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a few years, the use of e-learning has increased rapidly in Austria. In certain subjects, up to 60% of university students report using e-learning platforms at least 'sometimes' or 'frequently' ). Yet, which aspects of e-learning do students consider important for their learning achievements and course satisfaction? This question was addressed by surveying 2196 students from 29 universities in Austria about their expectations of, and experiences in e-learning. Multiple regression analyses using Mplus 4.21 were carried out to investigate how different facets of students' expectations and experiences are related to perceived learning achievements and course satisfaction.","publication_date":"2010,,","publication_name":"Computers \u0026 Education","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"48196751"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Students' expectations of, and experiences in e-learning: Their relation to learning achievements and course satisfaction","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [15941324]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 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href="https://www.academia.edu/71518944/User_Expectations_and_Perceptions_of_E_Learning_Courses_Which_Course_Components_Facilitate_E_Learning_Satisfaction">User Expectations and Perceptions of E-Learning Courses: Which Course Components Facilitate E- Learning Satisfaction?</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26127821" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SarahSwierenga">Sarah Swierenga</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A research study investigating user expectations, achievement, and satisfaction regarding twenty-five e-course components was conducted with 50 participants from 21 e-courses offered during the 2003 summer term at The University of Dayton. Qualitative and quantitative assessments were used to derive perceptions and rankings of course components relevant to facilitating learning, enhancing communication, and facilitating engagement in the e-courses. It may be concluded that a core set of course elements exists, which enables successful achievement and overall satisfaction for online learners.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"User Expectations and Perceptions of E-Learning Courses: Which Course Components Facilitate E- Learning Satisfaction?","attachmentId":80826758,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/71518944/User_Expectations_and_Perceptions_of_E_Learning_Courses_Which_Course_Components_Facilitate_E_Learning_Satisfaction","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/71518944/User_Expectations_and_Perceptions_of_E_Learning_Courses_Which_Course_Components_Facilitate_E_Learning_Satisfaction"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="6947535" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6947535/What_drives_a_successful_e_Learning_An_empirical_investigation_of_the_critical_factors_influencing_learner_satisfaction">What drives a successful e-Learning? An empirical investigation of the critical factors influencing learner satisfaction</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11742456" href="https://unikl.academia.edu/FaIszZachAry">FaIsz ZachAry</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"What drives a successful e-Learning? An empirical investigation of the critical factors influencing learner satisfaction","attachmentId":33617287,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6947535/What_drives_a_successful_e_Learning_An_empirical_investigation_of_the_critical_factors_influencing_learner_satisfaction","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6947535/What_drives_a_successful_e_Learning_An_empirical_investigation_of_the_critical_factors_influencing_learner_satisfaction"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="12293312" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12293312/The_main_components_of_satisfaction_with_e_learning">The main components of satisfaction with e-learning</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="30898407" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FranciscoGonz%C3%A1lezG%C3%B3mez">Francisco González-Gómez</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The main components of satisfaction with e-learning","attachmentId":46259819,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12293312/The_main_components_of_satisfaction_with_e_learning","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12293312/The_main_components_of_satisfaction_with_e_learning"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="68730920" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68730920/Students_Experiences_Learning_Outcomes_and_Satisfaction_in_e_Learning">Students’ Experiences, Learning Outcomes and Satisfaction in e-Learning</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40563790" href="https://independent.academia.edu/OweeKowangTan">Owee Kowang Tan</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of e-learning and knowledge society, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study was aimed to examine whether students’ experiences in e-learning are related to learning outcomes and satisfaction. Three learning experiences, which are course design, interaction with the instructor and interaction with peer students were identified as the predictors of learning outcomes and satisfaction. Self-administered questionnaire was adopted. The paper questionnaires were distributed to students at a university in Malaysia. In total, 670 valid responses were obtained. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to confirm the underlying factor structure for the observed variables. Regression analyses indicated that course design, interaction with the instructor and interaction with peer students are positively related to the learning outcomes and satisfaction. Among all learning experiences, interaction with peer students make the strongest contributions to learning outcomes and satisfaction. This study demonstrates the importance for University administrators and ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Students’ Experiences, Learning Outcomes and Satisfaction in e-Learning","attachmentId":79105204,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/68730920/Students_Experiences_Learning_Outcomes_and_Satisfaction_in_e_Learning","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/68730920/Students_Experiences_Learning_Outcomes_and_Satisfaction_in_e_Learning"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="79744614" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79744614/Improving_The_Quality_Of_E_Learning_Courses_In_Higher_Education_Through_Student_Satisfaction">Improving The Quality Of E-Learning Courses In Higher Education Through Student Satisfaction</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44315429" href="https://ulisboa.academia.edu/NeuzaPedro">Neuza Pedro</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Thepurpose of the research is to characterize the levels of satisfaction of the students in e-learning post-graduate courses, taking into account specific dimensions of the course which were considered as benchmarks for the quality of this type of online learning initiative, as well as the levels of satisfaction towards each specific indicator identified in each dimension. It was also an aim of this study to understand how thesedimensions relate to one another. Using a quantitative research approach in the collection and analysis of the data, the study involves the participation of the students who attended on e-learning course in 2010/2011. The conclusions of this study suggest that online students present relatively high levels of satisfaction, which points towards a positive experience during the course. It is possible to note that there is a correlation between the different dimensions studied, consequently leading to different improvement strategies. Ultimately, this investigat...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Improving The Quality Of E-Learning Courses In Higher Education Through Student Satisfaction","attachmentId":86355795,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79744614/Improving_The_Quality_Of_E_Learning_Courses_In_Higher_Education_Through_Student_Satisfaction","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/79744614/Improving_The_Quality_Of_E_Learning_Courses_In_Higher_Education_Through_Student_Satisfaction"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="121526638" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/121526638/E_LEARNING_AND_STUDENT_SATISFACTION">E-LEARNING AND STUDENT SATISFACTION</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="284932701" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MuhammadZaheer155">Muhammad Zaheer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">E-LEARNING AND STUDENT SATISFACTION, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Purpose of the study was to measure the satisfaction of students studying in e-learning mode in Pakistan. A structured questionnaire was used to measure student satisfaction around eight dimensions namely: Assessment, Course Content and Organization, Instructor, Learning Environment and Teaching Methods, Learning Resources, Quality of Delivery, Student Contribution and Tutorials. 21608 students participated in the study out of which 65% were males and 35% females. Majority of the respondents belonged to 17-30 years of age. Reliability of all subscales (between 0.850 to 0.980) and overall scale were found higher, that substantiated the reliability of the instrument. Survey reveals that students are highly satisfied by the e-learning education provided by the university. Instructor support yielded highest mean score (3.76) and tutorial support received lowest mean score (3.50); on a 05 point Likert scale these scores are appreciative. Results indicate that majority of the students are satisfied from the education received in e-Learning mode which shows e-learning has a lot of potential in augmenting higher education in a country like Pakistan where capacity of higher education institutes is limited. (Key word: e-Learning, Student Satisfaction, Higher Education)</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"E-LEARNING AND STUDENT SATISFACTION","attachmentId":116378425,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121526638/E_LEARNING_AND_STUDENT_SATISFACTION","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/121526638/E_LEARNING_AND_STUDENT_SATISFACTION"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="123320613" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/123320613/Satisfaction_with_E_Learning_Quality_Expresses_Readiness_to_Develop_Own_Online_Course_Not_Only_Just_to_Further_Study_Online">Satisfaction with E-Learning Quality Expresses Readiness to Develop Own Online Course, Not Only Just to Further Study Online</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2365400" href="https://swu.academia.edu/StanislavaStoyanova">Stanislava Stoyanova</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Problems of Psychology in the 21st Century, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">E-learning has become an important part of contemporary educational process. Satisfaction with e-learning quality was studied among 133 Bulgarian participants in an online survey, of which more than the half took part is some e-learning courses. The results indicated that the learners for whom e-learning was a part of their education at school or university tended to do more online courses and were more satisfied with e-learning quality, so traditional education seemed to support e-learning. The participants who had been enrolled in some online courses, who had their own Internet site and who were satisfied with e-learning quality were more self-confident in their ability of developing an online course. Satisfaction with e-learning prevailed in the sample, because approximately one out of ten participants stated firmly not being satisfied with e-learning quality and four out of five participants would like to use e-learning as a part of their further education. More male participant...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Satisfaction with E-Learning Quality Expresses Readiness to Develop Own Online Course, Not Only Just to Further Study Online","attachmentId":117779834,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123320613/Satisfaction_with_E_Learning_Quality_Expresses_Readiness_to_Develop_Own_Online_Course_Not_Only_Just_to_Further_Study_Online","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/123320613/Satisfaction_with_E_Learning_Quality_Expresses_Readiness_to_Develop_Own_Online_Course_Not_Only_Just_to_Further_Study_Online"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="17676253" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17676253/Successful_e_learning">Successful e learning</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37592754" href="https://independent.academia.edu/liviubusu">liviu busu</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Successful e learning","attachmentId":39652266,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17676253/Successful_e_learning","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17676253/Successful_e_learning"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="35116879" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35116879/Education_Faculty_Students_Levels_of_Satisfaction_with_E_Learning_Process">Education Faculty Students' Levels of Satisfaction with E-Learning Process</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43980883" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MuratYalman">Murat Yalman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Also, e-learning environments, which integrate technology into education, have now become widespread and popular. Examining how students use this education management system is fairly important for the success of this system, and any possible results to be obtained are significant. For this purpose, the present study was conducted with 348 students attending an education faculty. In the study, the courses of 'Introduction to Computer' found in their curriculum were taught to the students for two academic terms with the e-learning management system. At the end of the academic year, a questionnaire was applied to the future pre-service teachers to determine their levels of satisfaction with e-learning. The results revealed no significant difference in the preservice teachers' levels of satisfaction with e-learning in terms of their gender, their education program and their department. In addition, it was revealed out that there was a significant difference at the significance level of p<.05 between their levels of satisfaction with e-learning and their levels of knowledge of Internet technologies It was found out that the students' mean score regarding their satisfaction with e-learning was calculated as =3.80, which referred to " I don't agree ". The students thought that teaching a course with this method is important for learning new education management systems, and the students who were introduced to technology during their university education, reported that this education should be given following their university education.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Education Faculty Students' Levels of Satisfaction with E-Learning Process","attachmentId":54977889,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35116879/Education_Faculty_Students_Levels_of_Satisfaction_with_E_Learning_Process","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35116879/Education_Faculty_Students_Levels_of_Satisfaction_with_E_Learning_Process"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="91771747" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/91771747/Students_Satisfaction_Using_E_Learning_as_a_Supplementary_Tool">Students’ Satisfaction Using E-Learning as a Supplementary Tool</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="130309648" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SEEPHENGHANG">SEE PHENG HANG</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">E-learning is useful to help students gaining digital and data literacy during their studies particularly in the era of Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0). E-learning which is characterized by time and place flexibility should be utilized as a tool for self-learning. In Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), e-learning plays an important role as a supplementary tool for effective web-based learning. The purpose of this study is to examine what are the factors that drive students’ satisfaction in e-learning. A total of 194 samples were collected from undergraduate students in UTM using quantitative method. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the respondents. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was utilized for data analysis. The findings showed that delivery method and con-tent have a positive and significant relationship with satisfaction of using e-learning. However, system operations has no impact on students’ satisfaction in e-learning. In conclusion, the...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Students’ Satisfaction Using E-Learning as a Supplementary Tool","attachmentId":94963835,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91771747/Students_Satisfaction_Using_E_Learning_as_a_Supplementary_Tool","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/91771747/Students_Satisfaction_Using_E_Learning_as_a_Supplementary_Tool"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":48196751,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":48196751,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_48196751" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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