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<span>Toggle History before the 20th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_before_the_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_in_Calvinistic_millennialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_in_Calvinistic_millennialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins in Calvinistic millennialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_in_Calvinistic_millennialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pietism,_Evangelicalism,_and_British_foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pietism,_Evangelicalism,_and_British_foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Pietism, Evangelicalism, and British foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pietism,_Evangelicalism,_and_British_foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>In the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>In Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Balfour_Declaration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balfour_Declaration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Balfour Declaration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balfour_Declaration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_World_War_I_and_the_1948_Palestine_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_World_War_I_and_the_1948_Palestine_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Between World War I and the 1948 Palestine War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Between_World_War_I_and_the_1948_Palestine_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Between World War I and the 1948 Palestine War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Between_World_War_I_and_the_1948_Palestine_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>In the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_founding_of_the_State_of_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_founding_of_the_State_of_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>After the founding of the State of Israel</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-After_the_founding_of_the_State_of_Israel-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle After the founding of the State of Israel subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-After_the_founding_of_the_State_of_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>In Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_views_within_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_views_within_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Critical views within Christianity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Critical_views_within_Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Critical views within Christianity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Critical_views_within_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Protestantism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Biblical interpretations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biblical_interpretations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biblical interpretations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biblical_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_doctrines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_doctrines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Other doctrines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_doctrines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Public opinion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Christian Zionism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="صهيونية مسيحية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صهيونية مسيحية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionisme_cristi%C3%A0" title="Sionisme cristià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sionisme cristià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christlicher_Zionismus" title="Christlicher Zionismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Christlicher Zionismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismo_cristiano" title="Sionismo cristiano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sionismo cristiano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismo_kristau" title="Sionismo kristau – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sionismo kristau" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C" title="صهیونیسم مسیحی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صهیونیسم مسیحی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionisme_chr%C3%A9tien" title="Sionisme chrétien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sionisme chrétien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90_%EC%8B%9C%EC%98%A8%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="기독교 시온주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기독교 시온주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionisme_Kristen" title="Zionisme Kristen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zionisme Kristen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismo_cristiano" title="Sionismo cristiano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sionismo cristiano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ציונות נוצרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ציונות נוצרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereszt%C3%A9ny_cionizmus" title="Keresztény cionizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Keresztény cionizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="ക്രൈസ്തവസയണിസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രൈസ്തവസയണിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%87" title="صهيونيه مسيحيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صهيونيه مسيحيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionisme_Kristian" title="Zionisme Kristian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zionisme Kristian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christenzionisme" title="Christenzionisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Christenzionisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="クリスチャン・シオニズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリスチャン・シオニズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%85" title="عیسوي صهیونېزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="عیسوي صهیونېزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sionismo_crist%C3%A3o" title="Sionismo cristão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sionismo cristão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Христианский сионизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Христианский сионизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1%C4%87anski_cionizam" title="Kršćanski cionizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kršćanski cionizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristillinen_sionismi" title="Kristillinen sionismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kristillinen sionismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_sionism" title="Kristen sionism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kristen sionism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionismong_Kristiyano" title="Zionismong Kristiyano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Zionismong Kristiyano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hristiyan_Siyonizm" title="Hristiyan Siyonizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hristiyan Siyonizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Belief among some Protestant Christians that Jews should return to the Holy Land</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Christians who belong to Zionist denominations in southern Africa, see <a href="/wiki/Zionist_churches" title="Zionist churches">Zionist churches</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Christian restorationism" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Restorationism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Restorationism (disambiguation)">Restorationism (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorandum_to_Protestant_Monarchs_of_Europe_for_the_restoration_of_the_Jews_to_Palestine,_Colonial_Times_1841.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Memorandum_to_Protestant_Monarchs_of_Europe_for_the_restoration_of_the_Jews_to_Palestine%2C_Colonial_Times_1841.jpg/220px-Memorandum_to_Protestant_Monarchs_of_Europe_for_the_restoration_of_the_Jews_to_Palestine%2C_Colonial_Times_1841.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Memorandum_to_Protestant_Monarchs_of_Europe_for_the_restoration_of_the_Jews_to_Palestine%2C_Colonial_Times_1841.jpg/330px-Memorandum_to_Protestant_Monarchs_of_Europe_for_the_restoration_of_the_Jews_to_Palestine%2C_Colonial_Times_1841.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Memorandum_to_Protestant_Monarchs_of_Europe_for_the_restoration_of_the_Jews_to_Palestine%2C_Colonial_Times_1841.jpg/440px-Memorandum_to_Protestant_Monarchs_of_Europe_for_the_restoration_of_the_Jews_to_Palestine%2C_Colonial_Times_1841.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2156" data-file-height="2844" /></a><figcaption>"Memorandum to the Protestant Powers of the North of Europe and America", published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Times" title="Colonial Times">Colonial Times</a></i> (Hobart, Tasmania, Australia), in 1841</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Christian Zionism</b> is a political and religious ideology that, in a <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christian context</a>, espouses the return of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish people</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e-Rea_2012_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-Rea_2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, it holds that the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a> in 1948 was in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Bible_prophecy" title="Bible prophecy">biblical prophecies</a> transmitted through the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>: that the re-establishment of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Jewish sovereignty in the Levant</a>—the eschatological "<a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a>"—is a prerequisite for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming of Jesus Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e-Rea_2012_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-Rea_2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sharif_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharif-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-weber_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term began to be used in the mid-20th century, in place of <b>Christian restorationism</b>, as proponents of the ideology rallied behind <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionists</a> in support of a <a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">Jewish national homeland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e-Rea_2012_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-Rea_2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An expectation of Jewish restoration among <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> is rooted in <a href="/wiki/17th-century_England" class="mw-redirect" title="17th-century England">17th-century English</a> <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> thought.<sup id="cite_ref-Paas2020_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paas2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sharif_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharif-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary Israeli historian <a href="/wiki/Anita_Shapira" title="Anita Shapira">Anita Shapira</a> suggests that England's Zionist <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Protestants</a> "passed this notion on to Jewish circles" around the 1840s,<sup id="cite_ref-shapira_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shapira-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Jewish nationalism in the early 19th century was largely met with hostility from <a href="/wiki/British_Jews" title="British Jews">British Jews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-friedman_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-friedman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christian pro-Zionist ideals emerged among the <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritans</a> in the 16th and 17th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Paas2020_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paas2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While supporting a mass Jewish return to the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>, Christian Zionism asserts a parallel idea that the returnees ought to be encouraged to <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_the_Jews_(future_event)" title="Conversion of the Jews (future event)">reject Judaism and adopt Christianity</a> as a means of fulfilling <a href="/wiki/Bible_prophecy" title="Bible prophecy">biblical prophecies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e-Rea_2012_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-Rea_2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lewis_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-com-mag_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-com-mag-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polling and academic research have suggested a trend of widespread distrust among Jews towards the motives of Evangelical Protestants, who have been promoting support for the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proselytization_and_counter-proselytization_of_Jews" title="Proselytization and counter-proselytization of Jews">evangelizing the Jews</a> at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-e-Rea_2012_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-Rea_2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_before_the_20th_century">History before the 20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Zionism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History before the 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">History of Zionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Zionism" title="Proto-Zionism">Proto-Zionism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_in_Calvinistic_millennialism">Origins in Calvinistic millennialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Zionism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins in Calvinistic millennialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Puritans" title="History of the Puritans">History of the Puritans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism_in_England_and_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Zionism in England and Scotland">Christian Zionism in England and Scotland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Brightman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Thomas_Brightman.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="256" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brightman" title="Thomas Brightman">Thomas Brightman</a>, an English Puritan, published <i>Shall They Return to Jerusalem Again?</i> in 1615. This was one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationist</a> works.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first wave of Protestant leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, did not mention any special <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">eschatological</a> views which included a return of the Jews to Palestine (converted to Christianity or otherwise).<sup id="cite_ref-lovers_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lovers-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More generally, Luther had hoped that the Jews would convert to his brand of Christianity once he had broken with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, but later <a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">he harshly denounced Jews</a>. Like the Catholic Church and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed Church</a> saw the Christian Church as being the "spiritual Israel" and since <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>, the covenant with God as being with faithful Christians exclusively as the "<a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">people of God</a>", with no special privileges or role based on ancestral descent (in later times this has been called <a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">supersessionism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-AlmenMadden2023_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlmenMadden2023-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lovers_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lovers-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Protestant focus on <i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">sola scriptura</a></i> and the wider distribution of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> across Europe in the vernacular languages, however, allowed various <a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">radical protestants</a> to interpret the scriptures in their own ways, in a manner which was not entirely reflective of either medieval <a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Catholic tradition</a>, or, the views of the <a href="/wiki/Magisterial_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Magisterial Protestant">Magisterial Protestant</a> leaders themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-lovers_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lovers-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pl_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pl-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coupled with this was a general cultural <a href="/wiki/Hebraism" title="Hebraism">Hebraising</a> among more radical Protestants, as they saw the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">veneration of saints</a> as <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a> and placed more focus on the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">biblical patriarchs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">prophets</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, often naming their children Abraham, Cain, Jeremiah, Zachary, Daniel, Sampson, and the like.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anticipation of Jews returning to <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> and making it their national homeland was first heard among self-identified Christian groups in the 1580s, particularly those aligned with <a href="/wiki/Puritanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritanism">Puritanism</a>, a Reformed branch of Christianity that gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist">Congregationalist</a> denomination.<sup id="cite_ref-Paas2020_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paas2020-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pur_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pur-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lovers_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lovers-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI of England</a> was the Tudor child-monarch of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, a Calvinist-leaning Regency <i>de facto</i> ruled. This allowed Continental Protestants such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bucer" title="Martin Bucer">Martin Bucer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Martyr_Vermigli" title="Peter Martyr Vermigli">Peter Martyr Vermigli</a> to teach at the prestigious universities of Cambridge and Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-lovers_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lovers-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two men forwarded a <a href="/wiki/Biblical_exegesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical exegesis">biblical exegesis</a> which included an important role for the Jews, converted to Christianity, in the <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">end times</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lovers_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lovers-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early versions of the Bible endorsed by the English monarchy and the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Church">Anglican Church</a> included the <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Bible" title="Great Bible">Great Bible</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Bible" title="Bishops' Bible">Bishops' Bible</a></i>. However, a number of English <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Lowland Scots</a> <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a> viewed these (along with Episcopalianism and the establishment "<a href="/wiki/Magisterial_Reformation" title="Magisterial Reformation">Protestantism of the princes</a>"), in general, as too "<a href="/wiki/Romanism" title="Romanism">Romanist</a>." In response, a number of these Puritans and Presbyterians spent some time in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> in the 1560s under Calvin's successor <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Theodore Beza</a> and developed a translation of the Bible called the <i><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Bible" title="Geneva Bible">Geneva Bible</a></i>, which contained footnotes in reference to the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Romans">Book of Romans</a></i>, specifically claiming that the Jews would be converted to Christianity in the end times and reorientating attention to Palestine as a central theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-lovers_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lovers-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view came to be taken up strongly by English Puritans (such as <a href="/wiki/Francis_Kett" title="Francis Kett">Francis Kett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Bunny" title="Edmund Bunny">Edmund Bunny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Draxe" title="Thomas Draxe">Thomas Draxe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brightman" title="Thomas Brightman">Thomas Brightman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mede" title="Joseph Mede">Joseph Mede</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Perkins_(theologian)" title="William Perkins (theologian)">William Perkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sibbes" title="Richard Sibbes">Richard Sibbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Goodwin" title="Thomas Goodwin">Thomas Goodwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Strong_(priest,_died_1654)" title="William Strong (priest, died 1654)">William Strong</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Bridge" title="William Bridge">William Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Finch_(died_1625)" title="Henry Finch (died 1625)">Henry Finch</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Owen_(theologian)" title="John Owen (theologian)">John Owen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giles_Fletcher" title="Giles Fletcher">Giles Fletcher</a>), Lowland Scots Presbyterians (such as <a href="/wiki/George_Gillespie" title="George Gillespie">George Gillespie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baillie" title="Robert Baillie">Robert Baillie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rutherford" title="Samuel Rutherford">Samuel Rutherford</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-rutherford_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rutherford-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even some Continental Protestants (such as <a href="/wiki/Oliger_Paulli" title="Oliger Paulli">Oliger Paulli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Vossius" title="Isaac Vossius">Isaac Vossius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Vossius" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerhard Vossius">Gerhard Vossius</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Blondel" title="David Blondel">David Blondel</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-lovers_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lovers-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliver_Cromwell_by_Samuel_Cooper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Oliver_Cromwell_by_Samuel_Cooper.jpg/220px-Oliver_Cromwell_by_Samuel_Cooper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Oliver_Cromwell_by_Samuel_Cooper.jpg/330px-Oliver_Cromwell_by_Samuel_Cooper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Oliver_Cromwell_by_Samuel_Cooper.jpg/440px-Oliver_Cromwell_by_Samuel_Cooper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2916" /></a><figcaption>The Puritans, once a "fringe" faction, came to power under <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> during the Commonwealth. Several of his closest advisors held Philo-Semitic millennialist religious views.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the late Tudor and early Stuart period, these Puritans remained outsiders in England and bitterly opposed the <a href="/wiki/Laudian" class="mw-redirect" title="Laudian">Laudian</a>-dominated Anglican Church (though the Presbyterians, who held very similar views, had established the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> as the largest "<a href="/wiki/Kirk" title="Kirk">Kirk</a>" in Scotland). With the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, the Puritans filled the ranks of the <a href="/wiki/Roundheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundheads">Parliamentarians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a>. Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> they were victorious, executed <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a> and gained complete state power, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a> between 1649 and 1660.<sup id="cite_ref-cz_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cz-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Philo-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo-Semitic">Philo-Semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Millennialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennialist">millennialist</a> undercurrent came to have a direct influence on politics. A number of Cromwell's close advisors, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Dury" title="John Dury">John Dury</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Sadler_(Town_Clerk_of_London)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sadler (Town Clerk of London)">John Sadler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Peter" title="Hugh Peter">Hugh Peter</a>, came into contact with <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Dutch-based Jews</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Menasseh_ben_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Menasseh ben Israel">Menasseh ben Israel</a> and advocated <a href="/wiki/Resettlement_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="Resettlement of the Jews in England">Jewish resettlement in England</a> (they had been banned from the country since the 13th century). Sadler, Cromwell's secretary, even argued that the British were one of the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Tribes_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost Tribes of Israel">Lost Tribes of Israel</a> in his pamphlet <i>The Rights of the Kingdom</i> (1649) and thus kindred to the Jews, initiating <a href="/wiki/British_Israelism" title="British Israelism">British Israelism</a>. Other Puritans such as <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Burroughs" title="Jeremiah Burroughs">Jeremiah Burroughs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bulkley" title="Peter Bulkley">Peter Bulkley</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Fenwicke" title="John Fenwicke">John Fenwicke</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Cotton_(minister)" title="John Cotton (minister)">John Cotton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-owen_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-owen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of whom lived in the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a>, saw Jewish re-entry to England as a step on the path to their eventual return to Palestine (all tied up within a millennialist eschatology, which would hasten the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> of Jesus Christ and thus the <a href="/wiki/Final_judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Final judgement">final judgement</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johanna and Ebenezer Cartwright, two Baptists who had spent time in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, held the same view and issued the original petition to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fairfax" title="Thomas Fairfax">Thomas Fairfax</a>'s Council of War in January 1649 for Jewish readmission:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the petition hoped, "That this Nation of England, with the inhabitants of the Netherlands, shall be the first and the readiest to transport Israel's sons and daughters on their ships to the land promised to their forefathers, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob for an everlasting inheritance."<sup id="cite_ref-cz_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cz-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their <i>de facto</i> toleration in England was informally achieved by 1655 to 1656 and was not rolled back after <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">the Restoration</a>. </p><p>A prominent French-born figure <a href="/wiki/Isaac_La_Peyr%C3%A8re" title="Isaac La Peyrère">Isaac La Peyrère</a>, who was nominally a <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> Calvinist, but came from a Portuguese <a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christian</a> (converted <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic Jewish">Sephardic Jewish</a>) family was also a significant 17th century progenitor, with influence on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cz_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cz-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La Peyrère in his millennialist work <i>Du rappel des juifs</i> (1643) wrote about a Jewish return to Palestine, predicted the <a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">building of the Third Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> playing the most powerful role in world governance: all working towards the Second Coming.<sup id="cite_ref-cz_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cz-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La Peyrère closely followed the developments of Oliver Cromwell's Dissenter regime and dreamed of overthrowing <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a> and replacing him with the <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis, Grand Condé">Prince of Condé</a> (who he worked for as a secretary) as part of a millennialist proto-Zionist messianic project.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the publication of La Peyrère's book the Amsterdam-based Menasseh Ben Israel informed his friend, <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Serrarius" title="Petrus Serrarius">Petrus Serrarius</a> (a close associate of John Dury), about the importance of the theories, showing an early interplay between 17th century Jewish and Protestant proto-Zionism.<sup id="cite_ref-pop_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Continental Protestant millennialists enthused by La Peyrère's theories were the Germans <a href="/wiki/Abraham_von_Franckenberg" title="Abraham von Franckenberg">Abraham von Franckenberg</a> (a student of the <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>) and Paul Felgenhauer.<sup id="cite_ref-pop_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menasseh Ben Israel himself would author <i>The Hope of Israel</i> in 1652. Serrarius ended up being the main supporter among Protestants in Amsterdam of the message that <a href="/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Zevi</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>, as proclaimed by <a href="/wiki/Nathan_of_Gaza" title="Nathan of Gaza">Nathan of Gaza</a> (his followers, the <a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a>, were based in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> but he had significant support throughout the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Nadler_2007_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nadler_2007-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although removed from power in England itself, the millennialist <a href="/wiki/Puritan_migration_to_New_England_(1620%E2%80%931640)" title="Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640)">Puritans who had moved to New England</a> continued to have a deeper cultural legacy in society. As well as John Cotton, <a href="/wiki/Increase_Mather" title="Increase Mather">Increase Mather</a>, one of the early Presidents of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard College</a> was a strong proponent of the restoration of the Jews to Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-pur_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pur-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cz_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cz-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An author of numerous works, his most notable in this regard was <i>The Mystery of Israel's Salvation</i> (1669).<sup id="cite_ref-cz_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cz-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a>, the Puritan proponent of <a href="/wiki/Religious_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious liberty">religious liberty</a> (including for Jews)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Colony of Rhode Island</a> that he founded has been citied as a proto-Zionist in speeches by later Jewish Zionist leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Stephen_S._Wise" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen S. Wise">Stephen S. Wise</a>, due to his comment that "I have longed after some trading with the Jews themselves, for whose hard measure I fear the nations and England have yet a score to pay."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some important <a href="/wiki/17th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="17th-century philosophy">17th-century philosophers</a> who acted a bridge between the millennialist sectarians of their day and the approaching <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the Enlightenment">Age of the Enlightenment</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Scientific_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific revolution">scientific revolution</a> either held views associated with premillennial restorationists, or moved closely in their circles: this applies particularly to Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a>. Newton especially, who held <a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a> views <a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Isaac_Newton" title="Religious views of Isaac Newton">in terms of religion</a> and also <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton%27s_occult_studies" title="Isaac Newton's occult studies">dabbled in the occult</a> (including the Kabbalah) predicted a Jewish return to Palestine, with the rebuilding of Jerusalem in the late 19th century and the erection of the Third Temple in the 20th or 21st century, leading to the end of the world no later than 2060.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newton_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newton-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of these private writings were embarrassing to his supporters who sought to uphold him as a man of reason and science against <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a> and while the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> inherited his scientific papers, they refused to take these private ones.<sup id="cite_ref-newton_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newton-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these, collected by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Yahuda" title="Abraham Yahuda">Abraham Yahuda</a>, now rest in the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a> since 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-newton_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newton-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spinoza for his part, although Jewish himself, moved in circles in the Netherlands which included Petrus Serrarius, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Oldenburg" title="Henry Oldenburg">Henry Oldenburg</a> and was even directly influenced by La Peyrère.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pietism,_Evangelicalism,_and_British_foreign_policy"><span id="Pietism.2C_Evangelicalism.2C_and_British_foreign_policy"></span>Pietism, Evangelicalism, and British foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Zionism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pietism, Evangelicalism, and British foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Political_Zionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Zionism">Political Zionism</a></div> <p>With the rise of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Hanoverians</a> to power in Britain and the ascent of the Enlightenment, much of the 18th century mainstream elite adopted <a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">Philhellenism</a>, looking back to the culture and philosophies of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical world">classical world</a> for inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian age</a>, rather than entertaining millennialist fantasies based on the Hebrew Old Testament (though Jews themselves enjoyed significant toleration in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>). Although marginal at first, a religious underground was slowly growing from the 1730s which would eventually spout a second wave of Protestant Zionism and with it the birth of <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestantism">Evangelical Protestantism</a>. This was precipitated in Germany by <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Spener" title="Philipp Spener">Philipp Spener</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a>, a mystical and often millennialist take on Lutheranism, which prophesied the "conversion of the Jews and the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a> as the prelude of the triumph of the Church." One of Spener's followers, <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Zinzendorf" title="Nicolaus Zinzendorf">Nicolaus Zinzendorf</a>, spread this into the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a>, linking the theory to Palestine, changing the Moravian liturgy to include a prayer "to restore the tribe of Judah in its time and bless its first fruits among us."<sup id="cite_ref-cz_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cz-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wesley" title="Charles Wesley">Charles Wesley</a>, early leaders in <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a>; inspired by the Pietists and Zinzendorf's Moravians; also promoted a Jewish return to Palestine with Charles Wesley even authoring a hymn dedicated to it.<sup id="cite_ref-cz_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cz-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wes_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baptist, <a href="/wiki/John_Gill_(theologian)" title="John Gill (theologian)">John Gill</a>, who moved in similar circles to the Wesleys, authored works expressing similar views.<sup id="cite_ref-gill_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gill-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1771, the Evangelical minister, <a href="/wiki/John_Eyre_(evangelical_minister)" title="John Eyre (evangelical minister)">John Eyre</a>, founder of the <i><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Magazine" title="Evangelical Magazine">Evangelical Magazine</a></i> and among the original members of the <i><a href="/wiki/London_Missionary_Society" title="London Missionary Society">London Missionary Society</a></i> was promoting a more developed version of these views with his <i>Observations upon Prophecies Relating to the Restoration of the Jews</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-cz_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cz-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury_by_John_Collier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury_by_John_Collier.jpg/220px-Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury_by_John_Collier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury_by_John_Collier.jpg/330px-Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury_by_John_Collier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury_by_John_Collier.jpg/440px-Anthony_Ashley-Cooper%2C_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury_by_John_Collier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3012" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury">Earl of Shaftesbury</a>, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Anglicanism" title="Evangelical Anglicanism">Evangelical Anglicanism</a> and the views of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bickersteth_(priest)" title="Edward Bickersteth (priest)">Edward Bickersteth</a> was one of the first British politicians to seriously endorse a Jewish return to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Palestine</a> as official policy.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the end of the 18th century, in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> decreeing in December 1789 that non-Catholics were eligible for all civil and military positions, the Revolutionary government in France made a <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_and_the_Jews" title="Napoleon and the Jews">play for the allegiance of Jews</a>, in competition with Britain. During the <a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">Egypt–Syria campaign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Bonaparte</a> invited "all the Jews of Asia and Africa to gather under his flag in order to re-establish the ancient Jerusalem."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Bonaparte himself was secular and the idea an early example of pragmatic <a href="/wiki/Political_Zionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Zionism">Political Zionism</a>, the Jacobin idea itself may have originated from <a href="/wiki/Corbet_family" title="Corbet family">Thomas Corbet</a> (1773–1804), an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a> Protestant émigrée who, as a member of the liberal-republican <a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">Society of United Irishmen</a>, was an ally of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin">Jacobin</a>-government, engaged in revolutionary activities against the British and served in the French Army.<sup id="cite_ref-corb_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corb-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dem_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dem-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1790, he authored a letter to the <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">French Directory</a>, then under the leadership of Napoleon's patron <a href="/wiki/Paul_Barras" title="Paul Barras">Paul Barras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-corb_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corb-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the letter he stated "I recommend you, Napoleon, to call on the Jewish people to join your conquest in the East, to your mission to conquer the land of Israel" saying, "Their riches do not console them for their hardships. They await with impatience the epoch of their re-establishment as a nation."<sup id="cite_ref-dem_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dem-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. Milka Levy-Rubin, a curator at the National Library of Israel, has attributed Corbet's motivation to a Protestant Zionism based on premillennialist themes.<sup id="cite_ref-corb_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corb-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In New England during the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Stiles" title="Ezra Stiles">Ezra Stiles</a>, president of <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale College</a> was a supporter of Jewish restoration and befriended Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Hayyim_Isaac_Carregal" title="Raphael Hayyim Isaac Carregal">Raphael Chaim Yitzchak Karigal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a> in 1773 during his visit.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a> also anticipated a future return of Jews to their homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-Stein_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stein-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1808, Asa McFarland, a Presbyterian, voiced the opinion of many that the fall of the Ottoman Empire was imminent and would bring about Jewish restoration. One David Austin of <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a> spent his fortune building docks and inns from which the Jews could embark to the Holy Land. In 1825, <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Manuel_Noah" title="Mordecai Manuel Noah">Mordecai Manuel Noah</a>, a Jew who wanted to found a national home for the Jews on <a href="/wiki/Grand_Island,_New_York" title="Grand Island, New York">Grand Island</a> in New York as a way station on the way to the Holy Land, won widespread Christian backing for his project. Likewise, restorationist theology was among the inspirations for the first American missionary activity in the Middle East<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for mapping the Holy Land.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most early-19th-century British Restorationists, like <a href="/wiki/Charles_Simeon" title="Charles Simeon">Charles Simeon</a>, were <a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">postmillennial</a> in eschatology.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the rise of <a href="/wiki/James_Hatley_Frere" title="James Hatley Frere">James Frere</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Haldane_Stewart" title="James Haldane Stewart">James Haldane Stewart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Irving" title="Edward Irving">Edward Irving</a> a major shift in the 1820s towards <a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">premillennialism</a> occurred, with a similar focus on advocacy for the restoration of the Jews to Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the demise of the Ottoman Empire appeared to be approaching, the advocacy of restorationism increased. At the same time, the visit of <a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_Darby" title="John Nelson Darby">John Nelson Darby</a> to the United States catalyzed a new movement. Darby was the founder of a theological framework known as <a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">dispensationalism</a>. This was expressed at the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Bible_Conference" title="Niagara Bible Conference">Niagara Bible Conference</a> in 1878, which issued a 14-point proclamation (relying on Luke 12:35–40, 17:26–30, 18:8 Acts 15:14–17, 2 Thessalonians 2:3–8, 2 Timothy 3:1–5, and Titus 1:11–15), including: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>that the Lord Jesus will come in person to introduce the millennial age, when Israel shall be restored to their own land, and the earth shall be full of the knowledge of the Lord; and that this personal and premillennial advent is the blessed hope set before us in the Gospel for which we should be constantly looking.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The dispensationalist theology of John Nelson Darby is often claimed to be a significant awakener of American Christian Zionism.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He first distinguished the hopes of the Jews and that of the church and gentiles in a series of 11 evening lectures in Geneva in 1840. His lectures were immediately published in French (<i>L'Attente Actuelle de l'Eglise</i>), English (1841), German and Dutch (1847) and so his teachings began their global journey. Some dispensationalists, like Arno Gabelein, whilst <a href="/wiki/Philo-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo-Semitism">philo-semitic</a>, opposed Zionism as a movement born in self-confidence and unbelief.<sup id="cite_ref-weber_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While dispensationalism had considerable influence through the <a href="/wiki/Scofield_Reference_Bible" title="Scofield Reference Bible">Scofield Reference Bible</a>, Christian lobbying for the restoration of the Jews preceded the publication of the Scofield Reference Bible (first published by OUP, 1909) by over a century,<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many Christian Zionists and Christian Zionist organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Christian_Embassy_Jerusalem" title="International Christian Embassy Jerusalem">International Christian Embassy Jerusalem</a> do not subscribe to <a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">dispensationalism</a>. Many non-dispensationalist Protestants were also strong advocates of a Jewish return to their homeland, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Spurgeon" title="Charles Spurgeon">Charles Spurgeon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-restor_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-restor-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both <a href="/wiki/Horatius_Bonar" title="Horatius Bonar">Horatius</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bonar_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonar-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bonar" title="Andrew Bonar">Andrew Bonar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Murray_M%27Cheyne" title="Robert Murray M'Cheyne">Robert Murray M'Chyene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MCheyne_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCheyne-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/J._C._Ryle" title="J. C. Ryle">J. C. Ryle</a><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were among a number of proponents of both the importance and significance of a Jewish return to Israel. However Spurgeon averred of dispensationalism: "It is a mercy that these absurdities are revealed one at a time, in order that we may be able to endure their stupidity without dying of amazement".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1864, Spurgeon wrote:<sup id="cite_ref-restor_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-restor-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> We look forward, then, for these two things. I am not going to theorize upon which of them will come first — whether they shall be restored first, and converted afterwards — or converted first and then restored. They are to be restored and they are to be converted, too.</p></blockquote> <p>The crumbling of the Ottoman Empire threatened the British route to India via the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> as well as sundry French, German and American economic interests. In 1831 the Ottomans were driven from the <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">region of Syria</a> (including Palestine) by an expansionist Egypt, in the <a href="/wiki/First_Turko-Egyptian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Turko-Egyptian War">First Turko-Egyptian War</a>. Although Britain forced <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a> to withdraw to Egypt, <a href="/wiki/The_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Levant">the Levant</a> was left for a brief time without a government. The ongoing weakness of the Ottoman Empire made some in the west consider the potential of a Jewish state in the Holy Land. A number of important figures within the British government advocated such a plan, including <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Churchill" title="Charles Henry Churchill">Charles Henry Churchill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again during the lead-up to the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> (1854), there was an opportunity for political rearrangements in the Near East. In July 1853, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury">Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury</a>, who was President of the <a href="/wiki/Church%27s_Ministry_Among_Jewish_People" title="Church's Ministry Among Jewish People">London Society for Promoting Christianity Amongst the Jews</a>, wrote to <a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Prime Minister Aberdeen</a> urging Jewish restoration as a means of stabilizing the region.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Late-19th-century non-messianic restorationism was largely driven by concern over the fate of the Jews of the Russian Empire, beset by poverty and by deadly, government-inspired pogroms. It was widely accepted that western nations did not wish to receive Jewish immigrants. Restorationism was a way for charitable individuals to assist oppressed Jews without actually accepting them as neighbors and fellow-citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this, Restorationism was not unlike the efforts of the <a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a> to send blacks to <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> and the efforts of British abolitionists to create <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> endorsed Restoration because he recognized that Jews fleeing Russian pogroms required a refuge, and preferred Palestine for sentimental reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Zionism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1818, President <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> wrote, "I really wish the Jews again in Judea an independent nation", and believed that they would gradually become <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1844, <a href="/wiki/George_Bush_(Biblical_scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Bush (Biblical scholar)">George Bush</a>, a professor of Hebrew at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> and the cousin of an ancestor of the Presidents Bush, published a book titled <i>The Valley of Vision; or, The Dry Bones of Israel Revived</i>. In it he denounced "the thralldom and oppression which has so long ground them (the Jews) to the dust," and called for "elevating" the Jews "to a rank of honorable repute among the nations of the earth" by allowing restoring the Jews to the land of Israel where the bulk would be <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_the_Jews_(future_event)" title="Conversion of the Jews (future event)">converted to Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, according to Bush, would benefit not only the Jews, but all of mankind, forming a "link of communication" between humanity and God. "It will blaze in notoriety ...". "It will flash a splendid demonstration upon all kindreds and tongues of the truth."<sup id="cite_ref-com-mag_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-com-mag-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a> expressed the idea in a poem, "Clarel; A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>the Hebrew seers announce in time<br /> the return of Judah to her prime;<br /> Some Christians deemed it then at hand<br /> Here was an object. Up and On.<br /> With seed and tillage help renew –<br /> Help reinstate the Holy Land </p> </div> </blockquote> <p>The tycoon <a href="/wiki/William_Eugene_Blackstone" class="mw-redirect" title="William Eugene Blackstone">William Eugene Blackstone</a> was inspired by the conference to publish the book <i>Jesus is Coming</i>, which took up the restorationist cause. His book was translated and published in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>. On November 24–25, 1890, Blackstone organized the Conference on the Past, Present and Future of Israel at the First Methodist Episcopal Church in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> where participants included leaders of many Christian communities. Resolutions of sympathy for the oppressed Jews living in Russia were passed, but Blackstone was convinced that such resolutions—even though passed by prominent men—were insufficient. He advocated strongly for the resettlement of Jewish people in Palestine. In 1891 he lobbied President <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> for the restoration of the Jews, in a petition signed by 413 prominent Americans, that became known as the <a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Memorial" title="Blackstone Memorial">Blackstone Memorial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Merkley_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merkley-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The names included the US Chief Justice, Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Chair of the House Foreign Relations Committee, and several other congressmen, Rockefeller, Morgan and famous industrialists.<sup id="cite_ref-Merkley_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merkley-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It read, in part: "Why shall not the powers which under the treaty of Berlin, in 1878, gave Bulgaria to the Bulgarians and Servia to the Servians now give Palestine back to the Jews? ... These provinces, as well as Romania, Montenegro, and Greece, were wrested from the Turks and given to their natural owners. Does not Palestine as rightfully belong to the Jews?"<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Great_Britain">In Great Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Zionism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Zionism#British_influence" title="Zionism">Zionism § British influence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Christian Zionism in the United Kingdom">Christian Zionism in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordecharleswingate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ordecharleswingate.jpg/220px-Ordecharleswingate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ordecharleswingate.jpg/330px-Ordecharleswingate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Ordecharleswingate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>By the time of <a href="/wiki/Mandate_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate Palestine">Mandate Palestine</a>, the British struggled to balance sympathies for Jews and Arabs. Some, such as <a href="/wiki/Orde_Wingate" title="Orde Wingate">Orde Wingate</a>, fought alongside the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Night_Squads" title="Special Night Squads">Special Night Squads</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ideas favoring the restoration of the Jews in Palestine or the Land of Israel entered the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> public discourse in the 1830s, though British Reformationists had written about the restoration of the Jews as early as the 16th century, and the idea had strong support among Puritans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Not all such attitudes were favorable towards the Jews; they were shaped in part by a variety of <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> beliefs,<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or by a streak of <a href="/wiki/Philo-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo-Semitism">philo-Semitism</a> among the classically educated British elite.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the urging of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury">Lord Shaftesbury</a>, Britain established a consulate in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem</a> in 1838, the first diplomatic appointment to Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1839, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> sent <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bonar" title="Andrew Bonar">Andrew Bonar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Murray_M%27Cheyne" title="Robert Murray M'Cheyne">Robert Murray M'Cheyne</a>, Alexander Black and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Keith_(Free_Church_minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Keith (Free Church minister)">Alexander Keith</a> on a mission to report on the condition of the Jews in Palestine. Their report was widely published.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They traveled through France, Greece, and Egypt, and from Egypt, overland to <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>. On the way home they visited <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> and some of the German states. They sought out Jewish communities and inquired about their readiness to accept Christ, and separately, their preparedness to return to Israel as prophesied in the Bible. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Keith_(Free_Church_minister)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Keith (Free Church minister)">Alexander Keith</a> recounted the journey in his 1844 book <i>The Land of Israel According to the Covenant with Abraham, with Isaac, and with Jacob</i>. It was also in that book that Keith used the slogan that became popular with other Christian Restorationists, <a href="/wiki/A_land_without_a_people_for_a_people_without_a_land" title="A land without a people for a people without a land">a land without a people for a people without a land</a>. In 1844 he revisited Palestine with his son, <a href="/wiki/George_Skene_Keith_(physician)" title="George Skene Keith (physician)">George Skene Keith</a> (1819–1910), who was the first person to photograph the land.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important, though often neglected, figure in British support of the restoration of the Jews was <a href="/wiki/William_Hechler" title="William Hechler">William Hechler</a> (1845–1931), an English clergyman of German descent who was Chaplain of the British Embassy in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> and became a close friend of <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hechler was instrumental in aiding Herzl through his diplomatic activities, and may, in that sense, be called the founder of modern Christian Zionism. When it came to mark the twenty-fifth anniversary of Herzl's death, it was noted by the editors of the English-language memorial volume that William Hechler would prove "not only the first, but the most constant and the most indefatigable of Herzl's followers".<sup id="cite_ref-Merkley_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merkley-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Balfour_Declaration">Balfour Declaration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Zionism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Balfour Declaration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 2 November 1917, UK Home Secretary <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a> sent a letter to <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rothschild,_2nd_Baron_Rothschild" title="Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild">Lord Walter Rothschild</a>. This letter, known as the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a>, famously stated that "His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people." As noted by Philip Alexander, "A crucial ingredient in Balfour's Zionism [may have been] his Christian belief or, to put it a little more subtly, his Christian formation. The most persuasive advocate of this thesis is the Canadian historian Donald Lewis in his 2010 monograph, <i>The Origins of Christian Zionism</i>, but it has been espoused by a number of other scholars as well."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Between_World_War_I_and_the_1948_Palestine_War">Between World War I and the 1948 Palestine War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Zionism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Between World War I and the 1948 Palestine War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_States_2">In the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Zionism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the decades leading up to the establishment of Israel in 1948, the most prominent and politically active American Christian supporters of Zionism were liberal and mainline Protestants whose support for the movement was often unrelated to their interpretation of the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Christian supporters of Zionism viewed Palestine as a needed safe haven for Jews who were fleeing from intensifying persecution in Europe and they frequently believed that their support of the movement was part of a broader effort at <a href="/wiki/Christian%E2%80%93Jewish_reconciliation" title="Christian–Jewish reconciliation">interfaith rapprochement</a>. The Pro-Palestine Federation, a Christian pro-Zionist organization which was founded in 1930, called for the promotion of "goodwill and esteem between Jews and non-Jews" and it also called for the British government to adhere to the terms of its Mandate for Palestine, which pledged support for the establishment of a Jewish national home.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amidst World War II and their growing awareness of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, American Jewish Zionists helped coordinate the establishment of two non-Jewish Zionist organizations, the American Palestine Committee and the Christian Council on Palestine, which were later merged into the American Christian Palestine Committee (ACPC). The ACPC, which was composed largely of liberal and mainline Protestants, became the leading American Christian lobby in support of the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the establishment of Israel in 1948, the ACPC continued its lobbying efforts. For instance, it coordinated opposition to the United Nations' efforts to internationalize the city of Jerusalem, which was divided between Israel and Transjordan in the 1948 War. </p><p>During these years, <a href="/wiki/Premillennialism#Dispensational_school" title="Premillennialism">dispensational premillennialism</a> grew in popularity among conservative American Protestants. Many <a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">dispensationalists</a> viewed the Zionist movement as at least a partial fulfillment of biblical prophecy or they viewed it as a modern fulfillment of God's covenantal promises to the Jewish people. In the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist</a> missionary Jacob Gartenhaus, himself a convert from Judaism, argued that "Zionism is going to win whether anybody likes it or not...To oppose it is to oppose God's plan."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But for the most part, such beliefs did not translate into political action on behalf of the movement in this era. One slight exception was J. Frank Norris, a <a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a> Baptist who split time between pulpits in Fort Worth, Texas, and Detroit, Michigan.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Norris did not organize lobbying efforts in the way that the ACPC did, he did preach to his followers that it was their Christian duty to support the Zionist cause and wrote President Truman in support of Zionist claims to Palestine in 1947 and 1948. Norris also loosely coordinated with the ACPC, at times publishing their materials in his periodical, <i>The Fundamentalist</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_founding_of_the_State_of_Israel">After the founding of the State of Israel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Zionism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: After the founding of the State of Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Union,_Ulster_and_Israel_flags_Broughshane.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Union%2C_Ulster_and_Israel_flags_Broughshane.JPG/300px-Union%2C_Ulster_and_Israel_flags_Broughshane.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Union%2C_Ulster_and_Israel_flags_Broughshane.JPG/450px-Union%2C_Ulster_and_Israel_flags_Broughshane.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Union%2C_Ulster_and_Israel_flags_Broughshane.JPG/600px-Union%2C_Ulster_and_Israel_flags_Broughshane.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Israel" title="Flag of Israel">Flag of Israel</a>, flying alongside the <a href="/wiki/Union_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Flag">Union Flag</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Banner" title="Ulster Banner">Ulster Banner</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Protestant Unionist</a> community of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, sympathy for Israel is frequently expressed by communal flag-flying.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_United_States_3">In the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Zionism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Israel–United States relations">Israel–United States relations</a></div> <p>In the decades since the establishment of Israel, and especially since the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, the most prominent American Christian supporters of Israel have come from the <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> wing of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">American Protestantism</a>. American evangelicalism itself underwent significant changes in the years surrounding Israel's birth, as a "new" evangelicalism led by figures like <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a> emerged from <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> and came to cultural prominence.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was among these new evangelicals that the contemporary movement that most commonly associated with the term "Christian Zionism" originated.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many new evangelicals adhered to dispensationalism or at least, they adhered to beliefs which were inspired by it—most especially, they adhered to the dispensationalist understanding that Jews remained in a special covenantal relationship with God. Most important to the development of Christian Zionism as a movement, though, was the fact that American evangelical leaders began to build relationships with American and Israeli Jews and they also began to build institutional connections with Jewish organizations and the Israeli government itself. Crucial to the building of these relationships was a motivated coterie of American evangelicals who resided in Israel, most notably, the founder of the American Institute of Holy Land Studies, G. Douglas Young. Through his institute, Young worked to convince American Christians that it was their biblical duty to support the Jewish people and the Jewish state. He also worked as a go-between for Jewish organizations and Israeli government agencies which were seeking to build relationships with American evangelicals.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such activism provided the basis for the development of Christian Zionism as a movement. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabbi_Aryeh_Scheinberg_event_-_2_-_November_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Rabbi_Aryeh_Scheinberg_event_-_2_-_November_2018.jpg/250px-Rabbi_Aryeh_Scheinberg_event_-_2_-_November_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Rabbi_Aryeh_Scheinberg_event_-_2_-_November_2018.jpg/375px-Rabbi_Aryeh_Scheinberg_event_-_2_-_November_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Rabbi_Aryeh_Scheinberg_event_-_2_-_November_2018.jpg/500px-Rabbi_Aryeh_Scheinberg_event_-_2_-_November_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>Christian Zionist Pastor <a href="/wiki/John_Hagee" title="John Hagee">John Hagee</a> with Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Riskin" title="Shlomo Riskin">Shlomo Riskin</a> and Israel's Deputy Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Tzipi_Hotovely" title="Tzipi Hotovely">Tzipi Hotovely</a> in November 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>Such activism, it should be noted, was in many ways distinct from the prophetic speculation about the State of Israel that exploded after the 1967 Six-Day War (even as it had somewhat common theological and hermeneutical antecedents). This activism includes the wildly popular writings of the American <a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">dispensationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> writer <a href="/wiki/Hal_Lindsey" title="Hal Lindsey">Hal Lindsey</a>, which sought to fit Israel into a dispensationalist <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">end-time</a> narrative. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Late_Great_Planet_Earth" title="The Late Great Planet Earth">The Late Great Planet Earth</a></i>, for example, Lindsey anticipated that, per <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2039:6–8&version=nrsv">Ezekiel 39:6–8</a>, Jews would fight off a "<a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a>" invasion before realizing their miraculous deliverance and converting to Christianity. Their lives would be spared the great fire that God will put upon Russia and people of the "coastlands." And, per <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Zechariah%2013:8–9&version=nrsv">Zechariah 13:8–9</a>, one third of Jews alive who have converted will be spared.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lindsay has been critiqued for highly specific, failed predictions even by those who share his eschatology, like <a href="/wiki/John_F._MacArthur" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. MacArthur">John MacArthur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of Protestant leaders who combined political conservatism with Christian Zionism are <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Jerry Falwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a>, leading figures on the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Right" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Right">Christian Right</a> in the 1980s and 1990s. In 1981, Falwell said: "To stand against Israel is to stand against God. We believe that history and scripture prove that God deals with nations in relation to how they deal with Israel."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They cite part of the blessing of <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis+27:29&version=hcsb">Genesis 27:29</a>, "Those who curse you will be cursed, and those who bless you will be blessed." <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> has also been cited as a Christian supporter of Israel and Zionism.<sup id="cite_ref-Sundquist_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sundquist-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Israel">In Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Zionism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government of Israel has given official encouragement to Christian Zionism, allowing the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/International_Christian_Embassy_Jerusalem" title="International Christian Embassy Jerusalem">International Christian Embassy Jerusalem</a> in 1980.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The embassy has raised funds to help finance Jewish immigration to Israel from the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and has assisted Zionist groups in establishing Jewish settlements in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Third International Christian Zionist Congress, held in Jerusalem in February 1996, issued a proclamation which said:<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>God the Father, Almighty, chose the ancient nation and people of Israel, the descendants of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, to reveal His plan of redemption for the world. They remain elect of God, and without the Jewish nation His redemptive purposes for the world will not be completed. </p><p>Jesus of Nazareth is the Messiah and has promised to return to Jerusalem, to Israel and to the world. </p><p>It is reprehensible that generations of Jewish peoples have been killed and persecuted in the name of our Lord, and we challenge the Church to repent of any sins of commission or omission against them. </p><p>The modern Ingathering of the Jewish People to <i>Eretz Israel</i> and the rebirth of the nation of Israel are in fulfilment of biblical prophecies, as written in both Old and New Testaments. </p><p> Christian believers are instructed by Scripture to acknowledge the Hebraic roots of their faith and to actively assist and participate in the plan of God for the Ingathering of the Jewish People and the Restoration of the nation of Israel in our day.</p></blockquote> <p>Popular interest in Christian Zionism was given a boost around the year 2000 in the form of the <i><a href="/wiki/Left_Behind" title="Left Behind">Left Behind</a></i> series of novels by <a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">Tim LaHaye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_B._Jenkins" title="Jerry B. Jenkins">Jerry B. Jenkins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The novels are built around the prophetic role of Israel in the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">apocalyptic</a> end times. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_views_within_Christianity">Critical views within Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Zionism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Critical views within Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Christian_anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism § Christian anti-Zionism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Zionism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Declaration_on_Christian_Zionism" title="Jerusalem Declaration on Christian Zionism">Jerusalem Declaration on Christian Zionism</a></div> <p>For most Christians <a href="/wiki/The_City_of_God" title="The City of God">the City of God</a> (<a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">Psalm</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Psalms#46:4" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Psalms">46:4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%A8%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%AF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%94%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%B4/%CE%9C%CE%95#p5" class="extiw" title="s:el:Ψαλμοί του Δαυίδ/ΜΕ">ΜΕ:5</a>): <span lang="grc">"ἡ πόλις τοῦ Θεοῦ"</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Koinē Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">"hē pólis toũ theoũ"</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'the city of God') has nothing to do with <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Jewish immigration to Israel</a> and the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>; instead, it predicts the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">sack of Rome (410)</a> and it is cited in the <a href="/wiki/Teaching_of_Saint_Augustine_of_Hippo" class="mw-redirect" title="Teaching of Saint Augustine of Hippo">teaching of Saint Augustine of Hippo</a>. That is why neither <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodox Christians</a> nor traditional <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Christians</a><sup id="cite_ref-catholic_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholic-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> did consider <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> in any political form: "[T]he Eastern Orthodox Church [...] upheld a historic lack of emphasis on pilgrimage, insisting that the land of promise was not Palestine but the Kingdom of God. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_IV_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius IV of Antioch">Patriarch Ignatius IV</a>, head of the church in the Middle East, reiterated that the people were his concern in Jerusalem, not the stones."<sup id="cite_ref-ght_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ght-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not a worldly kingdom, not an earthly Jerusalem is sought after,<sup id="cite_ref-sharif_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharif-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-shapira_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shapira-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-friedman_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-friedman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the focus is on the <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavenly Jerusalem">heavenly Jerusalem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the kingdom of the <a href="/wiki/Triune_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Triune God">triune God</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At first you will see prayer as a ladder, then as a book which you read, and finally, as you advance further and further, you will see it as the heavenly Jerusalem, the city of the King of Hosts, Who is together with His Father<span class="nowrap"> </span>—<span class="nowrap"> </span>with Whom He is of one Essence<span class="nowrap"> </span>—<span class="nowrap"> </span>and with the venerable Holy Spirit.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Hesychius_of_Jerusalem" title="Hesychius of Jerusalem">Hesychius of Jerusalem</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_Church">Catholic Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Zionism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religious_anti-Zionism#Catholic_Church" title="Religious anti-Zionism">Religious anti-Zionism § Catholic Church</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pius_X,_by_Francesco_De_Federicis,_1903_(retouched,_colorized).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pius_X%2C_by_Francesco_De_Federicis%2C_1903_%28retouched%2C_colorized%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Pius_X%2C_by_Francesco_De_Federicis%2C_1903_%28retouched%2C_colorized%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pius_X%2C_by_Francesco_De_Federicis%2C_1903_%28retouched%2C_colorized%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Pius_X%2C_by_Francesco_De_Federicis%2C_1903_%28retouched%2C_colorized%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pius_X%2C_by_Francesco_De_Federicis%2C_1903_%28retouched%2C_colorized%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Pius_X%2C_by_Francesco_De_Federicis%2C_1903_%28retouched%2C_colorized%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1784" data-file-height="2527" /></a><figcaption> <b>Pope Pius X</b>: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a> had an audience with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> in 1904. The Pope explained that the Catholic Church could not theologically endorse Zionism and control of Holy Places in Jerusalem.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>—the largest branch of Christians in the world—does not endorse the theological premises underlying millennialist Restorationism as propounded by <a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">dispensationalists</a> and it has generally inveighed against the prospect of Jewish governance over Holy Places in Palestine which it deems of importance to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-vi_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vi-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hp_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hp-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a>, the secular Jewish founder of modern political Zionism, had an audience in the Vatican with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> in 1904, arranged by the Austrian Count Berthold Dominik Lippay, seeking out the position of the Catholic Church on Herzl's prospective project for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine. Pope Pius X stated "We cannot prevent the Jews from going to Jerusalem—but we could never sanction it. The soil of Jerusalem, if it was not always sacred, has been sanctified by the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">life of Jesus Christ</a>. As the head of the Church I cannot tell you anything different. The <a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's view of Jesus">Jews have not recognized our Lord</a>, therefore we cannot recognize the Jewish people."<sup id="cite_ref-hp_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hp-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Herzl explained that his reasoning behind the project for the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a> was not a religious statement, but interest in secular land for national independence, Pope Pius X replied "Does it have to be <i><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Gerusalemme</a></i>?"<sup id="cite_ref-hp_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hp-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While it rejected a theological basis for Zionism outright, a major concern for the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> was the fate of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Places" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Places">Holy Places</a> which were associated with Jesus Christ if they should ever fall under the governance of such a state.<sup id="cite_ref-vi_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vi-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the mid-19th century, relations between the Vatican and <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> were fairly collegial; by that time, the Muslim Ottomans permitted the Vatican to work among the <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Arab Catholics</a> in Palestine and they also permitted the Vatican to access the Holy Places quite freely so the <i>status quo</i> was already workable for them. Following the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</a>, the Vatican advocated the position that Jerusalem should be treated as a separate "<a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Jerusalem)" title="Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)">international city</a>", as laid out in the encyclical <i><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_nostri_cruciatus" title="Redemptoris nostri cruciatus">Redemptoris nostri cruciatus</a></i>. Until the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, the Catholic Church was forthright in its international lobbying against Zionism (including the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholic Church in the United States</a>, because the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> had become Zionism's most powerful endorser).<sup id="cite_ref-vi_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vi-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a> and the Holy See only established <a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Holy See–Israel relations">full diplomatic relations</a> in 1993 and this was a recognition of political and civic reality, not a theological statement.<sup id="cite_ref-vi_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vi-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th and 21st centuries, certain Catholic theologians such as André Villeneuve, Gary Anderson and <a href="/wiki/Gavin_D%27Costa" title="Gavin D'Costa">Gavin D'Costa</a>, have written in support of Christian Zionism, holding it to be a sign of God's fidelity.<sup id="cite_ref-Villeneuve2024_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villeneuve2024-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-D’Costa2020_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D’Costa2020-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Zionism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Political_Zionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Zionism">Political Zionism</a>, which "<a href="/wiki/The_Destruction_of_Sennacherib" title="The Destruction of Sennacherib">came down like the wolf on the fold</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has also been <a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">anathematized</a> by eminent Protestants:<sup id="cite_ref-ght_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ght-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[I]t is the conviction of most biblical scholars that the Old Testament contains no description of the restoration of Israel to its ancient homeland which can apply to the Jewish people of the present age.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Century" title="The Christian Century">The Christian Century</a></i>: 144–145. December 1929</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Political Zionism and Christian Zionism are biblically anathema to the Christian faith. [...] [T]rue Israel today is neither Jews nor Israelis, but believers in the Messiah, even if they are gentiles.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/John_Stott" title="John Stott">John Stott</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the United States, the General Assembly of the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches" title="National Council of Churches">National Council of Churches</a> in November 2007 approved a resolution for further study which stated that the "theological stance of Christian Zionism adversely affects: </p> <blockquote> <ul><li>justice and peace in the Middle East, delaying the day when Israelis and Palestinians can live within secure borders</li> <li>relationships with Middle Eastern Christians (see the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Declaration_on_Christian_Zionism" title="Jerusalem Declaration on Christian Zionism">Jerusalem Declaration on Christian Zionism</a>)</li> <li>relationships with Jews, since Jews are seen as mere pawns in an <a href="/wiki/Eschatological" class="mw-redirect" title="Eschatological">eschatological</a> scheme</li> <li>relationships with Muslims, since it treats the rights of Muslims as subordinate to the rights of Jews</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interfaith_dialogue" title="Interfaith dialogue">interfaith dialogue</a>, since it views the world in starkly dichotomous terms"<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America" title="Reformed Church in America">Reformed Church in America</a> at its 2004 General Synod found "the ideology of Christian Zionism and the extreme form of dispensationalism that undergirds it to be a distortion of the biblical message noting the impediment it represents to achieving a just peace in Israel/Palestine."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mennonite_Central_Committee" title="Mennonite Central Committee">Mennonite Central Committee</a> has criticized Christian Zionism, noting that in some churches under its influence the "congregations 'adopt' illegal Israeli settlements, sending funds to bolster the defense of these armed colonies."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of September 2007, churches in the US that have criticized Christian Zionism include the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)" title="Presbyterian Church (USA)">Presbyterian Church (USA)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The film <i><a href="/wiki/With_God_On_Our_Side_(film)" title="With God On Our Side (film)">With God On Our Side</a></i>, by Porter Speakman Jr. and Kevin Miller (the latter of whom also co-created the film <i><a href="/wiki/Expelled:_No_Intelligence_Allowed" title="Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed">Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed</a></i>), criticizes both the underlying theology behind Christian Zionism as well as its negative influence on the church.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United Kingdom, the Church of Scotland, despite its Restorationist history,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has recently been critical of Zionism in general, and in turn has received strong criticism over the perceived injustice of its report, <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Scotland#"The_Inheritance_of_Abraham:_A_Report_on_the_'Promised'_Land"" class="mw-redirect" title="The Church of Scotland">"The Inheritance of Abraham: A Report on the Promised Land"</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which resulted in its republication in a briefer form.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 July 2012, the Anglican General Synod passed a motion affirming support for the Ecumenical Accompaniment Programme in Palestine and Israel (EAPPI).<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was criticised by the Board of Deputies claiming the Synod 'has chosen to promote an inflammatory and partisan programme'.<sup id="cite_ref-JChron_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JChron-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advocated group was simultaneously criticised for its publication of a call for sit-ins at Israeli Embassies, the hacking of government websites to promote its message, and support for the <a href="/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions" title="Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions">Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions</a> campaign against Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-JChron_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JChron-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_interpretations">Biblical interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Zionism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Biblical interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Christian Zionists interpret the prophetic texts as describing inevitable future events, and these events primarily involve Israel (taken to mean the descendants of the Biblical patriarch <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>) or Judah (taken to mean the remaining faithful adherents of Judaism). These prophecies are seen as requiring the presence of a Jewish state in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, the central part of the lands promised to the Biblical patriarch Abraham in the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_pieces" title="Covenant of the pieces">Covenant of the pieces</a>. This requirement is sometimes interpreted as being fulfilled by the contemporary state of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_doctrines">Other doctrines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Zionism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other doctrines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Christian schools of doctrine which consider other teachings to counterbalance these doctrines, or which interpret them in terms of distinct eschatological theories, are less conducive to Christian Zionism. Among the many texts which address this subject in counterbalance are the words of Jesus, as for example in <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#21:43" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">21:43</a>, "the kingdom of God will be taken away from you and given to a nation producing the fruits of it". </p><p>In <i>Defending Christian Zionism</i>, <a href="/wiki/David_Pawson" title="David Pawson">David Pawson</a>, a Christian Zionist in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, puts forward the case that the return of the Jews to the Holy Land is a fulfilment of scriptural prophecy, and that Christians should support the existence of the Jewish State (although not unconditionally its actions) on theological grounds. He also argues that prophecies spoken about Israel relate specifically to Israel (not to the church, as in "replacement theology"). However, he criticises Dispensationalism, which he says is a largely American movement holding similar views. Pawson was spurred to write this book by the work of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sizer" title="Stephen Sizer">Stephen Sizer</a>, an evangelical Christian who rejects Christian Zionism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Zionism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tens of millions of Americans belong to <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Evangelicalism in the United States">Evangelical churches</a> that strongly support Israel for religious reasons,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there are tens of millions more Christians who identify as Christian Zionists outside the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest Zionist organisation is <a href="/wiki/Christians_United_for_Israel" title="Christians United for Israel">Christians United for Israel</a>, which has 10 million members and is led by <a href="/wiki/John_Hagee" title="John Hagee">John Hagee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rubin_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rubin-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Zionism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Public opinion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2017 LifeWay poll conducted in United States found that 80% of <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical Christians</a> believed that the creation of Israel in 1948 was a fulfillment of biblical prophecy that would bring about Christ's return and more than 50% of Evangelical Christians believed that they support Israel because it is important for fulfilling the prophecy.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Pew Research survey in 2003, more than 60% of the Evangelical Christians and about 50% of Blacks agreed that the existence of Israel fulfilled biblical prophecy. About 55% of poll respondents said that the Bible was the biggest influence for supporting Israel which is 11 times the people who said church was the biggest influence.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Zionism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish%E2%80%93Christian_Understanding_and_Cooperation" title="Center for Jewish–Christian Understanding and Cooperation">Center for Jewish–Christian Understanding and Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian%E2%80%93Jewish_reconciliation" title="Christian–Jewish reconciliation">Christian–Jewish reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians_United_for_Israel" title="Christians United for Israel">Christians United for Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christianity in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">History of Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Christian_Embassy_Jerusalem" title="International Christian Embassy Jerusalem">International Christian Embassy Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fellowship_of_Christians_and_Jews" title="International Fellowship of Christians and Jews">International Fellowship of Christians and Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_religious_pluralism" title="Jewish views on religious pluralism">Jewish views on religious pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Jews as the chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_view_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's view of Jesus">Judaism's view of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">Philosemitism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Zionism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Dick Wursten, a Doctor of Theology from Belgium, in his <i>Clément Marot and Religion</i> (2010), Bucer, a prominent Reformation <a href="/wiki/Christian_Hebraist" title="Christian Hebraist">Christian Hebraist</a>, has been categorised as a <a href="/wiki/Judaizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaizer">Judaizer</a> due to his reliance on later rabbinical Jewish commentators, external to Christian tradition, for his <i>Commentary on the Psalter</i> (1529). In particular, for his millennialism and views for a future <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a>, he drew from <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Kimhi" title="David Kimhi">David Kimhi</a>, from whom he shared their sense of "<i>derek ha peshat</i>" (an exegesis which prefers a literalist historicalism above allegorical or moral speculation) but syncretised this with Christian elements which would include a Jewish conversion in the end times. In addition to this he referenced the medieval <a href="/wiki/Talmudic" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmudic">Talmudic</a> commentator Shlomo Yitzchai, also known as <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>, though drew from him to a lesser extent than the others. Bucer owned a copy of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mikraot_Gedolot" title="Mikraot Gedolot">Mikraot Gedolot</a></i>—a version of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> preferred by medieval <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a>—and drew from it freely.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Zionism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e-Rea_2012-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e-Rea_2012_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e-Rea_2012_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e-Rea_2012_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e-Rea_2012_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e-Rea_2012_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBen_Barka2012" class="citation journal cs1">Ben Barka, Mokhtar (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Ferea.2753">"The New Christian Right's relations with Israel and with the American Jews: the mid-1970s onward"</a>. <i>E-Rea</i>. <b>10</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>: <a href="/wiki/Centre_pour_l%27%C3%89dition_%C3%89lectronique_Ouverte" title="Centre pour l'Édition Électronique Ouverte">Centre pour l'Édition Électronique Ouverte</a> on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Aix-Marseille_University" title="Aix-Marseille University">Aix-Marseille University</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Ferea.2753">10.4000/erea.2753</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1638-1718">1638-1718</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191364375">191364375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=E-Rea&rft.atitle=The+New+Christian+Right%27s+relations+with+Israel+and+with+the+American+Jews%3A+the+mid-1970s+onward&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191364375%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1638-1718&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Ferea.2753&rft.aulast=Ben+Barka&rft.aufirst=Mokhtar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Ferea.2753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sharif-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sharif_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sharif_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sharif_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharif1983" class="citation book cs1">Sharif, Regina (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palestine-studies.org/ar/node/229833"><i>Non-Jewish Zionism: Its Roots in Western History</i></a> (translated in Arabic by <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9#01+" class="extiw" title="ar:قائمة عناوين سلسلة عالم المعرفة">Ahmad Abdullah Abdul Aziz</a> (1985)). London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Zed_Books" title="Zed Books">Zed Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86232-151-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86232-151-2"><bdi>978-0-86232-151-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701140241/https://www.palestine-studies.org/ar/node/229833">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2019</span>. <q>The <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist idea</a> itself has its organic roots deep within the <a href="/wiki/European_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="European imperialism">European imperialist movement</a>. [...] England of the seventeenth century was, in Carlyle's own words, an England of 'awful devout <a href="/wiki/Puritanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritanism">Puritanism</a>'. [Note: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, <i>Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches</i> (Boston, 1884), 1:32] Puritanism meant the invasion of Hebraism as transmitted through the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, but distorted by the effort to apply the ethics, laws and manners of the Old Testament <a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrew people</a>, a people that lived in the Middle East more than two thousand years earlier, to <a href="/wiki/17th-century_England" class="mw-redirect" title="17th-century England">post-Renaissance England</a>. [Note: In the words of <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a>, 'Puritanism was a revival of the Hebraic spirit in reaction to the Hellenic spirit that had animated the immediately preceding period of the Renaissance.' See Matthew Arnold, <i>Culture and Anarchy</i> (London, 1869), chap. 4] [...] <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> had up until then been remembered as the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, unfortunately <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">lost to Islam</a>. But in seventeenth century England it came to be regarded as the <a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">homeland of the Jews</a>, whose return to Palestine was, according to Old Testament prophecies, inevitable for the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Advent_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Advent of Christ">Second Advent of Christ</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Non-Jewish+Zionism%3A+Its+Roots+in+Western+History&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-86232-151-2&rft.aulast=Sharif&rft.aufirst=Regina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.palestine-studies.org%2Far%2Fnode%2F229833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamman2015" class="citation book cs1">Samman, Khaldoun (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7zoeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA77">"The Anti-Semitic Gaze and the Making of the New Jew"</a>. <i>Clash of Modernities: The Making and Unmaking of the New Jew, Turk, and Arab and the Islamist Challenge</i>. <a href="/wiki/Abingdon,_Oxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Abingdon, Oxon">Abingdon, Oxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, NY">New York, NY</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 49–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-26235-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-26235-0"><bdi>978-1-317-26235-0</bdi></a>. <q>Long before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a> and other prominent Jewish nationalists, as Regina Sharif has so persuasively argued, there had already existed a significant <a href="/wiki/Zionism#Non-Jewish_support" title="Zionism">non-Jewish Zionist movement within Europe</a>. [...] [W]hen an influential U.S. evangelist named <a href="/wiki/William_E._Blackstone" title="William E. Blackstone">William E. Blackstone</a> learned upon his visit to Palestine in 1889 that Herzl had been considering Uganda and Argentina as possible sites for the Jewish homeland [...] [i]mmediately, he sent Herzl a <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, 'marking every passage which referred to Palestine, with instructions that it alone was to be the site of the Jewish State.<span style="padding-right:0.15em;">'</span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Anti-Semitic+Gaze+and+the+Making+of+the+New+Jew&rft.btitle=Clash+of+Modernities%3A+The+Making+and+Unmaking+of+the+New+Jew%2C+Turk%2C+and+Arab+and+the+Islamist+Challenge&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon%2C+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=49-92&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-26235-0&rft.aulast=Samman&rft.aufirst=Khaldoun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7zoeCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weber-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weber_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-weber_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1987" class="citation cs2">Weber, Timothy (April 1987), <i>Living in the Shadow of the Second Coming: American Premillennialism, 1875–1982</i>, Texas: Univ of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226877327" title="Special:BookSources/9780226877327"><bdi>9780226877327</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+in+the+Shadow+of+the+Second+Coming%3A+American+Premillennialism%2C+1875%E2%80%931982&rft.place=Texas&rft.pub=Univ+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1987-04&rft.isbn=9780226877327&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Perspectives on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, p. 131, Wesley Haddon Brown, Peter F. Penner, 2008, 11, "Western Restorationism and Christian Zionism: Germany as a Case Study</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies: World Union of Jewish Studies, 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paas2020-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paas2020_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paas2020_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paas2020_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaas2020" class="citation book cs1">Paas, Steven (15 January 2020). <i>Christian Zionism Examined, Second Edition: A Review of Ideas on Israel, the Church, and the Kingdom</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-5454-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7252-5454-1"><bdi>978-1-7252-5454-1</bdi></a>. <q>In their thought physical Israel continued to have a place in God's plan of salvation, due to His covenantal faithfulness. Consequently, probably beginning with Thomas Brightman, many Puritans expected that the Jews would return to their old geographical habitat in the Middle East. Later Puritans, like Samuel Rutherford, Joseph Mede, and Robert Maton, expected reconciliation of Israel with Christ and the flourishing of the Church after Christ's return.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Zionism+Examined%2C+Second+Edition%3A+A+Review+of+Ideas+on+Israel%2C+the+Church%2C+and+the+Kingdom&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2020-01-15&rft.isbn=978-1-7252-5454-1&rft.aulast=Paas&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shapira-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shapira_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shapira_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapira2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anita_Shapira" title="Anita Shapira">Shapira, Anita</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KHWxoAEACAAJ"><i>Israel: A History</i></a> (illustrated, reprint). The Schusterman Series in Israel Studies. Translated by Berris, Anthony. <a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_NH" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanon, NH">Lebanon, NH</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University_Press" title="Brandeis University Press">Brandeis University Press</a>. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61168-618-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61168-618-0"><bdi>978-1-61168-618-0</bdi></a>. <q>[T]he idea of the Jews returning to their ancient homeland as the first step to world redemption seems to have originated among a specific group of evangelical English Protestants that flourished in England in the 1840s; they passed this notion on to Jewish circles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%3A+A+History&rft.place=Lebanon%2C+NH&rft.series=The+Schusterman+Series+in+Israel+Studies&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Brandeis+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61168-618-0&rft.aulast=Shapira&rft.aufirst=Anita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKHWxoAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-friedman-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-friedman_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-friedman_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1992" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Isaiah (1992) [1991]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AdpHnwEACAAJ"><i>The Question of Palestine: British-Jewish-Arab Relations, 1914–1918</i></a> (reprint). Armenian Research Center collection. Judaica history. <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick,_NJ" class="mw-redirect" title="New Brunswick, NJ">New Brunswick, NJ</a>: <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. p. 458. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-214-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-214-7"><bdi>978-0-88738-214-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Question+of+Palestine%3A+British-Jewish-Arab+Relations%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.series=Armenian+Research+Center+collection.+Judaica+history&rft.pages=458&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-88738-214-7&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Isaiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAdpHnwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lewis_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewis_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewis_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewis_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewis_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewis_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewis_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2014" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Donald (2 January 2014). <i>The Origins of Christian Zionism: Lord Shaftesbury And Evangelical Support For A Jewish Homeland</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107631960" title="Special:BookSources/9781107631960"><bdi>9781107631960</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Christian+Zionism%3A+Lord+Shaftesbury+And+Evangelical+Support+For+A+Jewish+Homeland&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=380&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-01-02&rft.isbn=9781107631960&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-com-mag-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-com-mag_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-com-mag_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillel_Halkin2007" class="citation web cs1">Hillel Halkin (January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/power-faith-and-fantasy-by-michael-b-oren/">"Power, Faith, and Fantasy by Michael B. Oren"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary magazine</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commentary+magazine&rft.atitle=Power%2C+Faith%2C+and+Fantasy+by+Michael+B.+Oren&rft.date=2007-01&rft.au=Hillel+Halkin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.commentarymagazine.com%2Farticle%2Fpower-faith-and-fantasy-by-michael-b-oren%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Spector, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ggLWBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT5"><i>Evangelicals and Israel: The Story of American Christian Zionism,</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-36802-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-36802-4">978-0-195-36802-4</a> p.vii: "The alliance that many born-again Christians offer to Israel and the Jewish people is astonishing to many Jews. Bible-believing Christians are the last people whom Jews expect to love, defend, and even idealize them. Polls have shown just how much the Jewish community distrusts them. In 2004, when asked to give a 'thermometer rating' of their feelings towards groups of people... Jews gave evangelicals a frigid average rating of twenty-four degrees. More than one-third of them (37%) rated evangelicals at zero!"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lovers-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lovers_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lovers_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lovers_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lovers_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lovers_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lovers_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lovers_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lovers_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=pretrib_arch">"Lovers of Zion: A History of Christian Zionism"</a>. Liberty University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lovers+of+Zion%3A+A+History+of+Christian+Zionism&rft.pub=Liberty+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.liberty.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1028%26context%3Dpretrib_arch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 20 March 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlmenMadden2023-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AlmenMadden2023_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmenMadden2023" class="citation book cs1">Almen, Lowell G.; Madden, Denis J. (5 December 2023). <i>Faithful Teaching: Lutherans and Catholics in Dialogue XII</i>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-9560-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5064-9560-6"><bdi>978-1-5064-9560-6</bdi></a>. <q>In light of the history of supersessionism found in Catholic and Lutheran writers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faithful+Teaching%3A+Lutherans+and+Catholics+in+Dialogue+XII&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2023-12-05&rft.isbn=978-1-5064-9560-6&rft.aulast=Almen&rft.aufirst=Lowell+G.&rft.au=Madden%2C+Denis+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pl-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pl_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/17301104.pdf">"Promised Land: A Critical Investigation of Evangelical Christian Zionism in Britain and the United States of America Since 1800"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Stephen Sizer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Promised+Land%3A+A+Critical+Investigation+of+Evangelical+Christian+Zionism+in+Britain+and+the+United+States+of+America+Since+1800&rft.pub=Stephen+Sizer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F17301104.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 20 March 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://community.dur.ac.uk/s.l.uckelman/slides/snsbi2018.pdf">"Revisiting Puritan Names in England, 1550–1600"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Durham University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revisiting+Puritan+Names+in+England%2C+1550%E2%80%931600&rft.pub=Durham+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.dur.ac.uk%2Fs.l.uckelman%2Fslides%2Fsnsbi2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 20 March 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pur-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pur_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pur_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1971" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Iain (June 1971). <i>the Puritan Hope</i>. Edinburgh: Banner of Truth. p. 326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851512471" title="Special:BookSources/9780851512471"><bdi>9780851512471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=the+Puritan+Hope&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=326&rft.pub=Banner+of+Truth&rft.date=1971-06&rft.isbn=9780851512471&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Iain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rutherford-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rutherford_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutherford1973" class="citation book cs1">Rutherford, Samuel (June 1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersofsamuelr0000ruth"><i>Letters of Samuel Rutherford</i></a></span>. Edinburgh: Banner of Truth. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersofsamuelr0000ruth/page/208">208</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851511634" title="Special:BookSources/9780851511634"><bdi>9780851511634</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+Samuel+Rutherford&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Banner+of+Truth&rft.date=1973-06&rft.isbn=9780851511634&rft.aulast=Rutherford&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flettersofsamuelr0000ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cz-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cz_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cz_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cz_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cz_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cz_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cz_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cz_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cz_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cz_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.israelanswers.com/page/christian_zionist_hall_of_fame">"Christian Zionist Hall of Fame"</a>. Israel Answers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christian+Zionist+Hall+of+Fame&rft.pub=Israel+Answers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelanswers.com%2Fpage%2Fchristian_zionist_hall_of_fame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 20 March 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-owen-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-owen_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Owen, John "Complete Works", Vol.17. Exercitation 18, p. 560.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crome (2014). p.179, 184–188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (2013). p.141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021194752/https://uk.icej.org/media/history-christian-zionism">"The History of Christian Zionism: The roots of the movement"</a>. ICEJ. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.icej.org/media/history-christian-zionism">the original</a> on 2020-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Christian+Zionism%3A+The+roots+of+the+movement&rft.pub=ICEJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.icej.org%2Fmedia%2Fhistory-christian-zionism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 20 March 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Christian Laursen, <i>Millenarianism and Messianism in Early Modern European Culture Volume IV: Continental Millenarians: Protestants, Catholics, Heretics</i> (2013), p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pop-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pop_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">R.H. Popkin, <i>Jewish Christians and Christian Jews: From the Renaissance to the Enlightenment</i> (2013), p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nadler_2007-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nadler_2007_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadler2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nadler, Steven (2007). <i>Spinoza</i> (in Dutch). Translated by van Zetten, Frans. Amsterdam: Olympus, Amstel Publishers. pp. 205, 208, 221, 235, 246, 270, 280, 284, 317, 323–325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-467-0021-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-467-0021-1"><bdi>978-90-467-0021-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spinoza&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=205%2C+208%2C+221%2C+235%2C+246%2C+270%2C+280%2C+284%2C+317%2C+323-325&rft.pub=Olympus%2C+Amstel+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-467-0021-1&rft.aulast=Nadler&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brandeis.edu/hornstein/sarna/introscommnets/Archive/TheJewsofRhodeIsland.pdf">"The Jews iof Rhode Island"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ellen Smith.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jews+iof+Rhode+Island&rft.pub=Ellen+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandeis.edu%2Fhornstein%2Fsarna%2Fintroscommnets%2FArchive%2FTheJewsofRhodeIsland.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 20 March 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWise1946" class="citation journal cs1">Wise, Stephen S. (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20664249">"America and Zionism: Statement to The Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry"</a>. <i>World Affairs</i>. <b>109</b> (1). Stephen S. Wise: 10–17. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20664249">20664249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Affairs&rft.atitle=America+and+Zionism%3A+Statement+to+The+Anglo-American+Committee+of+Inquiry&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10-17&rft.date=1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20664249%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=Stephen+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20664249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 20 March 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLappin2007" class="citation news cs1">Lappin, Yaakov (22 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3416287,00.html">"The first Christian Zionist? Secret writings by Isaac Newton reveal his views on the Jewish return to Israel"</a>. <i>Ynetnews</i>. Ynet News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=The+first+Christian+Zionist%3F+Secret+writings+by+Isaac+Newton+reveal+his+views+on+the+Jewish+return+to+Israel&rft.date=2007-06-22&rft.aulast=Lappin&rft.aufirst=Yaakov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3416287%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 20 March 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newton-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newton_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newton_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newton_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/sir-isaacs-jewish-writings-enter-the-21st-century/">"Sir Isaac's Jewish writings enter the 21st century"</a>. Times of Israel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Isaac%27s+Jewish+writings+enter+the+21st+century&rft.pub=Times+of+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fsir-isaacs-jewish-writings-enter-the-21st-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 20 March 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopkin1986" class="citation book cs1">Popkin, Richard H. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-009-4514-2_7">"Some new Light on the Roots of Spinoza's Science of Bible Study"</a>. <i>Spinoza and the Sciences</i>. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Vol. 91. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science. pp. 171–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-009-4514-2_7">10.1007/978-94-009-4514-2_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-010-8511-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-010-8511-3"><bdi>978-94-010-8511-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+new+Light+on+the+Roots+of+Spinoza%27s+Science+of+Bible+Study&rft.btitle=Spinoza+and+the+Sciences&rft.series=Boston+Studies+in+the+Philosophy+of+Science&rft.pages=171-188&rft.pub=Boston+Studies+in+the+Philosophy+of+Science&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-009-4514-2_7&rft.isbn=978-94-010-8511-3&rft.aulast=Popkin&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-94-009-4514-2_7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 20 March 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wes-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wes_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140717011126/http://wesley-fellowship.org.uk/Zionist_Hymn.html">"<i>A Wesley 'Zionist' Hymn?</i> Charles Wesley's hymn, published in 1762 and included by John Wesley in his 1780 hymn-book, A Collection of Hymns for the use of the People called Methodists"</a>. The Wesley Fellowship. 2010-07-01. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wesley-fellowship.org.uk/Zionist_Hymn.html">the original</a> on 2014-07-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Wesley+%27Zionist%27+Hymn%3F+Charles+Wesley%27s+hymn%2C+published+in+1762+and+included+by+John+Wesley+in+his+1780+hymn-book%2C+A+Collection+of+Hymns+for+the+use+of+the+People+called+Methodists&rft.pub=The+Wesley+Fellowship&rft.date=2010-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wesley-fellowship.org.uk%2FZionist_Hymn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gill-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gill_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/cmt/gill/deu030.htm">"Exposition of the Old and New Testament, Deuteronomy 30 verse 5, by John Gill"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Jewish+Community+of+Hebron&rft.atitle=The+Rabbi+from+Hebron+and+the+President+of+Yale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhebron.org.il%2Fhistory%2F363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stein_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen J. Stein, editor, "Introduction," <i>Jonathan Edwards, Works, Apocalyptic Writings,</i> V. 8, pp.17–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodenbeck2007" class="citation web cs1">Rodenbeck, Max (2007-01-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616040751/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/26/arts/26iht-IDLEDE27.4355844.html?_r=0">"Of missionary zeal and its consequences"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/26/arts/26iht-IDLEDE27.4355844.html">the original</a> on 2022-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Of+missionary+zeal+and+its+consequences&rft.date=2007-01-26&rft.aulast=Rodenbeck&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F01%2F26%2Farts%2F26iht-IDLEDE27.4355844.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_David2015" class="citation web cs1">Ben David, Lenny (2015-08-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150825131937/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/199466">"American 'Manifest Destiny' Heads to the Holy Land in 1847"</a>. <i>Israel National News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/199466">the original</a> on 2015-08-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+National+News&rft.atitle=American+%27Manifest+Destiny%27+Heads+to+the+Holy+Land+in+1847&rft.date=2015-08-14&rft.aulast=Ben+David&rft.aufirst=Lenny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F199466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandeen2008" class="citation book cs1">Sandeen, Ernest (2008-08-01). <i>Roots of Fundamentalism: British and American Millenarianism 1800–1930</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226734682" title="Special:BookSources/9780226734682"><bdi>9780226734682</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Fundamentalism%3A+British+and+American+Millenarianism+1800%E2%80%931930&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008-08-01&rft.isbn=9780226734682&rft.aulast=Sandeen&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWessinger2016" class="citation book cs1">Wessinger, Catherine (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zgUTDAAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Millennialism</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 508. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-061194-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-061194-1"><bdi>978-0-19-061194-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Millennialism&rft.pages=508&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-061194-1&rft.aulast=Wessinger&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzgUTDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuttab2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kuttab, Jonathan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palestine-studies.org/sites/default/files/jq-articles/Pages%20from%20JQ%2076%20-%20Kuttab.pdf">"Palestinian Evangelicals and Christian Zionism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Quarterly">Jerusalem Quarterly</a></i> (76). <a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a>: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Jerusalem_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Jerusalem Studies">Institute of Jerusalem Studies</a>: 70–78. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190616205126/https://www.palestine-studies.org/sites/default/files/jq-articles/Pages%20from%20JQ%2076%20-%20Kuttab.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 16, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2019</span>. <q>Christian Zionism was never a fundamental or integral element in evangelical thinking. It was a peripheral movement which grew among some evangelicals, but also other Christians in Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Among its luminaries are Reverend John Darby and Cyrus Scofield. The publication of the Scofield Bible, which included commentary in the margins that reflected the teachings of Christian Zionism, contributed to its popularity among Christians, including evangelicals. [...] Christian Zionism found a home among many Christians, even those who were themselves anti-Semitic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Palestinian+Evangelicals+and+Christian+Zionism&rft.issue=76&rft.pages=70-78&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Kuttab&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.palestine-studies.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fjq-articles%2FPages%2520from%2520JQ%252076%2520-%2520Kuttab.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-restor-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-restor_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-restor_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpurgeon1864" class="citation cs2">Spurgeon, Charles (1864), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/spurgeon/sermons10.xxxvi.html">"Sermon preached in June 1864 for the British Society for the Propagation of the Gospel among the Jews"</a>, <i>Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit</i>, vol. 10</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metropolitan+Tabernacle+Pulpit&rft.atitle=Sermon+preached+in+June+1864+for+the+British+Society+for+the+Propagation+of+the+Gospel+among+the+Jews&rft.volume=10&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Spurgeon&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fspurgeon%2Fsermons10.xxxvi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonar-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bonar_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'The Jew', July 1870, <i>The Quarterly Journal of Prophecy</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCheyne-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MCheyne_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sermon preached 17th November 1839, after returning from a "Mission of Inquiry into the State of the Jewish People"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sermon preached June 1864 to London Society for promoting Christianity among the Jews</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sermon on 'Jesus Christ Immutable', <i>Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit</i>, 1869, vol. 15, no. 848 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/spurgeon/sermons15.i.html">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Question of Palestine: British-Jewish-Arab Relations, 1914–1918</i>, Isaiah. Friedman, Transaction Publishers, 1992, see Chapter 1 with a summary in the Introduction</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The foreign policy of Palmerston, 1830–1841: Britain, the liberal movement and the Eastern question, Charles Kingsley Webster, Pub. G. Bell, 1951</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaftsbury as cited in <a href="/wiki/Albert_Montefiore_Hyamson" title="Albert Montefiore Hyamson">Hyamson, Albert</a>, "British Projects for the Restoration of Jews to Palestine," American Jewish Historical Society, Publications 26, 1918 p. 140 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/stream/britishprojectsf00hyamuoft/britishprojectsf00hyamuoft_djvu.txt">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMel_Scult1978" class="citation book cs1">Mel Scult (1978). <i>Millennial Expectations and Jewish Liberties: A Study of the Efforts to Convert the Jews in Britain, Up to the Mid Nineteenth Century</i>. Brill Archive. p. 91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millennial+Expectations+and+Jewish+Liberties%3A+A+Study+of+the+Efforts+to+Convert+the+Jews+in+Britain%2C+Up+to+the+Mid+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Mel+Scult&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WEDGWOOD FAVORS JEWISH HOME LAND; Sees in Palestine Restoration Plan the Final Solution of the Eastern Problem. COMES HERE TO ADVOCATE IT Hopes Ambassadors from the New State Will Be in Every National Capital of the World; <i>New York Times</i>, Feb 4, 1918</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Persecution of the Jews, The Living Age</i>, Littell, Son & Company, 1883, p. 604 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allies for Armageddon: The Rise of Christian Zionism, Victoria Clark, Yale University Press, 2007, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Churchill's Promised Land: Zionism and Statecraft, By Michael Makovsky, Yale University Press, 2007, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKark1994" class="citation book cs1">Kark, Ruth (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LkAvPDl5yfgC"><i>American Consuls in the Holy Land, 1832–1914</i></a>. Wayne State University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814325238" title="Special:BookSources/0814325238"><bdi>0814325238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Consuls+in+the+Holy+Land%2C+1832%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0814325238&rft.aulast=Kark&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLkAvPDl5yfgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TbDDxRB_t4C">Valley of vision: or, The dry bones of Israel revived: an attempted proof, from Ezekiel, chap. xxxvii, 1–14, of the restoration and conversion of the Jews, George Bush, 1844</a> "When the Most High accordingly declares that he will bring the house of Israel into their own land, it does not follow that this will be effected by any miraculous interposition which will be recognized as such....The great work of Christians, in the meantime, is to labor for their conversion. In this they are undoubtedly authorized to look for a considerable measure of success, though it be admitted that the bulk of the nation is not to be converted till after their restoration; for it is only upon the coming together of bone to his bone that the Spirit of life comes into them, and they stand up an exceeding great army."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merkley-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merkley_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merkley_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merkley_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerkley1998" class="citation book cs1">Merkley, Paul Charles (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38478548"><i>The politics of Christian Zionism, 1891-1948</i></a>. London: F. Cass. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-4850-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-4850-7"><bdi>0-7146-4850-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38478548">38478548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+Christian+Zionism%2C+1891-1948&rft.place=London&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=F.+Cass&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38478548&rft.isbn=0-7146-4850-7&rft.aulast=Merkley&rft.aufirst=Paul+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F38478548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yaakov Ariel, <i>On Behalf of Israel; American Fundamentalist Attitudes toward Jews, Judaism, and Zionism, 1865–1945</i> (New York: Carlson Publishing, 1991), pp. 70–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leaderu.com/common/british.html">The Untold Story. The Role of Christian Zionists in the Establishment of Modern-day Israel</a> by Jamie Cowen (Leadership U), July 13, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/110.3/green.html">Rethinking Sir Moses Montefiore: Religion, Nationhood, and International Philanthropy in the Nineteenth Century</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080217075328/http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/110.3/green.html">Archived</a> 2008-02-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Abigail Green. (The American Historical Review. Vol. 110 No.3.) June 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Narrative of a Mission of Inquiry to the Jews from the Church of Scotland in 1839</i> (Edinburgh, 1842) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85792-258-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85792-258-1">1-85792-258-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ukonline.co.uk/d.haslam/mccheyne/friends.htm">M'Cheyne's friends</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512013817/http://web.ukonline.co.uk/d.haslam/mccheyne/friends.htm">Archived</a> 2008-05-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerry_Klinger2010" class="citation web cs1">Jerry Klinger (July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140418025605/http://jewishmag.com/145mag/herzl_hechler/herzl_hechler.htm">"Reverend William H. Hechler—The Christian minister who legitimized Theodor Herzl"</a>. <i>Jewish Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishmag.com/145mag/herzl_hechler/herzl_hechler.htm">the original</a> on 2014-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Magazine&rft.atitle=Reverend+William+H.+Hechler%E2%80%94The+Christian+minister+who+legitimized+Theodor+Herzl&rft.date=2010-07&rft.au=Jerry+Klinger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishmag.com%2F145mag%2Fherzl_hechler%2Fherzl_hechler.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2017" class="citation journal cs1">Alexander, Philip (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scienceopen.com/document?vid=dd2c2252-4215-4d7d-9722-a7cffc72ae11">"Why did Lord Balfour back the Balfour Declaration?"</a>. <i>Jewish Historical Studies</i>. <b>49</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14324%2F111.444.jhs.2017v49.050">10.14324/111.444.jhs.2017v49.050</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2397-1290">2397-1290</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Why+did+Lord+Balfour+back+the+Balfour+Declaration%3F&rft.volume=49&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14324%2F111.444.jhs.2017v49.050&rft.issn=2397-1290&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscienceopen.com%2Fdocument%3Fvid%3Ddd2c2252-4215-4d7d-9722-a7cffc72ae11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2010" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Donald M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/422753455"><i>The origins of Christian Zionism: Lord Shaftesbury and evangelical support for a Jewish homeland</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press_%26_Assessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University Press & Assessment">Cambridge University Press & Assessment</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51518-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51518-4"><bdi>978-0-521-51518-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/422753455">422753455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+Christian+Zionism%3A+Lord+Shaftesbury+and+evangelical+support+for+a+Jewish+homeland&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+%26+Assessment&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F422753455&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51518-4&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F422753455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaitlin2012" class="citation book cs1">Caitlin, Carenen (2012). <i>The fervent embrace : liberal Protestants, evangelicals, and Israel</i>. New York: NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814708378" title="Special:BookSources/9780814708378"><bdi>9780814708378</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/779828048">779828048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fervent+embrace+%3A+liberal+Protestants%2C+evangelicals%2C+and+Israel&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F779828048&rft.isbn=9780814708378&rft.aulast=Caitlin&rft.aufirst=Carenen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerkley1998" class="citation book cs1">Merkley, Paul Charles (1998). <i>The politics of Christian Zionism, 1891–1948</i>. London: F. Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136316296" title="Special:BookSources/9781136316296"><bdi>9781136316296</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/815969328">815969328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+Christian+Zionism%2C+1891%E2%80%931948&rft.place=London&rft.pub=F.+Cass&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F815969328&rft.isbn=9781136316296&rft.aulast=Merkley&rft.aufirst=Paul+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarenen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Carenen, Caitlin (2010-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/hgs/article/24/2/273/618509">"The American Christian Palestine Committee, the Holocaust, and Mainstream Protestant Zionism, 1938–1948"</a>. <i>Holocaust and Genocide Studies</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 273–296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdcq025">10.1093/hgs/dcq025</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/8756-6583">8756-6583</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143544757">143544757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=The+American+Christian+Palestine+Committee%2C+the+Holocaust%2C+and+Mainstream+Protestant+Zionism%2C+1938%E2%80%931948&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=273-296&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143544757%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=8756-6583&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdcq025&rft.aulast=Carenen&rft.aufirst=Caitlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fhgs%2Farticle%2F24%2F2%2F273%2F618509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobins2017" class="citation journal cs1">Robins, Walker (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jsreligion.org/vol19/robins/">"Jacob Gartenhaus: The Southern Baptists' Jew"</a>. <i>Journal of Southern Religion</i>. <b>19</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southern+Religion&rft.atitle=Jacob+Gartenhaus%3A+The+Southern+Baptists%27+Jew&rft.volume=19&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Robins&rft.aufirst=Walker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjsreligion.org%2Fvol19%2Frobins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHankins2015" class="citation book cs1">Hankins, Barry (2015-01-13). <i>God's rascal : J. Frank Norris & the beginnings of Southern fundamentalism</i> (Paperback ed.). Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813149899" title="Special:BookSources/9780813149899"><bdi>9780813149899</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/903955383">903955383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+rascal+%3A+J.+Frank+Norris+%26+the+beginnings+of+Southern+fundamentalism&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Kentucky&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2015-01-13&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F903955383&rft.isbn=9780813149899&rft.aulast=Hankins&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobins2019" class="citation book cs1">Robins, Walker (2019). <i>Between Dixie and Zion : Southern Baptists and Palestine before Israel</i>. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-9279-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-9279-6"><bdi>978-0-8173-9279-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1143219783">1143219783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Dixie+and+Zion+%3A+Southern+Baptists+and+Palestine+before+Israel&rft.place=Tuscaloosa&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1143219783&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-9279-6&rft.aulast=Robins&rft.aufirst=Walker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israeli-palestinian-flags-adopted-as-n-ireland-symbols-1.5263235">"Northern Ireland's Protestants and Catholics Adopt Israeli, Palestinian Flags as Symbols"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland%27s+Protestants+and+Catholics+Adopt+Israeli%2C+Palestinian+Flags+as+Symbols&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisraeli-palestinian-flags-adopted-as-n-ireland-symbols-1.5263235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 20 March 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHummel2019" class="citation book cs1">Hummel, Daniel (2019). <i>Covenant Brothers</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 15, 65, 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812296242" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812296242"><bdi>978-0812296242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Covenant+Brothers&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=15%2C+65%2C+138&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0812296242&rft.aulast=Hummel&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHummel2019" class="citation book cs1">Hummel, Daniel (2019). <i>Covenant Brothers</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812296242" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812296242"><bdi>978-0812296242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Covenant+Brothers&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0812296242&rft.aulast=Hummel&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHummel2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hummel, Daniel G. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/religion-and-american-culture/article/practical-outlet-to-premillennial-faith-g-douglas-young-and-the-evolution-of-christian-zionist-activism-in-israel/58906298AB25FDCDBF77E90BBCCC949C">"A "Practical Outlet" to Premillennial Faith: G. Douglas Young and the Evolution of Christian Zionist Activism in Israel"</a>. <i>Religion and American Culture</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 37–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Frac.2015.25.1.37">10.1525/rac.2015.25.1.37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1052-1151">1052-1151</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146393019">146393019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+and+American+Culture&rft.atitle=A+%22Practical+Outlet%22+to+Premillennial+Faith%3A+G.+Douglas+Young+and+the+Evolution+of+Christian+Zionist+Activism+in+Israel&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-81&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146393019%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1052-1151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Frac.2015.25.1.37&rft.aulast=Hummel&rft.aufirst=Daniel+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Freligion-and-american-culture%2Farticle%2Fpractical-outlet-to-premillennial-faith-g-douglas-young-and-the-evolution-of-christian-zionist-activism-in-israel%2F58906298AB25FDCDBF77E90BBCCC949C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hal Lindsey, Carole C. Carlson, <i>The Late Great Planet Earth</i>, Zondervan, 1970, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cWt3rSMgmm8C&q=Zechariah+13%3A8&pg=PA47">p. 167–168</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-27771-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-27771-X">0-310-27771-X</a>, 9780310277712</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacArthur2011" class="citation web cs1">MacArthur, John (2011-04-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170514142242/https://www.gty.org/library/sermons-library/42-264/the-final-generation-of-the-future-judgment">"Sermon: The Final Generation"</a>. <i>Grace To You Website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gty.org/library/sermons-library/41-69/the-final-generation-part-1">the original</a> on 2017-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grace+To+You+Website&rft.atitle=Sermon%3A+The+Final+Generation&rft.date=2011-04-03&rft.aulast=MacArthur&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gty.org%2Flibrary%2Fsermons-library%2F41-69%2Fthe-final-generation-part-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalwell1981" class="citation book cs1">Falwell, Jerry (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalistph0000dobs_z8k7/page/150"><i>Fundamentalist Phenomenon</i></a>. Grand Rapids: Baker Publishing Group. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalistph0000dobs_z8k7/page/150">150</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801029585" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801029585"><bdi>978-0801029585</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentalist+Phenomenon&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Baker+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0801029585&rft.aulast=Falwell&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffundamentalistph0000dobs_z8k7%2Fpage%2F150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sundquist-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sundquist_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sundquist, Eric J. (2005). <i>Strangers in the land: Blacks, Jews, post-Holocaust America</i> Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120719161650/http://christianactionforisrael.org/congress.html">"christianactionforisrael.org"</a>. <i>christianactionforisrael.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christianactionforisrael.org/congress.html">the original</a> on July 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=christianactionforisrael.org&rft.atitle=christianactionforisrael.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchristianactionforisrael.org%2Fcongress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rammy Haija. "The Armageddon Lobby: Dispensationalist Christian Zionism and the Shaping of US Policy Towards Israel-Palestine." <i>Holy Land Studies</i> 5(1): 75–95. 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-catholic-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-catholic_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catholic Zionists are a marginal <a href="/wiki/Post-World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-World War II">post-World War II</a> phenomenon: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a> (USA), <a href="/wiki/Menahem_Macina" class="mw-redirect" title="Menahem Macina">Menahem Macina</a> (France), <a href="/wiki/Roy_Schoeman" title="Roy Schoeman">Roy Schoeman</a> (USA).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ght-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ght_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ght_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhada_Hashem_Talhami" class="citation web cs1">Ghada Hashem Talhami. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mepc.org/zionism-and-quest-justice-holy-land">"Zionism and the Quest for Justice in the Holy Land"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Book_review" title="Book review">book review</a>). <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Policy_Council" title="Middle East Policy Council">Middle East Policy Council</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915081849/https://www.mepc.org/zionism-and-quest-justice-holy-land">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zionism+and+the+Quest+for+Justice+in+the+Holy+Land&rft.pub=Middle+East+Policy+Council&rft.au=Ghada+Hashem+Talhami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mepc.org%2Fzionism-and-quest-justice-holy-land&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf.<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Revelation#3:12" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Revelation">3:12</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint_Hesychius_(Priest)_of_Jerusalem2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hesychius_of_Jerusalem" title="Hesychius of Jerusalem">Saint Hesychius (Priest) of Jerusalem</a> (2001). "The Teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Fathers">Holy Fathers</a> on the Interior <a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_the_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Prayer of the Heart">Prayer of the Heart</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hopko" title="Thomas Hopko">Hopko, Thomas</a> (ed.). <i>The Way of a Pilgrim and a Pilgrim Continues His Way</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pilgrim_Continues_His_Way" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pilgrim Continues His Way">The Way of a Pilgrim and the Pilgrim Continues His Way</a></i>. Translated by Savin, Olga. <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_CO" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulder, CO">Boulder, CO</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Publications" title="Shambhala Publications">Shambhala Publications</a>. pp. 193–238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57062-807-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57062-807-8"><bdi>978-1-57062-807-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Way+of+a+Pilgrim+and+a+Pilgrim+Continues+His+Way&rft.btitle=The+Way+of+a+Pilgrim+and+the+Pilgrim+Continues+His+Way&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pages=193-238&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57062-807-8&rft.au=Saint+Hesychius+%28Priest%29+of+Jerusalem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSx3JVmNoFoC&pg=PA212">The Way of a Pilgrim and the Pilgrim Continues His Way</a></i>, p. 212, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vi-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vi_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vi_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vi_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vi_88-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1501&amp=&context=etd&amp=&sei-redir=1&referer=https%253A%252F%252F">"The Vatican, American Catholics and the Struggle for Palestine, 1917-1958: A Study of Cold War Roman Catholic Transnationalism"</a>. Western University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Vatican%2C+American+Catholics+and+the+Struggle+for+Palestine%2C+1917-1958%3A+A+Study+of+Cold+War+Roman+Catholic+Transnationalism&rft.pub=Western+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fir.lib.uwo.ca%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1501%26amp%3D%26context%3Detd%26amp%3D%26sei-redir%3D1%26referer%3Dhttps%25253A%25252F%25252F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 20 March 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hp-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hp_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hp_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hp_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccjr.us/dialogika-resources/primary-texts-from-the-history-of-the-relationship/herzl1904">"THEODOR HERZL: Audience with Pope Pius X (1904)"</a>. Council of Centers on Jewish-Christian Relations. 26 January 1904.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THEODOR+HERZL%3A+Audience+with+Pope+Pius+X+%281904%29&rft.pub=Council+of+Centers+on+Jewish-Christian+Relations&rft.date=1904-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccjr.us%2Fdialogika-resources%2Fprimary-texts-from-the-history-of-the-relationship%2Fherzl1904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved on 20 March 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Villeneuve2024-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Villeneuve2024_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilleneuve2024" class="citation web cs1">Villeneuve, André (26 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hprweb.com/2024/07/why-israel-matters-the-biblical-roots-of-catholic-zionism/">"Why Israel Matters: The Biblical Roots of Catholic Zionism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Homiletic_%26_Pastoral_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Homiletic & Pastoral Review">Homiletic & Pastoral Review</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2024</span>. <q>Biblical support for Israel does not contradict or undermine the Catholic faith in any way, but is wholly in continuity with God's revelation. Respected Catholic theologians have recently made compelling cases for Catholic Zionism. Gary Anderson believes that the Jewish return to Zion, though also a call to responsibility and justice, is "part of God's providential design and eternal promise to His people Israel," even despite the uncertainty that surrounds the future of the current State of Israel. Gavin D'Costa, likewise, in his article "Catholic Zionism," argues that "the existence of the Jewish State is a sign of God's fidelity to his people," even if this does not require endorsing a particular form of government for the Jewish state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Israel+Matters%3A+The+Biblical+Roots+of+Catholic+Zionism&rft.pub=Homiletic+%26+Pastoral+Review&rft.date=2024-07-26&rft.aulast=Villeneuve&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hprweb.com%2F2024%2F07%2Fwhy-israel-matters-the-biblical-roots-of-catholic-zionism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D’Costa2020-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D’Costa2020_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD’Costa2020" class="citation web cs1">D’Costa, Gavin (1 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstthings.com/article/2020/01/catholic-zionism">"Catholic Zionism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+Zionism&rft.pub=First+Things&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft.aulast=D%E2%80%99Costa&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Farticle%2F2020%2F01%2Fcatholic-zionism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf.<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Isaiah#37:33" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Isaiah">37:33–38</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1995" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Donald E. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anxiousforarmage00wagn/page/80"><i>Anxious for Armageddon: A Call to Partnership for Middle Eastern and Western Christians</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Scottdale,_Pennsylvania" title="Scottdale, Pennsylvania">Scottdale, Pennsylvania</a>: Herald Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anxiousforarmage00wagn/page/80">80</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8361-3651-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8361-3651-7"><bdi>978-0-8361-3651-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anxious+for+Armageddon%3A+A+Call+to+Partnership+for+Middle+Eastern+and+Western+Christians&rft.place=Scottdale%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Herald+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8361-3651-7&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanxiousforarmage00wagn%2Fpage%2F80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span> <i>The introduction by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sizer" title="Stephen Sizer">Stephen Sizer</a> to <a href="/wiki/John_Stott" title="John Stott">John Stott</a>'s sermon "The Place of Israel" (see below) renders similarly:</i> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/aw/cr/rRSO8676035D2R">Zionism, both political and Christian, is incompatible with biblical faith.</a>" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190606183046/https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/aw/cr/rRSO8676035D2R">Archived</a> June 6, 2019, at the Wayback Machine <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStott" class="citation web cs1">Stott, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stephensizer.com/2018/04/john-stott-the-place-of-israel/">"The Place of Israel"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermon</a> preached at <a href="/wiki/All_Souls_Church,_Langham_Place" title="All Souls Church, Langham Place">All Souls Church, Langham Place</a>). Stephen Sizer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190312121228/http://www.stephensizer.com/2018/04/john-stott-the-place-of-israel/">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2019</span>. <q>It is an amazing statement that Paul makes. '<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Romans#2:28" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Romans">He is not a real Jew who is one outwardly by descent from Jacob. Nor is true circumcision something external and physical. He is a Jew who is one inwardly, that is by faith in Jesus. And real circumcision is a matter of the heart, spiritual and not literal.</a><span style="padding-right:0.15em;">'</span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Place+of+Israel&rft.pub=Stephen+Sizer&rft.aulast=Stott&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stephensizer.com%2F2018%2F04%2Fjohn-stott-the-place-of-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104064154/http://www.ncccusa.org/NCCpolicies/christianzionism.htm">"Response to Christian Zionism"</a>. <i>National Council of Churches USA</i>. 2013-11-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Council+of+Churches+USA&rft.atitle=Response+to+Christian+Zionism&rft.date=2013-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20131104064154%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncccusa.org%2FNCCpolicies%2Fchristianzionism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rca.org/sslpage.aspx?pid=3839">"Position on Christian Zionism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America" title="Reformed Church in America">Reformed Church in America</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Position+on+Christian+Zionism&rft.pub=Reformed+Church+in+America&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rca.org%2Fsslpage.aspx%3Fpid%3D3839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2005" class="citation journal cs1">Weaver, Alain Epp (July–September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060321025527/http://mcc.org/peace/pon/PON_2005-03.pdf">"Introduction"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Peace Office Newsletter</i>. <b>35</b> (3, <i>Christian Zionism and Peace in the Holy Land</i>). <a href="/wiki/Mennonite_Central_Committee" title="Mennonite Central Committee">Mennonite Central Committee</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mccintersections.files.wordpress.com/2014/10/pon_2005_07-09-vol-35-no-3-christian-zionism.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-03-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peace+Office+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3%2C+%27%27Christian+Zionism+and+Peace+in+the+Holy+Land%27%27&rft.date=2005-07%2F2005-09&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=Alain+Epp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmccintersections.files.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F10%2Fpon_2005_07-09-vol-35-no-3-christian-zionism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman" class="citation web cs1">Berman, Lazar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/presbyterian-church-group-zionism-is-the-problem/">"Presbyterian Church group: Zionism is the problem"</a>. <i>www.timesofisrael.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=Presbyterian+Church+group%3A+Zionism+is+the+problem&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Lazar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fpresbyterian-church-group-zionism-is-the-problem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalministries.org/mee_resources_index">"Resources on the Middle East"</a>. Global Ministries: a common missional witness of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ" title="United Church of Christ">United Church of Christ</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130102113/https://www.globalministries.org/mee_resources_index">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resources+on+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Global+Ministries%3A+a+common+missional+witness+of+the+Christian+Church+%28Disciples+of+Christ%29+and+the+United+Church+of+Christ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalministries.org%2Fmee_resources_index&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alexchediak.com/2010/07/with_god_on_our_side.php">"With God On Our Side"</a>. <i>alexchediak.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alexchediak.com&rft.atitle=With+God+On+Our+Side&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falexchediak.com%2F2010%2F07%2Fwith_god_on_our_side.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Church_Of_Scotland1845" class="citation book cs1">The Church Of Scotland (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/narrativeofmissi00bona#page/n9/mode/2up"><i>Narrative of a Mission of inquiry</i></a>. Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication. p. 535.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+a+Mission+of+inquiry&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=535&rft.pub=Presbyterian+Board+of+Publication&rft.date=1845&rft.au=The+Church+Of+Scotland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fnarrativeofmissi00bona%23page%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/church-of-scotland-jews-do-not-have-a-right-to-the-land-of-israel.premium-1.518932">"Church of Scotland: Jews do not have a right to the land of Israel A new church report challenging Jewish historic claims and criticizing Zionism has drawn anger and harsh condemnation from the local Jewish community"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Church+of+Scotland%3A+Jews+do+not+have+a+right+to+the+land+of+Israel+A+new+church+report+challenging+Jewish+historic+claims+and+criticizing+Zionism+has+drawn+anger+and+harsh+condemnation+from+the+local+Jewish+community.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish-world%2Fjewish-world-news%2Fchurch-of-scotland-jews-do-not-have-a-right-to-the-land-of-israel.premium-1.518932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/church-of-scotland-thinks-twice-grants-israel-the-right-to-exist/2013/05/12/">"Church of Scotland Thinks Twice, Grants Israel the Right to Exist"</a>. The Jewish Press. 2013-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+of+Scotland+Thinks+Twice%2C+Grants+Israel+the+Right+to+Exist&rft.pub=The+Jewish+Press&rft.date=2013-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishpress.com%2Fnews%2Fbreaking-news%2Fchurch-of-scotland-thinks-twice-grants-israel-the-right-to-exist%2F2013%2F05%2F12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2012/13-july/news/synod/israel-palestine">"Support work for peace in divided region, Synod urged"</a>. <i>Church Times</i>. 2012-07-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Church+Times&rft.atitle=Support+work+for+peace+in+divided+region%2C+Synod+urged&rft.date=2012-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchtimes.co.uk%2Farticles%2F2012%2F13-july%2Fnews%2Fsynod%2Fisrael-palestine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JChron-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JChron_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JChron_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/69714/board-deputies-statement-synod-eappi-vote">"Board of Deputies statement on the Synod EAPPI vote"</a>. <i>Jewish Chronicle</i>. 2012-07-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415564144" title="Special:BookSources/9780415564144"><bdi>9780415564144</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+Eyes+of+the+West%3A+Images+and+Realities+in+an+Age+of+Terror&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780415564144&rft.aulast=Ismael&rft.aufirst=Tareq+Y.&rft.au=Rippin%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrExZBwAAQBAJ%26q%3DIn%2Baddition%2Bto%2Band%2Boften%2Bwithin%2Bthe%2Bcontext%2Bof%2Bits%2Bsupport%2Bfor%2BIsrael%2Bas%2Ba%2BJewish%2Bstate%2Band%2Bfor%2BZIonist%2Bprinciples%2Band%2Bpractices%2C%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/news/2021/10/26/video-the-christian-right-and-the-shaping-of-american-policies-in-israel-palestine">"Video: The Christian Right and the Shaping of American Policies in Israel/Palestine"</a>. Harvard Divinity School. 26 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Video%3A+The+Christian+Right+and+the+Shaping+of+American+Policies+in+Israel%2FPalestine&rft.date=2021-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frpl.hds.harvard.edu%2Fnews%2F2021%2F10%2F26%2Fvideo-the-christian-right-and-the-shaping-of-american-policies-in-israel-palestine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/a-sizeable-us-demographic-many-evangelicals-are-sending-money-and-manpower-to-israel/">"A sizeable US demographic, many Evangelicals are sending money and manpower to Israel"</a>. <i>The Times of Israel</i>. 12 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=A+sizeable+US+demographic%2C+many+Evangelicals+are+sending+money+and+manpower+to+Israel&rft.date=2023-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fa-sizeable-us-demographic-many-evangelicals-are-sending-money-and-manpower-to-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newlinesmag.com/argument/israels-current-crisis-exposes-christian-zionisms-contradictory-ideals/">"Israel's Current Crisis Exposes Christian Zionism's Contradictory Ideals"</a>. <i>New Lines Magazine</i>. 27 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Lines+Magazine&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+Current+Crisis+Exposes+Christian+Zionism%27s+Contradictory+Ideals&rft.date=2023-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewlinesmag.com%2Fargument%2Fisraels-current-crisis-exposes-christian-zionisms-contradictory-ideals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubin-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2010" class="citation news cs1">Rubin, Jennifer (August 2, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726135421/http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/onward-christian-zionists">"Onward, Christian Zionists"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/onward-christian-zionists">the original</a> on July 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Onward%2C+Christian+Zionists&rft.date=2010-08-02&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weeklystandard.com%2Farticles%2Fonward-christian-zionists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage2021" class="citation news cs1">Savage, Sean (9 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jns.org/how-cufi-has-awakened-the-sleeping-giant-of-christian-zionism/">"How CUFI has awakened the 'sleeping giant' of Christian Zionism"</a>. <i>Jewish News Syndicate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+News+Syndicate&rft.atitle=How+CUFI+has+awakened+the+%27sleeping+giant%27+of+Christian+Zionism&rft.date=2021-03-09&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jns.org%2Fhow-cufi-has-awakened-the-sleeping-giant-of-christian-zionism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKornbluh2022" class="citation news cs1">Kornbluh, Jacob (8 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/news/501610/david-brog-nevada-election-christians-united-for-israel-congress/">"He was the head of Christians United for Israel. Now he's running as a Jewish candidate for Congress"</a>. <i>The Forward</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=He+was+the+head+of+Christians+United+for+Israel.+Now+he%27s+running+as+a+Jewish+candidate+for+Congress&rft.date=2022-05-08&rft.aulast=Kornbluh&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fnews%2F501610%2Fdavid-brog-nevada-election-christians-united-for-israel-congress%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-washingtonpost.com-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2018/05/14/half-of-evangelicals-support-israel-because-they-believe-it-is-important-for-fulfilling-end-times-prophecy/">"Half of evangelicals support Israel because they believe it is important for fulfilling end-times prophecy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Half+of+evangelicals+support+Israel+because+they+believe+it+is+important+for+fulfilling+end-times+prophecy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fwp%2F2018%2F05%2F14%2Fhalf-of-evangelicals-support-israel-because-they-believe-it-is-important-for-fulfilling-end-times-prophecy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Zionism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Samuel Goldman. <i>God's Country: Christian Zionism in America</i> (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018).</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConforti2024" class="citation journal cs1">Conforti, Yitzhak (March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2023.2204516">"Zionism and the Hebrew Bible: from religious holiness to national sanctity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Studies_(journal)" title="Middle Eastern Studies (journal)">Middle Eastern Studies</a></i>. <b>60</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 483–497. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2023.2204516">10.1080/00263206.2023.2204516</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1743-7881">1743-7881</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/65009869">65009869</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/875122033">875122033</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258374291">258374291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Zionism+and+the+Hebrew+Bible%3A+from+religious+holiness+to+national+sanctity&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=483-497&rft.date=2024-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258374291%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2023.2204516&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F875122033&rft.issn=1743-7881&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F65009869&rft.aulast=Conforti&rft.aufirst=Yitzhak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00263206.2023.2204516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+Zionism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Andrew Crome. <i>Christian Zionism and English National Identity, 1600–1850.</i> Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.</li> <li>Robert O. Smith. <i>More Desired than Our Owne Salvation: The Roots of Christian Zionism.</i> Oxford University Press, 2013.</li> <li>Barbara Tuchman. <i>Bible and Sword: England and Palestine from the Bronze Age to Balfour.</i> W&N, 2001.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum_Sokolow" title="Nahum Sokolow">Nahum Sokolow</a>. <i>History of Zionism, 1600-1918.</i> Longmans, Green and Company, 1919.</li> <li>Paul Richard Wilkinson. <i>For Zion's Sake: Christian Zionism and the Role of John Nelson Darby.</i> Paternoster, 2007.</li> <li>Douglas J. Culver. <i>Albion and Ariel: British Puritanism and the Birth of Political Zionism.</i> P. Lang, 1995.</li> <li>Mikael Knighton, Christians Standing with Israel, Copyright 2007 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christians-standing-with-israel.org/Theological-Background-Christian-Zionism-Reflection.html"><i>The Theological Background of Christian Zionism</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107190852/http://www.christians-standing-with-israel.org/Theological-Background-Christian-Zionism-Reflection.html">Archived</a> 2017-11-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Mark Dunman. <i>Has God Really Finished with Israel?</i> New Wine Press 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905991-87-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905991-87-7">978-1-905991-87-7</a></li> <li>Paul Richard Wilkinson. <i>For Zion's Sake: Christian Zionism and the Role of John Nelson Darby</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84227-569-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84227-569-6">978-1-84227-569-6</a>, Paternoster Press, Authentic, Carlisle 2008.</li> <li>Zev Chafets. <i>A Match Made in Heaven: American Jews, Christian Zionists, and One Man's Exploration of the Weird and Wonderful Judeo-Evangelical Alliance.</i> HarperCollins, 2007.</li> <li>Victoria Clark. <i>Allies for Armageddon: The Rise of Christian Zionism</i>. Yale University Press, 2007.</li> <li>Grace Halsell. <i>Prophecy and Politics: Militant Evangelists on the Road to Nuclear War</i>. Lawrence Hill & Co., 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88208-210-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-88208-210-8">0-88208-210-8</a>.</li> <li>Donald M. Lewis. <i>The Origins of Christian Zionism: Lord Shaftesbury and Evangelical Support for a Jewish Homeland</i> Cambridge University Press. 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51518-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51518-4">978-0-521-51518-4</a></li> <li>Donald M. Lewis, <i>A Short History of Christian Zionism from the Reformation to the Twenty-First Century</i>. InterVarsity Press, 2021. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-4697-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-4697-9">978-0-8308-4697-9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qhcaEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Christian+Zionism%22&pg=PP6">online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20060827233325/http://www.sociology.vt.edu/profiles/haija.html">Rammy Haija</a>. "The Armageddon Lobby: Dispensationalist Christian Zionism and the Shaping of US Policy Towards Israel-Palestine." <i>Holy Land Studies</i> 5(1): 75–95. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/holy_land_studies/v005/5.1haija.html">The Armageddon Lobby</a></li> <li>Irvine Anderson. <i>Biblical interpretation and Middle East policy: the promised land, America, and Israel, 1917–2002.</i> University Press of Florida. 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-2798-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-2798-5">0-8130-2798-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Campolo" title="Tony Campolo">Tony Campolo</a>. "The Ideological Roots of Christian Zionism." <i><a href="/wiki/Tikkun_(magazine)" title="Tikkun (magazine)">Tikkun</a></i>. January–February 2005.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sizer" title="Stephen Sizer">Stephen Sizer</a>. <i>Christian Zionism: Road map to Armageddon?</i> InterVarsity Press. 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-5368-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-5368-5">0-8308-5368-5</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christianzionism0000size">online</a>; also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090112055620/http://www.midbible.ac.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=105&Itemid=91">Book review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sizer" title="Stephen Sizer">Stephen Sizer</a>. "Christian Zionism The Heresy That Undermines Middle East Peace" (<i>Information Clearing House</i> Sept. 9, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christian-zionism-the-heresy-that-undermines-middle-east-peace">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Gershom Gorenberg. <i>The End of Days: Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the Temple Mount</i>. Oxford University Press. 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515205-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515205-0">0-19-515205-0</a></li> <li>Paul Charles Merkley. <i>The Politics of Christian Zionism 1891–1948</i>. Frank Cass. 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-4850-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-4850-7">0-7146-4850-7</a></li> <li>Paul Merkley, <i>Christian Attitudes Towards the State of Israel</i>, Mcgill Queens Univ Press, Montreal, Sep 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0773521889" title="Special:BookSources/978-0773521889">978-0773521889</a></li> <li>Lawrence Jeffrey Epstein. <i>Zion's Call: Christian Contributions to the Origins and Development of Israel</i>. University Press of America. 1984.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oren" title="Michael Oren">Michael Oren</a>. <i>Power, Faith and Fantasy: America in the Middle East, 1776–Present</i>. New York, 2007.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_W._Tuchman" title="Barbara W. Tuchman">Barbara W. Tuchman</a>. <i>Bible and Sword</i>. New York, 1956.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pawson" title="David Pawson">David Pawson</a>. <i>Defending Christian Zionism</i> Terra Nova Publications, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901949-62-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901949-62-9">978-1-901949-62-9</a></li> <li>Iain Murray, <i>The Puritan Hope</i>. Banner of Truth, June 1971. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0851512471" title="Special:BookSources/978-0851512471">978-0851512471</a></li> <li>Shalom Goldman, <i>Zeal for Zion: Christians, Jews, & the Idea of the Promised Land.</i> University of North Carolina Press, 2009.</li> <li>Stephen Spector, <i>Evangelicals and Israel: The Story of American Christian Zionism.</i> Oxford University Press, 2009.</li> <li>Yaakov Ariel, <i>An Unusual Relationship: Evangelical Christians and Jews.</i> New York University Press, 2013.</li> <li>Daniel G. Hummel, <i>Covenant Brothers: Evangelicals, Jews, and U.S.-Israeli Relations.</i> University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019.</li> <li>Walker Robins, <i>Between Dixie and Zion: Southern Baptists and Palestine Before Israel.</i> University of Alabama Press, 2020.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Zionism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bridgesforpeace.com/">Christian Zionists – Bridges for Peace</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090413034557/http://www.sazionism.co.za/">Jewish and Christian Zionists – SAZ – Support Association for Zionism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strategicoutlook.org/interviews/news-christian-zionism-and-its-religious-arguments-to-create-conflict.html/">Christian Zionism and Its Religious Arguments to Create Conflict, Strategic Outlook</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christians-standing-with-israel.org/">Christians Standing with Israel: Support Israel, What is a Christian Zionist? Stand Against Anti-Semitism</a></li> <li>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Melamed" title="Eliezer Melamed">Eliezer Melamed</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/Articles/Article.aspx/10597#.UdrvGDv0Fsl">Christians Who Love Israel</a> on <a href="/wiki/Arutz_Sheva" title="Arutz Sheva">Arutz Sheva</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zionism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zionism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerida" title="Yerida">Yerida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">Homeland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_a_Jewish_state" title="Proposals for a Jewish state">proposals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_and_Stockade" title="Tower and Stockade">Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negation_of_the_Diaspora" title="Negation of the Diaspora">Negation of the Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival of the Hebrew language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Hebraization of surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaization" title="Judaization">Judaization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zionism-template.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Theodor Herzl, Israel's flag and its declaration of independence"><img alt="Theodor Herzl, Israel's flag and its declaration of independence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zionism-template.png/45px-Zionism-template.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zionism-template.png/68px-Zionism-template.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Zionism-template.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="274" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_Zionism" title="Types of Zionism">Ideologies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Zionism" title="Reform Zionism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Zionism" title="Federal Zionism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Zionism" title="Proto-Zionism">Proto-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Zionism" title="Non-Zionism">Non-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanism" title="Canaanism">Canaanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddishist_movement" title="Yiddishist movement">Yiddishist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Golus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Zionist_organizations" title="Category:Zionist organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histadrut" title="Histadrut">Histadrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovevei_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hovevei Zion">Hovevei Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilu_(movement)" title="Bilu (movement)">Bilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Zionist_Organization" title="World Zionist Organization">World Zionist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_General_Council" title="Zionist General Council">Zionist General Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Federation_of_Germany" title="Zionist Federation of Germany">Zionist Federation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Zionist Organization of America">Zionist Organization of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Organization_of_Canada" title="Zionist Organization of Canada">Zionist Organization of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionists_of_America" title="Religious Zionists of America">Religious Zionists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency for Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Council" title="Jewish National Council">Jewish National Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrachi_(political_party)" title="Mizrachi (political party)">Mizrachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Akiva" title="Bnei Akiva">Bnei Akiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habonim_Dror" title="Habonim Dror">Habonim Dror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair" title="Hashomer Hatzair">Hashomer Hatzair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HaNoar_HaTzioni" title="HaNoar HaTzioni">HaNoar HaTzioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betar" title="Betar">Betar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Party_(Czechoslovakia)" title="Jewish Party (Czechoslovakia)">Jewish Party (Czechoslovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Party_(Romania)" title="Jewish Party (Romania)">Jewish Party (Romania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Resistance_Movement" title="Jewish Resistance Movement">Jewish Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Zionist_Organization" title="Women's International Zionist Organization">Women's International Zionist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadassah_Women%27s_Zionist_Organization_of_America" title="Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America">Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aytzim" title="Aytzim">Aytzim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Zionist_Movement" title="American Zionist Movement">American Zionist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am_Yisrael_Foundation" title="Am Yisrael Foundation">Am Yisrael Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Federation_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland">Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Zionist_Strategies" title="Institute for Zionist Strategies">Institute for Zionist Strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fellowship_of_Christians_and_Jews" title="International Fellowship of Christians and Jews">International Fellowship of Christians and Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefesh_B%27Nefesh" title="Nefesh B'Nefesh">Nefesh B'Nefesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birthright_Israel" title="Birthright Israel">Birthright Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">History and<br />timelines</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Aliyah_in_modern_times" title="Chronology of Aliyah in modern times">Chronology of Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">History of Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3379" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379">UN General Assembly Resolution 3379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_46/86" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/86">UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Zionism" title="Timeline of Zionism">Timeline of Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Israeli–Palestinian peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Arab–Israeli conflict">Timeline of the Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Holidays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaZikaron" title="Yom HaZikaron">Yom HaZikaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)" title="Independence Day (Israel)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Day" title="Jerusalem Day">Jerusalem Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaAliyah" title="Yom HaAliyah">Yom HaAliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzl_Day" title="Herzl Day">Herzl Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabotinsky_Day" title="Jabotinsky Day">Jabotinsky Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_Day" title="Ben-Gurion Day">Ben-Gurion Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabin_Day" title="Rabin Day">Rabin Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Zionists" title="List of Zionists">List of Zionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_one_inch" title="Not one inch">Not one inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Jewish emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Israel" title="Greater Israel">Greater Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_Judaism" title="Muscular Judaism">Muscular Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel" title="Muslim supporters of Israel">Muslim supporters of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_except_Palestine" title="Progressive except Palestine">Progressive except Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism_as_settler_colonialism" title="Zionism as settler colonialism">Zionism as settler colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_political_violence" title="Zionist political violence">Zionist political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zio_(pejorative)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zio (pejorative)">Zio (pejorative)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Conservatism in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Liberalism in Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity_and_Judaism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Template:Christianity and Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Template talk:Christianity and Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity and Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity_and_Judaism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity and Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrogation_of_Old_Covenant_laws" title="Abrogation of Old Covenant laws">Abrogation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-covenant_theology" title="Dual-covenant theology">Dual-covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant_theology" title="New Covenant theology">New Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">Supersessionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By branch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_Catholicism_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Relations between Catholicism and Judaism">Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Judaism" title="Relations between Eastern Orthodoxy and Judaism">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_Protestantism_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Relations between Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By conflict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism in Christianity">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment#Israel" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Israelism" title="British Israelism">Anglo-Israelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_Jesus" title="Jewish views on Jesus">Jesus and Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul the Apostle and Judaism">Paul and Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious dialogue</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish%E2%80%93Christian_Understanding_and_Cooperation" title="Center for Jewish–Christian Understanding and Cooperation">Center for Jewish–Christian Understanding and Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Christians_and_Jews" title="International Council of Christians and Jews">International Council of Christians and Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">Syncretism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Christian_movement" title="Hebrew Christian movement">Hebrew Christian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Roots" title="Hebrew Roots">Hebrew Roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jews_for_Jesus" title="Jews for Jesus">Jews for Jesus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Name_Movement" title="Sacred Name Movement">Sacred Name Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">Converso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_observances_of_Jewish_holidays" title="Christian observances of Jewish holidays">Christian observances of Jewish holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian" title="Judeo-Christian">Judeo-Christian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_Israel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_in_Israel" title="Template:Religion in Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_Israel" title="Template talk:Religion in Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_in_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion in Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Israel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Religion in Israel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_Ashkenaz" title="Nusach Ashkenaz">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_law_and_customs" title="Sephardic law and customs">Sepharadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masortim" title="Masortim">Masortim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Israel" title="Catholic Church in Israel">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Patriarchal_Exarchate_of_Jerusalem_and_Amman" title="Armenian Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jerusalem and Amman">Armenian Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Territory_of_Jerusalem" title="Chaldean Catholic Territory of Jerusalem">Chaldean Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronites_in_Israel" title="Maronites in Israel">Maronites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Haifa_and_the_Holy_Land" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Haifa and the Holy Land">Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Patriarchal_Exarchate_of_Jerusalem_and_Palestine" title="Maronite Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jerusalem and Palestine">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li> <li>Melkite Greek Catholic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Akka" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Akka">Akka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Patriarchal_Dependent_Territory_of_Jerusalem" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarchal Dependent Territory of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Patriarchal_Exarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Syriac Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jerusalem">Syriac Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel#Eastern_Orthodox" title="Christianity in Israel">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_Israel" title="Russian Orthodox Church in Israel">Russian Orthodox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel#Oriental_Orthodox" title="Christianity in Israel">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Armenian Apostolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Mark,_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of Saint Mark, Jerusalem">Syriac Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_Jerusalem" title="Coptic Orthodox Archdiocese of Jerusalem">Coptic Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidane_Mehret_Church,_Jerusalem" title="Kidane Mehret Church, Jerusalem">Ethiopian Tewahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel#Protestants" title="Christianity in Israel">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Jerusalem" title="Anglican Diocese of Jerusalem">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Christian_movement" title="Hebrew Christian movement">Hebrew Christian movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Jordan_and_the_Holy_Land" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Jordan and the Holy Land">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templers_(Radical_Pietist_sect)" title="Templers (Radical Pietist sect)">Templers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lightning" title="Eastern Lightning">The Church of Almighty God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Israel">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Israel">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Israel" title="Ahmadiyya in Israel">Ahmadiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Hebrew_Israelites_in_Israel" title="African Hebrew Israelites in Israel">Black Hebrews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Israel" title="Hinduism in Israel">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Israel" title="Irreligion in Israel">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_neopaganism" title="Semitic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evangelicalism in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism_in_the_United_States" title="Evangelicalism in the United States">Evangelicalism in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Baptist" title="Independent Baptist">Independent Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Baptists" title="Missionary Baptists">Missionary Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_Church_Network" title="Venture Church Network">Conservative Baptist Association of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Will_Baptist" title="Free Will Baptist">Free Will Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Association_of_Regular_Baptist_Churches" title="General Association of Regular Baptist Churches">General Association of Regular Baptist Churches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_%E2%80%93_Missouri_Synod" title="Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America" title="Presbyterian Church in America">Presbyterian Church in America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_USA" title="Assemblies of God USA">Assemblies of God USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foursquare_Church" title="Foursquare Church">Foursquare Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_of_God" title="Pentecostal Church of God">Pentecostal Church of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Holiness_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal Holiness Church">Pentecostal Holiness Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Pentecostal">Apostolic Pentecostal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_churches_and_churches_of_Christ" title="Christian churches and churches of Christ">Christian churches and churches of Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congregationalism" title="Congregationalism">Congregationalist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Congregational_Christian_Conference" title="Conservative Congregational Christian Conference">Conservative Congregational Christian Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Church" title="Wesleyan Church">Wesleyan Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Methodist_Church" title="Free Methodist Church">Free Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Anderson,_Indiana)" title="Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)">Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Higher_Life_movement" title="Higher Life movement">Keswickian family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_and_Missionary_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian and Missionary Alliance">Christian and Missionary Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Reformed_Church_in_North_America" title="Christian Reformed Church in North America">Christian Reformed Church in North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Vineyard_Churches" title="Association of Vineyard Churches">Association of Vineyard Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvary_Chapel_Association" title="Calvary Chapel Association">Calvary Chapel Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Statement_on_Biblical_Inerrancy" title="Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy">Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93modernist_controversy" title="Fundamentalist–modernist controversy">Fundamentalist–modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cane_Ridge_Revival" title="Cane Ridge Revival">Cane Ridge Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_revival" title="Healing revival">Healing revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Crusade_(1949)" title="Los Angeles Crusade (1949)">Los Angeles Crusade (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_1800" title="Revival of 1800">Revival of 1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thought</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_by_fire" title="Baptism by fire">Baptism by fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Believers%27_Church" title="Believers' Church">Believers' Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">Biblical inerrancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_patriarchy" title="Biblical patriarchy">Biblical patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_womanhood" title="Biblical womanhood">Biblical womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_abortion" title="Christianity and abortion">Christianity and abortion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theology" title="Decision theology">Decision theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel" title="Full Gospel">Full Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_theology" title="Kingdom theology">Kingdom theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiverfull" title="Quiverfull">Quiverfull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_call" title="Altar call">Altar call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship" title="Contemporary worship">Contemporary worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music" title="Contemporary worship music">Contemporary worship music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourner%27s_bench" title="Mourner's bench">Mourner's bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_warrior" title="Prayer warrior">Prayer warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_meeting" title="Revival meeting">Revival meeting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tent_revival" title="Tent revival">Tent revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinner%27s_prayer" title="Sinner's prayer">Sinner's prayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_church" title="Bible church">Bible church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megachurch" title="Megachurch">Megachurch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Televangelism" title="Televangelism">Televangelism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic-Prophetic_Movement" title="Apostolic-Prophetic Movement">Apostolic-Prophetic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bapticostal_movement" title="Bapticostal movement">Bapticostal movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Christian fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exvangelical" title="Exvangelical">Exvangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-evangelicalism" title="Post-evangelicalism">Post-evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Reformation" title="New Apostolic Reformation">New Apostolic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-Letter_Christians" title="Red-Letter Christians">Red-Letter Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Mountain_Mandate" title="Seven Mountain Mandate">Seven Mountain Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformational_Christianity" title="Transformational Christianity">Transformational Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Biblical_Manhood_and_Womanhood" title="Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood">Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Climate_Initiative" title="Evangelical Climate Initiative">Evangelical Climate Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_and_Ecumenical_Women%27s_Caucus" title="Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus">Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller_Theological_Seminary" title="Fuller Theological Seminary">Fuller Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moody_Bible_Institute" title="Moody Bible Institute">Moody Bible Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Evangelicals" title="National Association of Evangelicals">National Association of Evangelicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Religious_Broadcasters" title="National Religious Broadcasters">National Religious Broadcasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promise_Keepers" title="Promise Keepers">Promise Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vision_United_States" title="World Vision United States">World Vision United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_for_Christ" title="Youth for Christ">Youth for Christ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Semple_McPherson" title="Aimee Semple McPherson">Aimee Semple McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Sunday" title="Billy Sunday">Billy Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._I._Scofield" title="C. I. Scofield">C. I. Scofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grandison_Finney" title="Charles Grandison Finney">Charles Grandison Finney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_L._Moody" title="Dwight L. Moody">Dwight L. Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Graham" title="Franklin Graham">Franklin Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Jerry Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Zionism&oldid=1259493838">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_Zionism&oldid=1259493838</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dispensationalism" title="Category:Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_Zionism" title="Category:Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_eschatology" title="Category:Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_and_Jewish_interfaith_dialogue" title="Category:Christian and Jewish interfaith dialogue">Christian and Jewish interfaith dialogue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_terminology" title="Category:Christian terminology">Christian terminology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Koin%C4%93_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Koinē Greek-language text">Articles containing Koinē Greek-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 14:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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