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href="#Initial_public_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Initial public service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_public_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence_Secretary_(1975–77)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence_Secretary_(1975–77)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Defence Secretary (1975–77)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence_Secretary_(1975–77)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minister_of_Finance_(1977–85)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_of_Finance_(1977–85)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Minister of Finance (1977–85)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_of_Finance_(1977–85)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate_Chairman_(1985–88)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate_Chairman_(1985–88)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Senate Chairman (1985–88)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate_Chairman_(1985–88)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_of_Pakistan_(1988–93)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_of_Pakistan_(1988–93)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>President of Pakistan (1988–93)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-President_of_Pakistan_(1988–93)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle President of Pakistan (1988–93) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-President_of_Pakistan_(1988–93)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judicial_and_military_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_and_military_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Judicial and military appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_and_military_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dismissal_of_Bhutto_and_Sharif_governments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dismissal_of_Bhutto_and_Sharif_governments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Dismissal of Bhutto and Sharif governments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dismissal_of_Bhutto_and_Sharif_governments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philanthropy,_retirement_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philanthropy,_retirement_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Philanthropy, retirement and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philanthropy,_retirement_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="غلام إسحاق خان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غلام إسحاق خان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="गुलाम इशाक खान – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="गुलाम इशाक खान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qulam_%C4%B0shaq_Xan" title="Qulam İshaq Xan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qulam İshaq Xan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="গোলাম ইসহাক খান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গোলাম ইসহাক খান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%86%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гулам Ісхак Хан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гулам Ісхак Хан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BC_%CE%99%CF%83%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%BA_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Γκουλάμ Ισχάκ Χαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκουλάμ Ισχάκ Χαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="غلام اسحاق خان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غلام اسحاق خان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%B4%EB%9E%8C_%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%95%98%ED%81%AC_%EC%B9%B8" title="굴람 이스하크 칸 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="굴람 이스하크 칸" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ग़ुलाम इशाक़ ख़ान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग़ुलाम इशाक़ ख़ान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%27%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%90%D7%A7_%D7%97%27%D7%90%D7%9F" title="ע'ולאם איסחאק ח'אן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ע'ולאם איסחאק ח'אן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D0%AB%D1%81%D2%9B%D0%B0%D2%9B_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гүләм Ысқақ Хан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гүләм Ысқақ Хан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="गुलाम इसाक खान – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="गुलाम इसाक खान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="गुलाम इशाक खान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुलाम इशाक खान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جلام اسحاق خان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جلام اسحاق خان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="गुलाम इसाक खान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गुलाम इसाक खान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="グラーム・イスハーク・ハーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グラーム・イスハーク・ハーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="غلام اسحاق خان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="غلام اسحاق خان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Хан, Гулам Исхак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хан, Гулам Исхак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2_%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱤᱥᱟᱠ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱩᱞᱟᱢ ᱤᱥᱟᱠ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%98%D1%81%D2%B3%D0%BE%D2%9B_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ғулом Исҳоқ Хон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ғулом Исҳоқ Хон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulam_%C4%B0shak_Han" title="Gulam İshak Han – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gulam İshak Han" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%86%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гулам Ісхак Хан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гулам Ісхак Хан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="غلام اسحاق خان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="غلام اسحاق خان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E6%B2%99%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%B1%97" title="吴拉姆·伊沙克·汗 – Wu" lang="wuu" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="ur"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">غلام اسحاق خان</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="209" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="199" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">7th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />17 August 1988 – 18 July 1993<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Acting_President_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Acting President of Pakistan">Acting</a>: 17 August 1988 – 12 December 1988</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Mustafa_Jatoi" title="Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi">Ghulam Mustafa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Caretaker)</span> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Balakh_Sher_Mazari" title="Balakh Sher Mazari">Balakh Sher Mazari</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Caretaker)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wasim_Sajjad" title="Wasim Sajjad">Wasim Sajjad</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(acting)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan">Chairman of the Senate</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />21 March 1985 – 12 December 1988</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sajjad_Hussain_Qureshi" title="Sajjad Hussain Qureshi">Sajjad Hussain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khan_Habibullah_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Habibullah Khan">Habibullah Khan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wasim_Sajjad" title="Wasim Sajjad">Wasim Sajjad</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">13th <a href="/wiki/Finance,_Revenue_and_Economic_Affairs_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance, Revenue and Economic Affairs Minister of Pakistan">Minister of Finance, Revenue & Economic Affairs</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 July 1977 – 21 March 1985</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fazal_Ilahi_Chaudhry" title="Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry">Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hafiz_Pirzada" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Hafiz Pirzada">Abdul Hafiz Pirzada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahbub_ul_Haq" title="Mahbub ul Haq">Mahbub ul Haq</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Defence_Secretary_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Secretary of Pakistan">Defence Secretary of Pakistan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 October 1975 – 5 July 1977</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Fazal Muqeem Khan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Major-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major-General">Maj-Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Jilani_Khan" title="Ghulam Jilani Khan">Ghulam Jilani Khan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">6th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_State_Bank_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the State Bank of Pakistan">Governor of the State Bank of Pakistan</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 December 1971 – 30 November 1975</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shahkur_Ullah_Durrani" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahkur Ullah Durrani">Shahkur Durrani</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/S._Osman_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="S. Osman Ali">S. O. Ali</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1915-01-20</span>)</span>20 January 1915<br /><a href="/wiki/Bannu_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Bannu district">Bannu</a>, <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">NWFP</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Now, <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">27 October 2006<span style="display:none">(2006-10-27)</span> (aged 91)<br /><a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">NWFP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Now, <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Pawaka Graveyard University Town, Peshawar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Indian</a> (1916–1947)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistani</a> (1947–2006)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Peshawar" title="University of Peshawar">University of Peshawar</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">(BSc)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Bot.</a>)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Civil_Services_Academy_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Services Academy Lahore">Civil Services Academy</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ghulam Ishaq Khan</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (20 January 1915 – 27 October 2006), commonly known by his initials <b>GIK</b>, was a Pakistani bureaucrat, politician and statesman who served as the seventh <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">president of Pakistan</a> from 1988 to 1993. He previously served as <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan">Chairman of the Senate</a> from 1985 to 1988 under president <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a>, and was sworn in shortly after <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Death of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia's death</a>. </p><p>Raised in <a href="/wiki/Bannu" title="Bannu">Bannu</a>, Khan graduated from <a href="/wiki/Peshawar_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshawar University">Peshawar University</a> and entered the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service" title="Indian Civil Service">Indian Civil Service</a>, opting for <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">independence</a> in 1947. Appointed the first chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Water_and_Power_Development_Authority" title="Water and Power Development Authority">Water and Power Development Authority</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Field_Marshal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)">Ayub Khan</a> in 1961, Ghulam Ishaq also served as <a href="/wiki/Finance_Secretary_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance Secretary of Pakistan">Finance Secretary</a> from 1966 to 1970. A year later, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_State_Bank_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the State Bank of Pakistan">Governor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_Pakistan" title="State Bank of Pakistan">State Bank</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>, before being made <a href="/wiki/Defence_Secretary_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Secretary of Pakistan">Defence Secretary</a> in 1975, assisting with <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_its_Nuclear_Deterrent_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program">Pakistan's atomic bomb programme</a>. He was retained by President <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a> as <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)">Finance Minister</a> in 1977, overseeing the country's highest <a href="/wiki/GDP_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP growth">GDP growth</a> average. Elected <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan">Chairman of the Senate</a> in 1985, Khan was elevated to the presidency after <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Zia-ul-Haq">Zia's death in an air crash</a> on 17 August 1988. He was elected president on 13 December, as the consensus candidate of the <a href="/wiki/Islami_Jamhoori_Ittehad" title="Islami Jamhoori Ittehad">Islami Jamhoori Ittehad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_People%27s_Party" title="Pakistan People's Party">Pakistan People's Party</a>. </p><p>The oldest person to serve as president, Ghulam Ishaq Khan played a hawkish role against <a href="/wiki/Communist_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Afghanistan">Communist Afghanistan</a>, while <a href="/wiki/US-Pakistan_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="US-Pakistan relations">relations with</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> deteriorated following the <a href="/wiki/Pressler_amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressler amendment">Pressler amendment</a>. Domestically, Khan's term faced challenges: ethnic riots flared in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> accused him of frustrating her government as part of an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)" title="Pakistan Muslim League (N)">conservative opposition</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> and the post-Zia military establishment. Khan invoked the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">Eighth Amendment</a> and dismissed Benazir's government after just 20 months, <a href="/wiki/Corruption_charges_against_Benazir_Bhutto_and_Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Corruption charges against Benazir Bhutto and Asif Ali Zardari">on charges of rampant corruption and misgovernance</a>. Sharif was <a href="/wiki/1990_Pakistani_general_election" title="1990 Pakistani general election">elected Prime Minister in 1990</a>, but Khan dismissed his government on similar charges three years later. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court</a> overturned the dismissal, but the gridlock ultimately led to both men resigning in 1993. He was the founder of his namesake <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute">Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute</a>. </p><p>Retiring from public service, Khan served as <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="No citation for him being rector of GIKI (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan_Institute_of_Engineering_Sciences_and_Technology" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology">GIK Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology</a> in his native province, dying from <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> in 2006. He is viewed contentiously by Pakistani historians; he is credited with personal <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a>, but criticized for wielding an <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocratic presidency</a> that ousted two governments.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_UK_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_UK-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ghulam Ishaq Khan was born in <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Khel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismail Khel">Ismail Khel</a>, a rural locality on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Bannu_District" title="Bannu District">Bannu District</a>, both villages in the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%931955)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)">North-West Frontier Province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Empire">British Indian Empire</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_UK_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_UK-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Herald_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Herald-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a <a href="/wiki/Pashtun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun">Pashtun</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bangash" title="Bangash">Bangash</a> tribe. His family remains active in politics; his son-in-law is former federal minister <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Saifullah_Khan" title="Anwar Saifullah Khan">Anwar Saifullah Khan</a> while another son-in-law is former Sindh minister and advisor, <a href="/wiki/Irfanullah_Khan_Marwat" title="Irfanullah Khan Marwat">Irfanullah Khan Marwat</a>. A granddaughter of his, <a href="/wiki/Samar_Haroon_Bilour" title="Samar Haroon Bilour">Samar Haroon Bilour</a>, was married to <a href="/wiki/Haroon_Bilour" title="Haroon Bilour">Haroon Bilour</a> of the ANP and another to <a href="/wiki/Omar_Ayub_Khan" title="Omar Ayub Khan">Omar Ayub Khan</a>, the grandson of former <a href="/wiki/Military_dictator" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictator">military dictator</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Field_Marshal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)">Ayub Khan</a> and son of politician <a href="/wiki/Gohar_Ayub_Khan" title="Gohar Ayub Khan">Gohar Ayub Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-newPaper_dawn_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newPaper_dawn-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his schooling in <a href="/wiki/Bannu" title="Bannu">Bannu</a>, Khan first attended the <a href="/wiki/Islamia_College_Peshawar" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamia College Peshawar">Islamia College</a> before making <a href="/wiki/College_transfer" title="College transfer">transfer</a> to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Peshawar" title="University of Peshawar">Peshawar University</a>. He obtained <a href="/wiki/Double_major" class="mw-redirect" title="Double major">double</a> <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BSc</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a><sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_UK_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_UK-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_UK_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_UK-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-News_International,_2015_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-News_International,_2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially looking for a university job, Khan joined the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service" title="Indian Civil Service">Indian Civil Service</a> in 1941, serving in various provincial assignments on behalf of <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Empire">British India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-News_International,_2015_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-News_International,_2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">independence</a> in 1947, Khan opted for <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and was assigned to the bureaucracy of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_North-West_Frontier_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of North-West Frontier Province">provincial government</a> of <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province_(1901%E2%80%931955)" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)">North-West Frontier Province</a> in 1947. He took over the provincial secretariat as the secretary of the irrigation department, which he held until 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_UK_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_UK-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Initial_public_service">Initial public service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Initial public service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1956, Khan was appointed in the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sindh" title="Government of Sindh">provincial government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sindh" title="Government of Sindh">Home Secretary</a>, but was later appointed Secretary of Department of Development and Irrigation by the Sindh government.<sup id="cite_ref-Palgrave_Macmillan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palgrave_Macmillan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, he was elevated to federal government level, and assigned to the secretariat control of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Agriculture (Pakistan)">Ministry of Agriculture</a> (MoA), an appointment approved by the President Ayub Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-Palgrave_Macmillan_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palgrave_Macmillan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1958, Khan had been serving on the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_governors" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of governors">Board of Governors</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Water_and_Power_Development_Authority" title="Water and Power Development Authority">Water and Power Development Authority</a> (WAPDA), before being elevated to chairman in 1961. As Chairman, he played a vital role in the construction and financial development of <a href="/wiki/Mangla_Dam" title="Mangla Dam">Mangla Dam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warsak_Dam" title="Warsak Dam">Warsak Dam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Palgrave-Macmillan_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palgrave-Macmillan-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yahya_Khan_handing_over_power_to_Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Yahya_Khan_handing_over_power_to_Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto.jpg/220px-Yahya_Khan_handing_over_power_to_Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Yahya_Khan_handing_over_power_to_Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto.jpg/330px-Yahya_Khan_handing_over_power_to_Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Yahya_Khan_handing_over_power_to_Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto.jpg/440px-Yahya_Khan_handing_over_power_to_Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a> handing over power to <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a> with <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a> watching, 20 December 1971. They are together 3 Presidents of Pakistan</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1966, Khan left the chairmanship to be appointed as the <a href="/wiki/Finance_Secretary_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance Secretary of Pakistan">Federal Finance Secretary</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Government of Pakistan</a> until 1970, which he relinquished to incoming Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Palgrave_Macmillan_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palgrave_Macmillan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Pakistan's loss to India in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a>, Khan was called to administer all retail and commercial services pertaining to the national economy tattered by war.<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_archives,_2006_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_archives,_2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1971, Bhutto appointed him <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_State_Bank_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of State Bank of Pakistan">Governor of State Bank of Pakistan</a> when he was tasked to formulate and administer monetary and credit policy in accordance with Government policy with influence of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Independent,_UK_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent,_UK-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the latter position, he questioned the wisdom of many of the economic policies of then-<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar_Ali_Bhutto" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto">Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto</a> who was keen to intensify his nationalization and socialist influence in the financial institutions that marked the slow down of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Independent,_UK_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent,_UK-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-United_States_Government_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_States_Government-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defence_Secretary_(1975–77)"><span id="Defence_Secretary_.281975.E2.80.9377.29"></span>Defence Secretary (1975–77)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Defence Secretary (1975–77)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1975, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar_Ali_Bhutto" class="mw-redirect" title="Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a> transferred him from Governor of the <a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_Pakistan" title="State Bank of Pakistan">State Bank</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Defence (Pakistan)">Ministry of Defence</a> as <a href="/wiki/Defence_Secretary_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Secretary of Pakistan">Defence Secretary</a>. It was a fortuitous move in that it brought him into close contact with the Pakistani military establishment and enabled him to closely manage the nuclear weapons program.<sup id="cite_ref-United_States_Government_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_States_Government-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though an unusual assignment for a financial expert, this appointment made him a powerful bureaucrat in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Govt_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Govt-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During that time, Khan became closer to General <a href="/wiki/General_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="General Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a> and had later coveted for <a href="/wiki/General_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="General Zia-ul-Haq">General Zia-ul-Haq</a>'s appointment as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">chief of army staff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-United_States_Government_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_States_Government-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Defence Secretary, he helped manage Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_Nuclear_Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan and Nuclear Weapons">atomic bomb project</a> and had been directly associated with the program.<sup id="cite_ref-Dr._Abdul_Qadeer_Khan_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr._Abdul_Qadeer_Khan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khan was a vehement support of the program and saw it as a "national priory".<sup id="cite_ref-Dr._Abdul_Qadeer_Khan_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr._Abdul_Qadeer_Khan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He backed the advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theorist</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadeer_Khan" title="Abdul Qadeer Khan">Abdul Qadeer Khan</a> and helped establishing the <a href="/wiki/Engineering_Research_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering Research Laboratories">Engineering Research Laboratories</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kahuta" title="Kahuta">Kahuta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-News_International,_2015_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-News_International,_2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He headed the Uranium Coordination Board (UCB) which consisted of <a href="/wiki/Aftab_Ghulam_Nabi_Kazi" title="Aftab Ghulam Nabi Kazi">AGN Kazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munir_Ahmad_Khan" title="Munir Ahmad Khan">Munir Ahmad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agha_Shahi" title="Agha Shahi">Agha Shahi</a>. Khan recommended <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ali_Nawab" title="Syed Ali Nawab">S A Nawab</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Hilal-i-Imtiaz" title="Hilal-i-Imtiaz">Hilal-i-Imtiaz</a> medal in recognition of Nawab's work in establishing <a href="/wiki/Khan_Research_Laboratories" title="Khan Research Laboratories">Khan Research Laboratories</a>. Later, in the 1980s Khan helped consolidate the efforts at <a href="/wiki/Engineering_Research_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering Research Laboratories">ERL</a> under <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-General">Lt. Gen.</a> <a href="/wiki/Zahid_Ali_Akbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahid Ali Akbar">Zahid Ali Akbar</a> as its first military director.<sup id="cite_ref-Dr._Abdul_Qadeer_Khan_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr._Abdul_Qadeer_Khan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He approved the <a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_Pakistan" title="Geological Survey of Pakistan">survey</a> by field officer, Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Zahid_Ali_Akbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahid Ali Akbar">Akbar</a> in 1976. Khan also helped secure the funds for the <a href="/wiki/Engineering_Research_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineering Research Laboratories">ERL</a> and lobbying for General <a href="/wiki/Zahid_Ali_Akbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahid Ali Akbar">Akbar</a>'s promotion as the <a href="/wiki/Engineer-in-Chief_(Pakistan_Army)" title="Engineer-in-Chief (Pakistan Army)">Engineer-in-Chief</a> in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-Dr._Abdul_Qadeer_Khan_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr._Abdul_Qadeer_Khan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khan cemented close relations with Dr. <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadeer_Khan" title="Abdul Qadeer Khan">Abdul Qadeer Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Munir_Ahmad_Khan" title="Munir Ahmad Khan">Munir Ahmad Khan</a>, and remained Qadeer Khan's staunch loyal.<sup id="cite_ref-Dr._Abdul_Qadeer_Khan_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr._Abdul_Qadeer_Khan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His involvement and support earned him the nickname "<i>Mr Nuke</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_UK_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_UK-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Independent,_UK_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent,_UK-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> diplomats, while the <a href="/wiki/News_channels_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="News channels in Pakistan">new media</a> dubbed him as "<i>Baba <a href="/wiki/Atom_Bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom Bomb">Atom Bomb</a></i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan_Herald_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan_Herald-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the contrary, Khan did not have the directorial role in the atomic bomb program until Munir Ahmad Khan retired.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanford_University_Press_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanford_University_Press-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he maintained complete logistic and operational control over <a href="/wiki/Khan_Research_Laboratories" title="Khan Research Laboratories">ERL</a> project from the time of its inception using Major General <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ali_Nawab" title="Syed Ali Nawab">S A Nawab</a> who reported to Ghulam Ishaq at the Ministry of Defence. After Munir Ahmad Khan took retirement from <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission">Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission</a> (PAEC), President Ghulam Ishaq Khan eventually consolidated the entire program under the civic-military control, and supervised the classified projects of the program. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minister_of_Finance_(1977–85)"><span id="Minister_of_Finance_.281977.E2.80.9385.29"></span>Minister of Finance (1977–85)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Minister of Finance (1977–85)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was ousted in a <a href="/wiki/1977_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 Pakistani coup d'état">staged coup d'état</a> in 1977, Khan played a crucial role in the event of stabilizing <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">chief of army staff</a> General <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a>'s capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-Dr._Abdul_Qadeer_Khan_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr._Abdul_Qadeer_Khan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After meeting with the military leadership at the <a href="/wiki/JS_HQ_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="JS HQ (Pakistan)">JS HQ</a>, Khan reportedly marked that: "this action was going to harm the country, but since it could not be reversed, they should do their best to salvage whatever they could."<sup id="cite_ref-Dr._Abdul_Qadeer_Khan_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dr._Abdul_Qadeer_Khan-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was immediately elevated as <a href="/wiki/Finance_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance Minister of Pakistan">Finance Minister</a> by General <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a>, who acted as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Martial_Law_Administrator" title="Chief Martial Law Administrator">Chief Martial Law Administrator</a> (CMLA).<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_Press_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_Press-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A team of economic experts and <a href="/wiki/Technocrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Technocrat">technocrats</a> were assembled in the management of Khan, giving him the authority over the <a href="/wiki/Planning_Commission_(Pakistan)" title="Planning Commission (Pakistan)">Planning Commission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_Coordination_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Coordination Committee">Economic Coordination Committee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Executive_Committee_of_the_Space_Research_Council" title="Executive Committee of the Space Research Council">Executive Committee of the Space Research Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_Press_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_Press-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khan worked towards controlling the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan economy">national economy</a> while harnessing the damaged <a href="/wiki/Corporate_sector_of_Pakistan" title="Corporate sector of Pakistan">Private sector</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_Press_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_Press-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beard_Books_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beard_Books-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977, Khan endorsed General Haq's bid for becoming the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a>, who tightened the grip of <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial law in Pakistan">martial law</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">country</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, Khan backed the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization of Economy">economic Islamization</a> by introducing the <a href="/wiki/Risk-free_interest_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk-free interest rate">risk-free interest rate</a> system as well as establishing the <a href="/wiki/Corporate_sector_of_Pakistan" title="Corporate sector of Pakistan">corporatization</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Pakistan" title="Industry of Pakistan">industrial sector</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_Press_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_Press-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khan managed the revenue collection and provided the modern shape in the <a href="/wiki/State_owned_enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="State owned enterprises">state–owned enterprises</a> (SOEs) that were established in a <a href="/wiki/Nationalization_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalization in Pakistan">nationalization</a> in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Potomac_Books_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potomac_Books-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His policies and economic expertise ultimately resulted in the improvement in <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross domestic product of Pakistan">GDP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross national product">GNP</a> progress, helping Pakistan's economy become among the fastest-growing in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sushil_Khanna_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sushil_Khanna-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He maintained his ties with the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Nuclear_Society" title="Pakistan Nuclear Society">nuclear society</a> and gave strong priority for the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_its_Nuclear_Deterrent_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan and its Nuclear Deterrent Program">nuclear deterrence</a> as channelling financial funds for the development of the atomic bomb projects. Khan gave <a href="/wiki/Tax_free" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax free">tax free</a> status to the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Credit_and_Commerce_International" title="Bank of Credit and Commerce International">Bank of Credit and Commerce International</a> (BCCI).<sup id="cite_ref-Palgrave_Macmillan_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palgrave_Macmillan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1983, Khan was among the invited secret dignitaries who witnessed the first <a href="/wiki/Cold_fission" title="Cold fission">Cold fission test</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirana-I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirana-I">Kirana-I</a>; along with attendees General <a href="/wiki/Zahid_Ali_Akbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Zahid Ali Akbar">Zahid Ali</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Engineer-in-Chief_(Pakistan_Army)" title="Engineer-in-Chief (Pakistan Army)">(E-in-C</a>)</span>, General <a href="/wiki/Khalid_Mahmud_Arif" title="Khalid Mahmud Arif">KM Arif</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">(COAS)</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Vice-Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Vice-Marshal">AVM</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_John_O%27Brian" title="Michael John O'Brian">MJ O'Brian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Air_Officer_Commanding" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Officer Commanding">(AOC)</a></span>), and <a href="/wiki/Munir_Ahmad_Khan" title="Munir Ahmad Khan">Munir Ahmad</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Chair <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission">PAEC</a>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984, Khan supported the <a href="/wiki/1984_Pakistani_Islamisation_programme_referendum" title="1984 Pakistani Islamisation programme referendum">referendum</a> for <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization of Pakistan">Islamization</a> held by <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Senate_Chairman_(1985–88)"><span id="Senate_Chairman_.281985.E2.80.9388.29"></span>Senate Chairman (1985–88)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Senate Chairman (1985–88)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/1985_Pakistani_general_election" title="1985 Pakistani general election">non-partisan</a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan" title="Elections in Pakistan">general elections</a> held in 1985, Khan was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Mahbub_ul_Haq" title="Mahbub ul Haq">Mahbub ul Haq</a>– an economist.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Govt_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Govt-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khan decided to participate in the upcoming <a href="/wiki/Indirect_election" title="Indirect election">indirect</a> <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Pakistan" title="Elections in Pakistan">senate elections</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">independent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Govt_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Govt-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, he became the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Senate</a> and remained intact in that capacity until 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Govt_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Govt-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the controversial and mysterious <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Zia-ul-Haq">aviation accident</a> occurred in <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur" title="Bahawalpur">Bahawalpur</a>, Khan appeared on national television and announced the death of General Zia-ul-Haq.<sup id="cite_ref-PTV_archives_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PTV_archives-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Constitution of Pakistan">Constitution of Pakistan</a>, Khan was the second in the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_President_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Line of succession to the President of Pakistan">line of succession to the President of Pakistan</a>. However, General <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Aslam_Beg" title="Mirza Aslam Beg">Mirza Aslam Beg</a> called out for the <a href="/wiki/1988_Pakistani_general_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Pakistani general elections">general elections</a> in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the elections, Khan served as an acting president in accordance with the Constitutional rules of succession.<sup id="cite_ref-US_Govt_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US_Govt-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="President_of_Pakistan_(1988–93)"><span id="President_of_Pakistan_.281988.E2.80.9393.29"></span>President of Pakistan (1988–93)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: President of Pakistan (1988–93)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1988_Pakistani_presidential_election" title="1988 Pakistani presidential election">1988 Pakistani presidential election</a></div> <p>Reaching the mutual understanding with the <a href="/wiki/Left_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left wing">leftist</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> (PPP), Khan participated in <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani elections">presidential elections</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">PPP</a> platform.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khan secured 608 votes in the elections, competing against four other candidates; he was also supported by the conservative <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Democratic_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Democratic Alliance">IDA</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of assuming the office of president, he became the oldest president of Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As president, Khan was marred with political struggle with <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> who attempted for pushing the bill to reverse the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Khan was in a conflict with <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a> Bhutto in two areas; the appointment of the military chiefs of staff and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan">Justices</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court of Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khan consolidated his position in controlling the nuclear deterrence program, keeping all the control over its direction. Problems arose when Prime Minister Bhutto made contact with <a href="/wiki/Munir_Ahmad_Khan" title="Munir Ahmad Khan">Munir Ahmad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadeer_Khan" title="Abdul Qadeer Khan">Abdul Qadeer Khan</a> over the program's direction, which frustrated Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-Palgrave_Macmillan_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palgrave_Macmillan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economic growth slowed down and introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Pressler_amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressler amendment">US Embargo</a> on Pakistan caused a great economic panic in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Palgrave_Macmillan_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palgrave_Macmillan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1990s, Khan and Bhutto failed to arrest the 30% fall in the value of <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Rupee" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani Rupee">₨.</a> from 21 to 30 to the <a href="/wiki/US_Dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="US Dollar">US $</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Palgrave_Macmillan_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palgrave_Macmillan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khan struggled to control the <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and order in Pakistan">law and order</a> in the country after witnessing the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet troops</a>' <a href="/wiki/Soviet_troop_withdrawal_from_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet troop withdrawal from Afghanistan">withdrawal</a> from <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Palgrave_Macmillan_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palgrave_Macmillan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although, he maintained an ally of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EIR_Archives_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIR_Archives-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_and_military_appointments">Judicial and military appointments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Judicial and military appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soon after assuming the presidency, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan's conflict arise with Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto's invalid and inappropriate appointments in nation's <a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Court system of Pakistan">court system</a>, which were primarily political rather than meeting merit.<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 281">: 281 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Princeton_University_Press,_Haggard_&_Kaufman_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Princeton_University_Press,_Haggard_&_Kaufman-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of <a href="/wiki/Bainazir_Bhuttoo_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Bainazir Bhuttoo Government">Benazir government</a>'s recommendations for judicial appointments were voided and the judicial appointments made by the President himself became a controversial issue in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press,_Karachi_University,_Shah_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press,_Karachi_University,_Shah-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 141–227">: 141–227 </span></sup> </p><p>The appointments of chiefs of staff in the command of the military was another issue where the President Khan was in conflict with the Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in 1989.<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 77">: 77 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lancer_Publishers,_RSN_Singh_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancer_Publishers,_RSN_Singh-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Khan also confirmed <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Yastur-ul-Haq_Malik" title="Yastur-ul-Haq Malik">Yastur-ul-Haq Malik</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Naval Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Naval staff</a> and raised no objections.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge._29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge.-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan confirmed the nomination of <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Iftikhar_Ahmed_Sirohey" title="Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey">Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)">Chairman joint chiefs</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Aslam_Beg" title="Mirza Aslam Beg">Mirza Aslam Beg</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">chief of army staff</a> in 1988, President Khan notably used his presidential powers to retain <a href="/wiki/Iftikhar_Ahmed_Sirohey" title="Iftikhar Ahmed Sirohey">Admiral Sirohey</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chairman_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)">Chairman joint chiefs</a> and defused any attempts made by Prime Minister Bhutto for <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Aslam_Beg" title="Mirza Aslam Beg">General Beg</a> as the new chairman joint chiefs to control the military.<sup id="cite_ref-Woodrow_Wilson_Center_Press_Kux_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woodrow_Wilson_Center_Press_Kux-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 302–303">: 302–303 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1990, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan reportedly denied the term extension of General <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Aslam_Beg" title="Mirza Aslam Beg">Mirza Aslam Beg</a> despite Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a>'s urging.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge._29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge.-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also raised objections and further vetoed the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-General">Lieutenant-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Gul" title="Hamid Gul">Hamid Gul</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Director-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Director-General">DG</a> <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">ISI</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Army_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Army Staff</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Army" title="Pakistan Army">Pakistan Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge._29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge.-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, he favoured appointing General <a href="/wiki/Asif_Nawaz_Khan_Janjua" class="mw-redirect" title="Asif Nawaz Khan Janjua">Asif Nawaz</a> as Chief of Army Staff.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge._29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge.-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the advice of Prime Minister Sharif, he confirmed <a href="/wiki/Air_Chief_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Chief Marshal">Air Chief Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Farooq_Feroze_Khan" title="Farooq Feroze Khan">Farooq Feroze</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Air_Staff_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)">Chief of Air Staff</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Pakistan Air Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge._29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge.-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dismissal_of_Bhutto_and_Sharif_governments">Dismissal of Bhutto and Sharif governments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dismissal of Bhutto and Sharif governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As economic and <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and order in Pakistan">law and order</a> crises deepened, Khan used the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan</a> to dismiss <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Prime Minister of Pakistan">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a>'s government over <a href="/wiki/Corruption_charges_against_Benazir_Bhutto_and_Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Corruption charges against Benazir Bhutto and Asif Ali Zardari">corruption</a> charges and deteriorating <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and order in Pakistan">law and order</a> situation and called fresh elections.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After holding the <a href="/wiki/1993_Pakistani_general_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1993 Pakistani general elections">general elections</a> in 1993, he supported <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> as the Prime Minister and his <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Democratic_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Democratic Alliance">IDA</a> government.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Problems with Sharif arose with the issue of reversing the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan" title="Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan">Eighth Amendment</a> when Sharif tried to pass the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, he used the same Amendment to dismiss Sharif's government on similar charges. However, Sharif retaliated by bringing a <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuit</a> against him in the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan" title="Supreme Court of Pakistan">Supreme Court of Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation_23-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Khan's attempt to use the Eighth Amendment was deemed illegal by the Court and Sharif was reinstated as the Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation_23-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political deadlock persisted and after the joint intervention of the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Pakistan" title="Judiciary of Pakistan">judiciary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani military">military</a>, both Khan and Sharif were forced to resign.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation_23-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philanthropy,_retirement_and_death"><span id="Philanthropy.2C_retirement_and_death"></span>Philanthropy, retirement and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Philanthropy, retirement and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1988, Khan founded the <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan_Institute_of_Engineering_Sciences_and_Technology" title="Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology">Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-newPaper_dawn_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newPaper_dawn-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which runs programmes in engineering, science and technology. The university was established with the financial support from the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Credit_and_Commerce_International" title="Bank of Credit and Commerce International">BCCI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Palgrave_Macmillan_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palgrave_Macmillan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He invited <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadeer_Khan" title="Abdul Qadeer Khan">A Q Khan</a> who took the professorship of physics and delegated <a href="/wiki/Asghar_Qadir" title="Asghar Qadir">Asghar Qadir</a>, a PAEC <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>, to take professorship in mathematics.<sup id="cite_ref-Palgrave_Macmillan_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palgrave_Macmillan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He again negotiated with the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">PPP</a> for the presidency but eventually dropped as a candidate in favour of <a href="/wiki/Farooq_Ahmed_Khan_Leghari" class="mw-redirect" title="Farooq Ahmed Khan Leghari">Farooq Leghari</a> in <a href="/wiki/1993_Pakistani_general_election" title="1993 Pakistani general election">general elections</a> held in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-Independent,_UK_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent,_UK-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He retired from the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Pakistan" title="Politics of Pakistan">national politics</a> and avoided contact with international and domestic <a href="/wiki/News_channels_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="News channels in Pakistan">news media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation_23-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died on 27 October 2006, after a bout of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-newPaper_dawn_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newPaper_dawn-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a>: <span lang="ur" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">غلام اسحاق خان</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Telegraph_UK-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_UK_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_UK_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_UK_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_UK_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_UK_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph_UK_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStaff_report2006" class="citation news cs1">Staff report (28 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1532587/Ghulam-Ishaq-Khan.html">"Obituary: Ghulam Ishaq Khan"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Ghulam+Ishaq+Khan&rft.date=2006-10-28&rft.au=Staff+report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F1532587%2FGhulam-Ishaq-Khan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pakistan_Herald-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Herald_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan_Herald_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120629090154/http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/Ghulam-Ishaq-Khan-1185">"Ghulam Ishaq Khan"</a>. <i>Pakistan Herald</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pakistanherald.com/Profile/Ghulam-Ishaq-Khan-1185">the original</a> on 29 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Herald&rft.atitle=Ghulam+Ishaq+Khan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pakistanherald.com%2FProfile%2FGhulam-Ishaq-Khan-1185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newPaper_dawn-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newPaper_dawn_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newPaper_dawn_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newPaper_dawn_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIntikhab_Amir2006" class="citation journal cs1">Intikhab Amir (28 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/2006/10/28/top1.htm">"Ghulam Ishaq Khan passes away"</a>. Dawn Newspaper, Pakistan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ghulam+Ishaq+Khan+passes+away&rft.date=2006-10-28&rft.au=Intikhab+Amir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2F2006%2F10%2F28%2Ftop1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-News_International,_2015-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-News_International,_2015_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-News_International,_2015_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-News_International,_2015_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2015" class="citation news cs1">Khan, A. Q. (26 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150726160500/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-9-298122-An-indomitable-man">"An indomitable man"</a>. <i>Special biographical accounts by Dr. A. Q. Khan, published at the News International</i>. News International, 2015. News International, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-9-298122-An-indomitable-man">the original</a> on 26 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Special+biographical+accounts+by+Dr.+A.+Q.+Khan%2C+published+at+the+News+International&rft.atitle=An+indomitable+man&rft.date=2015-01-26&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=A.+Q.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2FTodays-News-9-298122-An-indomitable-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palgrave_Macmillan-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palgrave_Macmillan_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palgrave_Macmillan_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palgrave_Macmillan_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palgrave_Macmillan_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palgrave_Macmillan_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palgrave_Macmillan_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palgrave_Macmillan_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palgrave_Macmillan_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palgrave_Macmillan_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palgrave_Macmillan_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2006" class="citation book cs1">Russell, James A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ESfIAAAAQBAJ&q=ghulam+ishaq+khan+nuclear&pg=PA100"><i>Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East directions and policy options in the new century</i></a> (1st ed.). Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1403977240" title="Special:BookSources/1403977240"><bdi>1403977240</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proliferation+of+weapons+of+mass+destruction+in+the+Middle+East+directions+and+policy+options+in+the+new+century&rft.place=Houndmills%2C+Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire%2C+England&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1403977240&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DESfIAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dghulam%2Bishaq%2Bkhan%2Bnuclear%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palgrave-Macmillan-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Palgrave-Macmillan_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot1998" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, Ian (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBs0HdpKuaQC&q=ghulam+ishaq+khan+civil+service&pg=PA386">"Ghulam Ishaq Khan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(google books)</span>. <i>Pakistan : a modern history</i> (3rd ed.). New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 386–387. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230623040" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230623040"><bdi>978-0230623040</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ghulam+Ishaq+Khan&rft.btitle=Pakistan+%3A+a+modern+history&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=386-387&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0230623040&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZBs0HdpKuaQC%26q%3Dghulam%2Bishaq%2Bkhan%2Bcivil%2Bservice%26pg%3DPA386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn_archives,_2006-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_archives,_2006_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIntikhab_Amir2006" class="citation web cs1">Intikhab Amir (28 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.dawn.com/2006/10/28/top1.htm">"Ghulam Ishaq Khan passes away"</a>. <i>Dawn News Group</i>. Dawn<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dawn+News+Group&rft.atitle=Ghulam+Ishaq+Khan+passes+away&rft.date=2006-10-28&rft.au=Intikhab+Amir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.dawn.com%2F2006%2F10%2F28%2Ftop1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Independent,_UK-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Independent,_UK_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Independent,_UK_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Independent,_UK_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Independent,_UK_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2006" class="citation news cs1">Staff (30 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/ghulam-ishaq-khan-422213.html">"Quiet' president of Pakistan who sacked two prime ministers"</a>. <i>Independent, UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Independent%2C+UK&rft.atitle=Quiet%27+president+of+Pakistan+who+sacked+two+prime+ministers&rft.date=2006-10-30&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fghulam-ishaq-khan-422213.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-United_States_Government-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-United_States_Government_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-United_States_Government_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-United_States_Government_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff" class="citation web cs1">Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/77.htm">"President Ghulam Ishaq Khan"</a>. <i>US Government (Country Studies)</i>. United States Government<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Government+%28Country+Studies%29&rft.atitle=President+Ghulam+Ishaq+Khan&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fpakistan%2F77.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_Govt-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-US_Govt_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_Govt_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_Govt_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_Govt_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-US_Govt_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Govt" class="citation web cs1">US Govt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9878.html">"President Ghulam Ishaq Khan as Power Broker"</a>. US Govt<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+Ghulam+Ishaq+Khan+as+Power+Broker&rft.pub=US+Govt&rft.au=US+Govt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.country-data.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr-9878.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dr._Abdul_Qadeer_Khan-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dr._Abdul_Qadeer_Khan_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dr._Abdul_Qadeer_Khan_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dr._Abdul_Qadeer_Khan_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dr._Abdul_Qadeer_Khan_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dr._Abdul_Qadeer_Khan_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dr._Abdul_Qadeer_Khan_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dr._Abdul_Qadeer_Khan_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAQ_Khan2010" class="citation web cs1">AQ Khan (6 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://columnscorner.blogspot.com/2010/03/bhutto-gik-and-kahuta.html">"Bhutto, GIK and Kahuta"</a>. <i>Dr. A Q Khan</i>. Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dr.+A+Q+Khan&rft.atitle=Bhutto%2C+GIK+and+Kahuta&rft.date=2010-03-06&rft.au=AQ+Khan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcolumnscorner.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F03%2Fbhutto-gik-and-kahuta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanford_University_Press-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_University_Press_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2012" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Feroz Hassan (2012). <i>Eating grass the making of the Pakistani bomb</i>. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804784801" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804784801"><bdi>978-0804784801</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eating+grass+the+making+of+the+Pakistani+bomb&rft.place=Palo+Alto&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0804784801&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Feroz+Hassan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood_Press-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_Press_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_Press_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_Press_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_Press_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarazmand1996" class="citation book cs1">Farazmand, Ali, ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iSW5FKVYH4wC&q=ghulam+ishaq+khan+Minister+of+Finance&pg=PA171"><i>Public enterprise management : international case studies</i></a> (1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press. pp. 171–176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-28025-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-28025-8"><bdi>0-313-28025-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+enterprise+management+%3A+international+case+studies&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=171-176&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-313-28025-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiSW5FKVYH4wC%26q%3Dghulam%2Bishaq%2Bkhan%2BMinister%2Bof%2BFinance%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beard_Books-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beard_Books_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeatyGwynne2004" class="citation book cs1">Beaty, Jonathan; Gwynne, S.C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M_vkgRD3QwwC&q=ghulam+ishaq+khan+finance+minister&pg=PA287"><i>The outlaw bank : a wild ride into the secret heart of BCCI</i></a> (Reprint. ed.). Washington, D.C.: Beard Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1587981467" title="Special:BookSources/1587981467"><bdi>1587981467</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+outlaw+bank+%3A+a+wild+ride+into+the+secret+heart+of+BCCI&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.edition=Reprint.&rft.pub=Beard+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1587981467&rft.aulast=Beaty&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Gwynne%2C+S.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM_vkgRD3QwwC%26q%3Dghulam%2Bishaq%2Bkhan%2Bfinance%2Bminister%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFstaff_writer2013" class="citation web cs1">staff writer (17 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://storyofpakistan.com/general-muhammad-zia-ul-haq/">"Zia Became President"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zia+Became+President&rft.date=2013-10-17&rft.au=staff+writer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstoryofpakistan.com%2Fgeneral-muhammad-zia-ul-haq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Potomac_Books-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Potomac_Books_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffey2011" class="citation book cs1">Duffey, James P. Farwell ; foreword by Joseph D. (2011). <i>The Pakistan cauldron conspiracy, assassination & instability</i> (1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1597979832" title="Special:BookSources/978-1597979832"><bdi>978-1597979832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pakistan+cauldron+conspiracy%2C+assassination+%26+instability&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Potomac+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1597979832&rft.aulast=Duffey&rft.aufirst=James+P.+Farwell+%3B+foreword+by+Joseph+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sushil_Khanna-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sushil_Khanna_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhanna" class="citation web cs1">Khanna, Sushil Khanna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv8n1/pakistan.htm">"The Crisis in the Pakistan Economy"</a>. Sushil Khanna<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Crisis+in+the+Pakistan+Economy&rft.pub=Sushil+Khanna&rft.aulast=Khanna&rft.aufirst=Sushil+Khanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revolutionarydemocracy.org%2Frdv8n1%2Fpakistan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401181303/http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/june/chagai.htm">"When Mountains Move – The Story of Chagai"</a>. Defencejournal.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/june/chagai.htm">the original</a> on 1 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Mountains+Move+%E2%80%93+The+Story+of+Chagai&rft.pub=Defencejournal.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defencejournal.com%2F2000%2Fjune%2Fchagai.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr2001" class="citation book cs1">Nasr (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islamicleviathan00nasr_0"><i>Islamic Leviathan : Islam and the Making of State Power: Islam and the</i></a></span>. New York [u.s]: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/019803296X" title="Special:BookSources/019803296X"><bdi>019803296X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Leviathan+%3A+Islam+and+the+Making+of+State+Power%3A+Islam+and+the&rft.place=New+York+%5Bu.s%5D&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=019803296X&rft.au=Nasr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislamicleviathan00nasr_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PTV_archives-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PTV_archives_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPTV_archives2007" class="citation web cs1">PTV archives (11 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBxUW0hfcP4">"Ghulam Ishaq Khan Announcing the death of Zia Ul Haq"</a>. PTV archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/XBxUW0hfcP4">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ghulam+Ishaq+Khan+Announcing+the+death+of+Zia+Ul+Haq&rft.pub=PTV+archives&rft.date=2007-11-11&rft.au=PTV+archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DXBxUW0hfcP4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blood, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Ed. by Peter R. (1995). Pakistan : a country study (6. ed., 1. print. ed.). Washington, D.C.: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Gov. Print. Off. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8444-0834-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8444-0834-4">0-8444-0834-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation_23-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation_23-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation_23-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation_23-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation_23-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStory_of_Pakistan_Press_Foundation2003" class="citation web cs1">Story of Pakistan Press Foundation (June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://storyofpakistan.com/ghulam-ishaq-khan-becomes-president/">"Ghulam Ishaq Khan becomes President"</a>. <i>storyofpakistan</i>. Story of Pakistan Press Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=storyofpakistan&rft.atitle=Ghulam+Ishaq+Khan+becomes+President&rft.date=2003-06&rft.au=Story+of+Pakistan+Press+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstoryofpakistan.com%2Fghulam-ishaq-khan-becomes-president%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/amp/453735">"Mamnoon Hussain becomes president at age of 73.5 years"</a>. <i>thenews.com.pk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thenews.com.pk&rft.atitle=Mamnoon+Hussain+becomes+president+at+age+of+73.5+years&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Farchive%2Famp%2F453735&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EIR_Archives-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EIR_Archives_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Hoyos1993" class="citation web cs1">de Hoyos, Linda (16 April 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larouchepub.com/eiw/public/1993/eirv20n15-19930416/eirv20n15-19930416_043-pakistan_in_iron_grip_of_ghulam.pdf">"Pakistan in iron grip of Ghulam Ishaq Khan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan+in+iron+grip+of+Ghulam+Ishaq+Khan&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=EIR+Archives&rft.date=1993-04-16&rft.aulast=de+Hoyos&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.larouchepub.com%2Feiw%2Fpublic%2F1993%2Feirv20n15-19930416%2Feirv20n15-19930416_043-pakistan_in_iron_grip_of_ghulam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Princeton_University_Press,_Haggard_&_Kaufman-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Princeton_University_Press,_Haggard_&_Kaufman_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaggardKaufman2016" class="citation book cs1">Haggard, Stephan; Kaufman, Robert R. (30 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NzH9CwAAQBAJ&q=ghulam+ishaq+khan+judicial+appointments&pg=PA281"><i>Dictators and Democrats: Masses, Elites, and Regime Change</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400882984" title="Special:BookSources/9781400882984"><bdi>9781400882984</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictators+and+Democrats%3A+Masses%2C+Elites%2C+and+Regime+Change&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016-08-30&rft.isbn=9781400882984&rft.aulast=Haggard&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft.au=Kaufman%2C+Robert+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNzH9CwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dghulam%2Bishaq%2Bkhan%2Bjudicial%2Bappointments%26pg%3DPA281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_University_Press,_Karachi_University,_Shah-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press,_Karachi_University,_Shah_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShāh2001" class="citation book cs1">Shāh, Sayyid Sajjād ʻĀlī (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=69ybAAAAMAAJ&q=ghulam+ishaq+khan+judicial+appointments"><i>Law Courts in a Glass House: An Autobiography</i></a>. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press, Karachi University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195795615" title="Special:BookSources/9780195795615"><bdi>9780195795615</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+Courts+in+a+Glass+House%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.place=Karachi%2C+Pakistan&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Karachi+University&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780195795615&rft.aulast=Sh%C4%81h&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Sajj%C4%81d+%CA%BB%C4%80l%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D69ybAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dghulam%2Bishaq%2Bkhan%2Bjudicial%2Bappointments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lancer_Publishers,_RSN_Singh-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lancer_Publishers,_RSN_Singh_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Ravi Shekhar Narain (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wCm2DFZblOYC&q=admiral++sirohey+soviet&pg=PA77"><i>The Military Factor in Pakistan</i></a>. Lancer Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780981537894" title="Special:BookSources/9780981537894"><bdi>9780981537894</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Factor+in+Pakistan&rft.pub=Lancer+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780981537894&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Ravi+Shekhar+Narain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwCm2DFZblOYC%26q%3Dadmiral%2B%2Bsirohey%2Bsoviet%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge.-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge._29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge._29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge._29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge._29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge._29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapur2006" class="citation book cs1">Kapur, Ashok (2006). <i>Pakistan in Crises</i>. United States: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1134989776" title="Special:BookSources/1134989776"><bdi>1134989776</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+in+Crises&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Routledge.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1134989776&rft.aulast=Kapur&rft.aufirst=Ashok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodrow_Wilson_Center_Press_Kux-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woodrow_Wilson_Center_Press_Kux_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKux2001" class="citation book cs1">Kux, Dennis (5 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LFzbDYmWVpwC&q=Sirohey+Beg+Bhutto&pg=PA303"><i>The United States and Pakistan, 1947–2000: Disenchanted Allies</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+Pakistan%2C+1947%E2%80%932000%3A+Disenchanted+Allies&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+Center+Press&rft.date=2001-06-05&rft.isbn=9780801865725&rft.aulast=Kux&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLFzbDYmWVpwC%26q%3DSirohey%2BBeg%2BBhutto%26pg%3DPA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P022">Ghulam Ishaq Khan Profile</a> Story of Pakistan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A079">Ghulam Ishaq Khan taking oath as the President of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/77.htm">In depth history of Khan's presidency</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6090684.stm">BBC News report of his death</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/2006/10/28/top1.htm">"Ghulam Ishaq Khan passes away" Report on the Dawn Newspaper website</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChacko1992" class="citation magazine cs1">Chacko, Arun (31 January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/neighbours/story/19920131-with-pakistan-president-ghulam-ishaq-khan-losing-ground-new-equations-being-thrashed-out-765767-2013-06-27">"With President Ghulam Ishaq Khan losing ground, new equations are being thrashed out"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=With+President+Ghulam+Ishaq+Khan+losing+ground%2C+new+equations+are+being+thrashed+out&rft.date=1992-01-31&rft.aulast=Chacko&rft.aufirst=Arun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fmagazine%2Fneighbours%2Fstory%2F19920131-with-pakistan-president-ghulam-ishaq-khan-losing-ground-new-equations-being-thrashed-out-765767-2013-06-27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhulam+Ishaq+Khan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Fazal Muqeem Khan</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Defence_Secretary_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Secretary of Pakistan">Defence Secretary of Pakistan</a> </b><br />1975–1977 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Jilani_Khan" title="Ghulam Jilani Khan">Ghulam Jilani Khan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hafiz_Pirzada" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Hafiz Pirzada">Abdul Hafiz Pirzada</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Finance_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance Minister of Pakistan">Minister of Finance</a> </b><br />1977–1985 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mahbub_ul_Haq" title="Mahbub ul Haq">Mahbub ul Haq</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Khan_Habibullah_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Habibullah Khan">Khan Habibullah Khan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan">Chairman of the Senate</a> </b><br />1985–1988 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wasim_Sajjad" title="Wasim Sajjad">Wasim Sajjad</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President of Pakistan</a> </b><br />1988–1993 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Farooq_Leghari" title="Farooq Leghari">Farooq Leghari</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Presidents of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Presidents of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">Presidents of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/100px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/150px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/200px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Ali_Mirza" title="Iskandar Ali Mirza">Mirza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan" title="Ayub Khan">Ayub Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Khan" title="Yahya Khan">Yahya Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazal_Ilahi_Chaudhry" title="Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry">Ilahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wasim_Sajjad" title="Wasim Sajjad">Sajjad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farooq_Leghari" title="Farooq Leghari">Leghari</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wasim_Sajjad" title="Wasim Sajjad">Sajjad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Rafiq_Tarar" title="Muhammad Rafiq Tarar">Tarar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Musharraf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Soomro" title="Muhammad Mian Soomro">Soomro</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Zardari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamnoon_Hussain" title="Mamnoon Hussain">Mamnoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arif_Alvi" title="Arif Alvi">Alvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari" title="Asif Ali Zardari">Zardari</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="4"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate acting Presidents</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Senate_of_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Senate of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Senate of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Senate of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Senate_of_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Senate of Pakistan">Senate of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan">Chairmen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habibullah_Khan_Marwat" title="Habibullah Khan Marwat">Habibullah Khan Marwat</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasim_Sajjad" title="Wasim Sajjad">Wasim Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Soomro" title="Muhammad Mian Soomro">Muhammad Mian Soomro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farooq_Naek" title="Farooq Naek">Farooq Naek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayyar_Hussain_Bukhari" title="Nayyar Hussain Bukhari">Nayyar Hussain Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_Rabbani" title="Raza Rabbani">Raza Rabbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Sanjrani" title="Sadiq Sanjrani">Sadiq Sanjrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Raza_Gillani" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf Raza Gillani">Yusuf Raza Gillani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chairman_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="Deputy Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan">Deputy Chairmen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdull_Malik_Baloch" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdull Malik Baloch">Abdull Malik Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajjad_Hussain_Qureshi" title="Sajjad Hussain Qureshi">Sajjad Hussain Qureshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Muhammad_Ali_Khan" title="Malik Muhammad Ali Khan">Malik Muhammad Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayed_Muhammad_Fazal_Agha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayed Muhammad Fazal Agha">Sayed Muhammad Fazal Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noor_Jehan_Panezai" title="Noor Jehan Panezai">Noor Jehan Panezai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Abdul_Jabbar_Khan" title="Mir Abdul Jabbar Khan">Mir Abdul Jabbar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Humayun_Khan_Marri" title="Mir Humayun Khan Marri">Mir Humayun Khan Marri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalilur_Rehman_(governor)" title="Khalilur Rehman (governor)">Khalilur Rehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mohammad_Jamali" title="Jan Mohammad Jamali">Jan Mohammad Jamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabir_Ali_Baloch" title="Sabir Ali Baloch">Sabir Ali Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghafoor_Haideri" title="Abdul Ghafoor Haideri">Abdul Ghafoor Haideri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleem_Mandviwalla" title="Saleem Mandviwalla">Saleem Mandviwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Muhammad_Afridi" title="Mirza Muhammad Afridi">Mirza Muhammad Afridi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syedaal_Khan_Nasar" title="Syedaal Khan Nasar">Syedaal Khan Nasar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_for_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the House for the Senate of Pakistan">Leader of the House</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rao_Abdus_Sattar" title="Rao Abdus Sattar">Rao Abdus Sattar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aitzaz_Ahsan" title="Aitzaz Ahsan">Aitzaz Ahsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasim_Sajjad" title="Wasim Sajjad">Wasim Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aitzaz_Ahsan" title="Aitzaz Ahsan">Aitzaz Ahsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Zafar-ul-Haq" title="Raja Zafar-ul-Haq">Raja Zafar-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibli_Faraz" title="Shibli Faraz">Shibli Faraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahzad_Waseem" title="Shahzad Waseem">Shahzad Waseem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaq_Dar" title="Ishaq Dar">Ishaq Dar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>...</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_Pakistani_Senate_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 Pakistani Senate election (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1997_Pakistani_Senate_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1997 Pakistani Senate election (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Pakistani_Senate_election" title="2003 Pakistani Senate election">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Pakistani_Senate_election" title="2006 Pakistani Senate election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Pakistani_Senate_election" title="2009 Pakistani Senate election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Pakistani_Senate_election" title="2012 Pakistani Senate election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Pakistani_Senate_election" title="2015 Pakistani Senate election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Pakistani_Senate_election" title="2018 Pakistani Senate election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Pakistani_Senate_election" title="2021 Pakistani Senate election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Pakistani_Senate_election" title="2024 Pakistani Senate election">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_senators_of_Pakistan" title="List of senators of Pakistan">Current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_committees_of_the_Senate_of_Pakistan" title="List of committees of the Senate of Pakistan">Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Finance_ministers_of_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Finance_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Finance Minister of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Finance_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Finance Minister of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Finance_Minister_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Finance Minister of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Finance_ministers_of_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Finance_minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance minister of Pakistan">Finance ministers of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Muhammad_(governor-general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Muhammad (governor-general)">Ghulam Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Muhammad_Ali" title="Chaudhry Muhammad Ali">Chaudhry Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Amjad_Ali" title="Syed Amjad Ali">Syed Amjad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shoaib" title="Muhammad Shoaib">Muhammad Shoaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N_M_Uqaili" class="mw-redirect" title="N M Uqaili">N M Uqaili</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syed_Mohammad_Ahsan" title="Syed Mohammad Ahsan">Syed Mohammad Ahsan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Ali_Khan_Qizilbash" title="Muzaffar Ali Khan Qizilbash">Muzaffar Ali Khan Qizilbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubashir_Hassan" title="Mubashir Hassan">Mubashir Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rana_Mohammad_Hanif_Khan" title="Rana Mohammad Hanif Khan">Rana Hanif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hafeez_Pirzada" title="Abdul Hafeez Pirzada">Abdul Hafeez Pirzada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahbub_ul_Haq" title="Mahbub ul Haq">Mahbub ul Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasin_Wattoo" title="Yasin Wattoo">Yasin Wattoo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahbub_ul_Haq" title="Mahbub ul Haq">Mahbub ul Haq</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartaj_Aziz" title="Sartaj Aziz">Sartaj Aziz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syed_Babar_Ali" title="Syed Babar Ali">Syed Babar Ali</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naveed_Qamar" title="Naveed Qamar">Naveed Qamar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shahid_Javed_Burki" title="Shahid Javed Burki">Shahid Javed Burki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartaj_Aziz" title="Sartaj Aziz">Sartaj Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaq_Dar" title="Ishaq Dar">Ishaq Dar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Aziz" title="Shaukat Aziz">Shaukat Aziz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salman_Shah_(economist)" title="Salman Shah (economist)">Salman Shah</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaq_Dar" title="Ishaq Dar">Ishaq Dar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naveed_Qamar" title="Naveed Qamar">Naveed Qamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Tarin" title="Shaukat Tarin">Shaukat Tarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hafeez_Shaikh" title="Abdul Hafeez Shaikh">Abdul Hafeez Shaikh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saleem_Mandviwalla" title="Saleem Mandviwalla">Saleem Mandviwalla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaq_Dar" title="Ishaq Dar">Ishaq Dar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miftah_Ismail" title="Miftah Ismail">Miftah Ismail</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shamshad_Akhtar" title="Shamshad Akhtar">Shamshad Akhtar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asad_Umar" title="Asad Umar">Asad Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hafeez_Shaikh" title="Abdul Hafeez Shaikh">Abdul Hafeez Shaikh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hammad_Azhar" title="Hammad Azhar">Hammad Azhar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaukat_Tarin" title="Shaukat Tarin">Shaukat Tarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miftah_Ismail" title="Miftah Ismail">Miftah Ismail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaq_Dar" title="Ishaq Dar">Ishaq Dar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shamshad_Akhtar" title="Shamshad Akhtar">Shamshad Akhtar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Aurangzeb" title="Muhammad Aurangzeb">Muhammad Aurangzeb</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/100px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/150px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/200px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="587" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate acting or caretaker finance ministers</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Finance_Secretary_of_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Finance_Secretary_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Finance Secretary of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Finance_Secretary_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Finance Secretary of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Finance_Secretary_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Finance Secretary of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Finance_Secretary_of_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Finance_Secretary_(Pakistan)" title="Finance Secretary (Pakistan)">Finance Secretary of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Turner_(civil_servant)" title="Victor Turner (civil servant)">Victor Turner</a> (1947-1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_(banker)" title="Abdul Qadir (banker)">Abdul Qadir</a> (1950-1952)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mumtaz_Hasan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mumtaz Hasan (page does not exist)">Mumtaz Hasan</a> (1952-1958)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hafiz_Abdul_Majid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hafiz Abdul Majid (page does not exist)">Hafiz Abdul Majid</a> (1958-1960)</li> <li>Mohammed Ayub (1960-1961)</li> <li>Mumtaz Mirza (1961-1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Muzaffar_Ahmad" title="Mirza Muzaffar Ahmad">Mirza Muzaffar Ahmad</a> (1963-1966)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a> (1966-1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftab_Ghulam_Nabi_Kazi" title="Aftab Ghulam Nabi Kazi">Aftab Ghulam Nabi Kazi</a> (1970-1973)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdur_Rauf_Shaikh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdur Rauf Shaikh (page does not exist)">Abdur Rauf Shaikh</a> (1973-1977)</li> <li>Aftab Ahmad Khan (1977-1979)</li> <li>Habibullah Baig (1979-1987)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Izharul_Haq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Izharul Haq (page does not exist)">Izharul Haq</a> (1987-1988)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saeed_Ahmad_Qureshi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saeed Ahmad Qureshi (page does not exist)">Saeed Ahmad Qureshi</a> (1988-1989)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R.A._Akhund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R.A. Akhund (page does not exist)">R.A. Akhund</a> (1989-1990)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saeed_Ahmad_Qureshi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saeed Ahmad Qureshi (page does not exist)">Saeed Ahmad Qureshi</a> (1990-1991)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qazi_Alimullah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qazi Alimullah (page does not exist)">Qazi Alimullah</a> (1991-1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Javed" title="Khalid Javed">Khalid Javed</a> (1992-1993)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qazi_Alimullah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qazi Alimullah (page does not exist)">Qazi Alimullah</a> (1993-1994)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Javed_Talat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Javed Talat (page does not exist)">Javed Talat</a> (1994-1996)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mian_Tayeb_Hasan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mian Tayeb Hasan (page does not exist)">Mian Tayeb Hasan</a> (1996-1996)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaudhry_Mueen_Afzal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaudhry Mueen Afzal (page does not exist)">Chaudhry Mueen Afzal</a> (1996-1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Javed" title="Khalid Javed">Khalid Javed</a> (1998-1999)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Younis_Khan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad Younis Khan (page does not exist)">Muhammad Younis Khan</a> (1999-2002)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nawid_Ahsan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nawid Ahsan (page does not exist)">Nawid Ahsan</a> (2002-2006)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanwir_Ali_Agha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanwir Ali Agha (page does not exist)">Tanwir Ali Agha</a> (2006-2007)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Waqar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad Waqar (page does not exist)">Ahmad Waqar</a> (2007-2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqar_Masood_Khan" title="Waqar Masood Khan">Waqar Masood Khan</a> (2008-2008)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Farrukh_Qayyum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farrukh Qayyum (page does not exist)">Farrukh Qayyum</a> (2008-2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqar_Masood_Khan" title="Waqar Masood Khan">Waqar Masood Khan</a> (2008-2009)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salman_Siddiq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salman Siddiq (page does not exist)">Salman Siddiq</a> (2009-2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqar_Masood_Khan" title="Waqar Masood Khan">Waqar Masood Khan</a> (2010-2012)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Wajid_Rana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdul Wajid Rana (page does not exist)">Abdul Wajid Rana</a> (2012-2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqar_Masood_Khan" title="Waqar Masood Khan">Waqar Masood Khan</a> (2013-2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Bajwa" title="Tariq Bajwa">Tariq Bajwa</a> (2017-2017)</li> <li>Shahid Mahmood (2017-2018)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arif_Ahmed_Khan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arif Ahmed Khan (page does not exist)">Arif Ahmed Khan</a> (2018-2019)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Younus_Dagha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammad Younus Dagha (page does not exist)">Mohammad Younus Dagha</a> (2019-2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naveed_Kamran_Baloch" title="Naveed Kamran Baloch">Naveed Kamran Baloch</a> (2019-2020)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamran_Ali_Afzal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamran Ali Afzal (page does not exist)">Kamran Ali Afzal</a> (2020-2021)</li> <li>Yusuf Khan (2021-2021)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamid_Yaqoob_Sheikh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamid Yaqoob Sheikh (page does not exist)">Hamid Yaqoob Sheikh</a> (2021-2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imdad_Ullah_Bosal" title="Imdad Ullah Bosal">Imdad Ullah Bosal</a> (2023-present)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/100px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/150px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/200px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="587" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_Bank_of_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:State_Bank_of_Pakistan" title="Template:State Bank of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:State_Bank_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:State Bank of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:State_Bank_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:State Bank of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_Bank_of_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_Pakistan" title="State Bank of Pakistan">State Bank of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">Pakistani rupee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Banking_and_Finance_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Banking and Finance (Pakistan)">National Institute of Banking and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Mint" title="Pakistan Mint">Pakistan Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_Pakistan_Museum_%26_Art_Gallery" title="State Bank of Pakistan Museum & Art Gallery">State Bank of Pakistan Museum & Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Museum,_Karachi" title="Victoria Museum, Karachi">Victoria Museum, Karachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Building_Finance_Company" title="House Building Finance Company">House Building Finance Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Pakistan" title="National Bank of Pakistan">National Bank of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Security_Printing_Corporation" title="Pakistan Security Printing Corporation">Pakistan Security Printing Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarai_Taraqiati_Bank_Limited" title="Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited">Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Educational institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Bankers_Pakistan" title="Institute of Bankers Pakistan">Institute of Bankers Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Banking_%26_Finance" title="National Institute of Banking & Finance">National Institute of Banking & Finance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raast" title="Raast">Raast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshan_Digital_Account" title="Roshan Digital Account">Roshan Digital Account</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_Pakistan_Sports_Complex" title="State Bank of Pakistan Sports Complex">State Bank of Pakistan Sports Complex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_State_Bank_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the State Bank of Pakistan">Governors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zahid_Husain_(banker)" title="Zahid Husain (banker)">Zahid Husain</a> (1948–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_(banker)" title="Abdul Qadir (banker)">Abdul Qadir</a> (1953–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shujaat_Ali_Hasnie" title="Shujaat Ali Hasnie">Hasnie</a> (1960–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahbubur_Raschid" title="Mahbubur Raschid">Mahbubur Raschid</a> (1967–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakirullah_Durrani" title="Shakirullah Durrani">Durrani</a> (1971)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghulam Ishaq Khan</a> (1971–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Osman_Ali" title="Syed Osman Ali">Syed Osman Ali</a> (1975–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftab_Ghulam_Nabi_Kazi" title="Aftab Ghulam Nabi Kazi">Kazi</a> (1978–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasim_Aon_Jafarey" title="Vasim Aon Jafarey">Vasim Aon Jafarey</a> (1986–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imtiaz_Alam_Hanfi" title="Imtiaz Alam Hanfi">Hanfi</a> (1988–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassim_Parekh" title="Kassim Parekh">Parekh</a> (1989–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imtiaz_Alam_Hanfi" title="Imtiaz Alam Hanfi">Hanfi</a> (1990–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yaqub" title="Muhammad Yaqub">Muhammad Yaqub</a> (1993–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishrat_Hussain" title="Ishrat Hussain">Ishrat Hussain</a> (1999–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamshad_Akhtar" title="Shamshad Akhtar">Shamshad Akhtar</a> (2006–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Salim_Raza" title="Syed Salim Raza">Salim Raza</a> (2009–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahid_Hafeez_Kardar" title="Shahid Hafeez Kardar">Kardar</a> (2010–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasin_Anwar" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasin Anwar">Yasin Anwar</a> (2011–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Mahmood_Wathra" title="Ashraf Mahmood Wathra">Wathra</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Bajwa" title="Tariq Bajwa">Bajwa</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Baqir" title="Reza Baqir">Reza</a> (2019–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murtaza_Syed" title="Murtaza Syed">Murtaza Syed</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameel_Ahmed" title="Jameel Ahmed">Jameel Ahmed</a> (2022–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314776#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314776#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q314776#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000029678756">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/68075625">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/252445/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJw8VVFc6VBYmY8FBk9xDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/170580016">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n89635094">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan&oldid=1255244172">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan&oldid=1255244172</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1915_births" title="Category:1915 births">1915 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2006_deaths" title="Category:2006 deaths">2006 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pashtun_politicians" title="Category:Pashtun politicians">Pashtun politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Bannu_District" title="Category:People from 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