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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ذو الرأس المستدير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذو الرأس المستدير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gird%C9%99ba%C5%9Flar" title="Girdəbaşlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Girdəbaşlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Кръглоглави – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кръглоглави" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengryniad" title="Pengryniad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pengryniad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundhovederne" title="Rundhovederne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rundhovederne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundheads" title="Roundheads – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Roundheads" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Roundhead" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AAtes-Rondes" title="Têtes-Rondes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Têtes-Rondes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maolcheann" title="Maolcheann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Maolcheann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EB%91%90%EB%8B%B9" title="원두당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원두당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Roundhead" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnatth%C3%B6f%C3%B0i" title="Hnatthöfði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hnatthöfði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teste_rotonde" title="Teste rotonde – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Teste rotonde" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apa%C4%BCgalvji" title="Apaļgalvji – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Apaļgalvji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Roundhead" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundheads" title="Roundheads – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roundheads" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%86%E9%A0%82%E5%85%9A" title="円頂党 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="円頂党" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rundhodene" title="Rundhodene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rundhodene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okr%C4%85g%C5%82og%C5%82owi" title="Okrągłogłowi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Okrągłogłowi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabe%C3%A7as_Redondas" title="Cabeças Redondas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cabeças Redondas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Круглоголовые – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Круглоголовые" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundheads" title="Roundheads – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundheads&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundheads">Roundheads</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Parliament supporter in the English Civil War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Parliamentarians during the English Civil War. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Roundhead_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Roundhead (disambiguation)">Roundhead (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Pettie_Puritan_Roundhead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/John_Pettie_Puritan_Roundhead.jpg/170px-John_Pettie_Puritan_Roundhead.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/John_Pettie_Puritan_Roundhead.jpg/255px-John_Pettie_Puritan_Roundhead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/John_Pettie_Puritan_Roundhead.jpg/340px-John_Pettie_Puritan_Roundhead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="381" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A Roundhead as depicted by <a href="/wiki/John_Pettie" title="John Pettie">John Pettie</a> (1870)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Roundheads</b> were the supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a> during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> (1642–1651). Also known as <b>Parliamentarians</b>, they fought against King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a> and his supporters, known as the <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavaliers</a> or Royalists, who claimed rule by <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> and the principle of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal of the Roundheads was to give to Parliament the supreme control over <a href="/wiki/Executive_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch">executive administration</a> of the country/kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1856105_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1856105-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundhead&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Roundheads sought <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> in place of the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> sought by Charles;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, at the end of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> in 1649, public antipathy towards the king was high enough to allow republican leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> to abolish the monarchy completely and establish the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a>. </p><p>The Roundhead commander-in-chief of the first Civil War, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fairfax" title="Thomas Fairfax">Thomas Fairfax</a>, remained a supporter of constitutional monarchy, as did many other Roundhead leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Montagu,_2nd_Earl_of_Manchester" title="Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester">Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_3rd_Earl_of_Essex" title="Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex">Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex</a>; however, this party was outmanoeuvred by the more politically adept Cromwell and his radicals, who had the backing of the <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a> and took advantage of Charles' perceived betrayal of England in his alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> against Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (February 2020)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Roundhead#Dubious" title="Talk:Roundhead">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p><p>England's many <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterians</a> were almost invariably Roundhead supporters, as were many smaller religious groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Independent_(religion)" title="Independent (religion)">Independents</a>. However, a number of Roundheads were members of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, as were most <a href="/wiki/Cavaliers" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavaliers">Cavaliers</a>. Roundhead political factions included the proto-anarchist/socialist <a href="/wiki/Diggers" title="Diggers">Diggers</a>, the diverse group known as the <a href="/wiki/Levellers" title="Levellers">Levellers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">apocalyptic Christian</a> movement of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Monarchists" title="Fifth Monarchists">Fifth Monarchists</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_background_of_the_term">Origins and background of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundhead&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins and background of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Puritans (but by no means all of them) wore their hair closely cropped round the head or flat. There was thus an obvious contrast between them and the men of <a href="/wiki/1600%E2%80%9350_in_Western_European_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="1600–50 in Western European fashion">courtly fashion</a>, who wore <a href="/wiki/Ringlet_(haircut)" title="Ringlet (haircut)">long ringlets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war and for a time afterwards, <i>Roundhead</i> was a term of derision,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a> it was a punishable offence to call a fellow soldier a Roundhead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorden20092_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorden20092-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contrasted with <i>Cavalier</i>, a word used to describe supporters of the Royalist cause, but which also started out as a pejorative term. The first proponents used it to compare members of the Royalist party with Spanish <i>Caballeros</i> who had abused Dutch Protestants during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>. However, unlike Roundhead, Cavalier was later embraced by those who were the target of the epithet and used by them to describe themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorden20092_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorden20092-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Frederick_Yeames_-_And_when_did_you_last_see_your_father%3F_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/William_Frederick_Yeames_-_And_when_did_you_last_see_your_father%3F_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-William_Frederick_Yeames_-_And_when_did_you_last_see_your_father%3F_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/William_Frederick_Yeames_-_And_when_did_you_last_see_your_father%3F_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/495px-William_Frederick_Yeames_-_And_when_did_you_last_see_your_father%3F_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/William_Frederick_Yeames_-_And_when_did_you_last_see_your_father%3F_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/660px-William_Frederick_Yeames_-_And_when_did_you_last_see_your_father%3F_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3913" data-file-height="2015" /></a><figcaption>A Roundhead inquisitor asks a son of a Cavalier, "<a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Yeames#And_When_Did_You_Last_See_Your_Father?" title="William Frederick Yeames">And when did you last see your father?</a>"—<a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Yeames" title="William Frederick Yeames">William Frederick Yeames</a> (1878)</figcaption></figure> <p>"Roundheads" appears to have been first used as a term of derision toward the end of 1641, when the debates in Parliament in the <a href="/wiki/Clergy_Act_1640" title="Clergy Act 1640">Clergy Act 1640</a> were causing riots at <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> Eleventh Edition</a> quotes a contemporary authority's description of the crowd that gathered there: "They had the hair of their heads very few of them longer than their ears, whereupon it came to pass that those who usually with their cries attended at Westminster were by a nickname called <i>Roundheads</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demonstrators included London apprentices, for whom Roundhead was a term of derision, because the regulations which they had agreed to included a provision for closely cropped hair.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorden20092_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorden20092-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/John_Rushworth" title="John Rushworth">John Rushworth</a>, the word was first used on 27 December 1641 by a disbanded officer named David Hide. During a riot, Hide is reported to have drawn his sword and said he would "cut the throat of those round-headed dogs that bawled against bishops";<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Baxter" title="Richard Baxter">Richard Baxter</a> ascribes the origin of the term to a remark made by Queen <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France" title="Henrietta Maria of France">Henrietta Maria</a>, the wife of Charles I, at the trial of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wentworth,_1st_Earl_of_Strafford" title="Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford">Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford</a>, earlier that year. Referring to <a href="/wiki/John_Pym" title="John Pym">John Pym</a>, she asked who the roundheaded man was.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principal advisor to <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon</a>, remarked on the matter, "and from those contestations the two terms of <i>Roundhead</i> and <i>Cavalier</i> grew to be received in discourse, ... they who were looked upon as servants to the king being then called <i>Cavaliers</i>, and the other of the rabble contemned and despised under the name of <i>Roundheads</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Anglican Archbishop <a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">William Laud</a> made a statute in 1636 instructing all clergy to wear short hair, many Puritans rebelled to show their contempt for his authority and began to grow their hair even longer (as can be seen on <a href="/wiki/File:PuritanGallery.jpg" title="File:PuritanGallery.jpg">their portraits</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though they continued to be known as Roundheads. The longer hair was more common among the "Independent" and "high-ranking" Puritans, which included Cromwell, especially toward the end of the Protectorate, while the "Presbyterian" (non-Independent) faction, and the military rank and file, continued to abhor long hair. By the end of that period, some Independent Puritans were again derisively using the term Roundhead to refer to the Presbyterian Puritans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanbury1844118,_635_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanbury1844118,_635-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Roundhead</i> remained in use to describe those with republican tendencies until the <a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Crisis" title="Exclusion Crisis">Exclusion Crisis</a> of 1678–1681, when the term was superseded by "<a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a>", initially another term with pejorative connotations. Likewise, during the Exclusion Bill crisis, the term <i>Cavalier</i> was replaced with "<a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a>", an Irish term introduced by their opponents that was also initially a pejorative term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorden20094_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorden20094-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundhead&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts2006">Roberts 2006</a>, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2011)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1856105-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1856105_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1856">Macaulay 1856</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKrowke" class="citation web cs1">Krowke, André. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rfb.bildung-rp.de/fileadmin/_migrated/content_uploads/Monarchy_versus_Parliament_01.odt">"Monarchy versus Parliament: England in the 17th century"</a>. <i>rfb.bildung-rp.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rfb.bildung-rp.de&rft.atitle=Monarchy+versus+Parliament%3A+England+in+the+17th+century&rft.aulast=Krowke&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frfb.bildung-rp.de%2Ffileadmin%2F_migrated%2Fcontent_uploads%2FMonarchy_versus_Parliament_01.odt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart" class="citation web cs1">Stewart, Laura. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olivercromwell.org/wordpress/?page_id=818">"Oliver Cromwell: a Scottish perspective"</a>. The Cromwell Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oliver+Cromwell%3A+a+Scottish+perspective&rft.pub=The+Cromwell+Association&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olivercromwell.org%2Fwordpress%2F%3Fpage_id%3D818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlant2008" class="citation web cs1">Plant, David (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bcw-project.org/church-and-state/second-civil-war/engagement">"The Engagement, 1647–48"</a>. <i>BCW Project</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BCW+Project&rft.atitle=The+Engagement%2C+1647%E2%80%9348&rft.date=2008-11&rft.aulast=Plant&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbcw-project.org%2Fchurch-and-state%2Fsecond-civil-war%2Fengagement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrill2011" class="citation web cs1">Morrill, John (February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/cromwell_01.shtml">"Oliver Cromwell"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oliver+Cromwell&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-02&rft.aulast=Morrill&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fcivil_war_revolution%2Fcromwell_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundhead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorden20092-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorden20092_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorden20092_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorden20092_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorden2009">Worden 2009</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a> cites Rushworth <i>Historical Collections</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a> cites Clarendon <i>History of the Rebellion</i>, volume IV. p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHunt2010">Hunt 2010</a>, p. 5 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (January 2011)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanbury1844118,_635-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanbury1844118,_635_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanbury1844">Hanbury 1844</a>, pp. 118, 635.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorden20094-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorden20094_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorden2009">Worden 2009</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundhead&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacaulay1856" class="citation book cs1">Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ehoPAAAAYAAJ&q=Roundhead+Civil+War&pg=PA105"><i>The History of England from the Accession of James II</i></a>. Vol. 1. New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-543-93129-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-543-93129-3"><bdi>0-543-93129-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+England+from+the+Accession+of+James+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1856&rft.isbn=0-543-93129-3&rft.aulast=Macaulay&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Babington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DehoPAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DRoundhead%2BCivil%2BWar%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanbury1844" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hanbury" title="Benjamin Hanbury">Hanbury, Benjamin</a> (1844). <i>Historical Memorials Relating to the Independents Or Congregationalists: From Their Rise to the Restoration of the Monarchy</i>. Vol. 3. pp. 118, 635.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Memorials+Relating+to+the+Independents+Or+Congregationalists%3A+From+Their+Rise+to+the+Restoration+of+the+Monarchy&rft.pages=118%2C+635&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Hanbury&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_(theologian)" title="John Hunt (theologian)">Hunt, John</a> (2010) [1870]. <i>Religious Thought in England, from the Reformation to the End of Last Century; A Contribution to the History of Theology</i>. Vol. 2. General Books LLC. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-150-98096-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-150-98096-1"><bdi>978-1-150-98096-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Thought+in+England%2C+from+the+Reformation+to+the+End+of+Last+Century%3B+A+Contribution+to+the+History+of+Theology&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=General+Books+LLC&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-150-98096-1&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidley1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Ridley" title="Jasper Ridley">Ridley, Jasper</a> (1976). <i>The Roundheads</i>. London: Constable. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09461-230-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09461-230-3"><bdi>978-0-09461-230-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roundheads&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-09461-230-3&rft.aulast=Ridley&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2006" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Chris (2006). <i>Heavy Words Lightly Thrown: The Reason Behind Rhyme</i>. Thorndike Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7862-8517-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7862-8517-6"><bdi>0-7862-8517-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heavy+Words+Lightly+Thrown%3A+The+Reason+Behind+Rhyme&rft.pub=Thorndike+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7862-8517-6&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundhead" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorden2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Blair_Worden" title="Blair Worden">Worden, Blair</a> (2009). <i>The English Civil Wars 1640–1660</i>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100694-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100694-9"><bdi>978-0-14-100694-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Civil+Wars+1640%E2%80%931660&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-14-100694-9&rft.aulast=Worden&rft.aufirst=Blair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundhead" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attribution">Attribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roundhead&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Attribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Roundhead" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Roundhead">Roundhead</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 772.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roundhead&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=772&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoundhead" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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