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<span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Religious and ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_and_ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Levant</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 97 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">97 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant" title="Levant – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Levant" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%89)" title="المشرق (الشرق الأدنى) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المشرق (الشرق الأدنى)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%AC%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%AB%DC%90%DC%A1" title="ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܕܫܐܡ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܬܪܘܬܐ ܕܫܐܡ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant" title="Levant – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Levant" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llevante_mediterraneu" title="Llevante mediterraneu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llevante mediterraneu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant" title="Levant – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Levant" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="لوانت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لوانت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2" title="ঐতিহাসিক পূর্ব-ভূমধ্যসাগরীয় অঞ্চল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঐতিহাসিক পূর্ব-ভূমধ্যসাগরীয় অঞ্চল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant" title="Levant – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Levant" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Левант – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Левант" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Левант – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Левант" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Левант – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Левант" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BC%8D" title="ལའེ་ཧྥན་ཐ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལའེ་ཧྥན་ཐ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant" title="Levant – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Levant" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sav-Heol_(Reter-Nesa%C3%B1)" title="Sav-Heol (Reter-Nesañ) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sav-Heol (Reter-Nesañ)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llevant_(Orient_Pr%C3%B2xim)" title="Llevant (Orient Pròxim) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llevant (Orient Pròxim)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Левант – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Левант" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levanta" title="Levanta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Levanta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lefant" title="Lefant – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lefant" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levanten" title="Levanten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Levanten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levante" title="Levante – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Levante" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant" title="Levant – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Levant" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Λεβάντες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λεβάντες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levante_mediterr%C3%A1neo" title="Levante mediterráneo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Levante mediterráneo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantenio" title="Levantenio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Levantenio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortalde_(Ekialde_Hurbila)" title="Sortalde (Ekialde Hurbila) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sortalde (Ekialde Hurbila)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85_(%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86)" title="شام (سرزمین) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شام (سرزمین)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant_(Proche-Orient)" title="Levant (Proche-Orient) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Levant (Proche-Orient)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant" title="Levant – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Levant" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Leiveaint" title="An Leiveaint – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Leiveaint" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levante_mediterr%C3%A1neo" title="Levante mediterráneo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Levante mediterráneo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EB%B0%98%ED%8A%B8" title="레반트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레반트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D6%87%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF" title="Լևանտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լևանտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F" title="लेवंट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लेवंट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant" title="Levant – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Levant" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levanto" title="Levanto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Levanto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant" title="Levant – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Levant" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levante" title="Levante – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Levante" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botnal%C3%B6nd" title="Botnalönd – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Botnalönd" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levante_(regione_storica)" title="Levante (regione storica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Levante (regione storica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%98" title="לבנט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לבנט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant" title="Levant – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Levant" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ლევანტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლევანტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Левант – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Левант" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eam_(her%C3%AAma_erdn%C3%AEgar%C3%AE)" title="Şam (herêma erdnîgarî) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şam (herêma erdnîgarî)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levans" title="Levans – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Levans" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levante" title="Levante – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Levante" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantas" title="Levantas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Levantas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levante" title="Levante – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Levante" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levante" title="Levante – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Levante" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Левант – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Левант" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampiposahana_(faritra)" title="Ampiposahana (faritra) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ampiposahana (faritra)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ലവാന്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലവാന്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ლევანტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლევანტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85" title="الشام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الشام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyrik" title="Masyrik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Masyrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant" title="Levant – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Levant" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="レバント – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レバント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levanten" title="Levanten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Levanten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levanten" title="Levanten – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Levanten" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant" title="Levant – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Levant" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant" title="Levant – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Levant" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE_(%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE)" title="ਸ਼ਾਮ (ਇਲਾਕਾ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਾਮ (ਇਲਾਕਾ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA" title="لیونت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لیونت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewant" title="Lewant – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lewant" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levante_(Mediterr%C3%A2neo)" title="Levante (Mediterrâneo) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Levante (Mediterrâneo)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant" title="Levant – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Levant" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Левант – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Левант" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Левант – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Левант" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85" title="شام – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="شام" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant" title="Levant – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Levant" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levanti" title="Levanti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Levanti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant" title="Levant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Levant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_(%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85)" title="ليوانت (سر زمين شام) – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ليوانت (سر زمين شام)" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levanta" title="Levanta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Levanta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant" title="Levant – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Levant" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaam" title="Shaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85" title="شام – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شام" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Левант – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Левант" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant" title="Levant – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Levant" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantti" title="Levantti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Levantti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levanten" title="Levanten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Levanten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebante" title="Lebante – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lebante" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="லெவண்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லெவண்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Левант – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Левант" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ลิแวนต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลิแวนต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BC_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD)" title="Шом (сарзамин) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шом (сарзамин)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant" title="Levant – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Levant" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewant" title="Lewant – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Lewant" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Левант – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Левант" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85" title="سرزمین شام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سرزمین شام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levante_(rejon_st%C3%B2rega)" title="Levante (rejon stòrega) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Levante (rejon stòrega)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant" title="Levant – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Levant" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%87%A1%E7%89%B9" title="黎凡特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黎凡特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%87%A1%E7%89%B9" title="黎凡特 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黎凡特" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Levant&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="The Levant">The Levant</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region in the Eastern Mediterranean</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historical geographical region in the Eastern Mediterranean. For Latin Catholics in the Ottoman Empire, see <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_the_Middle_East" title="Latin Church in the Middle East">Levantines (Latin Christians)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Levantine_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Levantine (disambiguation)">Levantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levant_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Levant (disambiguation)">Levant (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Levante_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Levante (disambiguation)">Levante</a> or <a href="/wiki/Levent" title="Levent">Levent</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox geography"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Levant</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Levant_(orthographic_projection).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Levant"><img alt="Levant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Levant_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/250px-Levant_%28orthographic_projection%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Levant_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/375px-Levant_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Levant_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/500px-Levant_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="text-align:left"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C6DEBD; color:black;"> </span> Countries and regions of the Levant in its broad, historical meaning (equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#336733; color:white;"> </span> Countries of the Levant in 20th-century usage<sup id="cite_ref-OEAGR_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEAGR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#73CD73; color:black;"> </span> Countries and regions sometimes included in 21st-century usage</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries and regions</th><td class="infobox-data">Narrow definition:<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay Province</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Palestine"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div>Broad definition:<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">United Kingdom</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyrenaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">Narrow definition: 44,550,926<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Demonym</th><td class="infobox-data">Levantine</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time Zones</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Time" title="Eastern European Time">EET</a>) and <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00" title="UTC+03:00">UTC+03:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Turkey" title="Time in Turkey">TRT</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arabia_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia Standard Time">AST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_the_Levant_region_by_population" title="List of largest cities in the Levant region by population">Largest cities</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan"><img alt="Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon"><img alt="Lebanon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine"><img alt="State of Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> <br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Levant</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">lə-<span style="font-size:90%">VANT</span></i></a>) is a term used to define the historical and geographical subregion that borders the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean sea</a> to the west and core <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, or by the political term, <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> to the east</i>. In its narrowest sense, which is in use today in <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a> and other cultural contexts, it is equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and a stretch of land bordering the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> in western Asia:<sup id="cite_ref-MG_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OHAL9_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHAL9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e. the historical <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">region of Syria</a> ("Greater Syria"), which includes present-day <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a> and most of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> southwest of the middle <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>. Its overwhelming characteristic is that it represents the <a href="/wiki/Land_bridge" title="Land bridge">land bridge</a> between <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OHAL9_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHAL9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its widest historical sense, the Levant included all of the Eastern Mediterranean with its islands;<sup id="cite_ref-ODO2015_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODO2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is, it included all of the countries along the Eastern Mediterranean shores, extending from <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a> to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica (Eastern Libya)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Africa">Northern Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OEAGR_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEAGR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/13th_century" title="13th century">13th</a> and <a href="/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century">14th</a> centuries, the term <i>levante</i> was used for Italian maritime commerce in the Eastern Mediterranean, including Greece, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria-Palestine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, that is, the lands east of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OEAGR_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEAGR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually the term was restricted to the Muslim countries of Syria-Palestine and Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-OEAGR_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEAGR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term entered English in the late <a href="/wiki/15th_century" title="15th century">15th century</a> from French.<sup id="cite_ref-ODO2015_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODO2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It derives from the Italian <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">levante</i></span>, meaning "rising", implying the rising of the Sun in the east,<sup id="cite_ref-OEAGR_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEAGR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is broadly equivalent to the term <i><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">al-Mashriq</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْمَشْرِق</span>, <span class="IPA" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ʔal.maʃ.riq]</a></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning "the eastern place, where the Sun rises".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaim2011921_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaim2011921-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1581, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> set up the <a href="/wiki/Levant_Company" title="Levant Company">Levant Company</a> to trade with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OEAGR_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEAGR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>Levant States</i> was used to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French mandate over Syria and Lebanon</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OEAGR_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEAGR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is probably the reason why the term <i>Levant</i> has come to be used more specifically to refer to modern Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, Jordan, and the island of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OEAGR_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEAGR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars mistakenly believed that it derives from the name of Lebanon.<sup id="cite_ref-OEAGR_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEAGR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the term is often used in conjunction with prehistoric or ancient historical references. </p><p>Another term for "Syria-Palestine" is <i>Ash-<a href="/wiki/Shaam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaam">Shaam</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلشَّام</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔaʃ.ʃaːm/</span>), the area that is bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a> of Turkey in the north, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> in the west, the north <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> in the east, and Sinai in the south (which can be fully included or not).<sup id="cite_ref-OHAL2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHAL2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OHAL9_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHAL9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, it does not include <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (also known as Asia Minor), the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> Mountains, or any part of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> proper. <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> (in Asia Minor) and the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> (Asian Egypt) are sometimes included. </p><p>As a name for the contemporary region, several dictionaries consider Levant to be archaic today.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the noun <i>Levant</i> and the adjective <i>Levantine</i> are now commonly used to describe the ancient and modern culture area formerly called Syro-Palestinian or Biblical: archaeologists now speak of the Levant and of <a href="/wiki/Levantine_archaeology" title="Levantine archaeology">Levantine archaeology</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> food scholars speak of <a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine cuisine</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-MG_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MG-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Christians</a> of the Levant continue to be called <a href="/wiki/Levantines_(Latin_Catholics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Levantines (Latin Catholics)">Levantine Christians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Levant has been described as the "crossroads of <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>, the Eastern Mediterranean, and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Africa" title="Northeast Africa">Northeast Africa</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-UCL_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCL-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geological</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonic</a>) terms as the "northwest of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Plate">Arabian Plate</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The populations of the Levant<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> share not only geographic position, but <a href="/wiki/Middle_eastern_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle eastern cuisine">cuisine</a>, some customs, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">history</a>. They are often referred to as <i>Levantines</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Levant" title="Names of the Levant">Names of the Levant</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M%C3%A9daille_comm%C3%A9morative_de_Syrie-Cilicie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/M%C3%A9daille_comm%C3%A9morative_de_Syrie-Cilicie.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="343" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_France" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of France">French medal</a> commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War#Cilicia_Campaign" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1920</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>Levant</i> appears in English in <a href="/wiki/1497" title="1497">1497</a>, and originally meant 'the <a href="/wiki/East" title="East">East</a>' or 'Mediterranean lands east of Italy'.<sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is borrowed from the French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">levant</i></span> 'rising', referring to the rising of the sun in the east,<sup id="cite_ref-dictionary_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the point where the sun rises.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The phrase is ultimately from the Latin word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">levare</i></span>, meaning 'lift, raise'. Similar etymologies are found in Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀνατολή</span></span> <i>Anatolē</i> (<i>cf.</i> <a href="/wiki/Anatolia#Etymology" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> 'the direction of sunrise'), in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> <i>Morgenland</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">morning land</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), in Italian (as in <i>Riviera di Levante</i>, the portion of the Liguria coast east of <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>), in <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> <i>Kelet</i> ('east'), in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> <i>Levante</i> and <i>Llevant</i>, ('the place of rising'), and in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מִזְרָח</span></span> <i><a href="/wiki/Mizrah" title="Mizrah">mizraḥ</a></i> ('east'). Most notably, "Orient" and its <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> source <i>oriens</i> meaning 'east', is literally "rising", deriving from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>orior</i> 'rise'.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The notion of the Levant has undergone a dynamic process of historical evolution in usage, meaning, and understanding. While the term "Levantine" originally referred to the European residents of the eastern Mediterranean region, it later came to refer to regional "native" and "minority" groups.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term became current in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> in the 16th century, along with the first English merchant adventurers in the region; English ships appeared in the Mediterranean in the 1570s, and the English merchant company signed its agreement ("<a href="/wiki/Capitulation_(treaty)" title="Capitulation (treaty)">capitulations</a>") with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultan">Ottoman Sultan</a> in 1579.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English <a href="/wiki/Levant_Company" title="Levant Company">Levant Company</a> was founded in 1581 to trade with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and in 1670 the French <a href="/w/index.php?title=Compagnie_du_Levant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compagnie du Levant (page does not exist)">Compagnie du Levant</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_du_Levant" class="extiw" title="fr:Compagnie du Levant">fr</a>]</span> was founded for the same purpose. At this time, the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> was known as the "Upper Levant".<sup id="cite_ref-OEAGR_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEAGR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantinople_c._1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Constantinople_c._1909.jpg/220px-Constantinople_c._1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Constantinople_c._1909.jpg/330px-Constantinople_c._1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Constantinople_c._1909.jpg/440px-Constantinople_c._1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1392" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption>1909 postcard depicting Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and bearing a French stamp inscribed "Levant"</figcaption></figure> <p>In early 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Travel_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel writing">travel writing</a>, the term sometimes incorporated certain Mediterranean provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, as well as independent <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (and especially the <a href="/wiki/Greek_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek islands">Greek islands</a>). In 19th-century archaeology, it referred to overlapping cultures in this region during and after prehistoric times, intending to reference the place instead of any one culture. The <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French mandate of Syria and Lebanon</a> (1920–1946) was called the Levant states.<sup id="cite_ref-OEAGR_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEAGR-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_modern-day_use_of_the_term">Geography and modern-day use of the term</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Levant_-_Satellite.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Levant_-_Satellite.png/220px-Levant_-_Satellite.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Levant_-_Satellite.png/330px-Levant_-_Satellite.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d6/Levant_-_Satellite.png 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption>Satellite view of the Levant including <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and the Northern <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Today, "Levant" is the term typically used by archaeologists and historians with reference to the history of the region. Scholars have adopted the term Levant to identify the region due to its being a "wider, yet relevant, cultural corpus" that does not have the "political overtones" of Syria-Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is also used for modern events, peoples, states or parts of states in the same region, namely <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> are sometimes considered Levant countries (compare with <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Several researchers include the island of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> in Levantine studies, including the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_British_Research_in_the_Levant" title="Council for British Research in the Levant">Council for British Research in the Levant</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> Near Eastern Languages and Cultures department,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Levantine_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Levantine Studies">Journal of Levantine Studies</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">UCL</a> Institute of Archaeology,<sup id="cite_ref-UCL_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCL-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the last of which has dated the connection between Cyprus and mainland Levant to the early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. Archaeologists seeking a neutral orientation that is neither biblical nor national have used terms such as <a href="/wiki/Levantine_archaeology" title="Levantine archaeology">Levantine archaeology</a> and archaeology of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">Southern Levant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DeverEncyclopedia_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeverEncyclopedia-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sharon_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharon-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the usage of the term "Levant" in academia has been restricted to the fields of archeology and literature, there is a recent attempt to reclaim the notion of the Levant as a category of analysis in political and social sciences. Two academic journals were launched in the early 2010s using the word: the <i>Journal of Levantine Studies</i>, published by the <a href="/wiki/Van_Leer_Jerusalem_Institute" title="Van Leer Jerusalem Institute">Van Leer Jerusalem Institute</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>The Levantine Review</i>, published by <a href="/wiki/Boston_College" title="Boston College">Boston College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>Levant</i> has been used in some translations of the term <i>ash-Shām</i> as used by the organization known as <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL, ISIS, and other names</a>, though there is disagreement as to whether this translation is accurate.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC2015_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2015-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_archaeology:_a_definition">In archaeology: a definition</h3></div> <p>In <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: c. 8000–332 BCE</i> (OHAL; 2013), the definition of the Levant for the specific purposes of the book is synonymous to that of the Arabic "<i>bilad al-sham</i>, 'the land of sham [Syria]'", translating in Western parlance to <a href="/wiki/Greater_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Syria">greater Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OHAL2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHAL2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OHAL defines the boundaries of the Levant as follows.<sup id="cite_ref-OHAL2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHAL2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OHAL9_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHAL9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>To the north: the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a><sup id="cite_ref-OHAL2_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHAL2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/Amik_Valley" title="Amik Valley">Plain of 'Amuq</a><sup id="cite_ref-OHAL9_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHAL9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>To the east: the eastern deserts, i.e. (from north to south) the Euphrates and the <a href="/wiki/Jebel_Bishri" title="Jebel Bishri">Jebel el-Bishrī</a> area for the northern Levant, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a> east of the eastern hinterland of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon">Anti-Lebanon</a> range (whose southernmost part is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Mount Hermon</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a>'s highlands and eastern desert (also discussed at Syrian Desert, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Badia_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Badia (region)">Badia region</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-OHAL9_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHAL9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, Mesopotamia and the North <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OHAL2_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHAL2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>To the south: Wadi al-<a href="/wiki/Arish" title="Arish">Arish</a> in Sinai<sup id="cite_ref-OHAL9_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHAL9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>To the west: the Mediterranean Sea<sup id="cite_ref-OHAL2_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHAL2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Subregions</dt></dl> <p>A distinction is made between the main subregions of the Levant, the northern and the southern:<sup id="cite_ref-OHAL9_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHAL9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Litani_River" title="Litani River">Litani River</a> marks the division between the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Levant" title="Northern Levant">Northern Levant</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">Southern Levant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OHAL9_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHAL9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The island of Cyprus is also included as a third subregion in the archaeological region of the Levant:<sup id="cite_ref-OHAL9_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHAL9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Cyprus, geographically distinct from the Levant, is included due to its proximity and natural resources (copper in particular), which induced close cultural ties.<sup id="cite_ref-OHAL9_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHAL9-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Levant" title="Prehistory of the Levant">Prehistory of the Levant</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">History of the ancient Levant</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East">History of the Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestine" title="History of Palestine">History of Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of Israel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon" title="History of Lebanon">History of Lebanon</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Middle_East" title="Demographics of the Middle East">Demographics of the Middle East</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_and_ethnic_groups">Religious and ethnic groups</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population of the Levant</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">14</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,300,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">164</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,800,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">500</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,127,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−14.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,120,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−24.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1200</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2,700,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−13.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1700</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,028,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−24.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1897</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,231,874</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+59.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1914</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,448,356</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1922</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,198,951</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−7.2%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The vast majority of Levantines are <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a> in the 7th century,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was first introduced into the region. However, a Muslim majority in the Levant is presumed to have been reached by the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of Levantine Muslims are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a> adhering to the four <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhabs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a>). Islamic minorities include the <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizari Ismailis</a> in Syria, and <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Shia_Muslims" title="Lebanese Shia Muslims">Twelver Shiites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. </p><p>Levantine Christian groups include <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch">Greek Orthodox</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Greek_Christians" title="Antiochian Greek Christians">Antiochian Greek</a>), <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox">Syriac Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a>), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a>), <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Nestorian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>. <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> mostly belong to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>. There are also <a href="/wiki/Levantines_(Latin_Christians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Levantines (Latin Christians)">Levantines or Franco-Levantines</a> who adhere to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>. There are also <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gulf2014_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gulf2014-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other religious groups in the Levant include <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazidi">Yazidis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Arabic_in_the_Levant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Map_Arabic_in_the_Levant.jpg/220px-Map_Arabic_in_the_Levant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Map_Arabic_in_the_Levant.jpg/330px-Map_Arabic_in_the_Levant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Map_Arabic_in_the_Levant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Map representing the distribution of the Arabic dialects in the area of the Levant</figcaption></figure> <p>Most populations in the Levant speak <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">شامي</span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Šāmī</i></span>), a variety of Arabic descended from the pre-Islamic Arabic dialects of Syria and <a href="/wiki/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi Arabic</a>, but retaining significant influence from <a href="/wiki/Western_Middle_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Middle Aramaic">Western Middle Aramaic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Levantine Arabic is usually classified as <a href="/wiki/North_Levantine_Arabic" title="North Levantine Arabic">North Levantine Arabic</a> in Lebanon, Syria, and parts of Turkey, and <a href="/wiki/South_Levantine_Arabic" title="South Levantine Arabic">South Levantine Arabic</a> in Palestine and Jordan. Each of these encompasses a spectrum of regional or urban/rural variations. In addition to the varieties normally grouped together as "Levantine", a number of other varieties and dialects of Arabic are spoken in the Levant area, such as <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Bedawi_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Levantine Bedawi Arabic">Levantine Bedawi Arabic</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Bedouins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedouins">Bedouins</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian Arabic</a> (in eastern Syria).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Languages of Cyprus">languages of Cyprus</a>, the two official languages are Turkish and Greek. The most used languages by population are Greek in the south followed by Turkish in the north. Two minority languages are recognized: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Maronite_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypriot Maronite Arabic">Cypriot Maronite Arabic</a>, a hybrid of mostly medieval Arabic vernaculars with strong influence from contact with Turkish and Greek, spoken by approximately 1,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Versteegh_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Versteegh-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Western_Neo-Aramaic" title="Western Neo-Aramaic">Western Neo-Aramaic</a> is additionally spoken in three villages in Syria: <a href="/wiki/Maaloula" title="Maaloula">Maaloula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jubb%27adin" title="Jubb'adin">Jubb'adin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Sarkha_(Bakhah)" title="Al-Sarkha (Bakhah)">Bakhah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among diaspora communities based in the Levant, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circassian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Circassian language">Circassian</a> are also spoken. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3></div> <p>According to recent <a href="/wiki/Ancient_DNA" title="Ancient DNA">ancient DNA</a> studies, Levantines derive most of their ancestry from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic-speaking_peoples" title="Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples">ancient Semitic-speaking peoples</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron</a> age Levant.<sup id="cite_ref-Haber_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haber-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Arabs include the <a href="/wiki/Bedouins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedouins">Bedouins</a> of <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a>, Naqab and <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">eastern Syria</a>, who speak <a href="/wiki/Bedouin_Arabic" title="Bedouin Arabic">Bedouin Arabic</a>. Non-Arab minorities include <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nawar_people" title="Nawar people">Nawars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <p><b>Overlapping regional designations</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Bilad al-Sham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a></li></ul> <p><b>Subregional designations</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">Southern Levant</a></li></ul> <p><b>Others</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_post_offices_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="French post offices in the Ottoman Empire">French post offices in the Ottoman Empire</a> ("Levant" stamps)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Levant">History of the Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (Referred to in current events as ISIL or ISIS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantines_(Latin_Christians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Levantines (Latin Christians)">Levantines (Latin Christians)</a>, Catholic Europeans in the Levant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Levant" title="Wildlife of the Levant">Wildlife of the Levant</a></li></ul> <p><i>Other places in the east of a larger region</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levante,_Spain" title="Levante, Spain">Levante, Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riviera_di_Levante" class="mw-redirect" title="Riviera di Levante">Riviera di Levante</a>, Italy</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Total population by adding the populations of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay Province</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nevertheless, despite such a well-reasoned basis for the identification of Levantine archaeology, the adoption of this term by many scholars has been, for the most part, simply the result of individual attempts to consider a wider, yet relevant, cultural corpus than that which is suggested by the use of terms like Canaan, Israel, or even Syria-Palestine. Regardless of the manner in which the term has come into common use, for a couple of additional reasons it seems clear that the Levant will remain the term of choice. In the first place scholars have shown a penchant for the term Levant, despite the fact that the term 'Syria-Palestine' has been advocated since the late 1970s. This is evident from the fact that no journal or series today has adopted a title that includes 'Syria-Palestine'. However, the journal <i>Levant</i> has been published since 1969 and since 1990, <i>Ägypten und Levante</i> has also attracted a plethora of papers relating to the archaeology of this region. Furthermore, a search through any electronic database of titles reveals an overwhelming adoption of the term 'Levant' when compared to 'Syria-Palestine' for archaeological studies. Undoubtedly, this is mostly due to the fact that 'Syria-Palestine' was a Roman administrative division of the Levant created by Hadrian (Millar 1993). The term 'Syria-Palestine' also carries political overtones that inadvertently evoke current efforts to establish a full-fledged Palestinian state. Scholars have recognized, therefore, that—for at least the time being—they can spare themselves further headaches by adopting the term Levant to identify this region" (<a href="#CITEREFBurke2010">Burke 2010</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"At the beginning of this Introduction I have indicated how difficult it is to choose a general accepted name for the region this book deals with. In Europe we are used to the late Roman name 'Palestine,' and the designation 'Palestinian Archaeology' has a long history. According to Byzantine usage it included CisJordan and TransJordan and even Lebanon and Sinai. In modern times, however, the name 'Palestine' has exclusively become the political designation for a restricted area. Furthermore, in the period this book deals with a region called 'Palestine' did not yet exist. Also the ancient name 'Canaan' cannot be used as it refers to an older period in history. Designations as: 'The Land(s) of the Bible' or 'the Holy Land' evoke the suspicion of a theological bias. 'The Land of Israel' does not apply to the situation because it never included Lebanon or the greater part of modern Jordan. Therefore I have joined those who today advocate the designation 'Southern Levant.' Although I confess that it is an awkward name, it is at least strictly geographical." (<a href="#CITEREFGeus2003">Geus 2003</a>, p. 6)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGagarin2009">Gagarin 2009</a>, p. 247; <a href="#CITEREFOxford_Dictionaries2015">Oxford Dictionaries 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encarta-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEncarta2009"><i>Encarta</i> 2009</a>, "Levant"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEAGR-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OEAGR_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEAGR_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEAGR_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEAGR_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEAGR_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEAGR_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEAGR_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEAGR_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEAGR_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEAGR_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEAGR_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGagarin2009">Gagarin 2009</a>, p. 247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MG-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MG_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MG_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gasiorowski, Mark (2016). <i>The Government and Politics of the Middle East and North Africa</i>. p. 5: "... today the term <i>Levantine</i> can describe shared cultural products, such as Levantine <a href="/wiki/Cuisine" title="Cuisine">cuisine</a> or Levantine archaeology". <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/081334994X" title="Special:BookSources/081334994X">081334994X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OHAL9-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OHAL9_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OHAL9_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OHAL9_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OHAL9_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OHAL9_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OHAL9_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OHAL9_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OHAL9_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OHAL9_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OHAL9_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OHAL9_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steiner & Killebrew, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5H4fAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT32">9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221101142956/https://books.google.com/books?id=5H4fAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT32">Archived</a> 1 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "The general limits ..., as defined here, begin at the Plain of 'Amuq in the north and extend south until the Wâdī al-Arish, along the northern coast of Sinai. ... The western coastline and the eastern deserts set the boundaries for the Levant ... The Euphrates and the area around Jebel el-Bishrī mark the eastern boundary of the northern Levant, as does the Syrian Desert beyond the Anti-Lebanon range's eastern hinterland and Mount Hermon. This boundary continues south in the form of the highlands and eastern desert regions of Transjordan."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODO2015-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODO2015_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODO2015_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOxford_Dictionaries2015">Oxford Dictionaries 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre-Louis Gatier, E. Gubel, Philippe Marquis. <i>The Levant History and Archaeology in the Eastern Mediterranean,</i> Könemann, Page 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGagarin2009">Gagarin 2009</a>, p. 247; <a href="#CITEREFNaim2011">Naim 2011</a>, p. 921; <ul><li>Amy Chua (2004), <i>World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability</i>, p. 212;</li> <li>Mandyam Srinivasan, Theodore Stank, Philippe-Pierre Dornier, Kenneth Petersen (2014), <i>Global Supply Chains: Evaluating Regions on an EPIC Framework – Economy, Politics, Infrastructure, and Competence: "EPIC" Structure – Economy, Politics, Infrastructure, and Competence</i>, p. 3;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazih_Ayubi" title="Nazih Ayubi">Ayubi, Nazih N.</a> (1996), <i>Over-stating the Arab State: Politics and Society in the Middle East</i> p. 108;</li> <li>David Thomas, Alexander Mallett (2012), <i>Christian–Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History</i>. Volume 4 (<i>1200–1350</i>), p. 145;</li> <li>Jeff Lesser (1999), <i>Negotiating National Identity: Immigrants, Minorities, and the Struggle for Ethnicity in Brazil</i> p. 45</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaim2011921-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaim2011921_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNaim2011">Naim 2011</a>, p. 921.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OHAL2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OHAL2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OHAL2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OHAL2_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OHAL2_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OHAL2_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OHAL2_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steiner & Killebrew, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5H4fAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT26">2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221101142958/https://books.google.com/books?id=5H4fAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT26">Archived</a> 1 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LEVANT <i>archaic</i> The eastern part of the Mediterranean with the islands and neighbouring countries. <i>New Oxford Dictionary of English</i>, 2nd ed., revised, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"LEVANT, THE". "A general term formerly given to the E shores of the Mediterranean Sea from W Greece to Egypt". <i>The Penguin Encyclopedia</i>, revised 2nd ed., 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LEVANT, (<i>vieilli</i>) <i>Le Levant</i>: les pays, les régions qui sont au levant (par rapport à la France) et spécialt. les régions de la Méditerrranée orientale. <i>Le Nouveau Petit Robert de la langue française</i>, (1993 revised ed.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Evan Levy, <i>Historical Biblical Archaeology and the Future: The New Pragmatism</i>, Routledge, 2016 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1134937466" title="Special:BookSources/1134937466">1134937466</a>. Thomas E. Levy, "The New Pragmatism", p. 8: "after 1994, it is possible to see an increase in the use of the less geographically specific and more political [sic] neutral words 'Levant' or 'Levantine' in scholarly citations.... It is important to highlight the pedigree of the term 'Syro-Palestinian' and its gradual replacement by the term 'Levant' or 'Levantine' because the latter is a more culturally and politically neutral term that more accurately reflects the tapestry of countries and peoples of the region, without assuming directionality of cultural influence.". Aaron A. Burke, "The Archaeology of the Levant in North America: The Transformation of Biblical and Syro-Palestinian Archaeology" p. 82<i>ff</i>: "A number of factors account for the gradual emergence during the past two decades of what is now widely identified as Levantine archaeology in North America... a growing consensus regarding the appropriate terminology... archaeological field research in the Levant"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William G. Dever, <i>The Lives of Ordinary People in Ancient Israel: When Archaeology and the Bible Intersect</i>, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802867014" title="Special:BookSources/0802867014">0802867014</a>, p. 249: "Today, however, the discipline is often called Palestinian, Syro-Palestinian, or Levantine archaeology."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steiner & Killebrew (2013). p. 1-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michel Elias Andraos, "Levantine Catholic Communities in the Diaspora at the Intersection of Many Identities and Worlds", in Michael L. Budde, <i>Scattered and Gathered: Catholics in Diaspora</i>, 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1532607091" title="Special:BookSources/1532607091">1532607091</a> p. 24: "The word 'Levantine' in the title is used on purpose instead of the 'Middle East' or the 'Near East'.... I use 'Levantine' more than the two other designations, because this is the term being used more often nowadays by Christian communities in the Middle East to describe their shared identity as <i>al-maseeheyoun al-mashriqeyoun</i>, Levantine Christians"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UCL-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UCL_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCL_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20060514092649/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/">The Ancient Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">UCL</a> Institute of Archaeology, May 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Egyptian Journal of Geology</i>, Volume 42, Issue 1, p. 263, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228113259/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/features/world/asia/israel/ashkelon-text.html">"Ancient Ashkelon – National Geographic Magazine"</a>. Ngm.nationalgeographic.com. 17 October 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/features/world/asia/israel/ashkelon-text.html">the original</a> on 28 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+Ashkelon+%E2%80%93+National+Geographic+Magazine&rft.pub=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com&rft.date=2002-10-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2Ffeatures%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fisrael%2Fashkelon-text.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15479879">"The state of Israel: Internal influence driving change"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 6 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+state+of+Israel%3A+Internal+influence+driving+change&rft.date=2011-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-15479879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orfalea, Gregory (2006). <i>The Arab Americans: A History</i>. Olive Branch Press. Northampton, MA. Page 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dictionary-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dictionary_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Harper,_Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="citation web cs1">Douglas Harper, Online Etymology Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/levant">"Levant"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Levant&rft.au=Douglas+Harper%2C+Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Flevant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalmeMorwood" class="citation book cs1">Balme, Maurice; Morwood, James. "Chapter 36". <i>Oxford Latin Course Part III</i> (2nd ed.). p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+36&rft.btitle=Oxford+Latin+Course+Part+III&rft.pages=19&rft.edition=2nd&rft.aulast=Balme&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.au=Morwood%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levantine-journal.org/AboutJLS.aspx">"Journal of Levantine Studies"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Van_Leer_Jerusalem_Institute" title="Van Leer Jerusalem Institute">Van Leer Jerusalem Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(April 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandra_Rosendahl2006" class="citation web cs1">Sandra Rosendahl (28 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbrl.org.uk/">"Council for British Research in the Levant homepage"</a>. Cbrl.org.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+for+British+Research+in+the+Levant+homepage&rft.pub=Cbrl.org.uk&rft.date=2006-11-28&rft.au=Sandra+Rosendahl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbrl.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nelc.ucla.edu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=98">Biblical and Levantine studies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131206044808/http://www.nelc.ucla.edu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=98">Archived</a> 6 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levantine-journal.org/AboutJLS.aspx">"About JLS"</a>. <i>Journal of Levantine Studies</i>. 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Levantine+Studies&rft.atitle=About+JLS&rft.date=2022&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.levantine-journal.org%2FAboutJLS.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeverEncyclopedia-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeverEncyclopedia_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dever, William G. "Syro-Palestinian and Biblical Archaeology", pp. 1244–1253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharon-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharon_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharon, Ilan "Biblical archaeology" in <i>Encyclopedia of Archaeology</i> Elsevier.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anat Lapidot-Firilla, "Editor's Note", <i>Journal of Levantine Studies</i> <b>1</b>:1:5-12 (Summer 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://levantine-journal.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/jls-summer2011_Editor-1.pdf">full text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919115635/https://levantine-journal.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/jls-summer2011_Editor-1.pdf">Archived</a> 19 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franck Salameh, "From the Editors", <i>The Levantine Review</i> <b>1</b>:1:1-6 (Spring 2012), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6017%2Flev.v1i1.2154">10.6017/lev.v1i1.2154</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/levantine/article/view/2154/1796">full text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200828033742/https://ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/levantine/article/view/2154/1796">Archived</a> 28 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC2015-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC2015_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrshaid2015" class="citation news cs1">Irshaid, Faisal (2 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-27994277">"Isis, Isil, IS or Daesh? One group, many names"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Demography", in Alan K. Bowman, Peter Garnsey, and Dominic Rathbone, eds., <i>The Cambridge Ancient History XI: The High Empire, A.D. 70–192</i>, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 827–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1985" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Josiah C. (1985). "The Population of the Crusader States". In <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Setton" title="Kenneth Setton">Setton, Kenneth M.</a>; Zacour, Norman P.; Hazard, Harry W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/AJBWKB3KXWEYAW87"><i>A History of the Crusades, Volume V: The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East</i></a>. Madison and London: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 295–314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-09140-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-09140-6"><bdi>0-299-09140-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Population+of+the+Crusader+States&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%2C+Volume+V%3A+The+Impact+of+the+Crusades+on+the+Near+East&rft.place=Madison+and+London&rft.pages=295-314&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-299-09140-6&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Josiah+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.library.wisc.edu%2Fdigital%2FAJBWKB3KXWEYAW87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population?time=0..latest&country=~SYR">"Syria Population - Our World in Data"</a>. <i>www.ourworldindata.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ourworldindata.org&rft.atitle=Syria+Population+-+Our+World+in+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fpopulation%3Ftime%3D0..latest%26country%3D~SYR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_N._Kennedy" title="Hugh N. Kennedy">Kennedy, Hugh N.</a> (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatarabconques00kenn_0"><i>The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In</i></a></span>. Da Capo Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatarabconques00kenn_0/page/376">376</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81728-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81728-1"><bdi>978-0-306-81728-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Arab+Conquests%3A+How+the+Spread+of+Islam+Changed+the+World+We+Live+In&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81728-1&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatarabconques00kenn_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidus2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ira_M._Lapidus" title="Ira M. Lapidus">Lapidus, Ira M.</a> (13 October 2014) [1988]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kFJNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA70"><i>A History of Islamic Societies</i></a> (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51430-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51430-9"><bdi>978-0-521-51430-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islamic+Societies&rft.pages=70&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-10-13&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51430-9&rft.aulast=Lapidus&rft.aufirst=Ira+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkFJNBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gulf2014-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gulf2014_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/Christians_Middle_East_2014_lg.png">"Christian Population of Middle East in 2014"</a>. The Gulf/2000 Project, School of International and Public Affairs of Columbia University. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Abc-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-362-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-362-0"><bdi>978-1-59884-362-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+Africa+and+the+Middle+East%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2011-10-31&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-362-0&rft.aulast=Shoup&rft.aufirst=John+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSPBfnT_E1mgC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRetsö" class="citation web cs1">Retsö, Jan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Aramaic in Levantine Dialects" in "Aramaic/Syriac Loanwords"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics</i>. Brill Reference Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2024</span>. <q>The Arabic spoken in Syria and Mesopotamia has replaced Aramaic dialects there and it can be assumed that a bilingual situation existed for a long time and that numerous Aramaic lexemes found their way into Arabic during this period. The presence of Aramaic lexemes is well studied in Lebanese Arabic (Féghali 1918; Freyha 1973) and the dialects spoken in the Anti-Lebanon (Arnold and Behnstedt 1993) but can be found in dictionaries from the entire Syro-Palestinian area (cf. Barbot 1961). The material collected by Féghali and Freyha shows that, unlike in the ʿarabiyya, most borrowings preserve the Aramaic phonology… The Aramaic vocabulary is likely to be the largest foreign element in the Arabic lexicon even if the exact extent is difficult to define.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arabic+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.atitle=%22Aramaic+in+Levantine+Dialects%22+in+%22Aramaic%2FSyriac+Loanwords%22&rft.aulast=Rets%C3%B6&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fbrowse%2Fencyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/map/JOSY">"Jordan and Syria"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Company KG. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783446239005" title="Special:BookSources/9783446239005"><bdi>9783446239005</bdi></a>. <q>Ich kenne das Dorf nicht, doch gehört habe ich davon. Was ist mit Malula?‹ fragte der festgehaltene Derwisch. >Das letzte Dorf der Aramäer< lachte einer der…</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A4rchen+aus+Malula&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Carl+Hanser+Verlag+GmbH+%26+Company+KG&rft.date=2011-07-25&rft.isbn=9783446239005&rft.au=Rafik+Schami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaron_MatrasJeanette_Sakel2007" class="citation book cs1">Yaron Matras; Jeanette Sakel (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110199192/html"><i>Grammatical Borrowing in Cross-Linguistic Perspective</i></a>. De Gruyter. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110199192">10.1515/9783110199192</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110199192" title="Special:BookSources/9783110199192"><bdi>9783110199192</bdi></a>. <q>The fact that nearly all Arabic loans in Ma'lula originate from the period before the change from the rural dialect to the city dialect of Damascus shows that the contact between the Aramaeans and the Arabs was intimate…</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammatical+Borrowing+in+Cross-Linguistic+Perspective&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110199192&rft.isbn=9783110199192&rft.au=Yaron+Matras&rft.au=Jeanette+Sakel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110199192%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Emna_Labidi2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dr. Emna Labidi (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lit-verlag.de/isbn/978-3-643-15261-9"><i>Untersuchungen zum Spracherwerb zweisprachiger Kinder im Aramäerdorf Dschubbadin (Syrien)</i></a> (in German). LIT. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783643152619" title="Special:BookSources/9783643152619"><bdi>9783643152619</bdi></a>. <q>Aramäer von Ǧubbˁadīn</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Untersuchungen+zum+Spracherwerb+zweisprachiger+Kinder+im+Aram%C3%A4erdorf+Dschubbadin+%28Syrien%29&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=LIT&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9783643152619&rft.au=Dr.+Emna+Labidi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lit-verlag.de%2Fisbn%2F978-3-643-15261-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProf._Dr._Werner_ArnoldP._Behnstedt1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Prof. Dr. Werner Arnold; P. Behnstedt (1993). <i>Arabisch-aramäische Sprachbeziehungen im Qalamūn (Syrien)</i> (in German). Harassowitz. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447033268" title="Special:BookSources/9783447033268"><bdi>9783447033268</bdi></a>. <q>Die arabischen Dialekte der Aramäer</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabisch-aram%C3%A4ische+Sprachbeziehungen+im+Qalam%C5%ABn+%28Syrien%29&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Harassowitz&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9783447033268&rft.au=Prof.+Dr.+Werner+Arnold&rft.au=P.+Behnstedt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProf._Dr._Werner_ArnoldP._Behnstedt1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Prof. Dr. Werner Arnold; P. Behnstedt (1993). <i>Arabisch-aramäische Sprachbeziehungen im Qalamūn (Syrien)</i> (in German). Harassowitz. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447033268" title="Special:BookSources/9783447033268"><bdi>9783447033268</bdi></a>. <q>Die Kontakte zwischen den drei Aramäer-dörfern sind nicht besonders stark.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabisch-aram%C3%A4ische+Sprachbeziehungen+im+Qalam%C5%ABn+%28Syrien%29&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Harassowitz&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9783447033268&rft.au=Prof.+Dr.+Werner+Arnold&rft.au=P.+Behnstedt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProf._Dr._Werner_Arnold2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Prof. Dr. Werner Arnold (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/isbn_978-3-447-05313-6.ahtml"><i>Lehrbuch des Neuwestaramäischen</i></a> (in German). Harrassowitz. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447053136" title="Special:BookSources/9783447053136"><bdi>9783447053136</bdi></a>. <q>Aramäern in Ma'lūla</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+des+Neuwestaram%C3%A4ischen&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783447053136&rft.au=Prof.+Dr.+Werner+Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harrassowitz-verlag.de%2Fisbn_978-3-447-05313-6.ahtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProf._Dr._Werner_Arnold2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Prof. Dr. Werner Arnold (2006). <i>Lehrbuch des Neuwestaramäischen</i> (in German). Harrassowitz. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447053136" title="Special:BookSources/9783447053136"><bdi>9783447053136</bdi></a>. <q>Viele Aramäer arbeiten heute in Damaskus, Beirut oder in den Golfstaaten und verbringen nur die Sommermonate im Dorf.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+des+Neuwestaram%C3%A4ischen&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783447053136&rft.au=Prof.+Dr.+Werner+Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haber-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haber_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaberNassarAlmarriSaupe2020" class="citation journal cs1">Haber, Marc; Nassar, Joyce; Almarri, Mohamed A.; Saupe, Tina; Saag, Lehti; Griffith, Samuel J.; Doumet-Serhal, Claude; Chanteau, Julien; Saghieh-Beydoun, Muntaha; Xue, Yali; Scheib, Christiana L.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7332655">"A Genetic History of the Near East from an aDNA Time Course Sampling Eight Points in the Past 4,000 Years"</a>. <i>American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>107</b> (1): 149–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2020.05.008">10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.05.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7332655">7332655</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32470374">32470374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=A+Genetic+History+of+the+Near+East+from+an+aDNA+Time+Course+Sampling+Eight+Points+in+the+Past+4%2C000+Years&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=149-157&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7332655%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32470374&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2020.05.008&rft.aulast=Haber&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Nassar%2C+Joyce&rft.au=Almarri%2C+Mohamed+A.&rft.au=Saupe%2C+Tina&rft.au=Saag%2C+Lehti&rft.au=Griffith%2C+Samuel+J.&rft.au=Doumet-Serhal%2C+Claude&rft.au=Chanteau%2C+Julien&rft.au=Saghieh-Beydoun%2C+Muntaha&rft.au=Xue%2C+Yali&rft.au=Scheib%2C+Christiana+L.&rft.au=Tyler-Smith%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7332655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraudel1974" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Braudel, Fernand</a> (1974), "The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Phillip II", <i>Geographical Review</i>, <b>64</b> (4): 596, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974GeoRv..64..596S">1974GeoRv..64..596S</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F213716">10.2307/213716</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/213716">213716</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Mediterranean+and+the+Mediterranean+World+in+the+Age+of+Phillip+II&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=596&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F213716%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F213716&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974GeoRv..64..596S&rft.aulast=Braudel&rft.aufirst=Fernand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2010" class="citation cs2">Burke, Aaron (2010), "The Transformation of Biblical and Syro-Palestinian Archaeology", in Levy, Thomas Evan (ed.), <i>Historical Biblical Archaeology and the Future: The New Pragmatism</i>, London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315539638" title="Special:BookSources/9781315539638"><bdi>9781315539638</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Transformation+of+Biblical+and+Syro-Palestinian+Archaeology&rft.btitle=Historical+Biblical+Archaeology+and+the+Future%3A+The+New+Pragmatism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781315539638&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncarta2009" class="citation cs2">"Levant", <i>Encarta</i>, Microsoft, 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Levant&rft.btitle=Encarta&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGagarin2009" class="citation cs2">Gagarin, Michael (31 December 2009), <i>Ancient Greece and Rome</i>, vol. 1, Oxford University Press, Incorporated, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC&pg=RA3-PA247">247</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517072-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517072-6"><bdi>978-0-19-517072-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2009-12-31&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517072-6&rft.aulast=Gagarin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeus2003" class="citation cs2">Geus, C. H. J. de (2003), <i>Towns in Ancient Israel and in the Southern Levant</i>, Peeters Publishers, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IoT6zimQOXMC&pg=PA6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1269-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1269-4"><bdi>978-90-429-1269-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towns+in+Ancient+Israel+and+in+the+Southern+Levant&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-429-1269-4&rft.aulast=Geus&rft.aufirst=C.+H.+J.+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaim2011" class="citation cs2">Naim, Samia (2011), "Dialects of the Levant", in Weninger, Stefan; et al. (eds.), <i>The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook</i>, Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter, p. 921</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dialects+of+the+Levant&rft.btitle=The+Semitic+Languages%3A+An+International+Handbook&rft.place=Berlin%2FBoston&rft.pages=921&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Naim&rft.aufirst=Samia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxford_Dictionaries2015" class="citation cs2">"Levant", <i>Oxford Dictionaries Online</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Levant&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionaries+Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner,_Margreet_L.Killebrew,_Ann_E.2013" class="citation book cs1">Steiner, Margreet L.; Killebrew, Ann E. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5H4fAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: c. 8000–332 BCE</i></a>. OUP Oxford. pp. 2, 9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199212972.001.0001">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199212972.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921297-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921297-2"><bdi>978-0-19-921297-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Archaeology+of+the+Levant%3A+c.+8000%E2%80%93332+BCE&rft.pages=2%2C+9&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199212972.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921297-2&rft.au=Steiner%2C+Margreet+L.&rft.au=Killebrew%2C+Ann+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5H4fAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALevant" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Julia Chatzipanagioti: Griechenland, Zypern, Balkan und Levante. Eine kommentierte Bibliographie der Reiseliteratur des 18. Jahrhunderts. 2 Vol. Eutin 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9810674-2-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9810674-2-2">978-3-9810674-2-2</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.levantineheritage.com/">Levantine Heritage</a> site. Includes many oral and scholarly histories, and genealogies for some Levantine Turkish families.</li> <li>Philip Mansel, <i>Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe on the Mediterranean</i>, London, John Murray, 11 November 2010, hardback, 480 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6707-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-6707-0">978-0-7195-6707-0</a>, New Haven, Yale University Press, 24 May 2011, hardback, 470 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17264-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17264-5">978-0-300-17264-5</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 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sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Levant</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Levant" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Levant">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Levant" class="extiw" title="c:Levant">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Levant" class="extiw" title="voy:Levant">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11769/"><i>France and the Levant</i></a> (Handbook), HMSO, London, 1920</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">The 'stans</a></b>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roof_of_the_World" title="Roof of the World">Roof of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Middle_East" title="Greater Middle East">Greater Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Turan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhjir_Pass" title="Wakhjir Pass">Wakhjir Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Imeon" title="Mount Imeon">Mount Imeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Regions" title="Western Regions">Western Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Trans-Karakoram Tract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeast</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">Orient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Archipelago">Japanese Archipelago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Japan_Arc" title="Northeastern Japan Arc">Northeastern Japan Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Island_Arc" title="Sakhalin Island Arc">Sakhalin Island Arc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khingan" title="Greater Khingan">Greater Khingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Mongolia" title="Outer Mongolia">Outer Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Plain" title="Northeast China Plain">Northeast China Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Manchuria" title="Outer Manchuria">Outer Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian%E2%80%93Manchurian_grassland" title="Mongolian–Manchurian grassland">Mongolian–Manchurian grassland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North China Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Mountains" title="Yan Mountains">Yan Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-mountain_Asia" title="High-mountain Asia">High-mountain Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qilian_Mountains" title="Qilian Mountains">Qilian Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengduan_Mountains" title="Hengduan Mountains">Hengduan Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinling_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinling Mountains">Qinling Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Basin" title="Sichuan Basin">Sichuan Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Silk_Road" title="Northern Silk Road">Northern Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexi_Corridor" title="Hexi Corridor">Hexi Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan%E2%80%93Guizhou_Plateau" title="Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau">Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan" title="Lingnan">Lingnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liangguang" title="Liangguang">Liangguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan">Jiangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianghuai" title="Jianghuai">Jianghuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzhong" title="Guanzhong">Guanzhong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou,_Anhui" title="Huizhou, Anhui">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(region)" title="Wu (region)">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhou_(region)" title="Jiaozhou (region)">Jiaozhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Zhongyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Shaanxi" title="Southern Shaanxi">Shaannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_Plateau" title="Ordos Plateau">Ordos Loop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loess_Plateau" title="Loess Plateau">Loess Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Shaanxi" title="Northern Shaanxi">Shaanbei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamgyong_Mountains" title="Hamgyong Mountains">Hamgyong Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Mountain_Range" title="Central Mountain Range">Central Mountain Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Alps" title="Japanese Alps">Japanese Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzuka_Mountains" title="Suzuka Mountains">Suzuka Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Peninsula" title="Leizhou Peninsula">Leizhou Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Delta" title="Yangtze Delta">Yangtze Delta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisey" title="Yenisey">Yenisey Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhjir_Pass" title="Wakhjir Pass">Wakhjir Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Asia" title="Tropical Asia">Tropical Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okhotsk%E2%80%93Manchurian_taiga" title="Okhotsk–Manchurian taiga">Okhotsk–Manchurian taiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Peninsula" title="Chukchi Peninsula">Chukchi Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)" title="Far North (Russia)">Extreme North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baikalia" title="Baikalia">Baikalia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lake_Baikal" title="Lake Baikal">Lake Baikal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraba_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Baraba steppe">Baraba steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatanga_Gulf" title="Khatanga Gulf">Khatanga Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transbaikal" title="Transbaikal">Transbaikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Siberia" title="Western Siberia">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur" title="Amur">Amur Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisey_Gulf" title="Yenisey Gulf">Yenisey Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenisey" title="Yenisey">Yenisey Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhote-Alin" title="Sikhote-Alin">Sikhote-Alin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolyma" title="Kolyma">Kolyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Manchuria" title="Outer Manchuria">Outer Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">Orient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland/Indochina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Triangle_temperate_forests" title="Northern Triangle temperate forests">Northern Triangle temperate forests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a>/<a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Islands" title="Sunda Islands">Sunda Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Sunda_Islands" title="Greater Sunda Islands">Greater Sunda Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia">Indonesian Archipelago</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Nusantara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallacea" title="Wallacea">Wallacea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">Philippine Archipelago</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyte_Gulf" title="Leyte Gulf">Leyte Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_(region)" title="Nanyang (region)">Nanyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Asia" title="Tropical Asia">Tropical Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Asia" title="Eastern South Asia">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Asia" title="Northern South Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_South_Asia" title="Northwestern South Asia">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_South_Asia" title="Southern South Asia">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">Orient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Kangchenjunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Devi" title="Nanda Devi">Nanda Devi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_region" title="Carnatic region">Carnatic region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ghats" title="Eastern Ghats">Eastern Ghats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Basin" title="Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guzgan" title="Guzgan">Guzgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gedrosia" title="Gedrosia">Gedrosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathwada" title="Marathwada">Marathwada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Panjal_Range" title="Pir Panjal Range">Pir Panjal Range</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River_Delta" title="Indus River Delta">Indus River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Desert" title="Indus Valley Desert">Indus Valley Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern Coastal Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western Coastal Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya_subtropical_forests" title="Meghalaya subtropical forests">Meghalaya subtropical forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Gangetic_Plains_moist_deciduous_forests" title="Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests">Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Himalayan_alpine_shrub_and_meadows" title="Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows">Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Doab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagar tract">Bagar tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rann_of_Kutch" title="Great Rann of Kutch">Great Rann of Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rann_of_Kutch" title="Little Rann of Kutch">Little Rann of Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_Divi_Point" title="False Divi Point">False Divi Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_Belt" title="Hindi Belt">Hindi Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltistan" title="Baltistan">Baltistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigar_Valley" title="Shigar Valley">Shigar Valley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-mountain_Asia" title="High-mountain Asia">High-mountain Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saltoro_Mountains" title="Saltoro Mountains">Saltoro Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_Glacier" title="Siachen Glacier">Siachen Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halar" title="Halar">Halar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar" title="Gulf of Mannar">Gulf of Mannar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palk_Strait" title="Palk Strait">Palk Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Trans-Karakoram Tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhjir_Pass" title="Wakhjir Pass">Wakhjir Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Islands" title="Laccadive Islands">Laccadive Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminidivi" title="Aminidivi">Aminidivi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paropamisadae" title="Paropamisadae">Paropamisadae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Islands" title="Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicobar_Islands" title="Nicobar Islands">Nicobar Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Asia" title="Tropical Asia">Tropical Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanish_Islands" title="Hanish Islands">Hanish Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate Coast">Pirate Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_and_Lesser_Tunbs" title="Greater and Lesser Tunbs">Greater and Lesser Tunbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Faw Peninsula">Al-Faw Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Yamama" title="Al-Yamama">Al-Yamama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula_coastal_fog_desert" title="Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert">Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sharat" title="Al-Sharat">Al-Sharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris–Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawad" title="Sawad">Sawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineveh_Plains" title="Nineveh Plains">Nineveh Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad (region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eber-Nari" title="Eber-Nari">Eber-Nari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Levant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria region</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Rift_Valley" title="Jordan Rift Valley">Jordan Rift Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hula_Valley" title="Hula Valley">Hula Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilead" title="Gilead">Gilead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabah" title="Arabah">Arabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aram_(region)" title="Aram (region)">Aram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aram-Naharaim" title="Aram-Naharaim">Aram-Naharaim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retjenu" title="Retjenu">Retjenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bekaa_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Bekaa valley">Bekaa valley</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Kavir" title="Dasht-e Kavir">Dasht-e Kavir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highlands">Armenian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Caucasus" title="Lesser Caucasus">Lesser Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shirvan" title="Shirvan">Shirvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kur-Araz_Lowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kur-Araz Lowland">Kur-Araz Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lankaran_Lowland" title="Lankaran Lowland">Lankaran Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alborz" title="Alborz">Alborz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absheron_Peninsula" title="Absheron Peninsula">Absheron Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartli" title="Kartli">Kartli</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasiane_(historical_region)" title="Phasiane (historical region)">Phasiane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduene" class="mw-redirect" title="Corduene">Corduene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldia" title="Chaldia">Chaldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speri_(region)" title="Speri (region)">Speri </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophene" title="Sophene">Sophene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biga_Peninsula" title="Biga Peninsula">Biga Peninsula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyana#Neo-Hittite_period" title="Tyana">Tuwana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpide_belt" title="Alpide belt">Alpide belt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81483#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81483#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81483#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/239021011">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4196563-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/218">Vatican</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/930907033">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/levant">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Levant&oldid=1259601067">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Levant&oldid=1259601067</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Levant" 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projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-02T04:23:27Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T01:11:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1d\/Levant_%28orthographic_projection%29.png","headline":"geographic and cultural region consisting of the eastern Mediterranean between Anatolia and the Sinai Peninsula"}</script> </body> </html>