (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faroutliers.wordpress.com/2006/10/13/pakistans-transition-from-shia-to-sunni-leadership">The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future</a>. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32968-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32968-1"><bdi>978-0-393-32968-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shia+Revival%3A+How+Conflicts+Within+Islam+Will+Shape+the+Future&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32968-1&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Vali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaroutliers.wordpress.com%2F2006%2F10%2F13%2Fpakistans-transition-from-shia-to-sunni-leadership&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoorani2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/A._G._Noorani" title="A. G. Noorani">Noorani, A. G.</a> (2014) [first published in 2013 by <a href="/wiki/Tulika_Books" title="Tulika Books">Tulika Books</a>], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hdGkoAEACAAJ">The Kashmir Dispute, 1947–2012</a>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-940018-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-940018-8"><bdi>978-0-19-940018-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kashmir+Dispute%2C+1947%E2%80%932012&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-940018-8&rft.aulast=Noorani&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhdGkoAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPirbhai2017" class="citation book cs1">Pirbhai, M. Reza (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pU7ODgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25">Fatima Jinnah</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-19276-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-19276-8"><bdi>978-1-107-19276-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fatima+Jinnah&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-19276-8&rft.aulast=Pirbhai&rft.aufirst=M.+Reza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpU7ODgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuri" class="citation journal cs1">Puri, Balraj (7 March 2008). "Clues to understanding Jinnah". Economic and Political Weekly. 43 (9). Bombay: Sameeksha Trust: 33–35. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40277204">40277204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Clues+to+understanding+Jinnah&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=33-35&rft.date=2008-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40277204%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Puri&rft.aufirst=Balraj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRead" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Read" title="Anthony Read">Read, Anthony</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/proudestdayindia00read">The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence</a>. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04594-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04594-9"><bdi>978-0-393-04594-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Proudest+Day%3A+India%27s+Long+Road+to+Independence&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-393-04594-9&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fproudestdayindia00read&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeervai2005" class="citation book cs1">Seervai, H. M. (2005). Partition of India: Legend and Reality. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-597719-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-597719-6"><bdi>978-0-19-597719-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partition+of+India%3A+Legend+and+Reality&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-597719-6&rft.aulast=Seervai&rft.aufirst=H.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawn2017" class="citation news cs1">Dawn (11 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1356979">< "From Dawn's Archives: The Father of the Nation laid to rest"</a>. Retrieved 18 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=From+Dawn%27s+Archives%3A+The+Father+of+the+Nation+laid+to+rest&rft.date=2017-09-11&rft.au=Dawn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1356979%3C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddique2023" class="citation book cs1">Siddique, Salma (16 February 2023). Evacuee Cinema: Bombay and Lahore in Partition Transit, 1940–1960. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-15120-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-15120-7"><bdi>978-1-009-15120-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evacuee+Cinema%3A+Bombay+and+Lahore+in+Partition+Transit%2C+1940%E2%80%931960&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023-02-16&rft.isbn=978-1-009-15120-7&rft.aulast=Siddique&rft.aufirst=Salma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1951" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Iqbal (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L_pjAAAAMAAJ">The Ardent Pilgrim: An Introduction to the Life and Work of Mohammed Iqbal</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563979-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563979-7"><bdi>978-0-19-563979-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ardent+Pilgrim%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Life+and+Work+of+Mohammed+Iqbal&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=978-0-19-563979-7&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Iqbal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL_pjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh" title="Jaswant Singh">Singh, Jaswant</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/611042665">Jinnah: India-Partition and Independence</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-547927-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-547927-0"><bdi>978-0-19-547927-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/611042665">611042665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jinnah%3A+India-Partition+and+Independence&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F611042665&rft.isbn=978-0-19-547927-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Jaswant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F611042665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2009" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Prakash K. (2009). Encyclopaedia on Jinnah: Volume 5. Indiana University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+on+Jinnah%3A+Volume+5&rft.pub=Indiana+University&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Prakash+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghMishra2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Singh, Nagendra; Mishra, A. P. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U7xOAQAAIAAJ">Global Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophy</a>. Global Vision Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788182202948" title="Special:BookSources/9788182202948"><bdi>9788182202948</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pub=Global+Vision+Publishing+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9788182202948&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Nagendra&rft.au=Mishra%2C+A.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU7xOAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharif2010" class="citation news cs1">Sharif, Azizullah (20 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/521273/karachi-restoration-of-church-mission-school-ordered">"Karachi: Restoration of Church Mission School ordered"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Karachi%3A+Restoration+of+Church+Mission+School+ordered&rft.date=2010-02-20&rft.aulast=Sharif&rft.aufirst=Azizullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F521273%2Fkarachi-restoration-of-church-mission-school-ordered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot1984" class="citation journal cs1">Talbot, Ian (February 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/ian-talbot/jinnah-and-making-pakistan">"Jinnah and the Making of Pakistan"</a>. History Today. Retrieved 26 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Jinnah+and+the+Making+of+Pakistan&rft.date=1984-02&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fian-talbot%2Fjinnah-and-making-pakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTudor2013" class="citation book cs1">Tudor, Maya (14 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ITohAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Jinnah+drank+freely+and+ate+pork.+There+is+evidence+that+Jinnah+lived+off+of+interest+income,+thereby+violating+Islam%27s+prohibition+against+charging+interest%22&pg=PA95">The Promise of Power: The Origins of Democracy in India and Autocracy in Pakistan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-32873-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-32873-0"><bdi>978-1-107-32873-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Promise+of+Power%3A+The+Origins+of+Democracy+in+India+and+Autocracy+in+Pakistan&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft.isbn=978-1-107-32873-0&rft.aulast=Tudor&rft.aufirst=Maya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DITohAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Jinnah%2Bdrank%2Bfreely%2Band%2Bate%2Bpork.%2BThere%2Bis%2Bevidence%2Bthat%2BJinnah%2Blived%2Boff%2Bof%2Binterest%2Bincome%2C%2Bthereby%2Bviolating%2BIslam%2527s%2Bprohibition%2Bagainst%2Bcharging%2Binterest%2522%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_News_of_India1998" class="citation news cs1">United News of India (9 May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/may/09jinnah.htm">"Was Jinnah a Shia or Sunni?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_News_of_India" title="United News of India">United News of India</a> via rediff.com. Retrieved 15 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Was+Jinnah+a+Shia+or+Sunni%3F&rft.date=1998-05-09&rft.au=United+News+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fnews%2F1998%2Fmay%2F09jinnah.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wolpert" title="Stanley Wolpert">Wolpert, Stanley</a> (1984). <a href="/wiki/Jinnah_of_Pakistan" title="Jinnah of Pakistan">Jinnah of Pakistan</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503412-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503412-7"><bdi>978-0-19-503412-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jinnah+of+Pakistan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503412-7&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiring1980" class="citation book cs1">Ziring, Lawrence (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jgSOAAAAMAAJ&q=%22it+was+Iqbal+who+encouraged+Jinnah+to+return+to+India.%22">Pakistan: The Enigma of Political Development</a>. Dawson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7129-0954-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7129-0954-9"><bdi>978-0-7129-0954-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3A+The+Enigma+of+Political+Development&rft.pub=Dawson&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7129-0954-9&rft.aulast=Ziring&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjgSOAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522it%2Bwas%2BIqbal%2Bwho%2Bencouraged%2BJinnah%2Bto%2Breturn%2Bto%2BIndia.%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwamy1997" class="citation cs2">K. R. N. Swamy (1 December 1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h4RHAAAAMAAJ">Mughals, maharajas, and the Mahatma</a>, HarperCollins Publishers India, p. 71, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-17-223280-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-17-223280-1"><bdi>978-8-17-223280-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mughals%2C+maharajas%2C+and+the+Mahatma&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers+India&rft.date=1997-12-01&rft.isbn=978-8-17-223280-1&rft.au=K.+R.+N.+Swamy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh4RHAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh1999" class="citation cs2">Partha Sarathy Ghosh (1 January 1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sy-KAAAAMAAJ">BJP and the Evolution of Hindu Nationalism: From Periphery to Centre</a>, Manohar Publishers & Distributors, p. 60, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-17-304253-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-17-304253-9"><bdi>978-8-17-304253-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=BJP+and+the+Evolution+of+Hindu+Nationalism%3A+From+Periphery+to+Centre&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Manohar+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft.isbn=978-8-17-304253-9&rft.au=Partha+Sarathy+Ghosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsy-KAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik2006" class="citation cs2">Iftikhar Haider Malik (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GQTABKAGaVgC&pg=PA61">Culture and Customs of Pakistan</a>, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 61, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33126-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33126-8"><bdi>978-0-313-33126-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33126-8&rft.au=Iftikhar+Haider+Malik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGQTABKAGaVgC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamec2016" class="citation cs2">Ludwig W. Adamec (14 December 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zHCIDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA231">Historical Dictionary of Islam</a>, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 231, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7724-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7724-3"><bdi>978-1-4422-7724-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016-12-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-7724-3&rft.au=Ludwig+W.+Adamec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzHCIDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1302511">"Special report: The Legacy of Mr Jinnah 1876–1948"</a>. Dawn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Special+report%3A+The+Legacy+of+Mr+Jinnah+1876%E2%80%931948&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1302511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+Ali+Jinnah" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Muhammad Ali Jinnah at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" class="extiw" title="q:Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160554" class="extiw" title="d:Q160554">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/legislativescrutiny/parliament-and-empire/collections1/collections2/jinnah-and-the-muslim-league/">Correspondence with the Muslim League – 1946 – UK Parliament Living Heritage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091003205336/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/life_quaid.htm">Mohammad Ali Jinnah Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050206230128/http://www.quaid.gov.pk/">Government of Pakistan Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150814001904/http://www.quaid.gov.pk/speech03.htm">Address to the First Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on 11 August 1947</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">The Earl Mountbatten of Burma</a></div>as <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Viceroy of India</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governor-General of Pakistan</a> 1947–48 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Khawaja Nazimuddin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New office </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan">Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan</a> 1947–48 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Maulvi_Tamizuddin_Khan" title="Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan">Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Template:Muhammad Ali Jinnah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Template talk:Muhammad Ali Jinnah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muhammad Ali Jinnah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah%27s_11th_August_Speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah's 11th August Speech">11th August Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_nation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Two nation theory">Two nation theory</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Quaidportrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Quaidportrait.jpg/80px-Quaidportrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Quaidportrait.jpg/120px-Quaidportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Quaidportrait.jpg/160px-Quaidportrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_family" title="Jinnah family">Family</a> and personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Fatima Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_family#Second_generation" title="Jinnah family">Shireen Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emibai_Jinnah" title="Emibai Jinnah">Emibai Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattanbai_Jinnah" title="Rattanbai Jinnah">Maryam Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dina_Wadia" title="Dina Wadia">Dina Wadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Mansion" title="Wazir Mansion">Wazir Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Mansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinnah Mansion">South Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Residency" title="Quaid-e-Azam Residency">Quaid-e-Azam Residency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="List of things named after Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aiwan-e-Nawadrat-e-Quaid-i-Azam" title="Aiwan-e-Nawadrat-e-Quaid-i-Azam">Aiwan-e-Nawadrat-e-Quaid-i-Azam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagh-e-Jinnah,_Karachi" title="Bagh-e-Jinnah, Karachi">Bagh-e-Jinnah, Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagh-e-Jinnah,_Lahore" title="Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore">Bagh-e-Jinnah, Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnah_Caddesi" title="Cinnah Caddesi">Cinnah Caddesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jenah_Expressway" title="Mohammad Ali Jenah Expressway">Mohammad Ali Jenah Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_House,_Karachi" title="Governor's House, Karachi">Governor's House, Karachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Antarctic_Station" title="Jinnah Antarctic Station">Jinnah Antarctic Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Barrage" title="Jinnah Barrage">Jinnah Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Bridge" title="Jinnah Bridge">Jinnah Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_College_for_Women" title="Jinnah College for Women">Jinnah College for Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Convention_Centre" title="Jinnah Convention Centre">Jinnah Convention Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Hospital,_Kabul" title="Jinnah Hospital, Kabul">Jinnah Hospital, Kabul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Hospital,_Lahore" title="Jinnah Hospital, Lahore">Jinnah Hospital, Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_International_Airport" title="Jinnah International Airport">Jinnah International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Mansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinnah Mansion">Jinnah Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Medical_and_Dental_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinnah Medical and Dental College">Jinnah Medical and Dental College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Memorial_Mosque" title="Jinnah Memorial Mosque">Jinnah Memorial Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Naval_Base" title="Jinnah Naval Base">Jinnah Naval Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Park" title="Jinnah Park">Jinnah Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Jinnah Polytechnic Institute">Jinnah Polytechnic Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Postgraduate_Medical_Centre" title="Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre">Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Sindh_Medical_University" title="Jinnah Sindh Medical University">Jinnah Sindh Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Sports_Stadium" title="Jinnah Sports Stadium">Jinnah Sports Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Stadium,_Gujranwala" title="Jinnah Stadium, Gujranwala">Jinnah Stadium, Gujranwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Stadium,_Sialkot" title="Jinnah Stadium, Sialkot">Jinnah Stadium, Sialkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Tower" title="Jinnah Tower">Jinnah Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_University_for_Women" title="Jinnah University for Women">Jinnah University for Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah-class_frigate" title="Jinnah-class frigate">Jinnah-class frigate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah%27s_People%27s_Memorial_Hall" title="Jinnah's People's Memorial Hall">Jinnah's People's Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaid" title="Mazar-e-Quaid">Mazar-e-Quaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jinnah_University" title="Mohammad Ali Jinnah University">Mohammad Ali Jinnah University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah_Road" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah Road">Muhammad Ali Jinnah Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(Jinnah)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (Jinnah)">Pakistan Muslim League (J)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_College_of_Engineering_and_Technology,_Sahiwal" title="Quaid-e-Azam College of Engineering and Technology, Sahiwal">Quaid-e-Azam College of Engineering and Technology, Sahiwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_House" title="Quaid-e-Azam House">Quaid-e-Azam House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Inter_Provincial_Youth_Games" title="Quaid-e-Azam Inter Provincial Youth Games">Quaid-e-Azam Inter Provincial Youth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_International_Cup" title="Quaid-e-Azam International Cup">Quaid-e-Azam International Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_International_Hospital" title="Quaid-e-Azam International Hospital">Quaid-e-Azam International Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Law_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaid-e-Azam Law College">Quaid-e-Azam Law College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Law_College_Nawabshah" title="Quaid-e-Azam Law College Nawabshah">Quaid-e-Azam Law College Nawabshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Library" title="Quaid-e-Azam Library">Quaid-e-Azam Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Medical_College" title="Quaid-e-Azam Medical College">Quaid-e-Azam Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Police_Medal" title="Quaid-e-Azam Police Medal">Quaid-e-Azam Police Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Public_School" title="Quaid-e-Azam Public School">Quaid-e-Azam Public School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Residency" title="Quaid-e-Azam Residency">Quaid-e-Azam Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Solar_Park" title="Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park">Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Stadium" title="Quaid-e-Azam Stadium">Quaid-e-Azam Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Tourist_Lodge" title="Quaid-e-Azam Tourist Lodge">Quaid-e-Azam Tourist Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_Trophy" title="Quaid-e-Azam Trophy">Quaid-e-Azam Trophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-i-Azam_University" title="Quaid-i-Azam University">Quaid-i-Azam University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamgha-e-Quaid-e-Azam" title="Tamgha-e-Quaid-e-Azam">Tamgha-e-Quaid-e-Azam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucus_Case" title="Caucus Case">Caucus Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Brother_(book)" title="My Brother (book)">My Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagh-e-Jinnah_(Lahore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagh-e-Jinnah (Lahore)">Bagh-e-Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_(film)" title="Jinnah (film)">Jinnah (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnah_Caddesi" title="Cinnah Caddesi">Cinnah Caddesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaid" title="Mazar-e-Quaid">Mazar-e-Quaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jenah_Expressway" title="Mohammad Ali Jenah Expressway">Mohammad Ali Jenah Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-e-Azam_House" title="Quaid-e-Azam House">Quaid-i-Azam House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Madressatul_Islam_University" title="Sindh Madressatul Islam University">Sindh Madressatul Islam University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaid-i-Azam_Academy" title="Quaid-i-Azam Academy">Quaid-i-Azam Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah%27s_People%27s_Memorial_Hall" title="Jinnah's People's Memorial Hall">Jinnah's People's Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakul_(hat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakul (hat)">Jinnah Cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindh_Governor_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindh Governor House">Governor General House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah:_India,_Partition,_Independence" title="Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence">Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_properties_of_Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="List of properties of Muhammad Ali Jinnah">List of properties of Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Category:Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Wikiquotes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Jinnah" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Jinnah" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Jinnah</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pakistan_Movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pakistan_Movement" title="Template:Pakistan Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pakistan_Movement" title="Template talk:Pakistan Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pakistan Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pakistan_Movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Movement" title="Pakistan Movement">Pakistan Movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History of Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Pakistani_history_(1947%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Pakistani history (1947–present)">timeline: 1947–present)</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aligarh_Movement" title="Aligarh Movement">Aligarh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_movement" title="Urdu movement">Urdu movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuddhi movement">Shuddhi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Address" title="Allahabad Address">Allahabad Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Declaration" title="Pakistan Declaration">Now or Never pamphlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_nation_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Two nation theory">Two nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round Table Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Resolution" title="Lahore Resolution">Lahore Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectives_Resolution" title="Objectives Resolution">Objectives Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Pakistan)" title="Independence Day (Pakistan)">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani monarchy">Pakistani monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic Day (Pakistan)">Republic Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="National symbols of Pakistan">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_heritage_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="British heritage of Pakistan">British heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Protestant Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party,_1940_(Photo_429-6).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre."><img alt="The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg/70px-Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg/105px-Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg/140px-Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Pakistan"><img alt="Flag of Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/70px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/105px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/140px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Pakistan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State emblem of Pakistan"><img alt="State emblem of Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/70px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/105px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/140px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>State emblem of Pakistan</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Muslim League">Muslim League</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Muslim_League" title="Punjab Muslim League">Punjab Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Provincial_Muslim_League" title="Bengal Provincial Muslim League">Bengal Branch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_Muslim_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionist Muslim League">Unionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Muslim_Students_Federation" title="All India Muslim Students Federation">Student Federations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksars" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaksars">Khaksars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan_Renaissance_Society" title="East Pakistan Renaissance Society">Renaissance Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" title="Pakistani philosophy">Philosophical Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Pakistan" title="List of newspapers in Pakistan">Print media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Jang" title="Daily Jang">Daily Jang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawaiwaqt" title="Nawaiwaqt">Nawa-i-Waqt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamindar_(newspaper)" title="Zamindar (newspaper)">Contractor </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_the_Pakistan_Movement" title="Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_III" title="Aga Khan III">Aga Khan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Salimullah" title="Khwaja Salimullah">Khwaja Salimullah</a> (Nawab Salimullah)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ameer_Ali" title="Syed Ameer Ali">Syed Ameer Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Ali_(freedom_fighter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaukat Ali (freedom fighter)">Maulana Shaukat Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Ajmal_Khan" title="Hakim Ajmal Khan">Hakim Ajmal Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Fatima Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Liaquat Ali Khan">Liaquat Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Mohammad_Khan_V" title="Sadeq Mohammad Khan V">Sadeq Mohammad Khan V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Muhammad_Shafi" title="Mian Muhammad Shafi">Mian Muhammad Shafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Abdul_Rashid" title="Mian Abdul Rashid">Mian Abdul Rashid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqar-ul-Mulk" title="Waqar-ul-Mulk">Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk Kamboh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsin-ul-Mulk" title="Mohsin-ul-Mulk">Mohsin-ul-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Yar_Jung" title="Bahadur Yar Jung">Bahadur Yar Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Haq_(Urdu_scholar)" title="Abdul Haq (Urdu scholar)">Baba-e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qayyum_Khan" title="Abdul Qayyum Khan">Abdul Qayyum Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rab_Nishtar" title="Abdur Rab Nishtar">Abdur Rab Nishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Khaliquzzaman" title="Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman">Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choudhary_Rahmat_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Choudhary Rahmat Ali">Choudhary Rahmat Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat_Ali_Shah" title="Jamaat Ali Shah">Jamaat Ali Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._M._Syed" title="G. M. Syed">G. M. Syed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazanfar_Ali_Khan" title="Ghazanfar Ali Khan">Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jafar_Khan_Jamali" title="Jafar Khan Jamali">Jafar Khan Jamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Bhik_Nairang" title="Ghulam Bhik Nairang">Ghulam Bhik Nairang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasrat_Mohani" title="Hasrat Mohani">Hasrat Mohani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_Mohammad_Ismail_Khan" title="Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan">Nawab Mohammad Ismail Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy">Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogendra_Nath_Mandal" title="Jogendra Nath Mandal">Jogendra Nath Mandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._H._Khurshid" class="mw-redirect" title="K. H. Khurshid">K. H. Khurshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Khawaja Nazimuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Husain" title="Mahmud Husain">Mahmud Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Amir_Ahmed_Khan" title="Mohammad Amir Ahmed Khan">Mohammad Amir Ahmed Khan</a> (Raja Saheb of Mahmudabad)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zafarullah_Khan" title="Muhammad Zafarullah Khan">Muhammad Zafarullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Mohammad_Isa" class="mw-redirect" title="Qazi Mohammad Isa">Qazi Mohammad Isa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%27ana_Liaquat_Ali_Khan" title="Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan">Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Ali_Thanwi" title="Ashraf Ali Thanwi">Ashraf Ali Thanwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbir_Ahmad_Usmani" title="Shabbir Ahmad Usmani">Shabbir Ahmad Usmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafar_Ali_Khan" title="Zafar Ali Khan">Zafar Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_the_Pakistan_Movement" title="Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Movement_activists" title="Category:Pakistan Movement activists">Activists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Nizami" title="Hamid Nizami">Hamid Nizami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Haroon" title="Abdullah Haroon">Abdullah Haroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Haroon" title="Yusuf Haroon">Yusuf Haroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Haroon" title="Mahmoud Haroon">Mahmoud Haroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altaf_Husain" title="Altaf Husain">Altaf Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamjee_Haji_Dawood" title="Adamjee Haji Dawood">Adamjee Haji Dawood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shafi_Deobandi" title="Muhammad Shafi Deobandi">Muhammad Shafi Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zafar_Ahmad_Usmani" title="Zafar Ahmad Usmani">Zafar Ahmad Usmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ali_Lahori" title="Ahmed Ali Lahori">Ahmed Ali Lahori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Barkat_Ali" title="Malik Barkat Ali">Malik Barkat Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aslam_Khattak" title="Aslam Khattak">Aslam Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Khattak" title="Yusuf Khattak">Yusuf Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mian_Iftikharuddin" title="Mian Iftikharuddin">Mian Iftikharuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahnawaz_Khan_Mamdot" title="Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot">Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iftikhar_Hussain_Khan_Mamdot" title="Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot">Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Hayat_Khan" title="Sikandar Hayat Khan">Sikandar Hayat Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Hayat_Khan" title="Shaukat Hayat Khan">Shaukat Hayat Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Ahmad" title="Ziauddin Ahmad">Ziauddin Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Ahmad_Haleem" title="Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem">Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem</a></li> <li>Maulana <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Rasool_Mehr" title="Ghulam Rasool Mehr">Ghulam Rasool Mehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Said" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakim Said">Hakeem Mohammad Saeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Ghulam_Abbas" title="Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas">Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abdul_Qayyum_Khan" title="Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan">Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Ibrahim_Khan" title="Sardar Ibrahim Khan">Sardar Ibrahim Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fida_Mohammad_Khan" title="Fida Mohammad Khan">Fida Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_(Muslim_leader)" title="Abdul Qadir (Muslim leader)">Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._M._Sharif" title="M. M. Sharif">M. M. Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahibzada_Abdul_Qayyum" title="Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum">Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaludin_Abdur_Rahim" title="Jalaludin Abdur Rahim">Jalaludin Abdur Rahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z._A._Suleri" title="Z. A. Suleri">Z. A. Suleri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Allana" title="G. Allana">G. Allana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtiaq_Hussain_Qureshi" title="Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi">Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Baba" title="Jalal Baba">Jalal Baba</a> of NWFP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Abdul_Ghafoor_Hazarvi" title="Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi">Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Karam_Shah_al-Azhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari">Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_ul-Hasanat" title="Amin ul-Hasanat">Amin ul-Hasanat</a> (Pir of Manki Sharif)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Wajid_Ali" title="Syed Wajid Ali">Syed Wajid Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafeez_Jalandhari" title="Hafeez Jalandhari">Hafeez Jalandhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahanara_Shahnawaz" title="Jahanara Shahnawaz">Jahanara Shahnawaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Abdullah_Haroon" title="Lady Abdullah Haroon">Lady Abdullah Haroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ismail_Zabeeh" title="Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh">Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Begum_(politician)" title="Fatima Begum (politician)">Fatima Begum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naseer_Ahmad_Malhi" title="Naseer Ahmad Malhi">Naseer Ahmad Malhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Saeed_Nagi" title="Ahmed Saeed Nagi">Ahmed Saeed Nagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niaz_Ali_Khan_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niaz Ali Khan (politician)">Niaz Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Habibullah_Khan_Saadi" title="Amir Habibullah Khan Saadi">Amir Habibullah Khan Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Rahimtoola" title="Habib Rahimtoola">Habib Rahimtoola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_al_Mujahid" title="Sharif al Mujahid">Sharif al Mujahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Sughra_Begum" title="Fatima Sughra Begum">Fatima Sughra Begum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Sattar_Khan_Niazi" title="Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi">Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viqar-un-Nisa_Noon" title="Viqar-un-Nisa Noon">Viqar-un-Nisa Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Abdullah_Khan_Rokhri" title="Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri">Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Qadri_Badayuni" title="Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni">Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Aurang_Zeb_Khan" title="Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan">Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ropari" title="Abdullah Ropari">Abdullah Ropari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ibrahim_Mir_Sialkoti" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ibrahim Mir Sialkoti">Muhammad Ibrahim Mir Sialkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_Movement_activists" title="Category:Pakistan Movement activists">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_Pakistan" title="Category:Books about Pakistan">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idea_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Idea of Pakistan">Idea of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah:_India,_Partition,_Independence" title="Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence">Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Afghanistan_and_Baluchistan" title="Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan">Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan:_A_Personal_History" title="Pakistan: A Personal History">Pakistan: A Personal History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">The Myth of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Lieven" title="Anatol Lieven">Pakistan: A Hard Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Now_or_Never;_Are_We_to_Live_or_Perish_Forever%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?">Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Causes of Indian Mutiny of 1857</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="National symbols of Pakistan">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minar-e-Pakistan" title="Minar-e-Pakistan">Minar-e-Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab-e-Pakistan" title="Bab-e-Pakistan">Bab-e-Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Monument" title="Pakistan Monument">Pakistan Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaid" title="Mazar-e-Quaid">Mazar-e-Quaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziarat_Residency" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziarat Residency">Ziarat Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Muhammad_Iqbal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal's Tom'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Mansion" title="Wazir Mansion">Wazir Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Pakistan" title="National Library of Pakistan">National Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaliq_Deena_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaliq Deena Hall">Deena Public Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab-e-Khyber" title="Bab-e-Khyber">Bab-e-Khyber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinnah Terminal">Jinnah Terminal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Pakistan" title="Public holidays in Pakistan">In Memory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Day" title="Pakistan Day">Youm-e-Pakistan (23 March)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_(Pakistan)" title="Constitution Day (Pakistan)">Youm-e-Dastur (10 April)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youm-e-Takbir" title="Youm-e-Takbir">Youm-e-Takbir (28 May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Pakistan)" title="Independence Day (Pakistan)">Youm-e-Azadi (14 August)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Day" title="Defence Day">Youm-e-Difah (6 September)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir_Day" title="Azad Kashmir Day">Youm-e-Tasees (24 October)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqbal_Day" title="Iqbal Day">Youm-e-Iqbal (9 November)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bara_Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Bara Din">Youm-e-Viladat (25 December)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors-general_of_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors-general_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Governors-general of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors-general_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Governors-general of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors-general_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors-general of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors-general_of_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Pakistan" title="Governor-General of Pakistan">Governors-general of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja_Nazimuddin" title="Khawaja Nazimuddin">Nazimuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Ghulam_Muhammad" title="Malik Ghulam Muhammad">Ghulam Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Ali_Mirza" title="Iskandar Ali Mirza">Mirza</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_Pakistan_(1952%E2%80%931956).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Standard of the governor-general of Pakistan"><img alt="Standard of the governor-general of Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_Pakistan_%281952%E2%80%931956%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_Pakistan_%281952%E2%80%931956%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_Pakistan_%281952%E2%80%931956%29.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_Pakistan_%281952%E2%80%931956%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_Pakistan_%281952%E2%80%931956%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_Pakistan_%281952%E2%80%931956%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Presidents of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Presidents of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">Presidents of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/100px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/150px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/200px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Ali_Mirza" title="Iskandar Ali Mirza">Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan">Ayub Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazal_Ilahi_Chaudhry" title="Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry">Ilahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasim_Sajjad" title="Wasim Sajjad">Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farooq_Leghari" title="Farooq Leghari">Leghari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasim_Sajjad" title="Wasim Sajjad">Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rafiq_Tarar" title="Muhammad Rafiq Tarar">Tarar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Musharraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Soomro" title="Muhammad Mian Soomro">Soomro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Zardari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamnoon_Hussain" title="Mamnoon Hussain">Mamnoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arif_Alvi" title="Arif Alvi">Alvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Zardari</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="260" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="4"><div>Italics indicate acting Presidents</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Speaker_National_Assembly_Pakistan" title="Template:Speaker National Assembly Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Speaker_National_Assembly_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Speaker National Assembly Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Speaker_National_Assembly_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Speaker National Assembly Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Pakistan" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan">Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><figure class="mw-halign-left mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/100px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/150px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/200px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulvi_Tamizuddin_Khan" title="Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan">Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Wahab_Khan_(politician)" title="Abdul Wahab Khan (politician)">Abdul Wahab Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlul_Qadir_Chaudhry" title="Fazlul Qadir Chaudhry">Fazlul Qadir Chaudhry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Jabbar_Khan_(20th-century_politician)" title="Abdul Jabbar Khan (20th-century politician)">Abdul Jabbar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazal_Ilahi_Chaudhry" title="Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry">Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahibzada_Farooq_Ali" title="Sahibzada Farooq Ali">Sahibzada Farooq Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Meraj_Khalid" title="Malik Meraj Khalid">Malik Meraj Khalid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhar_Imam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakhar Imam">Fakhar Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Nasir_Chattha" title="Hamid Nasir Chattha">Hamid Nasir Chattha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gohar_Ayub_Khan" title="Gohar Ayub Khan">Gohar Ayub Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani" class="mw-redirect" title="Yousaf Raza Gillani">Yousaf Raza Gillani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elahi_Bux_Soomro" title="Elahi Bux Soomro">Elahi Bux Soomro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Amir_Hussain" title="Chaudhry Amir Hussain">Chaudhry Amir Hussain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahmida_Mirza" title="Fahmida Mirza">Fahmida Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Ayaz_Sadiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Ayaz Sadiq">Sardar Ayaz Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asad_Qaiser" title="Asad Qaiser">Asad Qaiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Pervaiz_Ashraf" title="Raja Pervaiz Ashraf">Raja Pervaiz Ashraf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_symbols_of_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="Template:National symbols of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:National symbols of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National symbols of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_symbols_of_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="National symbols of Pakistan">National symbols of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qaumi_Taranah" title="Qaumi Taranah">Qaumi Taranah</a> (national anthem)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_emblem_of_Pakistan" title="State emblem of Pakistan">State emblem of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Pakistan" title="Flag of Pakistan">Flag of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith,_Unity,_Discipline" title="Faith, Unity, Discipline">Faith, Unity, Discipline</a> (motto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (national language)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> (Father of the Nation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a> (National poet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Fatima Jinnah</a> (Mother of the Nation)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cedrus_deodara" title="Cedrus deodara">Cedrus deodara</a> (national tree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukar_partridge" title="Chukar partridge">Chukar partridge</a> (national bird)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_officinale" title="Jasminum officinale">Jasminum officinale</a> (national flower)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor">Markhor</a> (national animal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_leopard" title="Snow leopard">Snow leopard</a> (national animal)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_Mosque" title="Faisal Mosque">Faisal Mosque</a> (mosque)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar-e-Quaid" title="Mazar-e-Quaid">Mazar-e-Quaid</a> (mausoleum)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minar-e-Pakistan" title="Minar-e-Pakistan">Minar-e-Pakistan</a> (monument)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Monument" title="Pakistan Monument">Pakistan Monument</a> (monument)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/42px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/18px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/28px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/36px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160554#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160554#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160554#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081429044">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/64013678">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/47357/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqbrF8QYT7xrvRmdqm68C">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119184702">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79145321">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119520727">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119520727">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00758963">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UTOV508365">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35247070">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20070820005&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070313016">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90396920">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hftx1qj133vm7nm">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810594384205606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/222106">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263582305171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614787206706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA11661117?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/880896">Trove</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027493237">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6959sr4">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/cinnah-muhammed-ali">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah&oldid=1257970035">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah&oldid=1257970035</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Category:Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1876_births" title="Category:1876 births">1876 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1948_deaths" title="Category:1948 deaths">1948 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_deaths_from_tuberculosis" title="Category:20th-century deaths from tuberculosis">20th-century deaths from tuberculosis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All-India_Muslim_League_politicians" title="Category:All-India Muslim League politicians">All-India Muslim League politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_City,_University_of_London" title="Category:Alumni of City, University of London">Alumni of City, University of London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_Inns_of_Court_School_of_Law" title="Category:Alumni of the Inns of Court School of Law">Alumni of the Inns of Court School of Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cathedral_and_John_Connon_School_alumni" title="Category:Cathedral and John Connon School alumni">Cathedral and John Connon School alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Church_Mission_School_alumni" title="Category:Church Mission School alumni">Church Mission School alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Converts_to_Sunni_Islam_from_Shia_Islam" title="Category:Converts to Sunni Islam from Shia Islam">Converts to Sunni Islam from Shia Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Expatriates_from_British_India_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Expatriates from British India in the United Kingdom">Expatriates from British India in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Governors-general_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Governors-general of Pakistan">Governors-general of Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_National_Congress_politicians" title="Category:Indian National Congress politicians">Indian National Congress politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_newspaper_founders" title="Category:Indian newspaper founders">Indian newspaper founders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Infectious_disease_deaths_in_Sindh" title="Category:Infectious disease deaths in Sindh">Infectious disease deaths in Sindh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jinnah_family" title="Category:Jinnah family">Jinnah family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lawyers_from_Karachi" title="Category:Lawyers from Karachi">Lawyers from Karachi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Central_Legislative_Assembly_of_India" title="Category:Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India">Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_Lincoln%27s_Inn" title="Category:Members of Lincoln's Inn">Members of Lincoln's Inn</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Fabian_Society" title="Category:Members of the Fabian Society">Members of the Fabian Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Imperial_Legislative_Council_of_India" title="Category:Members of the Imperial Legislative Council of India">Members of the Imperial Legislative Council of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Pakistan_Philosophical_Congress" title="Category:Members of the Pakistan Philosophical Congress">Members of the Pakistan Philosophical Congress</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Pakistan" title="Category:National symbols of Pakistan">National symbols of Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistani_barristers" title="Category:Pakistani barristers">Pakistani barristers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistani_former_Shia_Muslims" title="Category:Pakistani former Shia Muslims">Pakistani former Shia Muslims</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistani_MNAs_1947%E2%80%931954" title="Category:Pakistani MNAs 1947–1954">Pakistani MNAs 1947–1954</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistani_newspaper_founders" title="Category:Pakistani newspaper founders">Pakistani newspaper founders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistani_people_of_Gujarati_descent" title="Category:Pakistani people of Gujarati descent">Pakistani people of Gujarati descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistani_Sunni_Muslims" title="Category:Pakistani Sunni Muslims">Pakistani Sunni Muslims</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Partition_of_India" title="Category:Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Karachi" title="Category:Politicians from Karachi">Politicians from Karachi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Presidents of Pakistan">Presidents of Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sindh_Madressatul_Islam_University_alumni" title="Category:Sindh Madressatul Islam University alumni">Sindh Madressatul Islam University alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tuberculosis_deaths_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Tuberculosis deaths in Pakistan">Tuberculosis deaths in Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_Mumbai_alumni" title="Category:University of Mumbai alumni">University of Mumbai alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muhajir_people" title="Category:Muhajir people">Muhajir people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Karachi" title="Category:People from Karachi">People from Karachi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Mumbai" title="Category:People from Mumbai">People from Mumbai</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Urdu-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Urdu-language text">Articles containing Urdu-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Urdu_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Urdu IPA">Pages with Urdu IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Gujarati-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Gujarati-language text">Articles containing Gujarati-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Gujarati_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Gujarati IPA">Pages with Gujarati IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Featured_articles" title="Category:Featured articles">Featured articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Pakistani_English_from_September_2024" title="Category:Use Pakistani English from September 2024">Use Pakistani English from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Pakistani_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English">All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2024">Use dmy dates from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hatnote_templates_targeting_a_nonexistent_page" title="Category:Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page">Articles with hatnote templates targeting a nonexistent page</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 12:56 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-sqbd2","wgBackendResponseTime":216,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.927","walltime":"3.395","ppvisitednodes":{"value":31728,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":430350,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":100916,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":23,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":415032,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2887.611 1 -total"," 23.08% 666.486 257 Template:Sfn"," 21.73% 627.418 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 9.74% 281.167 2 Template:Reflist"," 9.51% 274.644 38 Template:Cite_book"," 5.32% 153.515 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 4.53% 130.938 4 Template:Nobold"," 4.39% 126.694 1 Template:Lang"," 4.19% 121.005 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.00% 115.579 279 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.718","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25107064,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdamec2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAziz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanerjee1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBawany1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBolitho\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell-Johnson1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawn2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawn2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawn2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesai2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEleazar2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngineer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamdani2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHibbard\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHusain\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffrelot2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJalal\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJinnah,_Fatima\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarim2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKazimi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenworthy1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorejo1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindrea,_Victoria2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLumby1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalik\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalik2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehmood1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohiuddin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoini2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasr2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNavid2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNishapuri2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoorani2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOfficial_website\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPirbhai2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuri\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRGandhi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaghavan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRead\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeervai2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSekhar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharif2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddique2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghMishra2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSitapati2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwamy1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbot1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTudor2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_News_of_India1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolpert\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolpert1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiring1980\"] = 1,\n [\"Quaid-e-Azam_Day\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 38,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 10,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Jinnah, Muhammad Ali\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Frac\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Governors-General of Pakistan\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-ur\"] = 1,\n [\"Indian Independence Movement\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 2,\n [\"Muhammad Ali Jinnah\"] = 1,\n [\"Muhammad Ali Jinnah sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nastaliq\"] = 2,\n [\"National symbols of Pakistan\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Pakistan Movement\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Presidents of Pakistan\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 2,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 257,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 17,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Speaker National Assembly Pakistan\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 6,\n [\"Use Pakistani English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","480","27.3"],["?","340","19.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","6.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","120","6.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","4.5"],["(for generator)","60","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","3.4"],["type","40","2.3"],["date","40","2.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","2.3"],["[others]","380","21.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-tggkq","timestamp":"20241124053403","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Muhammad Ali Jinnah","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q160554","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q160554","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-01-18T17:01:36Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T12:56:04Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cc\/Jinnah1945c.jpg","headline":"Politician and the founder of Pakistan (1876\u20131948)"}</script> </body> </html>