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<div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-101582 apercu surlignable"><p>The European Consumer Organisation - BEUC, is an umbrella organisation representing national consumer groups across Europe. Its role is to protect and promote consumers’ interests at EU level. This includes the participation in competition policy development and competition cases before the European Commission and the EU courts. Due to its unique position as an independent consumer body, BEUC provides the consumer viewpoint in investigations concerning products and services offered to consumers to ensure that competition investigations lead to real improvements for consumers. BEUC has recognised standing to intervene in cases before the European Commission and the EU courts.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-101582 texte surlignable"><p>The ‘Bureau Européen des Unions de Consommateurs’ (BEUC) was created on 6 March 1962 by consumer organisations in Belgium, Luxembourg, France, the Netherlands, Italy and Germany. Today, BEUC represents 45 independent consumer organisations from all 27 EU Member States as well as Iceland, North Macedonia, Norway, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. It is the only consumer association operating at the pan-European level with recognised standing to intervene in competition cases. BEUC’s main role is to represent its members’ interests to the EU institutions and to defend the interests of European consumers in the elaboration and implementation of European Union policies and case law.</p> <p>BEUC, the European Consumer Organisation, was one of the first lobbying organisations set up in the European capital in a bid to influence decision-making processes. Many others followed, and the number of lobbyists rose exponentially to the present-day figure of over 15,000. The intense pressure brought to bear on decision-makers from this multitude of lobbyists working on behalf of commercial interests, regional representations, trade unions and many others, highlights the need for BEUC to have a strong presence in Brussels.</p> <p>BEUC has been an active player in the enforcement of EU competition, internal market and trade law. Case law related to BEUC’s right to access documents and to be heard in proceedings before the European Commission can be traced back to antidumping proceedings in the 1980s and 90s in<i> Bureau Européen des Unions de Consommateurs v Commission of the European Communities</i> (1991 and 2000) and <i>Bureau Européen des Unions de Consommateurs and National Consumer Council v Commission of the European Communities</i> (1994). In <i>Peugeot SA v Commission of the European Communities </i> (1990), BEUC was recognised as having standing in a competition proceeding concerning interim measures.</p> <p>EU competition law gives BEUC as a consumer organisation, an opportunity for standing to intervene in both antitrust and merger cases before the European Commission where it can show a “<i>sufficient interest to be heard</i>”. For antitrust cases see Article 27(3) of Regulation No 1/2003, Article 13 of Regulation No 773/2004, Article 5 and Recital 12, second sentence, of Decision 2011/695/EU, which provides that “[<i>c]onsumer associations that apply to be heard should be generally regarded as having a sufficient interest, where the proceedings concern products or services used by end consumers or products or services that constitute a direct input into such products or services</i>.” For merger cases see Article 18(4) of Regulation No 139/2004, Articles 11(c) and 16 of Regulation No 802/2004.</p> <p>Most recently, the standing of BEUC in competition cases before the EU courts was confirmed by the General Court in the appeal brought by Google against the Commission’s decision in the Google Search (Shopping) case. Despite Google’s opposition to BEUC’s intervention in the proceedings, the Court by order of the President ruled that BEUC had “<i>a direct, existing interest in the result of the case”</i> and thus the right to intervene since competition rules are likely to have an impact on consumer interests and BEUC’s object is “<i>to promote, defend and represent the interests of European consumers</i>”.</p> <p>In recent years, BEUC has participated in a number of cases before the European Commission regarding competition in technology markets (<i>Intel, Google Search (Shopping), Google Android, Amazon Marketplace</i>), market integration and geo-blocking (<i>Cross-border Pay-TV</i>) and exploitative pricing in pharmaceutical markets (<i>Aspen</i>). BEUC has also provided input into merger control proceedings where the acquisitions were likely to impact consumers. Recent cases include Apple/Shazam and Google/Fitbit with BEUC being formally admitted as an interested third party in the latter case. BEUC has also intervened in EU court proceedings in support of the European Commission in the <i>Google Search (Shopping), Google Android, and Cross-border Pay-TV</i> appeals.</p> <p>BEUC’s objective in competition law enforcement is to ensure that markets deliver for consumers not only in terms of competitive prices but also as regards choice, product quality and innovation. BEUC provides input to the European Commission and the EU courts on the direct and indirect impact of anticompetitive behaviour on consumers. Enhancing consumer welfare in the internal market through enforcement is and should remain a priority for the European Commission and the national competition authorities in Europe. In this regard, it is important to ensure that when looking at practices that could fall within Articles 101 and 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) through the lens of consumer welfare, a holistic approach is taken. While consumer welfare is a concept that is anchored in the EU’s unique normative system, it needs to be applied in a way that reflects the reality of consumers in today’s markets. Or, in the words of former DG Competition Director General Johannes Laitenberger “<i>we must take an empirically driven view of consumer welfare and recognise that some consumer harm is not readily visible in price and output effects</i>”. This is something particularly relevant when assessing practices in digital markets.</p> <p>Consumers do not behave in the same way in all markets and this needs to be recognised not only in how competition law is enforced but also in other areas of law such as consumer and data protection law. Consumer organisations can provide authorities with important insights into this in consumer-facing markets.</p> <p>At national level in the EU and in the context of the implementation by Member States of the new European Competition Network (ECN+) Directive, BEUC aims to ensure stronger, structural and mutually beneficial relationships between Member States’ national competition authorities and consumer organisations. The objective is to create channels of communication between consumer organisations and national competition authorities to allow consumer organisations to take a more proactive role in national enforcement, alerting competition authorities to examples of consumer harm caused by anticompetitive practices and giving competition authorities feedback and data that can assist in competition cases. Against this background, best practice at national level includes the conclusion of Memoranda of Understanding between competition authorities and national consumer groups. These exist, for example, between the Dutch competition authority (the ACM) and BEUC’s member, Consumentenbond and between the Greek competition authority and the Greek consumer organisations.</p> <p>BEUC is a founding member of the Trans-Atlantic Consumer Dialogue (TACD) which groups US and EU civil society organisations to develop and agree on joint consumer policy recommendations to the US government and the European Union to promote consumer interests in EU and US policy-making.</p> <p>BEUC also cooperates with consumer organisations across the globe in the context of Consumers International. In the US, Consumer Reports is a non-profit consumer organisation dedicated to product testing, investigative journalism, consumer-oriented research, public education, and consumer advocacy. In Australia, CHOICE is the leading consumer organisation. Both Consumer Reports and CHOICE are members of the International Consumer Research Testing organisation (ICRT) together with several BEUC members.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-101582 reference"><p><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/february-2020/the-eu-general-court-hears-an-appeal-for-abuse-of-dominance-in-online" class="spip_in">Case T-612/17 Google LLC, formerly Google Inc., and Alphabet Inc. v European Commission, Order of the President of the ninth chamber, EU:T:2018:1007</a></p> <p>Case T-256/97 Bureau Européen des Unions de Consommateurs (BEUC) v Commission of the European Communities, EU:T:2000:21</p> <p>Case T-37/92 Bureau Européen des Unions de Consommateurs and National Consumer Council v Commission of the European Communities, EU:T:1994:54</p> <p>Case C-170/89 Bureau Européen des Unions de Consommateurs v Commission of the European Communities, EU:C:1991:450</p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/july-1991/case-t-23-90-automobiles-peugeot-sa-and">Case T-23/90 Automobiles Peugeot SA and Peugeot SA v Commission of the European Communities, EU:T:1991:45</a></p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-101582 jurisprudence"><p>BEUC, “The Role of Competition Policy in Protecting Consumers’ Well-being in the Digital Era” (Report, October 2018).</p> <p>Johannes Laitenberger, “EU competition law: relevance anchored in empiricism” (CRA Conference, 5 December 2018).</p> <p>Koen Docter, “The Early Years of the European Consumer Organisation BEUC, 1962-1985” in Hans-W. Micklitz (ed.) The Making of Consumer Law and Policy in Europe, (Hart Publishing, forthcoming).</p> <p>Maria Ioannidou, Consumer Involvement in Private EU Competition Law Enforcement (Oxford University Press, 2015).</p> <p>Matthew Hilton, Prosperity for All. Consumer Activism in an Era of Globalisation (Cornell University Press, 2009)</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Authors</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/vanessa-turner" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH99/auton22150-203cc.jpg?1711367988) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Vanessa Turner</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">BEUC (Brussels)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Belgium</span> <span class="articles"><em>5</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>5329</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/agustin-reyna" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton64052-7a695.jpg?1711359303) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Agustin Reyna</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">BEUC (Brussels)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Belgium</span> <span class="articles"><em>5</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>5194</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Vanessa Turner, Agustin Reyna, </span> <span class="entry-title">Consumers’ associations</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 86652</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">2378</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-86652 texte surlignable"><p>Consumers’ associations are special groups of subjects acting in the area of consumer protection. Provision of consultancy, legal protection, involving in international activities is their task and many of them have the right to represent consumers at courts and also in solving litigations in reclaiming proceedings. Consumers’ associations can file criminal or contractual proceedings on behalf of a group of consumers (the association then receives the money paid by the supplier) and can obtain compensation for damages suffered on behalf of consumers. In this sense, the civil action is an effective complement to official action by the competition authorities. The potential of a claim for damages, on top of a fine imposed for the offence, has a dissuasive effect for businesses. A business which might contemplate entering into a price-fixing agreement or abusing its dominant position would have to take into account the risk of having to pay civil damages as well as an administrative penalty. <strong>©</strong><a href="IMG/pdf/oecd-_consumer_association.pdf?40256/068e6ad8cda34a64e7bccf31cc33979c1f8a1e2e77d7a6d9e2c7f98233c69a34" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'><strong>OECD</strong></a></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679lkOxDaLF5ivVc/7Pxy7e6GMOC6xMAQHP2TWCMC72+6pbV8wP4zzK9Yvs4igi4h5wN79VM1QSpFKGYD7Wx0PsYF68JYQJZtLeEpGzWcyk6HRSwdu9h/YI8rJJ9EKwIUzQTNHf6Qn5rnuBzNEv5Zp4lacZRrB39cizVvWrRY6PoUR9npLG2w4S+kVAT6yPLjTtWdn3hwfxlAETxQgTp0k6OhKiBj7c/l+56/60o3PQvvMX40Yx0LXASxQv7bmNQEJDbL8Ig4gtO2CmxLvLD+Z7LFuKJckFNZ4TBE5UdEQsV47yvBSaFCIa1pBMn+IZuvmfaTlgQW9xt7DLZQhz/atUn' data-origin="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/nigerian-competition-authority">Nigerian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/february-2024/the-nigerian-competition-authority-collaborates-with-other-government-agencies" rel="bookmark">The Nigerian Competition Authority collaborates with other government agencies, consultants, and Civil Society Organisations to come up with measures to curb the excessive prices of commodities in the markets</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-07T23:00:00Z">8 February 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117187 introduction entry-content"> <p>UPHOLDING MARKET INTEGRITY IN THE FOOD CHAIN SECTOR* <br class='autobr' /> The Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (Commission) has become aware of media reports indicating that the Honourable Federal High Court has ordered the Federal Government to fix the prices of certain food commodities. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/miguel-miranda">Miguel Miranda</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2023/the-portuguese-competition-court-orders-a-hotel-to-disclose-consumers-who-were" rel="bookmark">The Portuguese Competition Court orders a hotel to disclose consumers who were affected by its anticompetitive practices as identified in the EU Commission’s infringement decision <em>(Meliá)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-03-07T23:00:00Z">8 March 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116319 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article accompanies the "Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions - 2nd Edition - Developed by the International Chamber of Commerce" and published by Concurrences. Click here to access the book. Brief summary of facts <br class='autobr' /> On 21 February 2020, Meliá Hotels International, S.A., a multinational (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/miguel-miranda">Miguel Miranda</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/efigenia-marabuto-tavares">Efigénia Marabuto Tavares</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2022/the-portuguese-court-of-appeal-lisbon-confirms-that-the-jurisdiction-of-the" rel="bookmark">The Portuguese Court of Appeal Lisbon confirms that the jurisdiction of the courts in private enforcement actions is determined by the residence of the consumers and the place where the damage occurred <em>(Meliá)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-07-12T22:00:00Z">13 July 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116311 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article accompanies the "Compendium of Antitrust Damages Actions - 2nd Edition - Developed by the International Chamber of Commerce" and published by Concurrences. Click here to access the book. Brief summary of facts <br class='autobr' /> On 21 February 2020, Meliá Hotels International, S.A., a multinational (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/carla-marcelino">Carla Marcelino</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/miguel-mendes-pereira">Miguel Mendes Pereira</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/rita-pimentel-torres">Rita Pimentel Torres</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2021/the-portuguese-competition-court-approves-a-settlement-between-a-consumer" rel="bookmark">The Portuguese Competition Court approves a settlement between a consumer protection association and the national land surveyors association based on a class action for damages due to alleged overcharging for surveying services <em>(Ius Omnibus / ANT)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-09-19T22:00:00Z">20 September 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-103821 introduction entry-content"> <p>Competition law class actions in Portugal: first court-approved settlement* <br class='autobr' /> On 20 September 2021, the Portuguese Competition Court approved a settlement between Ius Omnibus, a non-profit consumer protection association, and the National Association of Land Surveyors (ANT), in the context of a (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/james-kovacs">James Kovacs</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2019/the-us-district-court-for-the-northern-district-of-illinois-receives-a-class-en" rel="bookmark">The US District Court for the Northern District of Illinois receives a class action complaint against a pay-for-delay agreement <em>(AbbVie)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-03-17T23:00:00Z">18 March 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-90345 introduction entry-content"> <p>Plaintiffs Targeting Biologic-Biosimilars Settlements with Pay-for-Delay Antitrust Claims* <br class='autobr' /> Antitrust principles that can invalidate certain pay-for-delay settlements will be expanding into the new frontier of biologic and biosimilar drugs if plaintiffs in several new suits are successful. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuel-guillaume">Emmanuel Guillaume</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/michael-perche">Michaël Perche</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2019/chroniques/sanction-the-french-supreme-administrative-court-rules-on-the-conventionality" rel="bookmark"><strong>Energy:</strong> The French Supreme Administrative Court rules on the conventionality procedure applicable before the Dispute Settlement and Sanctions Committee of the French Energy Regulatory Commission in case of refusal to implement a sanction (<em>UFC-Que Choisir</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-03-17T23:00:00Z">18 March 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-90492 introduction entry-content"> <p>Seized by a consumers’ association with a decision to refuse the member appointed by the CRE’s CoRDiS to follow up on a complaint lodged against ENEDIS, the electricity transmission system operator, the Conseil d’État has, on the one hand considered that the plea alleging breach of the principle (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bruce-mcdonald">Bruce McDonald</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/prudence-smith">Prudence Smith</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2018/the-australian-competition-and-consumer-commission-announces-product-safety" rel="bookmark">The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission announces product safety priorities for 2018</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-03-13T23:00:00Z">14 March 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-86688 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article has been nominated for the 2019 Antitrust Writing Awards. Click here to learn more about the Antitrust Writing Awards. <br class='autobr' /> The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) has announced product safety priorities for 2018. A key priority is for the Commission to work towards (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2018/alertes/interchange-fees-the-court-of-appeal-of-paris-slightly-amends-the-decision-of" rel="bookmark"><strong>Interchange fees: </strong> The Court of Appeal of Paris slightly amends the decision of the French Competition Authority in the case of fees on check imaging exchanges (<em>Fees on Check imaging exchanges</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-12-20T23:00:00Z">21 December 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-85936 introduction entry-content"> <p>On December 21, 2017, the Paris Court of Appeal handed down its ruling in the case of the image-to-Czech exchange commissions.and this, on dismissal after cassation. <br class='autobr' /> It will be recalled that, by judgment of 14 April 2015The Commercial Chamber of the Court of Cassation, seizing on an aspect (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/man-mohan-sharma">Man Mohan Sharma</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2017/the-indian-competition-authority-clears-dominant-mobile-messaging-service-from" rel="bookmark">The Indian Competition Authority clears a dominant mobile messaging service of abuse of dominance allegations <em>(Fight for Transparency Society / WhatsApp)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-05-31T22:00:00Z">1 June 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-87877 introduction entry-content"> <p>CCI closes allegation of abuse of dominance against WhatsApp* <br class='autobr' /> CCI vide its recent order dated June 01, 2017 has closed an allegation of abuse of dominant position against popular message service WhatsApp. The complaint against WhatsApp was filed by an individual Vinod Kumar Gupta on behalf of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Ilan-Sherr">Ilan Sherr</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2015/The-UK-Competition-and-Markets-73068" rel="bookmark">The UK Competition and Markets Authority announces that it received a super-complaint from an independent consumer body <em>(Which)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-04-20T22:00:00Z">21 April 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-73068 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 21 April 2015, the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) announced that it received a super-complaint from the independent consumer body Which? (Which) in respect of perceived concerns about misleading and opaque pricing practices in the UK grocery market. This relates to both in-store and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jason-c-hicks">Jason C. Hicks</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/february-2015/The-US-Supreme-Court-holds-that-71985" rel="bookmark">The US Supreme Court holds that state agencies that are controlled by active market participants are not immune from antitrust laws unless the state also provides active supervision <i>(North Carolina State Board of Dental Examiners)</i></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-02-24T23:00:00Z">25 February 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-71985 introduction entry-content"> <p>Supreme Court Rules NC Dentist Board Not Immune From Antitrust Scrutiny* <br class='autobr' /> Earlier this morning, in a 6-3 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that state professional boards comprised of active market participants are not immune from antitrust laws even though the boards are formally designated as (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/51569">Maria Luisa Di Lauro</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2014/The-Italian-competition-authority-72191" rel="bookmark">The Italian competition authority fines a company for unfair commercial practices consisting of the publication of misleading information on the tourist facilities’ reviews <em>(TripAdvisor)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-12-18T23:00:00Z">19 December 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-72191 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 19 December 2014, with decision No. 25237 (“Decision”), the Italian Competition Authority (“ICA”) held TripAdvisor LLC and its Italian subsidiary, TripAdvisor Italy S.r.l. (“TripAdvisor”), liable for unfair commercial practices consisting of the publication of misleading information on the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Federica-Puliti">Federica Puliti</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sara-lembo">Sara Lembo</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2014/The-Italian-Competition-Authority-70807" rel="bookmark">The Italian Competition Authority initiates an investigation to ascertain an abuse of dominant position in the cancer drugs markets <em>(Aspen)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-11-18T23:00:00Z">19 November 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-70807 introduction entry-content"> <p>With its decision of 19 November 2014, the Italian Competition Authority (“ICA” or the “Authority”) initiated an investigation into Aspa Pharma Trading Ltd and Aspen Italia S.r.l. (“Aspen”) - both belonging to the South African-based Aspen Group, a leading manufacturer of generic medicines - to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michele-giannino">Michele Giannino</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2014/The-Italian-Competition-Authority-70817" rel="bookmark">The Italian Competition Authority opens an Article 102 TFEU investigation against a producer of generic drugs <em>(Incremento Prezzo Farmaco-Aspen)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-11-18T23:00:00Z">19 November 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-70817 introduction entry-content"> <p>In the case Incremento Prezzo Farmaco-Aspen (Aspen) the Italian Competition Authority (ICA) has recently opened an Article 102 TFEU investigation against Aspen, a South African manufacturer of generic drugs . Aspen was alleged to have abused its dominance position by imposing excessive prices on (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2014/alerts/Class-Actions-Publication-in-the" rel="bookmark"><strong>Class actions</strong>: Publication in the Official Journal of Decree n° 2014-1081 of 24 September 2014 regarding Class actions in consumer and competition law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-09-23T22:00:00Z">24 September 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-70326 introduction entry-content"> <p>With a view to the entry into force on 1 October 2014 of the system created by Article 1 of Law no. 2014-344 of 17 March 2014 relating to consumption allowing consumers to join a group action to obtain compensation for material damage suffered during a consumer act, the decree in Council of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679lKCKRzSGD17VjCx1MC627GMOC+xMAQHP2xUvA6r+sSo59MurzIn6Hg9EAmLcFjeFLWliyof5orfsA/F9J5WJIG2h4Qr0/eppbREfX9P8XM9Utr4/XRT+fpCgZgUOmpY52A8uD7cSK96XTSyCBKo1zoEf8BBgWJICCCtBeCPRjjQb7RiAE9IOxllJFvZ1xkygNnk1XKNGVfxevgwMZAe5G2DsbOHdYHmaiFAZORwLe5dSbPSSfN8WEswBGwhn1pj108lIcO2A+yL7INlSv/mGnwNHpLlt2uf+m5zui6/sZ+xCerWTcRXPoSfOGGImvpQcR0wuKmI7GgFPV' data-origin="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/David-R-Wingfield">David R. Wingfield</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2016/international/uk-what-makes-claims-eligible-for-inclusion-in-collective-proceedings-77341" rel="bookmark">UK: What makes claims eligible for inclusion in collective proceedings?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-77341 introduction entry-content"> <p>In October 2015, the UK enacted a class action procedure for competition law claims. 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<span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en#a" data-anchor="#a">a</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en#b" data-anchor="#b">b</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en#c" data-anchor="#c">c</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en#d" data-anchor="#d">d</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en#e" data-anchor="#e">e</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en#f" data-anchor="#f">f</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en#g" data-anchor="#g">g</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en#h" data-anchor="#h">h</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en#i" data-anchor="#i">i</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en#j" data-anchor="#j">j</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en#k" data-anchor="#k">k</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en#l" data-anchor="#l">l</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en#m" data-anchor="#m">m</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en#n" data-anchor="#n">n</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en#o" data-anchor="#o">o</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en#p" data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: '#menu-definition', offset: 130 }); jQuery('body').scrollspy({ target: '#definition-index', offset: 130 }); jQuery(document).scrollspy({ target: '#related-index', offset: 130 }); // Affichage de l'index var $btn_index 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srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a 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