CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html class="page_article article_glossaire composition_glossaire ltr en no-js" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <base href="https://www.concurrences.com/"> <script type='text/javascript'>/*<![CDATA[*/(function(H){H.className=H.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'js')})(document.documentElement);/*]]>*/</script> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Relevant market - Concurrences</title> <meta name="description" content="The definition of a relevant market is a tool to identify and define the boundaries of competition between firms. It allows to establish the framework within which competition policy principles are…" /> <style type='text/css'>img.adapt-img{max-width:100%;height:auto;}.adapt-img-wrapper {display:inline-block;max-width:100%;position:relative;background-position:center;background-size:cover;background-repeat:no-repeat;line-height:1px;overflow:hidden}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic{display:block}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic::before{content:'';display:block;height:0;width:100%;}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic img{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:auto;}.adapt-img-wrapper.loading:not(.loaded){background-size: cover;}@media (min-width:320.5px){.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic-desktop{display:block}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic-desktop::before{content:'';display:block;height:0;width:100%;}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic-desktop img{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:auto;}}.adapt-img-background{width:100%;height:0}@media print{html .adapt-img-wrapper{background:none}}</style> <script type='text/javascript'>/*<![CDATA[*/var adaptImgDocLength=178723;adaptImgAsyncStyles="picture.adapt-img-wrapper{background-size:0;}";adaptImgLazy=false;(function(){function d(a){var b=document.documentElement;b.className=b.className+" "+a}function f(a){var b=window.onload;window.onload="function"!=typeof window.onload?a:function(){b&&b();a()}}document.createElement("picture");adaptImgLazy&&d("lazy");var a=!1;if("undefined"!==typeof window.performance)a=window.performance.timing,a=(a=~~(adaptImgDocLength/(a.responseEnd-a.connectStart)))&&50>a;else{var c=navigator.connection||navigator.mozConnection||navigator.webkitConnection;"undefined"!==typeof c&& (a=3==c.type||4==c.type||/^[23]g$/.test(c.type))}a&&d("aislow");var e=function(){var a=document.createElement("style");a.type="text/css";a.innerHTML=adaptImgAsyncStyles;var b=document.getElementsByTagName("style")[0];b.parentNode.insertBefore(a,b);window.matchMedia||window.onbeforeprint||beforePrint()};"undefined"!==typeof jQuery?jQuery(function(){jQuery(window).on('load',e)}):f(e)})();/*]]>*/</script>  <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/Relevant-market" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://www.concurrences.com/fr/dictionnaire/marche-pertinent" />   <link rel="schema.DC" href="https://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> <link rel="schema.DCTERMS" href="https://purl.org/dc/terms/" /> <meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html" /> <meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /> <meta name="DC.Language" scheme="rfc1766" content="en" /> <meta name="DC.Title" lang="en" content="Relevant market" /> <meta name="DC.Description.Abstract" lang="en" content="The definition of a relevant market is a tool to identify and define the boundaries of competition between firms. It allows to establish the framework within which competition policy principles are…" /> <meta name="DC.Date" scheme="DCTERMS.W3CDTF" content="2006-09-24" /> <meta name="DC.created" scheme="WTN8601" content="2006-09-24T00:00:00" /> <meta name="DC.date.created" scheme="WTN8601" content="2006-09-24T00:00:00" /> <meta name="DC.Date.Modified" scheme="DCTERMS.W3CDTF" content="2022-06-14" /> <meta name="DC.Identifier" scheme="URI" content="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/Relevant-market" /> <meta name="DC.Publisher" content="Concurrences" /> <meta name="DC.Source" scheme="URI" content="https://www.concurrences.com" /> <meta name="DC.Creator" content="Commission, European" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Commission, European" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="European Commission - DG COMP (Brussels)"/> <meta name="DC.Creator" content="OECD, " /> <meta name="citation_author" content="OECD, " /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="OECD - Competition Division (Paris)"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" content="OECD" /> <meta name="DC.Subject" content="Relevant market" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="https://www.concurrences.com/squelettes/img/logo/favicon/favicon.svg" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" sizes="32x32" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/38/eb53752304d66f157aaf81b9ef6dd6.ico" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" sizes="48x48" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/2b/0d54d963c60e773622ff95e0b4c182.ico" /> <link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/b8/42ed8c8a24f31e702c68b2aa6f69ba.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/05/6ca8b6d4c932f8e13bf741535dd98e.png" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var _paq = window._paq || []; /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */ _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() { var u="https://matomo.concurrences.com/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.type='text/javascript'; g.async=true; g.defer=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta name="generator" content="SPIP 4.3.4" /> <meta name="bingbot" content="nocache" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Subscribe to the whole site" href="en/page/backend/" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel='stylesheet' href='local/cache-css/9ef4d70b4b6709daec6af6b3147131c3.css?1732029910' type='text/css' /> <script>window.MathJaxLib='https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/tex-chtml.js';window.MathJax={ startup: { elements: ['.spip-math'] }, tex: { inlineMath: [['$', '$']] }, svg: { fontCache: 'global' } };</script><script type='text/javascript'>var var_zajax_content='content';</script><script> var mediabox_settings={"auto_detect":true,"ns":"box","tt_img":true,"sel_g":"#documents_portfolio a[type='image\/jpeg'],#documents_portfolio a[type='image\/png'],#documents_portfolio a[type='image\/gif']","sel_c":".mediabox","str_ssStart":"Slideshow","str_ssStop":"Stop","str_cur":"{current}\/{total}","str_prev":"Previous","str_next":"Next","str_close":"Close","str_loading":"Loading\u2026","str_petc":"Press \u2019Esc\u2019 to close","str_dialTitDef":"Dialogue box","str_dialTitMed":"Media display","splash_url":"","lity":{"skin":"_simple-dark","maxWidth":"90%","maxHeight":"90%","minWidth":"400px","minHeight":"","slideshow_speed":"2500","opacite":"0.8","defaultCaptionState":"expanded"}}; </script>  <style>p.spip-math {margin:1em 0;text-align: center}</style> <script type='text/javascript' src='local/cache-js/54e8ce81bfe7b8537886d04b4fb6cdfc.js?1732029944'></script>  <script type="text/javascript"> window.spipConfig ??= {}; spipConfig.select2 ??= {}; spipConfig.select2.selector ??= ''; </script><script src="https://cdn.nuclia.cloud/nuclia-video-widget.umd.js"></script><link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.concurrences.com/oembed.api/?format=json&url=%2F%2Fen%2Fdictionary%2FRelevant-market" /> <script>var error_on_ajaxform='Ooops. An unexpected error prevented to submit the form. You can try again.';</script> </head> <body> <div class="page" id="page"> <header id="header" class="page-header" data-idc-header-sticky role="banner"> <section id="header-main" class="page-header__main"> <div id="header-logo" class="page-header__logo"> <a rel="start home" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/" title="Home"> <img src='squelettes/img/logo/20ans/concurrences.svg?1704296160' alt='Concurrences' width='2750' height='800' /> </a> </div> <nav id="header-aside1" class="page-header__aside page-header__aside_1"> <span class="social social_links"> <a class="social__icon social__icon_twitter" href="https://twitter.com/CompetitionLaws" title="Visit our Twitter page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_twitter-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Twitter (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/institute-of-competition-law-icl-institut-de-droit-de-la-concurrence-idc-" title="Visit our Linkedin page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_linkedin-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Linkedin (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/concurrences.review/" title="Visit our Facebook page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_facebook-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Facebook (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/concurrences_review/" title="Visit our Instagram page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_instagram-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Instagram (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/ConcurrencesReview" title="Visit our Youtube page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_youtube-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Youtube (opens a new window)</span> </a> </span> <span class="lang"> <a href='https://www.concurrences.com/spip.php?action=language&var_lang=fr&redirect=%2F%2Fen%2Fdictionary%2FRelevant-market' title='Passer à la version française'>Fr</a> | <strong class="on active">En</strong> </span> <span class="about"> <a href="en/institute" title="About Concurrences"><em class="idc-icon idc-icon_info" aria-hidden></em> <span class="about__label">About</span></a> </span> </nav> <nav id="header-aside2" class="page-header__aside page-header__aside_2"> <a href="en/page/subscribe/" class="tem newsletter"><em class="idc-icon idc-icon_mail" aria-hidden></em> <span>Newsletter</span></a> <a href="en/page/login/" class="item popin link-popin-login"><em class="idc-icon idc-icon_log-in" aria-hidden></em> <span>Sign in</span></a> <a href="en/page/cart/" class="item"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_shopping-cart" aria-hidden></em> <span>Cart</span> </a> <button class="item search hide" onclick="jQuery('#header-search').toggleClass('visible');return false;"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_search" aria-hidden></em> </button> </nav> </section> <section id="header-nav" class="page-header__nav"> <nav class="navbar navbar-responsive"> <div class="menu-conteneur navbar-inner container-fluid"> <a class="btn btn-navbar navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".nav-collapse-main"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></a> <div class="nav-collapse navbar-collapse nav-collapse-main collapse"><ul class="menu-liste menu-items navbar-nav nav" data-depth="0"> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/bulletin/" class="menu-items__lien">Bulletin</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/review/" class="menu-items__lien">Review</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/events/" class="menu-items__lien">Events</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique"> <a href="en/all-books/" class="menu-items__lien">Books</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_badge on active"> <a href="en/dictionary/" class="menu-items__lien">Dictionary <small>Free</small></a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/podcasts" class="menu-items__lien">Podcasts</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_lien"> <a href="https://awards.concurrences.com" class="menu-items__lien">Awards</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item-primary"> <a href="en/abonnements/" class="menu-items__lien">Subscriptions</a> </li> </ul></div></div> </nav> </section> <section id="header-search" class="page-header__search searchbar"> <hr> <div class="searchbar-item searchbar-item_search"> <div class="searchbar-inner"> <div class="formulaire_spip formulaire_recherche form-search"> <form action="en/page/recherche/#" method="get"><div> <label for="recherche" class="over offscreen">Search:</label> <div class="input-append input-group input-group-text-search"> <input type="text" class="search text search-query form-control" name="recherche" id="recherche" accesskey="4" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" placeholder="Type your search…"/> <span class="btn-group input-group-btn"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" > <i class="picto picto-search"></i> <span>Search</span> </button> </span> </div> </div></form> </div> </div> </div> </section> </header> <nav class="breadcrumb-wrapper" id="breadcrumb-wrapper" role="navigation"> <div class="container"> <ul class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/">Home</a><span class="divider"> > </span></li> <li><a href="en/dictionary/">Dictionary</a><span class="divider"> > </span></li> <li class="active"><span class="on active">Relevant market</span></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div class="central" id="central"> <div class="banner-top" id="banner-top"> <div class="container"> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper" id="wrapper"> <div class="container"> <main class="content primary" id="content" role="main"> <article class="relative-content"> <div class="menu-glossaire-wrapper sticky-top" id="menu-definition"><ul class="nav menu-glossaire menu-nb-4"><li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-auteur'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#auteur" data-target="#auteur"><span class="picto-round picto-auteur"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-auteur.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='19' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Author Definition</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-institution'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#institution" data-target="#institution"><span class="picto-round picto-institution"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-institution.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='18' height='16' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Institution Definition</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-references'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#references" data-target="#references"><span class="picto-round picto-references"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-references.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='15' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">References</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-index'><button class="btn btn-link collapsed" role="button" data-target="#index" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="index"><span class="picto-round picto-index"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-index.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Table of contents</span></button></li></ul></div> <header class="section section_primary section_cols section_cartouche"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="cartouche cartouche_glossaire"> <h1 class="cartouche__heading" id="start"> <span class="start-mire"></span> <span class="crayon article-titre-12297 ">Relevant market</span> </h1> </div> </div> </header> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-107015 apercu surlignable"><p>Relevant Market is a set of products or services that are considered substitutes by consumers, both in terms of their characteristics and the geographic area where they are offered. The notion serves to identify the boundaries of the market where companies compete, and to assess market power for competition policy purposes. The test commonly used to identify the relevant market is to examine if consumers would switch to other suppliers in the hypothetical event of small but significant and non-transitory increase in prices of a particular product or service (the so-called SSNIP test).</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-107015 texte surlignable"><p>A relevant market is a market that is worth monopolising (Bishop and Darcey, 1995). In this sense, the exercise of monopoly power will not be feasible if buyers can easily switch to other products (demand side substitution), or other companies are able to increase production or easily enter the market (supply side substitution).</p> <p>The notion of substitutability is core to properly understanding and defining the relevant market. On the demand side, a relevant market includes all products and services that consumers see as interchangeable or substitutable due to their characteristics, their prices, their intended use and the location of those firms involved in the supply of those products or services (EU Commission Notice on the Definition of Relevant Market, 1997). Demand side substitution is particularly important in certain jurisdictions including US and Canada, which focus on demand responses to changes in relative prices after the merger. The ability of a firm or group of firms to raise prices without losing sufficient sales to make the price increase unprofitable ultimately depends on buyers’ willingness to pay the higher price (Canada’s Merger Enforcement Guidelines, 2011). On the supply side, the market concerns products and services that could readily be put into the market by other suppliers without significant switching costs or by potential competitors at reasonable cost and within a limited timeframe. In these situations, the increased level of supply may render a rise of prices by the hypothetical monopolist unprofitable, and those suppliers should therefore be included in the analysis of the relevant market.</p> <p>Concerning the geographic dimension, the relevant market includes the area in which the conditions of competition are sufficiently homogenous and which can be distinguished from neighbouring areas based on the conditions for competition. Cases may define a relevant geographic market as local, national, regional, or global for instance. In addition to importation and transportation costs, evidence may include that buyers have shifted purchases between different geographic locations in response to changes in price, as well as the timing and costs of switching suppliers (U.S. Horizontal Merger Guidelines, 2010).</p> <p>The SSNIP test, also known as Hypothetical Monopolist Test, is the most common tool to define a relevant market. Briefly, a relevant market is found if a “Small but Significant Non-transitory Increase in Price” above the competitive level is profitable and sustainable when exercised by a hypothetical monopolist. In practice, the exercise usually starts from the narrowest possible market definition and asks if a hypothetical monopolist would be able to profitably raise prices beyond the competitive level by a small but significant amount (i.e. 5-10%). If the answer is negative, the exercise continues with a wider market definition until the answer is positive. From the consumers’ standpoint, they are asked if they would still buy a given product or service in case of a 10% price increase. If the answer is yes, the market is well defined.</p> <p>The SSNIP test is a quantitative test and generally applied when sufficient data is available. However, when sufficient or reliable data are not available, a qualitative assessment may gather evidence to help to identify the products and services that provide competitive pressures to one another, and then seek approximate results to the SSNIP test. In addition, other economic techniques may be used to define markets depending on the specificities of the case. They include price correlation, shock analysis, historic events, in addition to economic tests such as Gross Upward Pricing Pressure (GUPPI) and Upward Pricing Pressure (UPP). All of them have advantages and inconveniences, so they are often used in a complementary or alternative way to the SSNIP test, adding to a more robust analysis when the results of one technique confirms the other.</p> <p>Malcolm Coate and Jeffrey Fischer (2007) provide an interesting study based on 116 market definition decisions issued by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC). They argue that the demand-side analysis was relatively simple in over half of the reviewed cases. In the remaining cases, other techniques were employed to identify the relevant market. The research also shows a variety in data requirements, sophistication and analytical technique. Supply side considerations affected only a few markets and price discrimination supported more focused analysis in about ten cases.</p> <p>In digital markets, certain techniques may have to be adapted since these markets are often characterized by zero-price services, which limits the application of the traditional SSNIP test. They are also frequently characterized by two-sided markets, which add particular issues in determining the relevant product market. In the Google Shopping case, the European General Court confirmed the Commission’s assessment by reference to consumer demand despite the fact that the services were provided at a price of zero to consumers. The European Commission had concluded that the relevant product markets were the market for online general search services and the market for online comparison shopping services, in which the two-sided business model based on free services was cross-funded by advertising. This approach was replicated by several other jurisdictions concerning this stage of relevant market definition.</p> <p>The definition of a relevant market allows the calculation of market shares, which can provide a useful initial indication of potential market power. Market share calculation may also serve as safe harbours in certain jurisdictions, below which investigations will not be conducted. Nonetheless, market definition techniques are also subject to critics, for instance when product differentiation is a crucial dimension of competition given that substitution across products might be imperfect. It is also the case when firms compete on other dimensions than price (i.e., quality or innovation).</p> <p>Finally, it is important to highlight that market definition is not an end in itself but rather a tool to assess market power. As mentioned by Mario Monti, former European Commissioner for Competition: “market definition is a cornerstone of competition policy, but not the entire building” (speech by Commissioner Mario Monti, 2001). Having this main objective in mind helps both enforcers and practitioners to focus on the essential, which is assessing market power and analysing the effects of its exercise. For this reason, the precise relevant market is often left open, namely when it is difficult to establish its precise definition and/or in the context of fast-track merger analysis that require a speedy decision. In these cases, most competition authorities can leave the definition open and indicate alternative plausible market definitions (except to certain jurisdictions including Mexico, where the legal framework requires a precise definition of the relevant market in all analysis).</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-107015 reference"><p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2017/the-eu-commission-fines-big-tech-company-eur2-4-billion-for-giving-its-shopping-en">Case AT.39740, Google Search (Shopping), Decision from European Commission of 27 June 2017</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/june-2009/The-Brazilian-Competition-33772">Case 08012.001383/2007-91, Coca-Cola/Matte-Leão, Decision from Brazilian Competition Authority (CADE) of 18 June 2009</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/April-1995/The-European-Court-of-First-39618">Case IV/M.190, Nestlé/Perrier, Decision from European Commission of 22 July 1992. 92/553/EEC</a></p> <p>Case 27/76, United Brands v. Commission, Judgement of European Court of 14 February 1978. EU:C:1978:22</p> <p>Case 351 U.S. 377, United States v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Decision from U.S. Supreme Court of 11 June 1956</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-107015 jurisprudence"><p>ICN Investigative Techniques Handbook for Merger Review (2013), Chapter 4.</p> <p>Malcolm Coate and Jeffrey Fischer (2007), “A Practical Guide to the Hypothetical Monopolist Test for Market Definition”, Journal of Competition Law and Economics.</p> <p>OECD Policy Roundtable on Market Definition (2012).</p> <p>Richard Whish and David Bailey (2018), Competition Law, 9th ed, Oxford University Press, Chapter 1.</p> <p>Simon Bishop and M. Darcey (1995): A Relevant Market Is Something Worth Monopolising. Unpublished Mimeo.</p> <p><strong>Disclaimer:</strong></p> <p>The information and views set out in this text are those of the author and do not reflect the official opinion of the OECD or its Member States.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/paulo-burnier-da-silveira" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton39231-65b1c.jpg?1711359747) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Paulo Burnier da Silveira</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">OECD - Competition Division (Paris)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">France</span> <span class="articles"><em>12</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>88867</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Paulo Burnier da Silveira, </span> <span class="entry-title">Relevant market</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 12297</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">77149</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-12297 texte surlignable"><p>The definition of a relevant market is a tool to identify and define the boundaries of competition between firms. It allows to establish the framework within which competition policy principles are applied by the Commission. The main purpose of market definition is to identify in a systematic way competitive constraints that the undertakings involved face. Market definition makes it possible, inter alia, to calculate market shares that convey meaningful information regarding market power for the purposes of assessing dominance (dominant position(s)). A relevant market is defined according to both product and geographic factors. In general terms, a relevant product market comprises all those products and/or services which are regarded as interchangeable or substitutable (substitutability) by reason of product characteristics, prices and intended use. Products and/or services that could readily be put on the market by other producers without significant switching cost or by potential competitors at reasonable cost and within a limited time span also need to be taken into account. The relevant geographic market comprises the area in which the undertakings concerned are involved in the supply and demand of products or services, in which the conditions of competition are sufficiently homogeneous and which can be distinguished from neighbouring areas, because the conditions of competition are appreciably different in those areas. <strong>© <a href="IMG/pdf/european_commission_glossary_of_terms_used_in_eu_competition_policy_-_antitrust_and_control_of_concentrations.pdf?40143/c3774ee64935572d46552d77051b73fee53aeda168348c3575d30d9dabcc7a34" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>European Commission</a></strong></p> <p>See also: <a href="IMG/pdf/celex_31997y1209_01__en_txt.pdf?51200/66db61015fadccad75c1f975d5a83f9ae76da42f368833e191217c21131baa7d" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>Commission Notice on the definition of relevant market for the purposes of Community competition law (OJ C 372, 9.12.1997, p.5)</a></p> <p>The starting point in any type of competition analysis is the definition of the "relevant" market. There are two fundamental dimensions of market definition: (i) the product market, that is, which products to group together and (ii) the geographic market, that is, which geographic areas to group together. Market definition takes into account both the demand and supply considerations. On the demand side, products must be substitutable from the buyer’s point of view. On the supply side, sellers must be included who produce or could easily switch production to the relevant product or close substitutes. Market definition generally includes actual and potential sellers, that is, firms that can rapidly alter their production processes to supply substitute products if the price so warrants. The rationale for this is that these firms will tend to dampen or curb the ability of existing firms in the market to raise price above the competitive level. The location of buyers and sellers will determine whether the geographic market is local, regional, national or international. If markets are defined too narrowly in either product or geographic terms, meaningful competition may be excluded from the analysis. On the other hand, if the product and geographic markets are too broadly defined, the degree of competition may be overstated. Too broad or too narrow market definitions lead to understating or overstating market share and concentration measures. The U.S. Department of Justice and the Canadian Bureau of Competition Policy Merger Guidelines, for example, provide a paradigm for defining the relevant product and geographic markets that is based on the likely demand response of consumers to an anticompetitive price increase. A market is defined as a product or group of products and a geographic area in which it is sold such that a hypothetical, profit-maximizing firm that was the only seller of those products in that area could raise prices by a small but significant and non-transitory amount above prevailing levels. The result of applying this paradigm is to identify a group of products and a geographic area with respect to which sellers could exercise market power if they were able to coordinate their actions perfectly so as to act like a monopolist. <strong>© <a href="IMG/pdf/oecd_-_glossary_of_industrial_organisation_economics_and_competition_law.pdf?39924/61543ab059ef02f25a5b58d7b8b4636a8fe2232efa57c3b86700b24cdb1da9ca" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>OECD</a></strong></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679leUze6LF5ol3fwTUcSHnGGMEILv/VH6SY8QFYqKPRJcRZ8xIokXP97qsR5ZUb8gzzIUpMK5oCYDdwDMIDMXTkCEVkACi8Dp8Iwd2aktIdXXcbK9cBK2E+hNTSVeqCkv3G6w2DkacAQ9PmO4lG5dOpfZEij81P38KRnz5mYSZh4houWbCaG65ZUdu3nbgNEMEgjOCv3VicGcEUv2bqIxdWHEaPCd9szmSWx/Zjh+/BfmkCNGEaV1nX0Sw0Gv2g0mZK4oNv9uoLTWA5LH1LZvGig0r0p1u9QsrGyid0Jf21mN7yGOZ5LVnT3KjWJJxtQar72Bkc6nMYT0uP8UZsu2I=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/wilmer-hale">Wilmer Hale</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2000/the-eu-court-of-first-instance-affirms-a-decision-to-dismiss-claims-of-a-abuse" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of First Instance affirms a decision to dismiss claims of a abuse of dominance in the glass manufacturing market on the basis that there was no dominance in the relevant market <em>(Kish Glass / Pilkington)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-22T14:03:03Z">22 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121937 introduction entry-content"> <p>In March 2000, the Court of First Instance affirmed the Commission’s decision of February 1996 rejecting a complaint from Kish Glass & Co. Ltd. (“Kish Glass”) that Pilkington United Kingdom Ltd. (“Pilkington”) had abused a dominant position on the Irish market for 4mm float glass. (Case (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/german-competition-authority">German Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/latest/the-german-competition-authority-unconditionally-clears-the-acquisition-of-4" rel="bookmark">The German Competition Authority unconditionally clears the acquisition of 4 large food retail stores following extensive market investigations <em>(Kaufland / Globus)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-17T23:00:00Z">18 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121858 introduction entry-content"> <p>Kaufland can take over four Globus stores and will not acquire the store in Neubrandenburg* <br class='autobr' /> The Bundeskartellamt has cleared the takeover by Kaufland Dienstleistung GmbH & Co. KG (Kaufland) of four large food retail stores in Bedburg, Chemnitz, Essen and Wesel from Globus Markthallen (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/australian-competition-authority">Australian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/latest/the-australian-competition-authority-publishes-a-statement-of-issues-outlining-121782" rel="bookmark">The Australian Competition Authority publishes a Statement of Issues outlining its preliminary competition concerns with an acquisition in the waste collection and management sector <em>(Cleanaway Waste Management / Citywide Service Solutions)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-13T23:00:00Z">14 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121782 introduction entry-content"> <p>Cleanaway’s proposed acquisition of Citywide Waste raises concerns* <br class='autobr' /> The ACCC has published a Statement of Issues outlining its preliminary competition concerns with Cleanaway Waste Management Limited’s (ASX:CWY) proposed acquisition of the waste and recycling business of Citywide Service (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/european-court-of-justice">European Court of Justice</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/latest/the-eu-court-of-justice-upholds-the-commission-s-decision-to-authorise-a" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice upholds the Commission’s decision to authorise a telecommunications acquisition and clarifies that strengthening a dominant position alone does not make it incompatible with the internal market <em>(Vodafone / Liberty Global)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-12T23:00:00Z">13 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121733 introduction entry-content"> <p>Merger control: the General Court upholds the Commission decision authorising Vodafone’s acquisition of Liberty Global’s telecommunications activities in Germany, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Romania* <br class='autobr' /> The Commission properly concluded that the merging parties were not competitors in the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/spanish-competition-authority">Spanish Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/latest/the-spanish-competition-authority-begins-the-second-phase-of-merger-clearance" rel="bookmark">The Spanish Competition Authority begins the second phase of a merger investigation in the banking and payment services sector <em>(BBVA / Banco Sabadell)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-11T23:00:00Z">12 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121734 introduction entry-content"> <p>CNMC to analyse BBVA/SABADELL merger in second phase* BBVA announced the acquisition of exclusive control of Banco de Sabadell on May 31. The operation requires further analysis. <br class='autobr' /> The National Commission for Markets and Competition (CNMC) has agreed, as of November 12, 2024, to begin the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Estonian-Competition-Authority">Estonian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-estonian-competition-authority-initiates-a-market-review-to-evaluate" rel="bookmark">The Estonian Competition Authority initiates a market review to evaluate competition in the liability insurance sector for healthcare providers <em>(PZU)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-30T23:00:00Z">31 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121632 introduction entry-content"> <p>Competition Authority to assess the market situation on the market of compulsory liability insurance of health care providers* <br class='autobr' /> The Estonian Dental Association filed an application with the Competition Authority for initiation of supervisory proceedings to assess whether the activities of the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/french-competition-authority">French Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-french-competition-authority-supports-a-draft-decision-to-deregulate-the" rel="bookmark">The French Competition Authority supports a draft decision to deregulate the wholesale central access market for fixed broadband while urging close monitoring of the fibre transition <em>(Arcep)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-14T22:00:00Z">15 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121001 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Autorité de la concurrence issues its opinion to ARCEP on its draft decision to deregulate the market for wholesale central access provided at a fixed location for the mass market (“Market 3b”)* Background <br class='autobr' /> The French electronic communications, postal and print media distribution (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/brazilian-competition-authority">Brazilian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-brazilian-competition-authority-publishes-an-updated-study-on-mergers-and" rel="bookmark">The Brazilian Competition Authority publishes an updated study on mergers and anticompetitive practices in the port services sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-29T22:00:00Z">30 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121072 introduction entry-content"> <p>CADE issues updated study on ports services in Brazil* <br class='autobr' /> On 30 September, the Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) issued an updated study on port services markets. This is the 21st volume of the series “Cadernos do Cade”, a reviewed version of the edition published in 2017, which (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/exclusive-control-the-french-competition-authority-publishes-a-decision" rel="bookmark"><strong>Exclusive control</strong>: The French Competition Authority publishes a decision unconditionally authorising a group to take exclusive control of companies in the animal sector <em>(Axéréal Elevage / Avril)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-26T22:00:00Z">27 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121363 introduction entry-content"> <p>On October 23, 2024, the French Competition Authority (Autorité de la concurrence) published online decision no. 24-DCC-210 of September 27, 2024 in which it unconditionally authorized the acquisition of exclusive control of Axéréal Elevage and Centre Grains by the Avril group, a specialist in (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/alertes/parity-clause-the-court-of-justice-of-the-european-union-considers-that-the" rel="bookmark"><strong> Parity clause </strong>: The Court of Justice of the European Union considers that the price parity clauses imposed on hotels by online travel agencies are not ancillary restrictions and invites the national court to define the relevant product market by examining the substitutability between online intermediation services and other sales channels (<em>Booking.com / 25hours Hotel Company Berlin e.a.</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-18T22:00:00Z">19 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120725 introduction entry-content"> <p>On September 19, 2024, the Court of Justice of the European Union delivered its judgment in case C-264/23 (Booking.com BV and Booking.com (Deutschland) GmbH/25hours Hotel Company Berlin GmbH and others). following a request for a preliminary ruling from the Amsterdam District Court. <br class='autobr' /> In the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/european-court-of-justice">European Court of Justice</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-eu-court-of-justice-finds-that-an-online-accommodation-platform-s-price" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice finds that an online accommodation platform’s price parity clauses cannot be classified as ‘ancillary restraints’ and may amount to a restriction of competition <em>(Booking.com)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-18T22:00:00Z">19 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120740 introduction entry-content"> <p>Online accommodation reservation platforms: price parity clauses cannot, in principle, be classified as ‘ancillary restraints’ for the purposes of EU competition law* <br class='autobr' /> Booking.com, a company incorporated under Netherlands law with its registered office in Amsterdam (Netherlands), offers a (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/james-marshall">James Marshall</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/sophie-albrighton">Sophie Albrighton</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/vicky-ling">Vicky Ling</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-eu-court-of-justice-issues-a-preliminary-ruling-that-an-online-travel" rel="bookmark">The EU Court of Justice issues a preliminary ruling that an online travel booking platform’s price parity clauses are not ancillary restraints under Art. 101(1) TFEU <em>(Booking.com)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-18T22:00:00Z">19 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121042 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 19 September 2024, the European Court of Justice (“ECJ” or the “Court”) issued a preliminary ruling in response to a request from a Dutch court for clarification, inter alia, on whether wide and narrow price parity clauses in agreements between Booking.com and accommodation service providers (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/european-court-of-justice">European Court of Justice</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-eu-general-court-annuls-the-commission-s-decision-to-impose-a-eur1-5b-fine" rel="bookmark">The EU General Court annuls the Commission’s decision to impose a €1.5B fine on a Big Tech platform on the grounds that it failed to take all the relevant circumstances into account <em>(Google AdSense)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-17T22:00:00Z">18 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120663 introduction entry-content"> <p>Google AdSense: The General Court annuls the Commission’s decision* <br class='autobr' /> The General Court upholds the majority of the Commission’s findings but annuls the decision by which the Commission imposed a fine of almost €1.5 billion on Google, on the ground inter alia that it failed to take into (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/klaus-kowalski">Klaus Kowalski</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/cristina-volpin">Cristina Volpin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/zsolt-zombori-ec-europa-eu">Zsolt Zombori</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-eu-commission-publishes-a-policy-brief-on-competition-in-generative-ai-and" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission publishes a policy brief on competition in generative AI and virtual worlds</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-17T22:00:00Z">18 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120746 introduction entry-content"> <p>Article originally published in DG Competition’s Competition merger brief, as Competition merger brief 3/2024 (click here), under the title "Competition in Generative AI and Virtual Worlds". Please note that all articles published in the CPN are subject to a disclaimer: "The content of this (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/niharika-parshurampuria">Niharika Parshurampuria</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/daniel-asensio-guasch">Daniel Asensio Guasch</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kris-van-hove">Kris Van Hove</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-eu-general-court-upholds-the-commission-s-decision-to-fine-a-semiconductor" rel="bookmark">The EU General Court upholds the Commission’s decision to fine a semiconductor manufacturer for predatory pricing <em>(Qualcomm)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-17T22:00:00Z">18 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121056 introduction entry-content"> <p>On 18 September 2024, the General Court delivered a judgement in Case-671/19 Qualcomm v Commission, upholding the Commission’s decision to impose a fine on Qualcomm for abuse of a dominant position in the UMTScompliant baseband chipset market in violation of Article 102 TFEU. The Court did, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/Relevant-market?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679lUCqbzCGD07VnS8oCax5Q58PBPZYCOK3aUnwqG/r51I9WEnp3TpcH/qvsySNpvDqdtfb79jj34N1AGYFmL4dooRumIZ63eImI9JnA+l3Sxqb+OftnS9h5LVZBbJ+YxaCyPlKJQrdey8QoGJSL1MgzGf17Z5EDevbeIQAtTx1I7pz1WRhixVi2JEZckFVIW/60HdtV6CDdrlQHoyFInSEu7swYvf5TYk1JidBz1680Use1uwzDb4sMdApCbCHyR9fw/vZ9xh6P//nanvBNsTHjcG+dBB222sKYtC4Yz4qt+5c+s7k7bM8zZSX/SAvfX7JH2bUku6nkyt/R' data-origin="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/olivier-guersent">Olivier Guersent</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/elvira-aliende-rodriguez">Elvira Aliende Rodriguez</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2024/interview/olivier-guersent-dg-comp-leading-transformation-in-eu-competition-enforcement-119807" rel="bookmark">Olivier Guersent (DG COMP): Leading Transformation in EU Competition Enforcement</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119807 introduction entry-content"> <p>Interview conducted by Elvira Aliende Rodriguez, Partner at Shearman & Sterling <br class='autobr' /> ********** <br class='autobr' /> General and merger control <br class='autobr' /> What do you think will be the most important legacy of the current Commission? <br class='autobr' /> It has been a challenging mandate, with successive crises that required decisive (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/josephine-thorson">Joséphine Thorson</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/books/european-union-competition-law-119115" rel="bookmark">European Union Competition Law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-29T23:00:00Z">March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119115 introduction entry-content"> <p>This Books section lists and comments on books and other publications on competition law, competition law & economics and regulatory law. Such a review cannot, by its very nature, be exhaustive, and is therefore limited to presenting a few recent publications in these fields. Authors and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christophe-carugati">Christophe Carugati</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/rima-alaily">Rima Alaily</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gregor-langus">Gregor Langus</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/norbert-maier">Norbert Maier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/rashid-muhamedrahimov">Rashid Muhamedrahimov</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/tone-oeyen">Tone Oeyen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/yesim-yargici">Yesim Yargıcı</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/rafael-longo">Rafael Longo</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marta-rocha">Marta Rocha</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/friso-bostoen">Friso Bostoen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anouk-van-der-veer">Anouk Van der Veer</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2024/on-topic/artificial-intelligence-and-antitrust" rel="bookmark">Artificial Intelligence and antitrust</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118602 introduction entry-content"> <p>Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) is a disruptive technology poised to bring about substantial and rapid social and economic impacts. In response, policymakers and regulators worldwide are not just observing but actively responding to the implications of GenAI on their respective (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/fayrouze-masmi-dazi">Fayrouze Masmi-Dazi</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2024/legal-practice/edging-antitrust-enforcement-in-the-generative-artificial-intelligence-era" rel="bookmark">Edging antitrust enforcement in the generative artificial intelligence era</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118108 introduction entry-content"> <p>The advent of massive use of artificial intelligence is reshuffling the cards in the global competitive equilibrium of the Internet and the platform economy. It is notably because of this ability of inference that GenAI poses difficult challenges in terms of transparency and explainability. This (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/laurene-bernot">Laurène Bernot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/romina-polley">Romina Polley</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/international/germany-stronger-enforcement-powers-for-the-german-federal-cartel-office-with-116691" rel="bookmark">Germany: Stronger enforcement powers for the German Federal Cartel Office with the New Competition Tool</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-29T23:00:00Z">March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-116691 introduction entry-content"> <p>On November 7, 2023, the highly controversial 11th Amendment to the German Act against Restraint of Competition entered into force. Following a sector inquiry, the German Federal Cartel Office can now order far-reaching behavioral and structural remedies against identified malfunctionings of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-chantrel">Étienne Chantrel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-philippe-gunther">Jacques-Philippe Gunther</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anne-perrot-1009">Anne Perrot</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/conferences/contemporary-issues-in-merger-control-nasse-seminar-paris-10-november-2023" rel="bookmark">Contemporary issues in merger control (Nasse Seminar - Paris, 10 November 2023)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-29T23:00:00Z">March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117394 introduction entry-content"> <p>At the Nasse seminar held on November 10, 2024, Jacques-Philippe Gunther (Partner, Latham & Watkins, Paris and Brussels) and Anne Perrot (Inspector General of Finances, Paris) debated on the topic "Contemporary Challenges of Merger Control". The session was moderated by Étienne Chantrel (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/isabelle-falque-pierrotin">Isabelle Falque-Pierrotin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/foreword/the-regulation-of-gambling-and-betting-balancing-the-sectors-in-the-face-of" rel="bookmark">The regulation of gambling and betting: Balancing the sectors in the face of competition and innovation</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-29T23:00:00Z">March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117256 introduction entry-content"> <p>The ordinance of October 2, 2019, which established the Autorité nationale des jeux (ANJ) to replace the Autorité de régulation des jeux en ligne (ARJEL), has enabled this independent administrative authority to take a global view of the market, no longer focusing on online gaming, but on all (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antonin-pitras">Antonin Pitras</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/books/fintech-competition-law-policy-and-market-organisation-117326" rel="bookmark">Fintech Competition: Law, Policy, and Market Organisation</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-29T23:00:00Z">March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117326 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/rebekka-schlieper-flamind">Rebekka Schlieper-Flamind</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2024/books/regulation-innovation-and-competition-in-pharmaceutical-markets-a-comparative-117349" rel="bookmark">Regulation, Innovation and Competition in Pharmaceutical Markets: A Comparative Study</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-29T23:00:00Z">March 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117349 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-chantrel">Étienne Chantrel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/enrique-canizares-pacheco">Enrique Cañizares Pacheco</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/thomas-bowman">Thomas Bowman</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/guillaume-duquesne">Guillaume Duquesne</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/nicolas-lluch">Nicolas Lluch</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/justin-lindeboom">Justin Lindeboom</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/de-bernard">Thibaut de Bernard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/esmeralda-jesoirens">Esmeralda Jesoirens</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/morgane-cure">Morgane Cure</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/on-topic/economic-analysis-and-relevant-markets-115114" rel="bookmark">Economic analysis and relevant markets</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-115114 introduction entry-content"> <p>Market definition is a crucial aspect of competition analysis, serving as the foundation for assessing market power and competitive positions of firms. Economic analysis, including methods like the hypothetical monopolist test, plays an increasingly significant role in defining relevant markets, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kyriakos-fountoukakos">Kyriakos Fountoukakos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/violetta-meli">Violetta Meli</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2023/legal-practice/competition-law-biosimilars-time-for-a-new-approach-or-not-yet" rel="bookmark">Competition law & biosimilars: Time for a new approach or not yet?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114692 introduction entry-content"> <p>Competition law enforcement in the pharmaceutical sector has been vigorous in recent years with regulators focusing on a variety of issues including denigration strategies, lifecycle management patent strategies, pricing rebates, and excessive pricing. This article aims to examine the case law (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/jingyuan-ma">Jingyuan Ma</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2022/livres/regulating-data-monopolies-a-law-and-economics-perspective-jingyuan-ma" rel="bookmark">Regulating Data Monopolies: A Law and Economics Perspective, Jingyuan MA</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114879 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/thomas-bowman">Thomas Bowman</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/de-bernard">Thibaut de Bernard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/guillaume-duquesne">Guillaume Duquesne</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2023/law-economics/getting-over-market-definition-the-nvidia-arm-merger" rel="bookmark">Getting over market definition: The <em>NVIDIA/Arm</em> merger</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-113241 introduction entry-content"> <p>Understanding competition between ecosystems is increasingly important in competition cases concerning digital markets. This article contributes to the debate on reforming the traditional approach to market definition in digital markets, calling for an increased focus on indirect ecosystem (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurent-godfroid">Laurent Godfroid</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/theodore-plat">Théodore Plat</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2023/legal-practice/dma-in-the-service-of-efficiency-what-practice-is-expected-from-the-ban-on-self" rel="bookmark">DMA in the service of efficiency: What practice is expected from the ban on self-preferencing?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-113634 introduction entry-content"> <p>While the contentious twists and turns of the self-preferencing ban drag on before the Court of Justice, the Digital Markets Act seems tailor-made to contain this practice in the digital sector. The terms of Article 6(5), which prohibit self-preferencing, pave the way for strong action against (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/philip-marsden">Philip Marsden</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2023/interview/chatgpt-4-openai-philip-marsden-interviews-chatgpt-about-competition-law" rel="bookmark">ChatGPT 4 (OpenAI) : Philip Marsden interviews (rap style) ChatGPT about competition law, digital markets, privacy, ethics and enforcement practicalities</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112568 introduction entry-content"> <p>Interview conducted by Philip Marsden, Deputy Chair of the Bank of England and Professor of Law and Economics at the College of Europe, over 3 minutes on 9 May 2023. Answers were requested in the form of a brief rap. Interviewing ChatGPT on competition law, privacy, ethics, compliance, and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/Relevant-market?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yVjRxW9uyhvoadstiZwrDaIw89H/c5fcAinu+MYxRx6Fo6bRWMTB03Xb2ZwQJh3JRI6ERjJRveZs8+B8iRsKNFRm/xFrqmsZgnLPlbdpnSva/I9EemnLheklIGcvo+fUj+/pKLDTECmpYaC3mly7MSO96HQS0Tqc9zP4LsB/mJCkNXqC4CYWa8j9CXjcbI5/n8+E6wvzU2RN59OkvhMURhKW0s0lEBxzBNKeHDfrTJs2kQXpfJ/lx6+sqtshzDaUKPKTW1TAcgPvp4unQ0KImiyQXTIFNiP8YQdltLum5YtyC1PuoPwJZkgh9YCpXfqghuM+0nHFYOPwEvfBgGb8P3JqHBR87c=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-jenny">Frédéric Jenny</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/michael-g-jacobides-125245">Michael G. Jacobides</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marshall-van-alstyne">Marshall Van Alstyne</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/cristina-alaimo">Cristina Alaimo</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-kramler">Thomas Kramler</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/avantika-chowdhury">Avantika Chowdhury</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/simeon-thornton">Simeon Thornton</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/digital-enforcement-innovation-101264-en" rel="bookmark">Digital Enforcement & Innovation</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-06-29T15:00:00Z">29 June 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-101264 introduction entry-content"><p>The "Digital Enforcement & Innovation?" Chatham House Rule style round-table featured key presentations by <a href="en/authors/frederic-jenny" class="spip_in">Frédéric Jenny</a> (OECD - Competition Division), <a href="en/auteurs/martin-peitz" class="spip_in">Michael Jacobides</a> (London Business School) and <a href="en/authors/marshall-van-alstyne" class="spip_in">Marshall Van Alstyne</a> (Boston University) followed by a live debate with key stakeholders from competition agencies, economists, lawyers and academics, and closed by a Q&A session. The presentations, the debate and the Q&A were chaired by <a href="en/authors/frederic-jenny" class="spip_in">Frédéric Jenny</a> (OECD - Competition Division). This third-of-its-kind Chatham House Rule style round-table was co-organised by Concurrences in partnership with Facebook, Freshfields and Oxera.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/ginger-zhe-jin">Ginger Zhe Jin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/molly-herron">Molly Herron</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/robert-milne">Robert Milne</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christine-siegwarth-meyer">Christine Siegwarth Meyer</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/antitrust-in-life-sciences-3-generics-pay-for-delay-patent-settlements-reverse" rel="bookmark">Antitrust in Life Sciences #3 Generics: Pay-For-Delay, Patent Settlements, Reverse Payment, Price-Fixing & Market Allocation</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-06-24T15:00:00Z">24 June 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-100004 introduction entry-content"><p>3rd webinar of the 2nd « Antitrust in Life Sciences » Conference organised by Concurrences, in partnership with NERA Economic Consulting and White & Case, with <a href="en/authors/molly-herron" class="spip_in">Molly Herron</a> (Lead Group Antitrust Counsel - ex-Americas, Novartis), <a href="en/auteurs/ginger-zhe-jin" class="spip_in">Ginger Jin</a> (Professor, University of Maryland), <a href="en/auteurs/david-blackburn" class="spip_in">Christine Meyer</a> (Chair, Intellectual Property Practice & Managing Director, NERA Economic Consulting) and <a href="en/authors/robert-milne" class="spip_in">Robert Milne</a> (Partner, White & Case).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alec-j-burnside">Alec J. Burnside</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/cecilio-madero-villarejo">Cecilio Madero Villarejo</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/francois-garnier">François Garnier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pascal-belmin">Pascal Belmin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/clara-ingen-housz">Clara Ingen-Housz</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/melanie-thill-tayara">Mélanie Thill-Tayara</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/8th-global-merger-control-conference-3-in-house-counsel-showcase-session" rel="bookmark">8th Global Merger Control Conference #3 In-house counsel showcase session & Closing discussion</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-12-04T14:00:00Z">4 December 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-97336 introduction entry-content"><p>3rd Webinar of the « 8th Global Merger Control Conference » organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Dechert. In-house counsel panel with <a href="en/authors/pascal-belmin" class="spip_in">Pascal Belmin</a> (Head of EU Regulatory Affairs, Airbus), <a href="en/authors/francois-garnier" class="spip_in">François Garnier</a> (Group General Counsel, Ipsen), <a href="en/authors/clara-ingen-housz" class="spip_in">Clara Ingen-Housz</a> (Chief Compliance Officer & Head of Legal - Competition, Corruption, Embargoes, Saint-Gobain) and <a href="en/authors/melanie-thill-tayara" class="spip_in">Mélanie Thill-Tayara</a> (Partner, Dechert).</br><br class='autobr' /> Closing discussion with <a href="en/authors/cecilio-madero-villarejo" class="spip_in">Cecilio Madero</a> (Former Deputy Director-General for Mergers, DG COMP) and <a href="en/authors/alec-j-burnside" class="spip_in">Alec Burnside</a> (Partner, Dechert).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/faustine-viala">Faustine Viala</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-chantrel">Étienne Chantrel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gildas-de-muizon">Gildas de Muizon</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/simon-genevaz">Simon Genevaz</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/what-changes-in-merger-control" rel="bookmark"> What changes in merger control?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-12-11T10:00:00Z">11 December 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-98014 introduction entry-content"><p>Webinar of the "Law & Economics" Series organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Deloitte and Willkie Farr & Gallagher, with <a href="en/authors/etienne-chantrel" class="spip_in">Etienne Chantrel</a> (Head of Mergers Unit, Autorité de la concurrence), <a href="en/authors/simon-genevaz" class="spip_in">Simon Genevaz</a> (Deputy Head of Unit – Mergers, Markets and cases II: Information, Communication and Media, DG COMP), <a href="en/authors/gildas-de-muizon" class="spip_in">Gildas de Muizon</a> (Partner, Head of the Economic Advisory practice, Deloitte) and <a href="en/authors/faustine-viala" class="spip_in">Faustine Viala</a> (Partner, Willkie Farr & Gallagher).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-csiszar">Paul Csiszar</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/andrea-collart">Andrea Collart</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pascal-belmin">Pascal Belmin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/luc-gyselen">Luc Gyselen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/security-of-supply-chains-how-to-address-it-in-covid-19-and-beyond" rel="bookmark">Security of Supply Chains: How to address it in Covid-19 and beyond?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-06-29T13:30:00Z">29 June 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-95314 introduction entry-content"><p>Webinar of the "#NewAntitrust" Webinar Series organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Arnold & Porter and Avisa Partners, with <a href="en/authors/paul-csiszar" class="spip_in">Paul Csiszar</a> (Director, Markets and cases IV: Basic industries, Manufacturing and Agriculture, DG COMP), <a href="en/authors/pascal-belmin" class="spip_in">Pascal Belmin</a> (Head of EU regulatory affairs, Airbus), <a href="en/auteurs/andrea-collart" class="spip_in">Andrea Collart</a> (Partner, Avisa Partners) and <a href="en/authors/luc-gyselen" class="spip_in">Luc Gyselen</a> (Partner, Arnold & Porter).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/maria-raffaella-assetta">Maria-Raffaella Assetta</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/peter-d-camesasca">Peter Camesasca</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/horst-henschen">Horst Henschen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/webinar-9-foreign-direct-investment-in-europe-what-s-around-the-corner-legal-en" rel="bookmark">Webinar #9 Foreign Direct Investment in Europe: What’s around the corner? Legal insight and EU Commission perspective</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-06-12T13:30:00Z">12 June 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-94998 introduction entry-content"><p>Webinar of the "#NewAntitrust" Webinar Series organised by Concurrences with <a href="en/auteurs/maria-raffaella-assetta" class="spip_in">Maria-Raffaella Assetta</a> (Deputy Head of Unit - Free movement of Capital and application of EU law, DG FISMA), <a href="en/authors/peter-d-camesasca" class="spip_in">Peter Camesasca</a> (Partner, Covington) and <a href="en/authors/horst-henschen" class="spip_in">Horst Henschen</a> (Of Counsel, Covington).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/martijn-snoep">Martijn Snoep</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/eliana-garces">Eliana Garces</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/catriona-hatton">Catriona Hatton</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/guillaume-loriot">Guillaume Loriot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/maureen-ohlhausen">Maureen Ohlhausen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mike-walker">Mike Walker</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/hanna-anttilainen">Hanna Anttilainen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Paul-Cuomo">Paul Cuomo</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/hugh-hollman">Hugh Hollman</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/margaret-kyle">Margaret Kyle</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-lugard">Paul Lugard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/sarah-biontino">Sarah Biontino</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/marianne-frisell-schreuder-2wglobal-com">Marianne Frisell Schreuder</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nicolas-pourbaix">Nicolas Pourbaix</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/matthew-levitt">Matthew Levitt</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/global-antitrust-hot-topics-eu-us-global-perspectives-90287" rel="bookmark">Global Antitrust Hot Topics : EU, US & Global Perspectives</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-09-26T10:00:00Z">26 September 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-90287 introduction entry-content"><p>This 7th edition of the Global Antitrust Hot Topics half-day conference was organised by Concurrences and Baker Botts, in partnership with Cornerstone Research and CRA.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/adina-claici">Adina Claici</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/alexis-walckiers">Alexis Walckiers</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/claus-kastberg-nielsen">Claus Kastberg Nielsen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/colin-raftery">Colin Raftery</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-higbee-23044">David Higbee</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/elvira-aliende-rodriguez">Elvira Aliende Rodriguez</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/iulian-stanciu">Iulian Stanciu</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/jakob-hald">Jakob Hald</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/jonas-hedman">Jonas Hedman</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marie-goppelsroeder">Marie Goppelsroeder</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/natalia-przystasz">Natalia Przystasz</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/noemie-papp">Noémie Papp</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/norbert-maier">Norbert Maier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/tommaso-valletti">Tommaso Valletti</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/witte-wijsmuller">Witte Wijsmuller</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/towards-more-competition-in-high-tech-markets-european-perspectives" rel="bookmark">Towards more competition in high-tech markets? European perspectives</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-10-24T15:00:00Z">24 October 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-87558 introduction entry-content"><p>This 2nd edition of the Competition in high-tech markets half-day conference was organized by Concurrences Review, in partnership with Copenhagen Economics and Shearman & Sterling.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alvaro-ramos">Alvaro Ramos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/andreas-blomquist">Andreas Blomquist</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/ricard-yannick">Aymeric de Moncuit</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/catriona-hatton">Catriona Hatton</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/cristina-caffarra">Cristina Caffarra</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-cardwell">David Cardwell</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/eliana-garces">Eliana Garces</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/hanna-anttilainen">Hanna Anttilainen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/james-mancini">James Mancini</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Jessica-Ramos">Jessica Ramos-Byrne</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/john-m-taladay">John Taladay</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/maria-maher">Maria Maher</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michael-j-perry">Michael J. Perry</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-lugard">Paul Lugard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ryan-foley">Ryan Foley</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/tommaso-valletti">Tommaso Valletti</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/xavier-boutin">Xavier Boutin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/global-antitrust-hot-topics-eu-us-global-perspectives-87292" rel="bookmark">Global Antitrust Hot Topics : EU, US & Global Perspectives</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-09-20T10:00:00Z">20 September 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-87292 introduction entry-content"><p>This 6th edition of the Global Antitrust Hot Topics half-day conference was organized by Concurrences Review and Baker Botts, in partnership with Compass Lexecon, Cornerstone Research and CRA.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/bwautelet-lefigaro-fr">Bénédicte Wautelet</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/brice-allibert">Brice Allibert</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/etienne-pfister">Etienne Pfister</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/florence-ninane">Florence Ninane</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/maria-maher">Maria Maher</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/electronic-platforms-and-competition-law-en" rel="bookmark">Electronic platforms and competition law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-09-11T10:30:00Z">11 September 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-87234 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics workshop organised by Concurrences Review with Brice Allibert (DG COMP), Etienne Pfister (Autorité de la concurrence), in partnership Allen & Overy and Cornerstone Research.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/carles-esteva-mosso">Carles Esteva Mosso</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-sevy">David Sevy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/xavier-boutin">Xavier Boutin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/yann-utzschneider">Yann Utzschneider</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/mergers-and-competition-eu-and-french-perspectives" rel="bookmark">Mergers and competition : EU and French perspectives</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-05-29T17:00:00Z">29 May 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-87254 introduction entry-content"><p>Dinner organised by Concurrences Review with keynote speaker Carles Esteva Mosso, in partnership with White & Case and Compass Lexecon.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/adina-claici">Adina Claici</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/alexandre-de-streel">Alexandre de Streel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/arvid-fredenberg">Arvid Fredenberg</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/claus-kastberg-nielsen">Claus Kastberg Nielsen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/david-bailey">David Bailey</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/geert-goeteyn">Geert Goeteyn</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/georgios-petropoulos">Georgios Petropoulos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/griet-jans">Griet Jans</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/liza-lovdahl-gormsen">Liza Lovdahl Gormsen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mark-powell">Mark Powell</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/svend-albaek">Svend Albæk</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/thomas-ronde">Thomas Rønde</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ulf-oberg">Ulf Öberg</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/cyber-competition-new-challenges-for-antitrust-enforcers" rel="bookmark">Cyber competition: New challenges for antitrust enforcers?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-09-21T10:00:00Z">21 September 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-84353 introduction entry-content"><p>Conference organised in Brussels by Concurrences Review in partnership with Copenhagen Economics, Shearman & Sterling and White & Case.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alexis-brunelle">Alexis Brunelle</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-sevy">David Sevy</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marta-giner-asins">Marta Giner Asins</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/new-frontiers-of-exchange-of-information" rel="bookmark">New frontiers of exchange of information</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-10-04T10:00:00Z">4 October 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83078 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop in partnership with Norton Rose Fulbright and Compass Lexecon.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nathalie-jalabert-doury">Nathalie Jalabert-Doury</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pascale-dechamps">Pascale Déchamps</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/simon-genevaz">Simon Genevaz</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/catchment-areas-in-merger-control" rel="bookmark">Catchment areas in merger control </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-07-05T10:00:00Z">5 July 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83068 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Mayer Brown and Oxera.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuel-combe">Emmanuel Combe</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/koen-platteau">Koen Platteau</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ombline-ancelin">Ombline Ancelin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/philippe-fevrier">Philippe Février</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/competition-in-the-pharmaceutical-sector-what-s-new" rel="bookmark">Competition in the Pharmaceutical Sector — What’s new?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-04-14T10:00:00Z">14 April 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83032 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with Simmons & Simmons and MAPP.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/Relevant-market?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsections_books related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-books"> <span>Books</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679lCCrzvml+ncnzHRQ2gy9fl4NwrVkGppqRDzNEDTNpf295aVAWGs4GNxJFSTNy4OLShA2jHRxdahxMLpfprRtGWziDUOC9CpOMgVuUiM9gc9A2tx/RbH8frJPyeW+JkyuqjwDXdsj72ls3lbKCn7ojfRXogs1FFcvHkE66+1mxiFPQhUuXdGFKHeSS7igpGxXWIL4WfcV79ws7YZ402khzVFivNm5hzkp4UTvZ8TTCw165o9pYrUfm8G1gzQ8OzjlWRz9E5DuoqnKRvjlFlhHo++QRbp1hSpP0/3u8k7e/BYolne6xiL75LIInA2rNx18w1XhrWmHgiNzV' data-origin="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sean-sullivan">Sean Sullivan</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/all-books/the-2023-us-merger-guidelines" rel="bookmark">The 2023 U.S. Merger Guidelines</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-08T22:00:00Z">9 April 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117614 introduction entry-content"> <p>This multi-contributors guide invites you to explore the detailed landscape of antitrust law and economic policy through a comprehensive review of the 2023 U.S. Merger Guidelines. Written by a panel of esteemed scholars and practitioners, this volume offers a diverse array of perspectives on the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/adrian-emch">Adrian Emch</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/wendy-ng">Wendy Ng</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/all-books/wang-xiaoye-liber-amicorum" rel="bookmark">Wang Xiaoye Liber Amicorum</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-11-19T23:00:00Z">20 November 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-91583 introduction entry-content"> <p>Without Professor Xiaoye Wang, Chinese competition law would not be in the shape it is today. Perhaps the key competition statute – the Anti-Monopoly Law (AML) – would not even have been enacted without her relentless efforts to push the competition law agenda in China. Professor Wang’s 70th (…)</p> </div> </article></div> </div> <h3 class="">Chapters</h3> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yVjQxWtuyhvcafc+JHbJdBm3gUAEbNxysds58EILr/VH6SYYT5YOLc7AepE6mJSqmIVtem9r35u7RblCeXQ3ScppIz7peOOB/EB7tQfFVXgvJtsIBGVcz2yReQs7XSuT3UupygVQO2DiVbjZSnfZNq47FeQQ9rS1+Hqr11DnGbjj4uptz5QGsmmFpmFpAiKjx6+9+JaR7iphvPkrTveNqrlI1HuVIqBcq9MQq+2HJH13USXhXN5Ux6Ap8+XnrDaUMPKQmvh3F1xzIM+nVF+9XayYHTMFtju/URA+uHdjqKtM/uKDpApETNtNVdft57Kw6A+AwGu5o8T+N4OMlbijNVhAXcPq8nU' data-origin="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market"> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/diane-wood-57132">Diane Wood</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/why-competition-voices-from-the-antitrust-community-and-beyond-1493#id=131895" rel="bookmark">Why Competition? Voices from the Antitrust Community and Beyond <small>An Analysis of Why Competition</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-21T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">22 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">63Why Competition? An Analysis of Why CompetitionDiane P. W ood * The University of Chicago Every now and then, it is a good idea to step back and re-examine basic assumptions. Those assumptions typically operate at a variety of levels: personally, philosophically, empirically, and morally, to (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/jean-pascal-chazal">Jean-Pascal Chazal</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/why-competition-voices-from-the-antitrust-community-and-beyond-1493#id=132004" rel="bookmark">Why Competition? Voices from the Antitrust Community and Beyond <small>Competition Law. Solving or Dissolving the Social Question</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-21T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">22 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">635Why Competition? Competition Law: Solving or Dissolving the Social Question? * Jean-Pascal Chazal Sciences Po The origins of competition law lie in the desire to resolve the social question, that is, the problem that arises in a democratic society when the majority of the people participate (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/damien-gerard">Damien Gerard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/daniel-a-crane">Daniel A. Crane</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/randy-tritell-2131">Randolph Tritell</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/why-competition-voices-from-the-antitrust-community-and-beyond-1493#id=131981" rel="bookmark">Why Competition? Voices from the Antitrust Community and Beyond <small>KFTC’s Response to Promote Competition in Digital Markets</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-21T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">22 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">459Why Competition? KFTC's Response to Promote Competition in Digital MarketsHan Ki Jeong * Korea Fair Trade Commission I. Introduction Now we are in the digital economy, where digital technologies shape the competitive landscape of a market determining a winner and a loser. How to respond to (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/kristian-stout">Kristian Stout</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/lazar-radic">Lazar Radic</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/artificial-intelligence-and-competition-policy-1491#id=129684" rel="bookmark">Artificial Intelligence and Competition Policy <small><strong>Part II: AI Challenges for Competition Law</strong></br>What is the Relevant Product Market in AI?</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-24T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">25 </span><span class="m">Sep</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">105Arti cial Intelligence and Competition Policy PART II AI Challenges for Competition Law 107Arti cial Intelligence and Competition Policy What is the Relevant Product Market in AI? Lazar Radic * and Kristian Stout ** IE Law School, Madrid International Center for Law & Economics, Portland (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/oliver-budzinski-47399">Oliver Budzinski</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/victoriia-noskova">Victoriia Noskova</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/artificial-intelligence-and-competition-policy-1491#id=129691" rel="bookmark">Artificial Intelligence and Competition Policy <small>Computational Methods in the Evaluation of Mergers and Acquisitions</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-24T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">25 </span><span class="m">Sep</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">231Arti cial Intelligence and Competition Policy Computational Methods in the Evaluation of Mergers and Acquisitions Victoriia Noskova * and Oliver Budzinski ** Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany Abstract Computational antitrust is gaining popularity among competition authorities all (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Stephen-Dnes">Stephen Dnes</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/artificial-intelligence-and-competition-policy-1491#id=129685" rel="bookmark">Artificial Intelligence and Competition Policy <small>Defining AI Markets: Who is Afraid of Digital Ghosts?</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-24T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">25 </span><span class="m">Sep</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">133Arti cial Intelligence and Competition Policy Defining AI Markets: Who is Afraid of Digital Ghosts? Stephen Dnes * Royal Holloway, University of London Abstract “Digital ghosts” from perceived missteps with Web 2.0 technologies pervade antitrust analysis of artificial intelligence. Chief (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gregory-werden">Gregory Werden</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/the-2023-us-merger-guidelines-a-review-1474#id=123178" rel="bookmark">The 2023 U.S. Merger Guidelines: A Review <small>Market Delineation under the New Merger Guidelines Gerrymandering Redux</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-08T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">9 </span><span class="m">Apr</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">171The 2023 U. S. Merger Gudelines: A Review Market Delineation under the New Merger Guidelines: Gerrymandering Redux Gregory J. W erden * Mercatus Center at George Mason University * Gregory J. Werden is a visiting scholar at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University. After earning a Ph.D. (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sean-sullivan">Sean Sullivan</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/the-2023-us-merger-guidelines-a-review-1474#id=123177" rel="bookmark">The 2023 U.S. Merger Guidelines: A Review <small>The Evolution (and Devolution) of Market Structure Reasoning</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-08T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">9 </span><span class="m">Apr</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">147The 2023 U. S. Merger Gudelines: A Review The Evolution (and Devolution) of Market Structure Reasoning Sean P. Sullivan * University of Iowa College of Law * Professor of Law & Bauma Faculty Fellow in Law, University of Iowa College of Law. 149The 2023 U. S. Merger Gudelines: A Review Sean P. (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/berfu-akgun">Berfu Akgun</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/beyza-timur">Beyza Timur</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/turkish-competition-law-884#id=73074" rel="bookmark">Turkish Competition Law <small>Chapter 6 - Concept of Dominance</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-11-23T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">24 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2021</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">Turkish Competition Law – Gönenç Gürkaynak181 Chapter 6 Concept of Dominance Gönenç Gürkaynak, Esq., Berfu Akgün * and Beyza Timur ** Under the Turkish competition law regime, for conduct to constitute an abuse of domi nant position under Article 6 of Law No. 4054, the undertaking(s) in (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Alberto-Heimler">Alberto Heimler</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/allan-fels">Allan Fels</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/darryl-biggar">Darryl Biggar</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/eleanor-m-fox-liber-amicorum-antitrust-ambassador-to-the-world-879#id=71868" rel="bookmark">Eleanor M. Fox Liber Amicorum - Antitrust Ambassador to the World <small>The Goals of Competition Law Debate and Competition Policy for Labor Markets</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-10-26T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">27 </span><span class="m">Oct</span></span><span class="y"> 2021</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">139Eleanor M. Fox | Antitrust Ambassador to the World - Liber Amicorum The Goals of Competition Law Debate and Competition Policy for Labor Markets Darryl Biggar, *1 Allan Fels, ** Alberto Heimler *** Australian Competition Commission | University of Melbourne Italian National School of (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/randy-stutz">Randy Stutz</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/albert-a-foer-liber-amicorum#id=63007" rel="bookmark">Albert A. Foer Liber Amicorum <small>Mr. Magoo at the Drive-Through: The Right Antitrust Lens for Labor-Market Restraints in Franchise Settings</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-10-13T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">14 </span><span class="m">Oct</span></span><span class="y"> 2020</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">193Albert A. Foer | AfiConsumer Voice in the Antitrust Arena - Liber Amicorum Mr. Magoo at the Drive-Through: The Right Antitrust Lens for Labor-Market Restraints in Franchise Settings Randy M. S tutz *1 American Antitrust Institute Abstract Lost in modern debate over the merits and demerits of (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andrea-usai">Andrea Usai</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/richard-whish-qc-hon-liber-amicorum-604#id=57633" rel="bookmark">Richard Whish QC (Hon) Liber Amicorum <small>The Commission’s Merger Practice and New and E-Mobility: A Case Study: the <em>Daimler / BMW / Car Sharing JV</em> merger</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-03-10T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">11 </span><span class="m">Mar</span></span><span class="y"> 2020</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">403Richard Whish QC (Hon) | Taking Competition Law Outside the Box - Liber Amicorum The Commission's Merger Practice and New and E-Mobility: A Case Study: the Daimler / BMW / Car Sharing JV merger Andrea Usai *1 Directorate-General for Competition of the European Commission Abstract The (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/ping-lin">Ping Lin</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/wang-xiaoye-liber-amicorum-581#id=54234" rel="bookmark">Wang Xiaoye Liber Amicorum <small>Defining Relevant Markets in the Presence of Piracy: A Framework for Analyzing Demand Substitution</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-11-19T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">20 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2019</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">115Wang Xiaoye | The Pioneer Of Competition Law In China - Liber Amicorum Defining Relevant Markets in the Presence of Piracy: A Framework for Analyzing Demand Substitution Lin Ping* Lingnan University Abstract Market definition is an important first step in antitrust analysis. This chapter (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/konstantina-bania">Konstantina Bania</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/the-role-of-media-pluralism-in-the-enforcement-of-eu-competition-law#id=51798" rel="bookmark">The Role of Media Pluralism in the Enforcement of EU Competition Law <small><strong>Chapter 4 - EU Merger Control in the Broadcasting Sector</strong></small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-09-30T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">1 </span><span class="m">Oct</span></span><span class="y"> 2019</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">K. Bania — The Role of Media Pluralism in the Enforcement of EU Competition Law 117 CHAPTER 4 EU MERGER CONTROL IN THE BROADCASTING SECTOR Introduction One of the first steps in answering the question of how EU competition law can be applied so as to take account of media pluralism was to (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Enrico-Adriano-Raffaelli">Enrico Adriano Raffaelli</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/frederic-jenny-liber-amicorum-535#id=46791" rel="bookmark">Frédéric Jenny Liber Amicorum <small>Regulation and Antitrust in the Pharmaceutical Field</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-12-31T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">1 </span><span class="m">Jan</span></span><span class="y"> 2019</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">275Frédéric Jenny | Standing Up for Convergence and Relevance in Antitrust - Liber Amicorum -Volume I Regulation and Antitrust in the Pharmaceutical Field Enrico Adriano Raffaelli * Rucellai & Raffaelli Abstract The contribution deals with the relationship between regulation and antitrust in (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_chapitres' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/Relevant-market?debut_chapitres=15#pagination_chapitres' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#related-events" data-target="#related-events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#related-books" data-target="#related-books">Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#a" data-anchor="#a">a</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#b" data-anchor="#b">b</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#c" data-anchor="#c">c</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#d" data-anchor="#d">d</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#e" data-anchor="#e">e</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#f" data-anchor="#f">f</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#g" data-anchor="#g">g</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#h" data-anchor="#h">h</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#i" data-anchor="#i">i</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#j" data-anchor="#j">j</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#k" data-anchor="#k">k</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#l" data-anchor="#l">l</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#m" data-anchor="#m">m</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#n" data-anchor="#n">n</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#o" data-anchor="#o">o</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#p" data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Relevant-market#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: '#menu-definition', offset: 130 }); jQuery('body').scrollspy({ target: '#definition-index', offset: 130 }); jQuery(document).scrollspy({ target: '#related-index', offset: 130 }); // Affichage de l'index var $btn_index = jQuery('[data-target="#index"]'); var $index = jQuery('#index'); $btn_index.on('click', function(e) { e.stopPropagation(); var me = jQuery(this); if (me.is('.collapsed')) { $btn_index.removeClass('in'); me.addClass('in'); var $container = $index.closest('.relative-content'); var y = me.offset().top - $container.offset().top + me.outerHeight(); var picto = me.find('.picto-round'); if (!picto.length) { picto = me; } var h = jQuery(window).height() - ($container.offset().top + y - jQuery(window).scrollTop()) - 25; y = Math.round(y); h = Math.round(h); $index.css({top:y+'px',maxHeight:h+'px'}); var x = picto.offset().left - $container.offset().left + picto.outerWidth() / 2 + 20; $index.find('.arrow-top').css({left:x+'px'}); me.removeClass('collapsed'); $index.collapse('show'); jQuery('body').addClass('index-visible'); } else { $index.collapse('hide'); } return false; }) $index.on('shown.bs.collapse', function() { // console.log('shown.bs.collapse'); }); $index.on('hidden.bs.collapse', function() { // console.log('hidden.bs.collapse'); $btn_index.addClass('collapsed'); jQuery('body').removeClass('index-visible') }); $index.find('.close').on('click', function() { $index.collapse('hide'); }); $index.on('click', 'a.lettre', function(e) { e.stopPropagation(); var anchor = jQuery(this).data('anchor'); jQuery('.glossaire-index', $index).scrollTo(anchor, {duration: 500,axis: 'y'}); return false; }).find('a.lettre').off('click'); // Menu général sticky // var topHeight = 50; // jQuery('.menu-glossaire-wrapper').each(function() { // var me = jQuery(this); // var offset = me.offset(); // me.affix({offset: {top:offset.top - topHeight}}); // topHeight += 50; // }); // Scroll auto vers ancre if (window.location.hash) { // console.log('ScrollTo '+window.location.hash); // setTimeout(function(){jQuery('[data-target="'+window.location.hash+'"]').click()},200); } }); </script> </main> <aside class="aside secondary" id="aside"> </aside> <aside class="extra secondary" id="extra"> </aside> </div> </div> <footer class="banner-bottom" id="banner-bottom"> <div class="container"> <div class="banners clearfix format-full position-bas" 1 data-ride="carousel" data-interval="5000"> <div class="banners-inner" role="listbox" style="padding-bottom: 5.33%"> <div class="item active"> <a href="https://www.filigranes.be/philippe-emmanuel-partsch-les-5-travaux-d-europe-une-europe-qui-nous-fera-grandir"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c1198031097 png" style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> <source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270223 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266213 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266636 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266532 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732267095 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732271479 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732270472 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272649 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732270251 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277555 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732277529 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270976 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266622 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732268300 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277558 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277174 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277555 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272968 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274035 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a href="https://www.filigranes.be/philippe-emmanuel-partsch-les-5-travaux-d-europe-une-europe-qui-nous-fera-grandir"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c1198031097 png" style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> <source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270223 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266213 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266636 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266532 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732267095 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732271479 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732270472 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272649 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732270251 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277555 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732277529 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270976 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266622 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732268300 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277558 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277174 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277555 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272968 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274035 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a href="https://www.filigranes.be/philippe-emmanuel-partsch-les-5-travaux-d-europe-une-europe-qui-nous-fera-grandir"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c1198031097 png" style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> <source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270223 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266213 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266636 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266532 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732267095 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732271479 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732270472 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272649 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732270251 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277555 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732277529 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270976 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266622 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732268300 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277558 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277174 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277555 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272968 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274035 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-4-2024/interview/margrethe-vestager-eu-commission-the-legacy-interview-confidence-in-eu-121361"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c2409683958 png" style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> <source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png@.webp?1731420204 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png@.webp?1731420165 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png@.webp?1731420482 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png@.webp?1731420001 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png@.webp?1731420205 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png?1731421563 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png?1731421556 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png?1731421533 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png?1731421553 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png?1731421557 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png@.webp?1731421554 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png@.webp?1731421561 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png@.webp?1731421536 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png@.webp?1731420019 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png@.webp?1731421564 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png?1731421554 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png?1731421544 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png?1731421546 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png?1731421557 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png?1731421536 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png@.webp?1731421544 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png@.webp?1731420996 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png@.webp?1731421045 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png@.webp?1731420025 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png@.webp?1731419995 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png?1731420074' alt=' Vestager Interview EN' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png?1731421563 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png?1731421554 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png?1731421559 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png?1731421557 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-5-2.png?1731420074 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <footer class="footer" id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-4 col-xs-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6 col-md-4"> <div class="adresse small"> <img src='squelettes/img/logo/concurrences-crop.svg?1704296160' alt='Concurrences' class='logo-concurrences' width='1680' height='408' /> <img src='squelettes/img/logo/20ans/20ans-crop.svg?1704296160' alt='Concurrences' class='logo-20ans' width='617' height='439' /> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-md-8"> <div class="adresse small"> <p>19 avenue Jean Aicard<br class='autobr' /> 75011 Paris, France </p> <p>106 West 32nd Street, Suite 149<br class='autobr' /> New York, NY, 10001, USA </p> <p>Camden Gateway, 349 Royal College St,<br class='autobr' /> London NW1 9QS, UK </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-3 col-sm-offset-1"> <div class="menu small"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6"> <ul class="menu-liste menu-items nav nav-list"> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/bulletin/" class="menu-items__lien">Bulletin</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/review/" class="menu-items__lien">Review</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/events/" class="menu-items__lien">Events</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique"> <a href="en/all-books/" class="menu-items__lien">Books</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="col-sm-6"><ul class="menu-liste menu-items nav nav-list"> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_badge on active"> <a href="en/dictionary/" class="menu-items__lien">Dictionary <small>Free</small></a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/podcasts" class="menu-items__lien">Podcasts</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_lien"> <a href="https://awards.concurrences.com" class="menu-items__lien">Awards</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item-primary"> <a href="en/abonnements/" class="menu-items__lien">Subscriptions</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-4 col-xs-6 col-sm-offset-1"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-6 w450"> <div class="links small"> <ul class="menu-liste menu-items nav" data-depth="0"> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_page-speciale plan"> <a href="en/page/sitemap/" class="menu-items__lien">Site map</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/institute" class="menu-items__lien">Concurrences</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/terms-of-use-63" class="menu-items__lien">Terms of Use</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/terms-of-sale" class="menu-items__lien">Terms of Sale</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/write-for-concurrences-review" class="menu-items__lien">Publish</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-6 w450"> <div class="tools small"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="en/page/subscriptions/"><i class="picto picto-footer-abonnements"></i> Subscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="en/page/contact/" class="popin"><i class="picto picto-footer-contact"></i> Contact</a></li> <li> <a href="en/page/subscribe/"><i class="picto picto-footer-newsletter"></i> Newsletter</a> </li> <li><a href="https://calendly.com/concurrences/30min" rel="external" target="blank">Request a demo</a></li> </ul> <span class="social social_links"> <a class="social__icon social__icon_twitter" href="https://twitter.com/CompetitionLaws" title="Visit our Twitter page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_twitter-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Twitter (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/institute-of-competition-law-icl-institut-de-droit-de-la-concurrence-idc-" title="Visit our Linkedin page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_linkedin-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Linkedin (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/concurrences.review/" title="Visit our Facebook page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_facebook-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Facebook (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/concurrences_review/" title="Visit our Instagram page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_instagram-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Instagram (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/ConcurrencesReview" title="Visit our Youtube page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_youtube-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Youtube (opens a new window)</span> </a> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div>  <script type="text/javascript"> (function() { var w=window,d=document,r="",g=d.createElement('script'),s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; try{r=w.top.document.referrer}catch(Y){if(w.parent){try{r=w.parent.document.referrer}catch(X){r=""}}}if(r===""){r=d.referrer} g.type='text/javascript';g.defer=true;g.async=true;g.src="//www.concurrences.com/spip.php?action=statsjs&c=YToyOntzOjExOiJpZF9ydWJyaXF1ZSI7czozOiIxNjEiO3M6MTA6ImlkX2FydGljbGUiO3M6NToiMTIyOTciO30="+"&r="+btoa(r);s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script></body></html>