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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="48FMsJufN8gWzt63563vxkfU0PYQxnst30V56NuVEE1JK3KbIv4mrQvet4XihEfiWQEyPdBdya4ZYFWR15wjQw" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Enteroviral Infections in the First Three Months of Life" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Pathogens" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Alberto Berardi" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/70598017/Enteroviral_Infections_in_the_First_Three_Months_of_Life" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Enteroviral Infections in the First Three Months of Life" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Enteroviruses (EVs) are an important source of infection in the paediatric age, with most cases concerning the neonatal age and early infancy. Molecular epidemiology is crucial to understand the circulation of main serotypes in a specific area and" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/136500566/47892739/36539453/s200_alberto.berardi.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/70598017/Enteroviral_Infections_in_the_First_Three_Months_of_Life" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Enteroviral Infections in the First Three Months of Life" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Enteroviruses (EVs) are an important source of infection in the paediatric age, with most cases concerning the neonatal age and early infancy. Molecular epidemiology is crucial to understand the circulation of main serotypes in a specific area and" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/AlbertoBerardi2" /> <meta name="description" content="Enteroviruses (EVs) are an important source of infection in the paediatric age, with most cases concerning the neonatal age and early infancy. Molecular epidemiology is crucial to understand the circulation of main serotypes in a specific area and" /> <title>(PDF) Enteroviral Infections in the First Three Months of Life</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/70598017/Enteroviral_Infections_in_the_First_Three_Months_of_Life" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'b092bf3a3df71cf13feee7c143e83a57eb6b94fb'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739833187000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739833187000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Enteroviruses (EVs) are an important source of infection in the paediatric age, with most cases concerning the neonatal age and early infancy. Molecular epidemiology is crucial to understand the circulation of main serotypes in a specific area and period due to their extreme epidemiological variability. The diagnosis of EVs infection currently relies on the detection of EVs RNA in biological samples (usually cerebrospinal fluid and plasma, but also throat swabs and feces) through a polymerase chain reaction assay. Although EVs infections usually have a benign course, they sometimes become life threatening, especially when symptoms develop in the first few days of life. Mortality is primarily associated with myocarditis, acute hepatitis, and multi-organ failure. Neurodevelopmental sequelae have been reported following severe infections with central nervous system involvement. Unfortunately, at present, the treatment of EVs infections is mainly supportive. The use of specific antivira...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Alberto Berardi","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AlbertoBerardi2"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2022-02-05","dateModified":"2022-10-12","headline":"Enteroviral Infections in the First Three Months of Life","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/80283223/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Pathogens"],"publication":"Pathogens","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"MDPI AG"},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/80283223/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/70598017/Enteroviral_Infections_in_the_First_Three_Months_of_Life"}</script><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: 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{"work":{"id":70598017,"created_at":"2022-02-05T13:40:07.742-08:00","from_world_paper_id":194736398,"updated_at":"2022-02-05T14:02:16.288-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Enteroviruses (EVs) are an important source of infection in the paediatric age, with most cases concerning the neonatal age and early infancy. Molecular epidemiology is crucial to understand the circulation of main serotypes in a specific area and period due to their extreme epidemiological variability. The diagnosis of EVs infection currently relies on the detection of EVs RNA in biological samples (usually cerebrospinal fluid and plasma, but also throat swabs and feces) through a polymerase chain reaction assay. Although EVs infections usually have a benign course, they sometimes become life threatening, especially when symptoms develop in the first few days of life. Mortality is primarily associated with myocarditis, acute hepatitis, and multi-organ failure. Neurodevelopmental sequelae have been reported following severe infections with central nervous system involvement. Unfortunately, at present, the treatment of EVs infections is mainly supportive. The use of specific antivira...","publisher":"MDPI AG","publication_name":"Pathogens"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Enteroviral Infections in the First Three Months of Life","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [136500566]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":80283223,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Enteroviral Infections in the First Three Months of Life”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/80283223/mini_magick20220205-5542-221r07.png?1644097268" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Enteroviral Infections in the First Three Months of Life</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="136500566" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlbertoBerardi2"><img alt="Profile image of Alberto Berardi" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/136500566/47892739/36539453/s65_alberto.berardi.jpg" />Alberto Berardi</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">Pathogens</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">14 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 70598017; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Enteroviruses (EVs) are an important source of infection in the paediatric age, with most cases concerning the neonatal age and early infancy. Molecular epidemiology is crucial to understand the circulation of main serotypes in a specific area and period due to their extreme epidemiological variability. The diagnosis of EVs infection currently relies on the detection of EVs RNA in biological samples (usually cerebrospinal fluid and plasma, but also throat swabs and feces) through a polymerase chain reaction assay. Although EVs infections usually have a benign course, they sometimes become life threatening, especially when symptoms develop in the first few days of life. Mortality is primarily associated with myocarditis, acute hepatitis, and multi-organ failure. Neurodevelopmental sequelae have been reported following severe infections with central nervous system involvement. Unfortunately, at present, the treatment of EVs infections is mainly supportive. The use of specific antivira...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":80283223,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/70598017/Enteroviral_Infections_in_the_First_Three_Months_of_Life"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":80283223,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/70598017/Enteroviral_Infections_in_the_First_Three_Months_of_Life"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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We prospectively studied the incidence of enterovirus infections via real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in blood, feces, and cerebrospinal fluid samples from infants р60 days old who had received a clinical diagnosis of sepsis. Forty-five patients were included: 19 were admitted to the pediatric wards of 2 general hospitals, and 26 had been hospitalized since birth in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a tertiary care hospital. None of the NICU patients developed enteroviral disease. In contrast, an enterovirus was detected in 11 (58%) of the patients admitted to the 2 general hospitals, 10 of whom (53%) showed evidence of systemic infection. Enterovirus infections are an important cause of sepsis in infants admitted to the hospital. Real-time PCR in serum was a rapid and sensitive method for diagnosis of enterovirus infection.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Diagnosis of Enterovirus Infection in the First 2 Months of Life by Real‐Time Polymerase Chain Reaction","attachmentId":74367645,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/61293373/Diagnosis_of_Enterovirus_Infection_in_the_First_2_Months_of_Life_by_Real_Time_Polymerase_Chain_Reaction","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/61293373/Diagnosis_of_Enterovirus_Infection_in_the_First_2_Months_of_Life_by_Real_Time_Polymerase_Chain_Reaction"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="14115115" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14115115/Neonatal_enterovirus_infections_emphasis_on_risk_factors_of_severe_and_fatal_infections">Neonatal enterovirus infections: emphasis on risk factors of severe and fatal infections</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33115704" href="https://taiwan.academia.edu/LuanyinChang">Luan-yin Chang</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 2003</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Objectives. Neonatal enterovirus infections have diverse manifestations, from asymptomatic to fatal. An understanding of the risk factors associated with severe cases might help to reduce enterovirus-related morbidity and mortality.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Neonatal enterovirus infections: emphasis on risk factors of severe and fatal infections","attachmentId":44588972,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14115115/Neonatal_enterovirus_infections_emphasis_on_risk_factors_of_severe_and_fatal_infections","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14115115/Neonatal_enterovirus_infections_emphasis_on_risk_factors_of_severe_and_fatal_infections"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="9440950" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9440950/Neonatal_Enterovirus_Infections_Reported_to_the_National_Enterovirus_Surveillance_System_in_the_United_States_1983_2003">Neonatal Enterovirus Infections Reported to the National Enterovirus Surveillance System in the United States, 1983???2003</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21993727" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NinoKhetsuriani">Nino Khetsuriani</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background: Neonatal enterovirus (EV) infections lead to a wide range of clinical manifestations, from mild febrile illness to severe, sometimes fatal, sepsislike disease. Methods: To determine the relationship of EV serotypes with the risk of neonatal infection and its fatal outcome, we analyzed data reported to the National Enterovirus Surveillance System (NESS) during 1983-2003. Results: Of the 26,737 EV detections reported during this period, neonates accounted for 2544 (11.4% of those with known age). Serotypes most commonly isolated from neonates included echovirus (E) 11 (14.0% of EV with known serotype), coxsackievirus (CV) B2 (8.9%), CVB5 (7.5%), E6, E9 and CVB4 (6.8% each). CVB1-4, E11, and E25 were significantly more common, whereas CVA16, E4, E9, E21, E30, and human parechovirus 1 (formerly E22) were less common among neonates than among persons aged Ն1 month. Fatal outcome was noted for 3.3% of reports, with neonates at a higher risk of death than persons aged Ն1 month (11.5% versus 2.5%; odds ratio ͓OR͔ 5.1; 95% confidence interval ͓CI͔ ϭ 3.3-7.8).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Neonatal Enterovirus Infections Reported to the National Enterovirus Surveillance System in the United States, 1983???2003","attachmentId":35681503,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9440950/Neonatal_Enterovirus_Infections_Reported_to_the_National_Enterovirus_Surveillance_System_in_the_United_States_1983_2003","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9440950/Neonatal_Enterovirus_Infections_Reported_to_the_National_Enterovirus_Surveillance_System_in_the_United_States_1983_2003"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="95575306" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/95575306/Enteroviral_Infections_in_Infants">Enteroviral Infections in Infants</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="203844642" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SrijanSingh51">Srijan Singh</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Newborn</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Enteroviruses (EVs) are major pathogens in young infants. These viruses were traditionally classified into the following four subgenera: polio, coxsackie A and B, and echoviruses. Now that poliomyelitis seems to be controlled in most parts of the world, coxsackie and echoviruses are gaining more attention because (i) the structural and pathophysiological similarities and (ii) the consequent possibilities in translational medicine. Enteroviruses are transmitted mainly by oral and fecal-oral routes; the clinical manifestations include a viral prodrome including fever, feeding intolerance, and lethargy, which may be followed by exanthema; aseptic meningitis and encephalitis; pleurodynia; myopericarditis; and multi-system organ failure. Laboratory diagnosis is largely based on reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, cell culture, and serology. Prevention and treatment can be achieved using vaccination, and administration of immunoglobulins and antiviral drugs. In this article, we have reviewed the properties of these viruses, their clinical manifestations, and currently available methods of detection, treatment, and prognosis.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Enteroviral Infections in Infants","attachmentId":97719673,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/95575306/Enteroviral_Infections_in_Infants","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/95575306/Enteroviral_Infections_in_Infants"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="5041000" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5041000/Clinical_and_epidemiological_aspects_of_an_enterovirus_outbreak_in_a_neonatal_unit">Clinical and epidemiological aspects of an enterovirus outbreak in a neonatal unit</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6713920" href="https://en-uoa-gr.academia.edu/IoannaPavlopoulou">Ioanna OR Joanna Pavlopoulou</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Hospital Infection, 2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">An outbreak of enterovirus infection occurred among neonates in a maternity hospital between July 7 and 22, 1999. Twenty neonates became ill (18 confirmed and two probable), an attack rate of 33%. The incubation period ranged from three to six days (mean, 4.2). The male : female ratio was 11 : 9 and the mean age at the onset of illness was 5.5 days. All the babies had fever, eight, a maculopapular rash, and six had symptoms of gastroenteritis, 11 developed meningitis. Nineteen neonates required hospitalization for three to seven days, but all were discharged home without sequelae. Enteroviral RNA was detected in all of 18 urines, and 14 cerebrospinal fluid specimens tested. A case±control study was conducted to determine risk factors associated with the outbreak. Rooming in the nursery ward was a significant risk factor (odds ratio 33.35; 95% confidence interval, 3.79±800; P 0.00002). No association was found between illness and other possible risk factors. Appropriate control measures resulted in resolution of the outbreak. Our findings demonstrate the potential for enteroviruses to cause widespread illness among newborns, and emphasize the usefulness of polymerase chain reaction in the early diagnosis of infection, and underline the role of effective control measures in interrupting viral transmission.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Clinical and epidemiological aspects of an enterovirus outbreak in a neonatal unit","attachmentId":33299109,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5041000/Clinical_and_epidemiological_aspects_of_an_enterovirus_outbreak_in_a_neonatal_unit","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5041000/Clinical_and_epidemiological_aspects_of_an_enterovirus_outbreak_in_a_neonatal_unit"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="57971821" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57971821/Clinical_characterization_of_neonatal_and_pediatric_enteroviral_infections_an_Italian_single_center_study">Clinical characterization of neonatal and pediatric enteroviral infections: an Italian single center study</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="136500566" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlbertoBerardi2">Alberto Berardi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Italian Journal of Pediatrics</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background: Enteroviruses (EVs) are an important cause of illness, especially in neonates and young infants. Clinical and laboratory findings at different ages, brain imaging, and outcomes have been inadequately investigated. Methods: We retrospectively investigated EV infections occurring at an Italian tertiary care center during 2006-2017. Cases were confirmed with a positive polymerase chain reaction on blood or cerebrospinal fluid. Clinical and laboratory findings according to age at presentation were analyzed. Results: Among 61 cases of EV infection, 56 had meningitis, 4 had encephalitis, and 1 had unspecific febrile illness. Fortyseven cases (77.0%) presented at less than 1 year of age, and most were less than 90 days of age (n = 44). Presentation with fever (p < 0.01), higher median temperature (p < 0.01), and irritability (p < 0.01) were significantly more common among infants aged less than 90 days, who also had significantly higher peak temperatures during the course of the disease (p < 0.01). In contrast, gastrointestinal symptoms were more common in infants and children aged over 90 days (p = 0.02). Only 4 of 61 infections (6.5%) were severe and all affected younger infants (p < 0.01). Conclusions: We detail epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory findings in a cohort of 61 children. Infants aged less than 90 days have more severe disease; they are more likely to present with fever, higher median temperature, and irritability and less likely to develop gastrointestinal symptoms.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Clinical characterization of neonatal and pediatric enteroviral infections: an Italian single center study","attachmentId":72610218,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/57971821/Clinical_characterization_of_neonatal_and_pediatric_enteroviral_infections_an_Italian_single_center_study","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/57971821/Clinical_characterization_of_neonatal_and_pediatric_enteroviral_infections_an_Italian_single_center_study"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="52829753" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52829753/Neonatal_Enterovirus_Infection_Case_Series_of_Clinical_Sepsis_and_Positive_Cerebrospinal_Fluid_Polymerase_Chain_Reaction_Test_with_Myocarditis_and_Cerebral_White_Matter_Injury_Complications">Neonatal Enterovirus Infection: Case Series of Clinical Sepsis and Positive Cerebrospinal Fluid Polymerase Chain Reaction Test with Myocarditis and Cerebral White Matter Injury Complications</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39179792" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FrankMorriss">Frank Morriss</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">AJP reports, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Objective We describe five neonates with enteroviral (EV) infection to demonstrate central nervous system (CNS) and cardiac complications and report successful treatment of myocarditis with immunoglobulin intravenous (IVIG) in two. Study Design Case series identified during three enteroviral seasons in one neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) by cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for EV in neonates suspected to have sepsis, but with sterile bacterial cultures. Results Cases were identified in each of three sequential years in a NICU with 800 to 900 admissions/year. Two cases were likely acquired perinatally; all were symptomatic with lethargy and poor feeding by age 5 to 10 days. All had signs of sepsis and/or meningitis; one progressed to periventricular leukomalacia and encephalomalacia. Two recovered from myocarditis after treatment that included IVIG 3 to 5 g/kg. Conclusion Neonates who appear septic without bacterial etiolog...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Neonatal Enterovirus Infection: Case Series of Clinical Sepsis and Positive Cerebrospinal Fluid Polymerase Chain Reaction Test with Myocarditis and Cerebral White Matter Injury Complications","attachmentId":69905058,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/52829753/Neonatal_Enterovirus_Infection_Case_Series_of_Clinical_Sepsis_and_Positive_Cerebrospinal_Fluid_Polymerase_Chain_Reaction_Test_with_Myocarditis_and_Cerebral_White_Matter_Injury_Complications","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/52829753/Neonatal_Enterovirus_Infection_Case_Series_of_Clinical_Sepsis_and_Positive_Cerebrospinal_Fluid_Polymerase_Chain_Reaction_Test_with_Myocarditis_and_Cerebral_White_Matter_Injury_Complications"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="87857646" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87857646/Enterovirus_neurological_disease_and_bacterial_coinfection_in_very_young_infants_with_fever">Enterovirus neurological disease and bacterial coinfection in very young infants with fever</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="227891737" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Mar%C3%ADaRomero166">María Romero</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Clinical Virology, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background: Very little information exists on simultaneous infections by viruses and bacteria in infants with fever without source (FWS). Objectives: To investigate the incidence of bacterial coinfection in infants up to 3 months of age with neurological viral infection. Study design: Prospective study performed in infants below 90 days of age attending the emergency room of two public hospitals in Spain for FWS. Those who had viral screening performed in CSF, together with blood, CSF and urine cultures were included. Herpes virus, EV and HPeV detection in CSF was performed by PCR. Coinfections between viruses in CSF and serious bacterial infections were described. Results: 119 Infants less than 90 days of age were recruited. Forty-five (38%) had viral infection of the central nervous system, and in 8 of them (17.7%) we found a concurrent bacterial infection: 7 urinary tract infections (UTI) and 1 sepsis. In all cases, the virus identified in CSF was EV. Conclusions: Bacterial infections were frequent in young infants with viral neurological infections associated to EV. Urinary tract infection was the most common bacterial disease.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Enterovirus neurological disease and bacterial coinfection in very young infants with fever","attachmentId":91963518,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87857646/Enterovirus_neurological_disease_and_bacterial_coinfection_in_very_young_infants_with_fever","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/87857646/Enterovirus_neurological_disease_and_bacterial_coinfection_in_very_young_infants_with_fever"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="78586097" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78586097/Successful_containment_of_horizontal_enterovirus_infection_in_a_neonatal_unit_in_Singapore_through_diagnosis_by_polymerase_chain_reaction_PCR_and_direct_sequence_analysis">Successful containment of horizontal enterovirus infection in a neonatal unit in Singapore through diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequence analysis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="151680564" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MatthiasMaiwald1">Matthias Maiwald</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Infection and Public Health, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background: Enterovirus (EV) outbreaks often coincide with seasonal peaks in the community. However, they may also sporadically occur in neonatal units. Identification of EV infection in neonates can be challenging, as they tend to present with mild or nonspecific symptoms. This study reports an EV outbreak in the Neonatal Unit at KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore. Methods: This is a single-center, retrospective cohort study of neonates who had positive results for EV during the outbreak. Demographic characteristics, clinical presentations and outcomes were analyzed. Control measures used to limit the spread of infection are reported. Results: A total of 7 cases of EV infection were identified. Their median birth weight and gestational age were 1240 g (750-2890 g) and 28 weeks (26-35 weeks), respectively. Symptoms occurred at a median age of 48 days (9-103 days). All cases presented initially with recurrent apnea and 4 needed assisted ventilator support with CPAP (2) and mechanical ventilation (2). Serious complications occurred in 3 infants (2 with necrotizing enterocolitis and 1 with meningitis) and none died. EV was detected from rectal swabs (n = 6), CSF (n = 2) and nasopharyngeal swabs (n = 2). Viral subtyping uniformly revealed echovirus 25. Surveillance of all exposed infants by nasopharyngeal swabs was implemented, along with strict contact precautions and cohorting measures. Conclusions: Premature infants with EV are more prone to serious complications, which can lead to significant morbidity. Thus, early recognition of symptoms, rapid diagnosis and prompt implementation of infection control measures are key to prevent further spread of infection.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Successful containment of horizontal enterovirus infection in a neonatal unit in Singapore through diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and direct sequence analysis","attachmentId":85583108,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/78586097/Successful_containment_of_horizontal_enterovirus_infection_in_a_neonatal_unit_in_Singapore_through_diagnosis_by_polymerase_chain_reaction_PCR_and_direct_sequence_analysis","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/78586097/Successful_containment_of_horizontal_enterovirus_infection_in_a_neonatal_unit_in_Singapore_through_diagnosis_by_polymerase_chain_reaction_PCR_and_direct_sequence_analysis"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="98579487" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/98579487/Surveillance_of_enteric_virus_infection_in_a_neonatal_intensive_care_unit">Surveillance of enteric virus infection in a neonatal intensive care unit</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="17046411" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PaolaDiCarlo">Paola Di Carlo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Objective. To investigate the epidemiology of neonatal viral gastroenteritis compared to the circulation of enteric viruses in children, 109 newborns in the NICU of Mother and Child Department and 214 children with enteritis admitted to the "G. Di Cristina" Children's Hospital in Palermo were monitored for Rotavirus, Adenovirus, Astrovirus and Norovirus infections. Methods. Stool samples were examined by EIA to detect viral antigens. Rotavirus strains were subjected to P-and G-typing. Results. A Norovirus strain was detected in one neonatal stool specimen whereas an astrovirus strain was dectected in two neonatal specimens. No Rotavirus or Adenovirus infection was identified among the newborn infants, while Rotavirus infections were detected in 24.8% of the symptomatic children. Type G4P[8] constituted 43.4% of the Rotavirus strains, followed by G2P[4] (18.9%), G3P[8] (17%), G1P[8] (13.2%) and G9P [8] (1.9%). Overall, Norovirus, Adenovirus and Astrovirus strains were responsible for 15.4% of infections in the paediatric population with diarrhoea. Conclusions. Viruses are diffuse agents of infection in children with enteritis. Virological tests have to be performed to diagnose enteric infections in the paediatric population. Maternal immunity to common Rotavirus strains combined with the limited circulation of the emerging G9 Rotavirus type among our population may account for the absence of Rotavirus infections in newborn infants. Obiettivo. Per verificare se l'epidemiologia delle gastroenteriti virali in epoca neonatale sia comparabile con il tipo di virus identificati nelle epoche successive, gli Autori riportano i risultati di uno studio di sorveglianza sulle infezioni da Rotavirus, Adenovirus, Astrovirus e Norovirus condotto in 109 neonati degenti presso l'UTIN del Dipartimento Materno-Infantile e in 214 bambini con diarrea ospedalizzati nello stesso periodo di osservazione presso l'ospedale pediatrico "G. Di Cristina" di Palermo. Metodi. La ricerca dei virus è stata condotta sui campioni fecali con il metodo EIA. I Rotavirus isolati sono stati sottoposti a P e G tipizzazione. Risultati. Nella popolazione neonatale, un singolo campione è risultato positivo per Norovirus, due per Astrovirus e nessuno per Rotavirus ed Adenovirus; nella popolazione pediatrica, il 24,8% dei campioni era positivo per Rotavirus, di tipo G4P [8] nel 43,4% dei casi, G2P[4] nel 18,9%, G3P[8] nel 17%, G1P[8] nel 13,2% e G9P[8] nell'1,9%. Norovirus, Adenovirus ed Astrovirus erano nel complesso responsabili del 15,4% delle enteriti nella popolazione pediatrica. Conclusioni. I virus sono diffusi agenti di infezione in bambini con enterite e test virologici nei confronti di Rotavirus, Adenovirus, Norovirus ed Astrovirus sono utili per diagnosticare infezioni enteriche nella popolazione pediatrica. L'immunità materna nei confronti dei comuni ceppi di Rotavirus combinata con la limitata circolazione del tipo emergente di Rotavirus G9 può aver contribuito alla mancata circolazione di Rotavirus nella popolazione neonatale.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Surveillance of enteric virus infection in a neonatal intensive care unit","attachmentId":99891273,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/98579487/Surveillance_of_enteric_virus_infection_in_a_neonatal_intensive_care_unit","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/98579487/Surveillance_of_enteric_virus_infection_in_a_neonatal_intensive_care_unit"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":80283223,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":80283223,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_80283223" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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Hospital","attachmentId":43782774,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14912307/Human_enteroviruses_are_not_the_cause_of_neurological_impairments_in_children_at_the_Korle_Bu_Teaching_Hospital","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14912307/Human_enteroviruses_are_not_the_cause_of_neurological_impairments_in_children_at_the_Korle_Bu_Teaching_Hospital"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="69285626" data-sort-order="default"><a 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