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The poems were documented in Iceland centrally during the thirteenth" /> <title>(PDF) Reanimating Extinct Oral Poems: Seventeenth-Century Scribal Performances of Medieval Scandinavian Eddic Poetry | Mr Frog - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/107957978/Reanimating_Extinct_Oral_Poems_Seventeenth_Century_Scribal_Performances_of_Medieval_Scandinavian_Eddic_Poetry" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732450149000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732450149000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"This article introduces the scribal performance of Scandinavian eddic poetry on non-Christian mythological and heroic subjects, presenting perspectives from ongoing research. The poems were documented in Iceland centrally during the thirteenth century. They dropped out of oral use, but the written texts were discovered in the seventeenthcentury, leading to a remarkable boom in copying activity. Some copyists took active responsibility for the traditions that they were learning from the written texts. They varied the poems in diverse ways, including expansions, omissions, reorganizations, and even the production of new poems: they reanimated rather than reified the dead oral poems.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Mr Frog"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2023-10-10","dateModified":null,"datePublished":"2023-01-01","headline":"Reanimating Extinct Oral Poems: Seventeenth-Century Scribal Performances of Medieval Scandinavian Eddic Poetry","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Mythology And Folklore","Folklore","Orality-Literacy Studies","Old Norse Literature","Reception","Oral Traditions","Medieval Scandinavia","Folklore (Literature)","Eddic Poetry","Mythology (Old Norse Literature)","Scandinavian Studies","Orality","Norse mythology","Viking Age Scandinavia","Old Norse literature and culture","Scribal Culture","The reception of Old Norse Myth","Oral Poetry","Poetic Edda","Scandinavian Mythology"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"ISFNR Newsletter 10: 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[{"id":106474009,"identifier":"Attachment_106474009","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":107957978,"created_at":"2023-10-10T21:47:46.087-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2023-10-10T23:11:01.428-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"This article introduces the scribal performance of Scandinavian eddic poetry on non-Christian mythological and heroic subjects, presenting perspectives from ongoing research. The poems were documented in Iceland centrally during the thirteenth century. They dropped out of oral use, but the written texts were discovered in the seventeenthcentury, leading to a remarkable boom in copying activity. Some copyists took active responsibility for the traditions that they were learning from the written texts. They varied the poems in diverse ways, including expansions, omissions, reorganizations, and even the production of new poems: they reanimated rather than reified the dead oral poems.","publication_date":"2023,,","publication_name":"ISFNR Newsletter 10: 5–18"},"document_type":"other","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Reanimating Extinct Oral Poems: Seventeenth-Century Scribal Performances of Medieval Scandinavian Eddic Poetry","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [4502198]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":106474009,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Reanimating Extinct Oral Poems: Seventeenth-Century Scribal Performances of Medieval Scandinavian Eddic Poetry”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/106474009/mini_magick20231011-1-174xbt.png?1696999691" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Reanimating Extinct Oral Poems: Seventeenth-Century Scribal Performances of Medieval Scandinavian Eddic Poetry</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4502198" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/MrFrog"><img alt="Profile image of Mr Frog" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/4502198/1868426/2218707/s65_mr.frog.jpg" />Mr Frog</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2023, ISFNR Newsletter 10: 5–18</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This article introduces the scribal performance of Scandinavian eddic poetry on non-Christian mythological and heroic subjects, presenting perspectives from ongoing research. The poems were documented in Iceland centrally during the thirteenth century. They dropped out of oral use, but the written texts were discovered in the seventeenthcentury, leading to a remarkable boom in copying activity. Some copyists took active responsibility for the traditions that they were learning from the written texts. They varied the poems in diverse ways, including expansions, omissions, reorganizations, and even the production of new poems: they reanimated rather than reified the dead oral poems.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":106474009,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/107957978/Reanimating_Extinct_Oral_Poems_Seventeenth_Century_Scribal_Performances_of_Medieval_Scandinavian_Eddic_Poetry"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":106474009,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/107957978/Reanimating_Extinct_Oral_Poems_Seventeenth_Century_Scribal_Performances_of_Medieval_Scandinavian_Eddic_Poetry"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="106474009" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/107957978/Reanimating_Extinct_Oral_Poems_Seventeenth_Century_Scribal_Performances_of_Medieval_Scandinavian_Eddic_Poetry" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="16032827" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16032827/Hymns_and_sagas_Literary_production_and_scribal_activity_in_17th_century_Iceland">Hymns and sagas. Literary production and scribal activity in 17th century Iceland</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32678882" href="https://hi.academia.edu/Margr%C3%A9tEggertsd%C3%B3ttir">Margrét Eggertsdóttir</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The vigorous pursuit of writing and copying manuscripts in 17th-century Iceland involved all the most important genres of Icelandic literature and extended over the whole country. Humanism brought with it a new interest in Icelandic saga literature, as confirmed by the increasing number of manuscript copies that contained saga texts. It was at the instigation of the two bishops, Brynjólfur Sveinsson at Skálholt and Þorlákur Skúlason at Hólar, that many priests and literate members of the laity copied and sometimes also provided explanatory commentaries for medieval works. In my paper I will mainly focus on two prolific scribes, Ketill Jörundsson (1603–1670) and Jón Erlendsson (d. 1672), who were both in the service of the church and copied a large number of/many vellum manuscripts, in some cases thereby saving important medieval works from oblivion. Contemporary poetry, both secular and religious, was also transmitted in manuscripts – ‪a fact often overlooked by modern ‬literary critics and historians. In my paper I will mention a few examples of poetry that can shed interesting light on Icelandic culture and society in the so-called Age of Learning.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hymns and sagas. Literary production and scribal activity in 17th century Iceland","attachmentId":38854236,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16032827/Hymns_and_sagas_Literary_production_and_scribal_activity_in_17th_century_Iceland","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16032827/Hymns_and_sagas_Literary_production_and_scribal_activity_in_17th_century_Iceland"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="103089444" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/103089444/Exploring_Religious_Ritual_Frameworks_in_the_Oral_Performance_of_the_Old_Norse_Eddic_Style_Praise_Poems_H%C3%A1konarm%C3%A1l_Eir%C3%ADksm%C3%A1l_and_Hrafnsm%C3%A1l">Exploring Religious Ritual Frameworks in the Oral Performance of the Old Norse, Eddic-Style Praise Poems Hákonarmál, Eiríksmál, and Hrafnsmál</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5782999" href="https://au.academia.edu/SimonNygaard">Simon Nygaard</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Scripta Islandica, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The idea that Old Norse poetry derives from an oral tradition is commonly accepted in contemporary research. However, more detailed considerations of the consequences of this notion for our understanding of specific poems and their context are seldomly given. In this article, three Old Norse poems that challenge the genre categories of eddic and skaldic (i.e. Hákonarmál Eiríksmál, and Hrafnsmál) are analysed using performance and ritual studies in order to consider the poems possible function as orally performed poems in a presumed Viking Age context. It is argued that the performance is these poems constituted more or less religious rituals with the potential to transform both the performer(s) and the physical settings of the poems. Furthermore, is it argued that the analysed presented in the article have consequences for the understanding of the role of the poet in the Viking world; they were also individuals who potentially had religious, ritual knowledge and authority and thus an important role to play in pre-Christian Nordic religion.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Exploring Religious Ritual Frameworks in the Oral Performance of the Old Norse, Eddic-Style Praise Poems Hákonarmál, Eiríksmál, and Hrafnsmál","attachmentId":103189461,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/103089444/Exploring_Religious_Ritual_Frameworks_in_the_Oral_Performance_of_the_Old_Norse_Eddic_Style_Praise_Poems_H%C3%A1konarm%C3%A1l_Eir%C3%ADksm%C3%A1l_and_Hrafnsm%C3%A1l","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/103089444/Exploring_Religious_Ritual_Frameworks_in_the_Oral_Performance_of_the_Old_Norse_Eddic_Style_Praise_Poems_H%C3%A1konarm%C3%A1l_Eir%C3%ADksm%C3%A1l_and_Hrafnsm%C3%A1l"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="1963830" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1963830/Reconstructing_Old_Norse_Oral_Tradition">Reconstructing Old Norse Oral Tradition</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1219280" href="https://harvard.academia.edu/StephenMitchell">Stephen Mitchell</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Reconstructing Old Norse Oral Tradition","attachmentId":28381544,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1963830/Reconstructing_Old_Norse_Oral_Tradition","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1963830/Reconstructing_Old_Norse_Oral_Tradition"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="47143746" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47143746/Runes_and_Verse_The_Medialities_of_Early_Scandinavian_Poetry">Runes and Verse: The Medialities of Early Scandinavian Poetry</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53763" href="https://nottingham.academia.edu/JudithJesch">Judith Jesch</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">European Journal of Scandinavian Studies</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The paper discusses a number of versified runic inscriptions, mainly from Scandinavia, and from ca. 400 to 1400 AD, to explore what they reveal about the forms and functions of early Scandinavian poetry outside the manuscript tradition. With a particular focus on ‘authors’ and ‘audiences’, as defined by Bredehoft in his work on Anglo-Saxon inscriptions, the paper elucidates the potential oral contexts of Scandinavian runic verse and concludes that, although runic writing is a form of literacy, the examples show that for most of its history it is associated with various kinds of oral context. Runic verse shows that inscriptions provide one of the best ways into understanding the Scandinavian oral tradition, not only before the arrival of manuscript literacy, but also during its infancy.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Runes and Verse: The Medialities of Early Scandinavian Poetry","attachmentId":66392813,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47143746/Runes_and_Verse_The_Medialities_of_Early_Scandinavian_Poetry","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47143746/Runes_and_Verse_The_Medialities_of_Early_Scandinavian_Poetry"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="418497" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/418497/Skaldic_Verse_Making_In_Thirteenth_Century_Iceland_The_Case_of_the_Sau%C3%B0afellsfer%C3%B0arv%C3%ADsur">Skaldic Verse-Making In Thirteenth-Century Iceland: The Case of the Sauðafellsferðarvísur</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="313590" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/JonathanGrove">Jonathan Grove</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Viking and Medieval Scandinavia 4, 85-131 , 2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article examines an exchange of skaldic verses between a number of Icelandic chieftains, landholders and semi-professional poets, reported to have taken place in a period of political crisis in western Iceland in 1229. The surviving sequence, preserved in Sturla Þórðarson’s Íslendinga saga, constitutes an unparalleled example of extended verse-capping in medieval Icelandic narrative writing. The historical context of these verses and their narrative treatment in Íslendinga saga are considered in detail, and some new readings of the verse material and the political relationships they disclose are proposed. The verses are shown to illuminate the continuing value of skaldic performance as an instrument of social and political leverage in thirteenth-century Iceland, and the stimulatory function of competitive posturing in skaldic discourse. The analysis presented here suggests the need to revise some recent propositions concerning the supposed clerical and scholastic co-option of skaldic poetics in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Further stanzas composed in the period 1229–32 perpetuate the agonistic pattern developed in the initial sequence, and the narrative framing of these later compositions is shown to embody conspicuous ambivalence to the adversarial ethics underlying the continuing exchange.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Skaldic Verse-Making In Thirteenth-Century Iceland: The Case of the Sauðafellsferðarvísur","attachmentId":27318947,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/418497/Skaldic_Verse_Making_In_Thirteenth_Century_Iceland_The_Case_of_the_Sau%C3%B0afellsfer%C3%B0arv%C3%ADsur","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/418497/Skaldic_Verse_Making_In_Thirteenth_Century_Iceland_The_Case_of_the_Sau%C3%B0afellsfer%C3%B0arv%C3%ADsur"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="3687188" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3687188/Snorri_Sturluson_qua_Fulcrum_Perspectives_on_the_Cultural_Activity_of_Myth_Mythological_Poetry_and_Narrative_in_Medieval_Iceland">Snorri Sturluson qua Fulcrum: Perspectives on the Cultural Activity of Myth, Mythological Poetry and Narrative in Medieval Iceland</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4502198" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/MrFrog">Mr Frog</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Mirator 12: 1–29, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper constructs an overview of Snorri Sturluson’s impact, through Edda, on the cultural activity of mythology in vernacular poetries and narration. General evidence of impacts on eddic and skaldic poetries (§1) provides a frame for a series of illustrative examples, beginning with the relatively unequivocal cases of the rímur Lokrur (§2) and the late stanzas added to the eddic poem Baldrs draumar (§3). The kenning ‘mud of the eagle’ is examined in skaldic verse as an indication of Snorri’s reception in a contemporary context (§4), opening a three-part survey of cumulative evidence of influence on the eddic poem Lokasenna (§5–7). The possibility of influence as a model for the eddic poem Þrymskviða’s composition is suggested (§8), which would have analogues in saga prose (§9). Although details may be equivocated, Edda nevertheless emerges as a (sometimes contested) voice of authority in medieval Icelandic mythological discourses.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Snorri Sturluson qua Fulcrum: Perspectives on the Cultural Activity of Myth, Mythological Poetry and Narrative in Medieval Iceland","attachmentId":31409920,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3687188/Snorri_Sturluson_qua_Fulcrum_Perspectives_on_the_Cultural_Activity_of_Myth_Mythological_Poetry_and_Narrative_in_Medieval_Iceland","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3687188/Snorri_Sturluson_qua_Fulcrum_Perspectives_on_the_Cultural_Activity_of_Myth_Mythological_Poetry_and_Narrative_in_Medieval_Iceland"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="32229145" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32229145/_Skaldic_Poetry_of_the_Scandinavian_Middle_Ages_Volume_II_Poetry_from_the_Kings_Sagas_2_From_c_1035_to_c_1300_Edited_by_Kari_Ellen_Gade_Brepols_Turnhout_2009_cvii_916_pp_ISBN_978_2_503_51897_8_review_Saga_Book_34_2010_129_32">“Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages. Volume II: Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Edited by Kari Ellen Gade. Brepols. Turnhout, 2009. cvii + 916 pp. ISBN 978-2-503-51897-8,” (review) Saga-Book 34 (2010), 129–32.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1183037" href="https://hi.academia.edu/%C3%81rmannJakobsson">Ármann Jakobsson</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"“Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages. Volume II: Poetry from the Kings’ Sagas 2: From c. 1035 to c. 1300. Edited by Kari Ellen Gade. Brepols. Turnhout, 2009. cvii + 916 pp. ISBN 978-2-503-51897-8,” (review) Saga-Book 34 (2010), 129–32.","attachmentId":52819979,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/32229145/_Skaldic_Poetry_of_the_Scandinavian_Middle_Ages_Volume_II_Poetry_from_the_Kings_Sagas_2_From_c_1035_to_c_1300_Edited_by_Kari_Ellen_Gade_Brepols_Turnhout_2009_cvii_916_pp_ISBN_978_2_503_51897_8_review_Saga_Book_34_2010_129_32","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/32229145/_Skaldic_Poetry_of_the_Scandinavian_Middle_Ages_Volume_II_Poetry_from_the_Kings_Sagas_2_From_c_1035_to_c_1300_Edited_by_Kari_Ellen_Gade_Brepols_Turnhout_2009_cvii_916_pp_ISBN_978_2_503_51897_8_review_Saga_Book_34_2010_129_32"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="22972700" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22972700/A_Reassessment_of_the_Performance_of_Old_Norse_and_Anglo_Saxon_Poetry_Considering_the_Role_of_Music_and_Possible_Performance_Contexts">A Reassessment of the Performance of Old Norse and Anglo-Saxon Poetry, Considering the Role of Music and Possible Performance Contexts</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37162560" href="https://reading.academia.edu/EllenPilsworth">Ellen Pilsworth</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This is my M.Phil dissertation, submitted to the department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse and Celtic at the University of Cambridge in 2014. It gathers together evidence for the use of harps and lyres in Britain and Scandinavia during the early Middle Ages, drawing on literary and archeological sources.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Reassessment of the Performance of Old Norse and Anglo-Saxon Poetry, Considering the Role of Music and Possible Performance Contexts","attachmentId":50272955,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22972700/A_Reassessment_of_the_Performance_of_Old_Norse_and_Anglo_Saxon_Poetry_Considering_the_Role_of_Music_and_Possible_Performance_Contexts","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22972700/A_Reassessment_of_the_Performance_of_Old_Norse_and_Anglo_Saxon_Poetry_Considering_the_Role_of_Music_and_Possible_Performance_Contexts"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="46916996" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/46916996/EMBODYING_THE_PAST_Relics_and_Remains_in_Old_Norse_Literature">EMBODYING THE PAST: Relics and Remains in Old Norse Literature</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43174122" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/SmithOlivia">Olivia E Smith</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This thesis explores the relationship between depictions of the dead and the representation of the past in Old Norse literature. The holy and the pre-Christian dead are read as representations of two different pasts: the collective Christian past of medieval Europe inherited by Scandinavia through conversion; and the indigenous, pagan past which informed many facets of medieval Scandinavian society. Depictions of the dead shed light on the negotiation of religious and cultural identity in medieval Norway and Iceland, as they provided one way for a medieval audience to encounter and confront aspects of these pasts. This thesis situates depictions of saints’ relics and other remains within a theoretical framework drawn from the discipline of museology. As museums represent the past through the interpretation of objects, they provide an interesting conceptual model through which to view the medieval Church and the relationship it facilitated between the living and the holy dead. The space of the church is understood through the application of structuralist and philosopher Michel Foucault’s work within the field of museum studies, and museum processes are used to further engage with the place of the dead within it. The medieval church is here interpreted as a heterotopia, which like a museum, can juxtapose temporally and geographically varied pasts within a single location, as well as uniting terrestrial and celestial places within Foucault’s conception of medieval space. Chapter 1 investigates textual accounts of the medieval church in Old Norse literature as a place to encounter the holy dead through the presence of holy relics. It addresses Norway’s participation in the Cult of the Saints through the discovery, translation and enshrinement of Saint Óláfr’s relics, and argues that depictions of these events permit Norway to partake in the collective inheritance of the Christian past through the creation of its first indigenous saint. Chapter 2 considers Iceland’s relationship to the past illustrated through encounters with the holy and the pre-Christian indigenous dead. Like Norway, Iceland enters the Christian past through the cult of its first indigenous saint, Saint Þorlákr, which necessitates negotiating the relationship to the relatively recent pre-Christian past. Depictions of “reverse-translations” in Laxdæla saga and Egils saga Skallagrímssonar are viewed as representations of attempts on Iceland’s part to reconcile its Christian present and its pagan past.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"EMBODYING THE PAST: Relics and Remains in Old Norse Literature","attachmentId":66287318,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/46916996/EMBODYING_THE_PAST_Relics_and_Remains_in_Old_Norse_Literature","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/46916996/EMBODYING_THE_PAST_Relics_and_Remains_in_Old_Norse_Literature"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="83809620" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/83809620/R%C3%A1%C3%B0_R%C3%A9tt_R%C3%BAnar_reading_the_runes_in_Old_English_and_Old_Norse_poetry">Ráð Rétt Rúnar: reading the runes in Old English and Old Norse poetry</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51945727" href="https://ucc-ie.academia.edu/TBirkett">Tom Birkett</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">University of Oxford, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ráð Rétt Rúnar: reading the runes in Old English and Old Norse poetry","attachmentId":89035431,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/83809620/R%C3%A1%C3%B0_R%C3%A9tt_R%C3%BAnar_reading_the_runes_in_Old_English_and_Old_Norse_poetry","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/83809620/R%C3%A1%C3%B0_R%C3%A9tt_R%C3%BAnar_reading_the_runes_in_Old_English_and_Old_Norse_poetry"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":106474009,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":106474009,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_106474009" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="116556649" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/116556649/Norse_Icelandic_Skaldic_Poetry_of_the_Scandinavian_Middle_Ages_an_electronic_edition">Norse-Icelandic Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages - an electronic edition</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1616707" href="https://ku-dk.academia.edu/TarrinWills">Tarrin Wills</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2001</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Norse-Icelandic Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages - an electronic edition","attachmentId":112653196,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116556649/Norse_Icelandic_Skaldic_Poetry_of_the_Scandinavian_Middle_Ages_an_electronic_edition","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/116556649/Norse_Icelandic_Skaldic_Poetry_of_the_Scandinavian_Middle_Ages_an_electronic_edition"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="107715315" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/107715315/Stefka_Georgieva_Eriksen_Writing_and_Reading_in_Medieval_Manuscript_Culture_The_Translation_and_Transmission_of_the_Story_of_Elye_in_Old_French_and_Old_Norse_Literary_Contexts">Stefka Georgieva Eriksen: Writing and Reading in Medieval Manuscript Culture. 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Acta Scandinavica 6 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2016)","attachmentId":54691701,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34833334/Review_of_Studies_in_the_Transmission_and_Reception_of_Old_Norse_Literature_The_Hyperborean_Muse_in_European_Culture_Acta_Scandinavica_6_Turnhout_Brepols_2016_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34833334/Review_of_Studies_in_the_Transmission_and_Reception_of_Old_Norse_Literature_The_Hyperborean_Muse_in_European_Culture_Acta_Scandinavica_6_Turnhout_Brepols_2016_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container 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