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<span>Attitude towards Ireland's independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitude_towards_Ireland's_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peerage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peerage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Peerage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peerage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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</nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anglo-Irish people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Iere" title="Anglo-Iere – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Anglo-Iere" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%88_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="أنجلو إيرلنديين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنجلو إيرلنديين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irland%C3%A9s" title="Anglo-Irlandés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anglo-Irlandés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Irlandais" title="Anglo-Irlandais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anglo-Irlandais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angla-%C3%89ireannach" title="Angla-Éireannach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Angla-Éireannach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Yernee" title="Anglo-Yernee – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Anglo-Yernee" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%B5%EA%B8%80%EB%A1%9C%EC%95%84%EC%9D%BC%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C%EC%9D%B8" title="앵글로아일랜드인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앵글로아일랜드인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-irsk" title="Anglo-irsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anglo-irsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angloirlantilaiset" title="Angloirlantilaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Angloirlantilaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angloirl%C3%A4ndare" title="Angloirländare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Angloirländare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5-%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" title="ชาวแองโกล-ไอริช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวแองโกล-ไอริช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-%C4%B0rlandal%C4%B1lar" title="Anglo-İrlandalılar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anglo-İrlandalılar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%96" title="Англо-ірландці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Англо-ірландці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Anh-Ireland" title="Người Anh-Ireland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Anh-Ireland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%8E%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA" title="盎格魯愛爾蘭人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="盎格魯愛爾蘭人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group and historical social class in Ireland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Anglo-Irish" redirects here. For the medieval Anglo-Irish, see <a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland">Old English (Ireland)</a>. For the bank, see <a href="/wiki/Anglo_Irish_Bank" title="Anglo Irish Bank">Anglo Irish Bank</a>. For Anglo-Irish poetry, see <a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Irish poetry</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Anglo-Irish<br /><i>Angla-Éireannach</i></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Patrick%27s_Saltire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Saint_Patrick%27s_Saltire.svg/220px-Saint_Patrick%27s_Saltire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Saint_Patrick%27s_Saltire.svg/330px-Saint_Patrick%27s_Saltire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Saint_Patrick%27s_Saltire.svg/440px-Saint_Patrick%27s_Saltire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="St Patrick's Cross">St Patrick's Cross</a> is often seen as a symbol of the Anglo-Irish.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">407,454<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2011ks_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011ks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nowrap">(<a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Northern Irish Anglicans</a>)</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nowrap">(<a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Ireland" title="Methodist Church in Ireland">Northern Irish Methodists</a>)</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nowrap">(<a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland#Statistics" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Other Northern Irish Protestants</a>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">177,200<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nowrap">(<a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Irish Anglicans</a>)</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nowrap">(<a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Ireland" title="Methodist Church in Ireland">Irish Methodists</a>)</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nowrap">(<a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Protestantism in the Republic of Ireland">Other Irish Protestants</a>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">Standard English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland Sign</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Anglicanism</a> <br /><small>(some <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> or other Protestant)<br />(see also <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ireland" title="Religion in Ireland">Religion in Ireland</a>)</small></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Anglo-Normans</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestants" title="Ulster Protestants">Ulster Protestants</a> •  <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anglo-Irish people</b> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">Angla-Éireannach</i>) denotes an ethnic, social and religious grouping who are mostly the descendants and successors of the English <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Protestant Ascendancy</a> in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They mostly belong to the Anglican <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a>, which was the <a href="/wiki/Established_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established church">established church</a> of Ireland until 1871, or to a lesser extent one of the <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">English dissenting</a> churches, such as the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist church">Methodist church</a>, though some were <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholics</a>. They often defined themselves as simply "British", and less frequently "Anglo-Irish", "Irish" or "English".<sup id="cite_ref-Irish_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many became eminent as administrators in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and as senior <a href="/wiki/Irish_military_diaspora#Britain" title="Irish military diaspora">army and naval officers</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> were in a <a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">real union</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> for over a century, before politically uniting into the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> in 1801. </p><p>The term is not usually applied to <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a> in the province of <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, whose ancestry is mostly <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Lowland Scottish</a>, rather than English or Irish, and who are sometimes identified as <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster-Scots</a>. The Anglo-Irish hold a wide range of political views, with some being outspoken <a href="/wiki/Irish_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Nationalists">Irish Nationalists</a>, but most overall being <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionists</a>. And while most of the Anglo-Irish originated in the <a href="/wiki/English_diaspora" title="English diaspora">English diaspora</a> in Ireland, others were descended from families of the old <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_nobility_of_Ireland" title="Gaelic nobility of Ireland">Gaelic nobility of Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolff_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolff-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_social_class">As a social class</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Irish_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: As a social class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Protestant Ascendancy</a></div> <p>The term "Anglo-Irish" is often applied to the members of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> who made up the professional and <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">landed class</a> in Ireland from the 17th century up to the time of Irish independence in the early 20th century. In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Ireland_1536-1691" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Ireland 1536-1691">course of the 17th century</a>, this Anglo-Irish landed class replaced the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Aristocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic Aristocracy">Gaelic Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_English_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English (Ireland)">Old English</a> aristocracies as the ruling class in Ireland. They were also referred to as "<b>New English</b>" to distinguish them from the "Old English", who descended from the medieval <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Normans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiberno-Normans">Hiberno-Norman</a> settlers. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Penal_Laws_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal Laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a>, which were in force between the 17th and 19th centuries (although enforced with varying degrees of severity), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Recusancy" title="Recusancy">recusants</a> in Great Britain and Ireland were barred from holding public office, while in Ireland they were also barred from entry to <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a> and from professions such as law, medicine, and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_establishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish establishment">military</a>. The lands of the recusant Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">landed gentry</a> who refused to take the prescribed oaths were largely confiscated during the <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">Plantations of Ireland</a>. The rights of Roman Catholics to inherit landed property were severely restricted. Those who converted to the Church of Ireland were usually able to keep or regain their lost property, as the issue was considered primarily one of allegiance. In the late 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a> in Dublin won legislative independence, and the movement for the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Test_Acts" title="Test Acts">Test Acts</a> began. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Swift_bust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Swift_bust.jpg/170px-St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Swift_bust.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Swift_bust.jpg/255px-St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Swift_bust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Swift_bust.jpg/340px-St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral_Swift_bust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Marble bust of <a href="/wiki/The_Very_Reverend" title="The Very Reverend">The V. Rev.</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>, inside <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin">St Patrick's Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. Swift was <a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)" title="Dean (Christianity)">Dean</a> of St Patrick's from 1713 to 1745.</figcaption></figure> <p>Not all Anglo-Irish people could trace their origins to the Protestant English settlers of the Cromwellian period; some were of Welsh stock, and others descended from Old English or even native Gaelic converts to Anglicanism.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolff_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolff-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of this ruling class commonly identified themselves as Irish,<sup id="cite_ref-Irish_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irish-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while retaining English habits in politics, commerce, and culture. They participated in the popular English sports of the day, particularly <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">racing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">fox hunting</a>, and intermarried with the ruling classes in Great Britain. Many of the more successful of them spent much of their careers either in Great Britain or in some part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. Many constructed large <a href="/wiki/Country_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Country house">country houses</a>, which became known in Ireland as <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_big_house" title="Anglo-Irish big house">Big Houses</a>, and these became symbolic of the class' dominance in Irish society. </p><p>The Dublin working class playwright <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Behan" title="Brendan Behan">Brendan Behan</a>, a staunch <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Republicanism">Irish Republican</a>, saw the Anglo-Irish as Ireland's <a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_the_Leisure_Class" title="The Theory of the Leisure Class">leisure class</a> and famously defined an Anglo-Irishman as "a Protestant with a horse".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Anglo-Irish novelist and short story writer <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowen" title="Elizabeth Bowen">Elizabeth Bowen</a> memorably described her experience as feeling "English in Ireland, Irish in England" and not accepted fully as belonging to either.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowen_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowen-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to their prominence in the military and their conservative politics, the Anglo-Irish have been compared to the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Junker" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Junker">Prussian Junker</a> class by, among others, <a href="/wiki/Correlli_Barnett" title="Correlli Barnett">Correlli Barnett</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_interests">Business interests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Irish_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Business interests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of the 20th century, the Anglo-Irish owned many of the major indigenous businesses in Ireland, such as <a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s" title="Jacob's">Jacob's Biscuits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bewley%27s" title="Bewley's">Bewley's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beamish_and_Crawford" title="Beamish and Crawford">Beamish and Crawford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jameson_Irish_Whiskey" title="Jameson Irish Whiskey">Jameson's Whiskey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odlums_Group" title="Odlums Group">W. P. & R. Odlum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Condensed_Milk_Company_of_Ireland" title="Condensed Milk Company of Ireland">Cleeve's</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%26H_Hall" title="R&H Hall">R&H Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crawford_McCullagh" title="Crawford McCullagh">Maguire & Patterson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Dockrell_(Unionist_politician)" title="Maurice Dockrell (Unionist politician)">Dockrell's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnotts_(Ireland)" title="Arnotts (Ireland)">Arnott's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goulding_Chemicals" title="Goulding Chemicals">Goulding Chemicals</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Times">Irish Times</a></i>, the Irish Railways, and the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_brewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness brewery">Guinness brewery</a>, Ireland's largest employer. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They also controlled financial companies such as the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Ireland" title="Bank of Ireland">Bank of Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goodbody_Stockbrokers" title="Goodbody Stockbrokers">Goodbody Stockbrokers</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_College,_Dublin,_Ireland_(Sculpture_of_George_Salmon).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Trinity_College%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland_%28Sculpture_of_George_Salmon%29.jpg/170px-Trinity_College%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland_%28Sculpture_of_George_Salmon%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Trinity_College%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland_%28Sculpture_of_George_Salmon%29.jpg/255px-Trinity_College%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland_%28Sculpture_of_George_Salmon%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Trinity_College%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland_%28Sculpture_of_George_Salmon%29.jpg/340px-Trinity_College%2C_Dublin%2C_Ireland_%28Sculpture_of_George_Salmon%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Anglo-Irish mathematician and theologian <a href="/wiki/George_Salmon" title="George Salmon">George Salmon</a> (1819–1904), in front of the campanile of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>, the traditional <i>alma mater</i> of the Anglo-Irish class. Salmon was provost of Trinity from 1888 until his death.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prominent_members">Prominent members</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Irish_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prominent members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prominent Anglo-Irish poets, writers, and playwrights include <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Berkeley" title="George Berkeley">George Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Le_Fanu" title="Sheridan Le Fanu">Sheridan Le Fanu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith" title="Oliver Goldsmith">Oliver Goldsmith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Sterne" title="Laurence Sterne">Laurence Sterne</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Darley" title="George Darley">George Darley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Knox" title="Lucy Knox">Lucy Knox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Millington_Synge" title="John Millington Synge">J. M. Synge</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Day-Lewis" title="Cecil Day-Lewis">Cecil Day-Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Bernard Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Lady_Gregory" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta, Lady Gregory">Augusta, Lady Gregory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giles_Cooper_(playwright)" title="Giles Cooper (playwright)">Giles Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Pakenham,_7th_Earl_of_Longford" title="Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford">Lord Longford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowen" title="Elizabeth Bowen">Elizabeth Bowen</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Trevor" title="William Trevor">William Trevor</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Allingham" title="William Allingham">William Allingham</a>. The writer <a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a> was of Anglo-Irish descent on his father's side but was brought up as a Catholic by his great-aunt. </p><p>In the 19th century, some of the most prominent mathematical and physical scientists of the British Isles, including <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Rowan_Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Rowan Hamilton">Sir William Rowan Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet">Sir George Stokes</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall">John Tyndall</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Johnstone_Stoney" title="George Johnstone Stoney">George Johnstone Stoney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Romney_Robinson" title="Thomas Romney Robinson">Thomas Romney Robinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sabine" title="Edward Sabine">Edward Sabine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Andrews_(scientist)" title="Thomas Andrews (scientist)">Thomas Andrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Parsons,_3rd_Earl_of_Rosse" title="William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse">Lord Rosse</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Salmon" title="George Salmon">George Salmon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Francis_FitzGerald" title="George Francis FitzGerald">George FitzGerald</a>, were Anglo-Irish. In the 20th century, scientists <a href="/wiki/John_Joly" title="John Joly">John Joly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Ernest Walton</a> were also Anglo-Irish, as was the polar explorer Sir <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton" title="Ernest Shackleton">Ernest Shackleton</a>. Medical experts included <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Wilde" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Wilde">Sir William Wilde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_James_Graves" title="Robert James Graves">Robert Graves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wrigley_Grimshaw" title="Thomas Wrigley Grimshaw">Thomas Wrigley Grimshaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Stokes_(physician)" title="William Stokes (physician)">William Stokes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Collis" title="Robert Collis">Robert Collis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Lumsden" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Lumsden">Sir John Lumsden</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Babington_(physician)" title="William Babington (physician)">William Babington</a>. The geographer <a href="/wiki/William_Desborough_Cooley" title="William Desborough Cooley">William Cooley</a> was one of the first to describe the process of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>. </p><p>The Anglo-Irishmen <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Sheridan" title="Richard Brinsley Sheridan">Richard Brinsley Sheridan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Grattan" title="Henry Grattan">Henry Grattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Lord Castlereagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">George Canning</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Macartney,_1st_Earl_Macartney" title="George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney">Lord Macartney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spring_Rice,_1st_Baron_Monteagle_of_Brandon" title="Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle of Brandon">Thomas Spring Rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Edward Carson</a> played major roles in British politics. Downing Street itself was named after <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Downing,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Downing, 1st Baronet">Sir George Downing</a>. In the Church, Bishop <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pococke" title="Richard Pococke">Richard Pococke</a> contributed much to C18 travel writing. </p><p>The Anglo-Irish were also represented among the senior officers of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> by men such as <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal (UK)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Earl Roberts</a>, first honorary Colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Guards" title="Irish Guards">Irish Guards</a> regiment, who spent most of his career in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>; Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gough,_1st_Viscount_Gough" title="Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough">Viscount Gough</a>, who served under <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a>, himself a Wellesley born in Dublin to the <a href="/wiki/Garret_Wesley,_1st_Earl_of_Mornington" title="Garret Wesley, 1st Earl of Mornington">Earl of Mornington</a>, head of a prominent Anglo-Irish family in Dublin; and in the 20th century Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Alan_Brooke,_1st_Viscount_Alanbrooke" title="Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke">Lord Alanbrooke</a>, Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis" title="Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis">Lord Alexander of Tunis</a>, General <a href="/wiki/John_Hackett_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Hackett (British Army officer)">Sir John Winthrop Hackett</a>, Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Wilson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Wilson, 1st Baronet">Sir Henry Wilson</a> and Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Garnet_Wolseley,_1st_Viscount_Wolseley" title="Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley">Sir Garnet Wolseley</a>. (see also <a href="/wiki/Irish_military_diaspora" title="Irish military diaspora">Irish military diaspora</a>). </p><p>Others were prominent officials and administrators in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, such as: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Matthew_Darley" title="Frederick Matthew Darley">Frederick Matthew Darley</a>, the Chief Justice of New South Wales; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Arthur_Blake" title="Henry Arthur Blake">Henry Arthur Blake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antony_MacDonnell,_1st_Baron_MacDonnell" title="Antony MacDonnell, 1st Baron MacDonnell">Antony MacDonnell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gavan_Duffy_(Canadian_politician)" title="Charles Gavan Duffy (Canadian politician)">Gavan Duffy</a>. Others were involved in finding better ways of managing it, heading the <a href="/wiki/Donoughmore_Commission" title="Donoughmore Commission">Donoughmore Commission</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Report_of_West_India_Royal_Commission_(Moyne_Report)" title="Report of West India Royal Commission (Moyne Report)">Moyne Commission</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop_Hackett" title="John Winthrop Hackett">Sir John Winthrop Hackett</a> emigrated to Australia where he became the proprietor and editor of many prominent newspapers. He was also influential in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia" title="University of Western Australia">University of Western Australia</a> and was its first chancellor. </p><p>Prolific <a href="/wiki/Art_music" title="Art music">art music</a> composers included <a href="/wiki/Michael_William_Balfe" title="Michael William Balfe">Michael William Balfe</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">John Field</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Alexander_Osborne" title="George Alexander Osborne">George Alexander Osborne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Roseingrave" title="Thomas Roseingrave">Thomas Roseingrave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Villiers_Stanford" title="Charles Villiers Stanford">Charles Villiers Stanford</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Andrew_Stevenson" title="John Andrew Stevenson">John Andrew Stevenson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Prescott_Stewart" title="Robert Prescott Stewart">Robert Prescott Stewart</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Vincent_Wallace" title="William Vincent Wallace">William Vincent Wallace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood_(composer)" title="Charles Wood (composer)">Charles Wood</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual arts</a>, sculptor <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Foley" title="John Henry Foley">John Henry Foley</a>, art dealer <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lane" title="Hugh Lane">Hugh Lane</a>, artists <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Maclise" title="Daniel Maclise">Daniel Maclise</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Orpen" title="William Orpen">William Orpen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Butler_Yeats" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Butler Yeats">Jack Yeats</a>; ballerina <a href="/wiki/Ninette_de_Valois" title="Ninette de Valois">Dame Ninette de Valois</a> and designer-architect <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Gray" title="Eileen Gray">Eileen Gray</a> were famous outside Ireland. </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Desmond_Taylor" title="William Desmond Taylor">William Desmond Taylor</a> was an early and prolific maker of <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent films</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a>. Scriptwriter <a href="/wiki/Johanna_Harwood" title="Johanna Harwood">Johanna Harwood</a> penned several of the early <a href="/wiki/James_Bond_(literary_character)" title="James Bond (literary character)">James Bond</a> films, among others. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Philanthropist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philanthropist">Philanthropists</a> included <a href="/wiki/Thomas_John_Barnardo" title="Thomas John Barnardo">Thomas Barnardo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Guinness,_1st_Earl_of_Iveagh" title="Edward Guinness, 1st Earl of Iveagh">Lord Iveagh</a>. </p><p>Confederate general <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Cleburne" title="Patrick Cleburne">Patrick Cleburne</a> was of Anglo-Irish ancestry. </p><p>Discussing what he considered the lack of Irish civic morality in 2011, former <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> <a href="/wiki/Garret_FitzGerald" title="Garret FitzGerald">Garret FitzGerald</a> remarked that before 1922: "In Ireland a strong civic sense did exist – but mainly amongst Protestants and especially Anglicans".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>, the American <a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">industrialist and business magnate</a>, was half Anglo-Irish; his father William Ford was born in Cork to a family originally from <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attitude_towards_Ireland's_independence"><span id="Attitude_towards_Ireland.27s_independence"></span>Attitude towards Ireland's independence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Irish_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Attitude towards Ireland's independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Anglo-Irish, as a class, were mostly opposed to the notions of <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish independence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Home Rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most were supporters of continued political <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">union with Great Britain</a>, which existed between 1800 and 1922. This was for many reasons, but most important were the economic benefits of union for the landowning class, the close personal and familial relations with the British establishment, and the political prominence held by the Anglo-Irish in Ireland under the union settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Anglo-Irish men served as officers in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, were clergymen in the established Anglican <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> or had land (or business interests) across the British Isles – all factors which encouraged political support for <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">unionism</a>. Between the mid-nineteenth century and 1922, the Anglo-Irish comprised the bulk of the support for movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Alliance" title="Irish Unionist Alliance">Irish Unionist Alliance</a>, especially in the southern three provinces of Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish nationalist">Irish nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">MP</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Kettle" title="Tom Kettle">Tom Kettle</a> compared the Anglo-Irish landlord class to the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> <a href="/wiki/Junker_(Prussia)" title="Junker (Prussia)">Junkers</a>, saying, "England goes to fight for liberty in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and for junkerdom in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Protestants in Ireland, and the Anglo-Irish class in particular, were by no means universally attached to the cause of continued political union with Great Britain. For instance, author <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a> (1667–1745), a clergyman in the Church of Ireland, vigorously denounced the plight of ordinary <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholics" title="Irish Catholics">Irish Catholics</a> under the rule of the landlords. Reformist politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Grattan" title="Henry Grattan">Henry Grattan</a> (1746–1820), <a href="/wiki/Wolfe_Tone" title="Wolfe Tone">Wolfe Tone</a> (1763–1798), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Emmet" title="Robert Emmet">Robert Emmet</a> (1778–1803), <a href="/wiki/John_Gray_(Irish_politician)" title="John Gray (Irish politician)">Sir John Gray</a> (1815–1875), and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a> (1846–1891), were also <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Irish_nationalists" title="Protestant Irish nationalists">Protestant nationalists</a>, and in large measure led and defined Irish nationalism. The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a> was led by members of the Anglo-Irish and Ulster Scots class, some of whom feared the political implications of the impending union with Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-D._George_Boyce_2003_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D._George_Boyce_2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, however, Irish nationalism became increasingly tied to a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church in Ireland">Roman Catholic</a> identity.<sup id="cite_ref-D._George_Boyce_2003_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D._George_Boyce_2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the beginning of the twentieth century, many Anglo-Irishmen in southern Ireland had become convinced of the need for a political settlement with Irish nationalists. Anglo-Irish politicians such as <a href="/wiki/Sir_Horace_Plunkett" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Horace Plunkett">Sir Horace Plunkett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spring_Rice,_2nd_Baron_Monteagle_of_Brandon" title="Thomas Spring Rice, 2nd Baron Monteagle of Brandon">Lord Monteagle</a> became leading figures in finding a peaceful solution to the 'Irish question'. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921), many Anglo-Irish landlords left the country due to <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_country_houses_in_the_Irish_revolutionary_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of country houses in the Irish revolutionary period">arson attacks on their family homes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The burnings continued and many sectarian murders were carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Treaty_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Treaty IRA">Anti-Treaty IRA</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a>. Considering the Irish State unable to protect them, many members of the Anglo-Irish class subsequently left Ireland forever, fearing that they would be subject to discriminatory legislation and social pressures. The Protestant proportion of the Irish population dropped from 10% (300,000) to 6% (180,000) in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> in the twenty-five years following independence,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with most resettling in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. In the whole of Ireland the percentage of Protestants was 26% (1.1 million). </p><p>The reaction of the Anglo-Irish to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> which envisaged the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> was mixed. <a href="/wiki/John_Gregg_(archbishop_of_Armagh)" title="John Gregg (archbishop of Armagh)">J. A. F. Gregg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Dublin_(Church_of_Ireland)" title="Archbishop of Dublin (Church of Ireland)">Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin</a>, stated in a sermon in December 1921 (the month the Treaty was signed): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It concerns us all to offer the Irish Free State our loyalty. I believe there is a genuine desire on the part of those who have long differed from us politically to welcome our co-operation. We should be wrong politically and religiously to reject such advances.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1925, when the Irish Free State was poised to outlaw <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a>, the Anglo-Irish poet <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a> delivered a famous eulogy for his class in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Senate">Irish Senate</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I think it is tragic that within three years of this country gaining its independence we should be discussing a measure which a minority of this nation considers to be grossly oppressive. I am proud to consider myself a typical man of that minority. We against whom you have done this thing, are no petty people. We are one of the great stocks of Europe. We are the people of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a>; we are the people of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Grattan" title="Henry Grattan">Grattan</a>; we are the people of <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a>, the people of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Emmet" title="Robert Emmet">Emmet</a>, the people of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Parnell</a>. We have created the most of the modern literature of this country. We have created the best of its political intelligence. Yet I do not altogether regret what has happened. I shall be able to find out, if not I, my children will be able to find out whether we have lost our stamina or not. You have defined our position and have given us a popular following. If we have not lost our stamina then your victory will be brief, and your defeat final, and when it comes this nation may be transformed.<i><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Peerage">Peerage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Irish_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Peerage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Lords" title="Irish House of Lords">Irish House of Lords</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Peerage of Ireland</a></div> <p>Following the English victory in the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a> (1594–1603), the "<a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a>" in 1607, the traditional Gaelic <a href="/wiki/Irish_nobility" title="Irish nobility">Irish nobility</a> was displaced in Ireland, particularly in the Cromwellian period. By 1707, after further defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a> and the subsequent Union of England and Scotland, the aristocracy in Ireland was dominated by Anglican families who owed allegiance to the Crown. Some of these were Irish families who had chosen to conform to the established <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a>, keeping their lands and privileges, such as the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Leinster" title="Duke of Leinster">Dukes of Leinster</a> (whose surname is <a href="/wiki/FitzGerald_dynasty" title="FitzGerald dynasty">FitzGerald</a>, and who descend from the <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiberno-Norman">Hiberno-Norman</a> aristocracy), or the Gaelic <a href="/wiki/Guinness_family" title="Guinness family">Guinness family</a>. Some were families of British or mixed-British ancestry who owed their status in Ireland to the Crown, such as the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Cork" title="Earl of Cork">Earls of Cork</a> (whose surname is Boyle and whose ancestral roots were in <a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a>, England). </p><p>Among the prominent Anglo-Irish peers are: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Arthur_Wellesley_the_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Lord_Arthur_Wellesley_the_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg/220px-Lord_Arthur_Wellesley_the_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Lord_Arthur_Wellesley_the_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg/330px-Lord_Arthur_Wellesley_the_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Lord_Arthur_Wellesley_the_Duke_of_Wellington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a>, from a portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Boyle,_1st_Earl_of_Cork" title="Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork">The 1st Earl of Cork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurer_of_Ireland" title="Lord High Treasurer of Ireland">Lord High Treasurer of Ireland</a>, father of scientist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Campbell,_1st_Baron_Glenavy" title="James Campbell, 1st Baron Glenavy">The 1st Baron Glenavy</a>, second-last <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor_of_Ireland" title="Lord Chancellor of Ireland">Lord Chancellor of Ireland</a> and first <a href="/wiki/Cathoirleach" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathoirleach">Cathoirleach</a> (or Chairman) of the <a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Irish Senate</a> (1922).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Conyngham,_8th_Marquess_Conyngham" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Conyngham, 8th Marquess Conyngham">The 8th Marquess Conyngham</a>, owner of the <a href="/wiki/Slane_Castle" title="Slane Castle">Slane Castle</a> rock venue and candidate for <a href="/wiki/Fine_Gael" title="Fine Gael">Fine Gael</a> in recent Irish <a href="/wiki/General_election" title="General election">general elections</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Guinness,_3rd_Earl_of_Iveagh" title="Benjamin Guinness, 3rd Earl of Iveagh">The 3rd Earl of Iveagh</a>, of Gaelic Irish descent; head of the <a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a> family who sat in the Irish <a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Senate</a> (1973–1977).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Goulding" title="Valerie Goulding">Valerie, Lady Goulding</a>, founder of the Rehabilitation Institute and close associate of former <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> (Prime Minister) <a href="/wiki/Charles_Haughey" title="Charles Haughey">Charles Haughey</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pakenham,_6th_Earl_of_Longford" title="Edward Pakenham, 6th Earl of Longford">The 6th Earl of Longford</a>, Impresario at the <a href="/wiki/Gate_Theatre" title="Gate Theatre">Gate Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> in the 1950s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Pakenham,_7th_Earl_of_Longford" title="Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford">The 7th Earl of Longford</a> (who succeeded his brother (above) in the Earldom), British <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a> minister, biographer and friend of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Parsons,_3rd_Earl_of_Rosse" title="William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse">The 3rd Earl of Rosse</a>, astronomer and builder of the <a href="/wiki/Leviathan_of_Parsonstown" title="Leviathan of Parsonstown">then-largest telescope</a> in the world.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Plunkett,_18th_Baron_Dunsany" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron Dunsany">The 18th Baron of Dunsany</a>, author.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Roche,_1st_Baron_Fermoy" title="Edmond Roche, 1st Baron Fermoy">Edmond Roche, 1st Baron Fermoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Irish peer</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Butler,_1st_Duke_of_Ormonde" class="mw-redirect" title="James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde">The 1st Duke of Ormonde</a>, 17th-century statesman, served as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Deputy_of_Ireland" title="Lord Deputy of Ireland">Lord Deputy of Ireland</a> on two occasions and commanded Royalist forces in Ireland in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Irish Confederate Wars</a> negotiating with the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Ireland" title="Confederate Ireland">Irish Confederates</a> on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murrough_O%27Brien,_1st_Earl_of_Inchiquin" title="Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Inchiquin">Murrough, 1st Earl of Inchiquin</a>, 6th Baron Inchiquin (1618–1674), of Gaelic Irish descent; a Parliamentary commander in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Irish Confederate Wars</a> (1644–1648) before changing sides to become one of the leaders of the Royalist troops in Ireland during the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> (1649–53).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">The 1st Duke of Wellington</a>, Anglo-Irish general who fought many successful campaigns and defeated <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>. He later became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.</li></ul> <p>Until the year 1800, the peers of Ireland were all entitled to a seat in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Lords" title="Irish House of Lords">Irish House of Lords</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. After 1800, under the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union</a>, the Parliament of Ireland was abolished and the Irish peers were entitled to elect twenty-eight of their number to sit in the British <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, in London, as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_representative_peers" title="List of Irish representative peers">Irish representative peers</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Era">Georgian Era</a>, titles in the peerage of Ireland were often granted by the British monarch to Englishmen with little or no connection to Ireland, as a way of preventing such honours from inflating the membership of the British House of Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of Anglo-Irish peers have been appointed by <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">Presidents of Ireland</a> to serve on their advisory <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Ireland)" title="Council of State (Ireland)">Council of State</a>. Some were also considered possible candidates for presidents of Ireland, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Goulding" title="Valerie Goulding">Valerie, Lady Goulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Morris,_3rd_Baron_Killanin" title="Michael Morris, 3rd Baron Killanin">Lord Killanin</a> (though an Irish Catholic, rather than Anglo-Irish despite his peerage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibson,_2nd_Baron_Ashbourne" title="William Gibson, 2nd Baron Ashbourne">Lord Ashbourne</a> (a renowned Gaelic scholar).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Irish_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland">Normans in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_and_regrant" title="Surrender and regrant">Surrender and regrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Unionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Unionist">Catholic Unionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Irish_nationalists" title="Protestant Irish nationalists">Protestant Irish nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souperism" title="Souperism">Souperism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_diaspora" title="English diaspora">English diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Movement_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Movement (Ireland)">Reform Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Ireland" title="Confederate Ireland">Confederate Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Alliance" title="Irish Unionist Alliance">Irish Unionist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Brit" title="West Brit">West Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland–United Kingdom relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_migration_to_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish migration to Great Britain">Irish migration to Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Baltimore" title="Baron Baltimore">Baron Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miler_Magrath" title="Miler Magrath">Miler Magrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Irish_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Irish_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/public/Theme.aspx?themeNumber=136&themeName=Census%202011">"Census 2011: Religion: KS211NI (administrative geographies)"</a>. nisra.gov.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+2011%3A+Religion%3A+KS211NI+%28administrative+geographies%29&rft.pub=nisra.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk%2Fpublic%2FTheme.aspx%3FthemeNumber%3D136%26themeName%3DCensus%25202011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Irish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011ks-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2011ks_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nisra.gov.uk/Census/key_stats_bulletin_2011.pdf">"Census 2011: Key Statistics for Northern Ireland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. nisra.gov.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+2011%3A+Key+Statistics+for+Northern+Ireland&rft.pub=nisra.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2FCensus%2Fkey_stats_bulletin_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Irish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/population/2017/Chapter_8_Religion.pdf">"8. Religion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(Ireland)" title="Central Statistics Office (Ireland)">Central Statistics Office</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=8.+Religion&rft.pub=Central+Statistics+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Fcsoie%2Freleasespublications%2Fdocuments%2Fpopulation%2F2017%2FChapter_8_Religion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Irish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/The_Anglo-Irish"><i>The Anglo-Irish</i>, Fidelma Maguire, University College Cork</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060502065641/http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/The_Anglo-Irish">Archived</a> 2 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donnchadh_%C3%93_Corr%C3%A1in" title="Donnchadh Ó Corráin">Donnchadh Ó Corráin</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irish-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Irish_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irish_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/The_Anglo-Irish"><i>The Anglo-Irish</i>, Movements for Political & Social Reform, 1870–1914, Multitext Projects in Irish History, University College Cork</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060502065641/http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/The_Anglo-Irish">Archived</a> 2 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolff-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff2006" class="citation book cs1">Wolff, Ellen M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DYFLR2jsDnMC&pg=PA37"><i>An Anarchy in the Mind and in the Heart: Narrating Anglo-Ireland</i></a>. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0838755569" title="Special:BookSources/0838755569"><bdi>0838755569</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Anarchy+in+the+Mind+and+in+the+Heart%3A+Narrating+Anglo-Ireland&rft.place=Lewisburg&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Bucknell+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0838755569&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Ellen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDYFLR2jsDnMC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Irish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><b>Pat</b>: He was an Anglo-Irishman.<br /> </p><p><b>Meg</b>: In the name of God, what's that?<br /> <b>Pat</b>: A Protestant with a horse.<br /> <b>Ropeen</b>: Leadbetter.<br /> <b>Pat</b>: No, no, an ordinary Protestant like Leadbetter, the plumber in the back parlour next door, won't do, nor a <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> <a href="/wiki/Orange_Institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Institution">orangeman</a>, not if he was as black as your boot.<br /> <b>Meg</b>: Why not?<br /> </p> <p><b>Pat</b>: Because they work. An Anglo-Irishman only works at riding horses, drinking whiskey, and reading double-meaning books in <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College</a>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>From act one of <i>The Hostage</i>, 1958</cite></div></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowen-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bowen_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Poplowski, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1OpUU_ShWvsC&pg=PA27">"Elizabeth Bowen (1899–1973),"</a> <i>Encyclopedia of Literary Modernism</i>, (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2003), pp. 26–28. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31017-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-31017-3">0-313-31017-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Roberts, Kitchener and Wolesley were three national heroes of the nineteenth century whom Correlli Barnett sees as prime examples of the Anglo-Irish gentry, the nearest thing Britain ever possessed to the Prussian Junker class". Desmond and Jean Bowen, <i>Heroic Option: the Irish in the British Army</i>, Pen & Sword, Barnsley, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ireland's lack of civic morality grounded in our history", <i><a href="/wiki/Irish_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Times">Irish Times</a></i>, 9 April 2011, p.14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011005164558/http://www.hfmgv.org/exhibits/hf/">"Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village"</a>. 5 October 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hfmgv.org/exhibits/hf/">the original</a> on 5 October 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Henry+Ford+Museum+%26+Greenfield+Village&rft.date=2001-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hfmgv.org%2Fexhibits%2Fhf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Irish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan O'Day, <i>Reactions to Irish Nationalism, 1865–1914</i> (Bloomsbury Publishing, 1 July 1987), 376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce2003" class="citation book cs1">Boyce, D. George (2 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2VCEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40"><i>Nationalism in Ireland</i></a>. Routledge. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134797417" title="Special:BookSources/9781134797417"><bdi>9781134797417</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+in+Ireland&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003-09-02&rft.isbn=9781134797417&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=D.+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2VCEAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Irish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan O'Day, <i>Reactions to Irish Nationalism, 1865–1914</i> (Bloomsbury Publishing, 1 July 1987), 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross1988" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Tim (1988). <i>The Lost Voices of World War I</i>. University of Iowa Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877452645" title="Special:BookSources/9780877452645"><bdi>9780877452645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Voices+of+World+War+I&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780877452645&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Irish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D._George_Boyce_2003-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D._George_Boyce_2003_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D._George_Boyce_2003_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">D. George Boyce, <i>Nationalism in Ireland</i> (Routledge, 2 Sep 2003), 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher2002" class="citation web cs1">Christopher, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reform.org/TheReformMovement_files/article_files/articles/cork.htm">"The fate of Cork unionists 1919-1921"</a>. <i>www.reform.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040316110819/http://www.reform.org/TheReformMovement_files/article_files/articles/cork.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.reform.org&rft.atitle=The+fate+of+Cork+unionists+1919-1921&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Christopher&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reform.org%2FTheReformMovement_files%2Farticle_files%2Farticles%2Fcork.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Irish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/The_Anglo-Irish"><i>The Anglo-Irish</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060502065641/http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/The_Anglo-Irish">Archived</a> 2 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Fidelma Maguire, University College of Cork</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZealand" class="citation web cs1">Zealand, National Library of New. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=AG19211214.2.36.2&srpos=12&e=-------10--11----2%22Irish+Free+State%22-all">"Papers Past - RATIFICATION QUESTION. (Ashburton Guardian, 1921-12-14)"</a>. <i>paperspast.natlib.govt.nz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=paperspast.natlib.govt.nz&rft.atitle=Papers+Past+-+RATIFICATION+QUESTION.+%28Ashburton+Guardian%2C+1921-12-14%29&rft.aulast=Zealand&rft.aufirst=National+Library+of+New&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fcgi-bin%2Fpaperspast%3Fa%3Dd%26cl%3Dsearch%26d%3DAG19211214.2.36.2%26srpos%3D12%26e%3D-------10--11----2%2522Irish%2BFree%2BState%2522-all&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Irish+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=izMWO_4_8WgC&pg=PA34"><i>Modern Irish Poetry: Tradition and Continuity from Yeats to Heaney</i></a>, Robert F. Garratt, University of California Press, 1989, page 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Winchester" title="Simon Winchester">Simon Winchester</a>, <i>Their Noble Lordships: Class and Power in Modern Britain</i>, (New York: Random House, 1984), p. 202, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-52418-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-52418-7">0-394-52418-7</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Irish_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Bence-Jones" title="Mark Bence-Jones">Mark Bence-Jones</a> (1987), <i>Twilight of the Ascendancy</i>. London: Constable, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09465-490-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09465-490-7">978-0-09465-490-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly1992" class="citation book cs1">Connolly, S. J. (1992). <i>Religion, Law, and Power: The Making of Protestant Ireland 1660–1760</i>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191591792" title="Special:BookSources/9780191591792"><bdi>9780191591792</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Law%2C+and+Power%3A+The+Making+of+Protestant+Ireland+1660%E2%80%931760&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780191591792&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Irish+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilleen2005" class="citation book cs1">Killeen, Jarlath (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780140154092"><i>Gothic Ireland: Horror and the Irish Anglican Imagination in the Long Eighteenth Century</i></a></span>. 1851829431. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140154094" title="Special:BookSources/0140154094"><bdi>0140154094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gothic+Ireland%3A+Horror+and+the+Irish+Anglican+Imagination+in+the+Long+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pub=1851829431&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0140154094&rft.aulast=Killeen&rft.aufirst=Jarlath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780140154092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Irish+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Moynahan" title="Julian Moynahan">Julian Moynahan</a> (1995), <i>Anglo-Irish: The Literary Imagination in a Hyphenated Culture</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691037578" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691037578">978-0691037578</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence_de_Vere_White" title="Terence de Vere White">Terence de Vere White</a> (1972), <i>The Anglo-Irish: The Men and Women Who Were Involved in a Confluence of Cultures that Spanned 200 Years</i>. London: Victor Gollancz.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Template:Kingdom of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Template talk:Kingdom of Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom of Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kingdom_of_Ireland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline of Irish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">History of Ireland (1536–1691)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">History of Ireland (1691–1800)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest of Ireland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_and_regrant" title="Surrender and regrant">Surrender and regrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Ireland" title="Reformation in Ireland">Reformation in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">Plantations of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Ulster</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">Irish Rebellion of 1641</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Irish Confederate Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_indentured_servants" title="Irish indentured servants">Barbadosed</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite–Jacobite War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Wild_Geese" title="Flight of the Wild Geese">Wild Geese</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acts of <br />Parliament</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poynings%27_Law_(on_certification_of_acts)" title="Poynings' Law (on certification of acts)">Poynings' Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Ireland_Act_1542" title="Crown of Ireland Act 1542">Crown of Ireland Act 1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Meath_and_Westmeath_Act_1543" title="Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543">Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_of_Laois_and_Offaly_1556" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556">Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1662" title="Act of Settlement 1662">Act of Settlement 1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popery_Act" title="Popery Act">Popery Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1782" title="Constitution of 1782">Constitution of 1782</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gaelic<br />conquests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomond" title="Thomond">Tuadhmhumhain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1543)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iveagh" title="Iveagh">Uí Echach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1543)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%ADgis" title="Loígis">Loígis</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1543)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clanricarde" title="Clanricarde">Clanricarde</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1544)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_U%C3%AD_Failghe" title="Kingdom of Uí Failghe">Uí Failghe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1550)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_D%C3%ADarmata" title="Uí Díarmata">Uí Díarmata</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1574)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandeboye" title="Clandeboye">Clann Aodha Buidhe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1574)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Magh_Luirg" title="Kings of Magh Luirg">Magh Luirg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1585)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airg%C3%ADalla" title="Airgíalla">Airgíalla</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1585)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iar_Connacht" title="Iar Connacht">Iar Connacht</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1589)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umhaill" title="Umhaill">Umhaill</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1593)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Desmond" title="Kingdom of Desmond">Deasmhumhain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1596)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_William_%C3%8Dochtar" title="Mac William Íochtar">Mac William Íochtar</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1602)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Leinster" title="Kingdom of Leinster">Laigin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1603)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Breifne" title="West Breifne">Bréifne Uí Ruairc</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1605)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbery_(barony)" title="Carbery (barony)">Cairbrigh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1606)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrconnell" title="Tyrconnell">Tír Chonaill</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADr_Eoghain" title="Tír Eoghain">Tír Eoghain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermanagh" title="Fermanagh">Fear Manach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Cahan" title="O'Cahan">Uí Catháin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Breifne" title="East Breifne">Bréifne Uí Raghallaigh</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1607)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Mh%C3%A1ine" title="Uí Mháine">Uí Mháine</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1611)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics<br />and society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Castle_administration" title="Dublin Castle administration">Dublin Castle administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Lords" title="Irish House of Lords">Irish House of Lords</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons" title="Irish House of Commons">Irish House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Ireland" title="Privy Council of Ireland">Privy Council of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Courts" title="Four Courts">Four Courts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Court_of_King%27s_Bench_(Ireland)" title="Court of King's Bench (Ireland)">King's Bench</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Exchequer_(Ireland)" title="Court of Exchequer (Ireland)">Exchequer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery_(Ireland)" title="Court of Chancery (Ireland)">Chancery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Common_Pleas_(Ireland)" title="Court of Common Pleas (Ireland)">Common Pleas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Castle_Chamber" title="Court of Castle Chamber">Court of Castle Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Peerage of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Army_(1661%E2%80%931801)" title="Irish Army (1661–1801)">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Ascendancy</a> & <a href="/wiki/Recusancy_in_Ireland" title="Recusancy in Ireland">Recusancy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Ireland" title="Grand Lodge of Ireland">Grand Lodge of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Patrick" title="Order of St Patrick">Order of St Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Patriot_Party" title="Irish Patriot Party">Irish Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_(Ireland)" title="Defenders (Ireland)">Defenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Committee_(Ireland)" title="Catholic Committee (Ireland)">Catholic Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">United Irishmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Monarchs</a><br /> and rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1542–1547)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1547–1553)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Lady Jane Grey</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1553; disputed)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1553–1558)</span> & <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a> <span style="font-size:85%;"><i><a href="/wiki/Jure_uxoris" title="Jure uxoris">jure uxoris</a></i> (1554–1558)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1558–1603)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1603–1625)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1625–1649)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1649–1653)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1653–1658)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1658–1659)</span></li> <li><i>Commonwealth</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1659–1660)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1660–1685)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1685–1691)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689–1702)</span> & <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689–1694)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1702–1714)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1714–1727)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1727–1760)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1760–1800)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/16px-British_Empire_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/24px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/British_Empire_1897.jpg/32px-British_Empire_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="849" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">British Empire portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/16px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/24px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ireland_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ireland_topics" title="Template talk:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">800–1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">1169–1536</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">1536–1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">1691–1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">1801–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (1921–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">since 1922</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State (1922–1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland (since 1922)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battles of Tara</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Settlement of 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">First Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">1803 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Second Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_lock-out" title="Dublin lock-out">Dublin lock-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Northern Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Post-2008 Irish economic downturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 Irish banking crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland" title="List of conflicts in Ireland">List of conflicts in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes#Goidels_/_Gaels_/_Hibernians" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of Irish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">List of Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic clothing and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_landforms_of_Ireland" title="Coastal landforms of Ireland">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Ireland" title="Extreme points of Ireland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland" title="Fauna of Ireland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland" title="List of loughs of Ireland">Loughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland" title="Lists of mountains in Ireland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland" title="Rivers of Ireland">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ireland" title="List of rivers of Ireland">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland">List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom#National_parks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Ireland" title="List of buildings in Ireland">Notable buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest structures in Ireland">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland" title="City status in Ireland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Ireland" title="List of ports in Ireland">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">ROI–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_towns_in_Ireland" title="Lists of towns in Ireland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Tourism in the Republic of Ireland">Tourism in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas"><i>Oireachtas</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">parliament</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann"><i>Dáil Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(lower house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann"><i>Seanad Éireann</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(upper house)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland" title="LGBT rights in Northern Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes" title="List of Irish dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage" title="Bacon and cabbage">Bacon and cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">Boxty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(food)" title="Champ (food)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddle" title="Coddle">Coddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">Colcannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drisheen" title="Drisheen">Drisheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast#Ireland" title="Full breakfast">Irish fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirts_and_kidneys" title="Skirts and kidneys">Skirts and kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">Soda bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_bag" title="Spice bag">Spice Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stew" title="Irish stew">Stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-in-1_(fast_food_dish)" title="3-in-1 (fast food dish)">Three-in-One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">Sean-nós</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_set_dancing" title="Irish set dancing">Set dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stepdance" title="Irish stepdance">Stepdance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lúnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Tralee_(festival)" title="Rose of Tralee (festival)">Rose of Tralee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_prose_fiction" title="Irish prose fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Gaeilge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_theatre" title="Irish theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triads_of_Ireland" title="Triads of Ireland">Triads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_ballads" title="List of Irish ballads">Ballads</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Céilí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Folk music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music_session" title="Irish traditional music session">session</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_musical_instruments" title="Category:Irish musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Irish_singing" title="Traditional Irish singing">Traditional singing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology#Mythological_cycle" title="Irish mythology">Cycles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_Cycle" title="Mythological Cycle">Mythological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_the_Kings" title="Cycles of the Kings">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Echtra" title="Echtra">Echtrai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immram" title="Immram">Immrama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Firbolg" class="mw-redirect" title="Firbolg">Firbolg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fomorians" title="Fomorians">Fomorians</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Irish legendary creatures">Legendary creatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_people" title="List of Irish people">List of Irish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland">Hiberno-Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yola_people" title="Yola people">Yola</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Template:Immigration to the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Template talk:Immigration to the Republic of Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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title="Filipinos in Ireland">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians_in_Ireland" title="Lithuanians in Ireland">Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_Ireland" title="Nigerians in Ireland">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_people_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian people in Ireland">South Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Ireland" title="Polish minority in Ireland">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland" title="Romani people in Ireland">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Ireland" title="Turks in Ireland">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Naturalisation_and_Immigration_Service" title="Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service">Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_4" title="Stamp 4">Stamp 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Association football in the Republic of Ireland">Association football in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Association football in Northern Ireland">Association football in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland" title="Rugby union in Ireland">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Ireland" title="Category:National symbols of Ireland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_cross" title="Brigid's cross">Brighid's Cross</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtic_harp" title="Celtic harp">Cláirseach</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Ireland" title="Armorial of Ireland">County coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Ireland" title="List of flags of Ireland">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">Northern Ireland flags issue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Wolfhound" title="Irish Wolfhound">Irish Wolfhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">National coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster" title="Red Hand of Ulster">Red Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Ireland" title="List of castles in Ireland">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_houses_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of historic houses in the Republic of Ireland">Historic houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Ireland" title="Homelessness in Ireland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Mass media in the Republic of Ireland">Mass media (Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_Ireland" title="List of monastic houses in Ireland">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_names_in_Ireland" title="Place names in Ireland">Place names</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_place_names_in_other_countries" title="List of Irish place names in other countries">outside Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Prostitution in the Republic of Ireland">Prostitution (Republic)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Prostitution in Northern Ireland">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland">Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom#Dates_in_England,_Northern_Ireland,_and_Wales" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_pub" title="Irish pub">Public houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Ireland" title="Squatting in Ireland">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td 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