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width='18' height='16' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Institution Definition</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-references'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#references" data-target="#references"><span class="picto-round picto-references"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-references.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='15' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">References</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-index'><button class="btn btn-link collapsed" role="button" data-target="#index" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="index"><span class="picto-round picto-index"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-index.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Table of contents</span></button></li></ul></div> <header class="section section_primary section_cols section_cartouche"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="cartouche cartouche_glossaire"> <h1 class="cartouche__heading" id="start"> <span class="start-mire"></span> <span class="crayon article-titre-12304 ">Interim measures </span> </h1> </div> </div> </header> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-101534 apercu surlignable"><p>Interim measures may be prohibitory or mandatory and may be granted by a court or a public authority to preserve or restore the status quo, or otherwise provide temporary relief pending resolution of the merits of a case. This powerful instrument ideally ensures that the effectiveness of any remedy finally adopted in the main action will not be jeopardized.</p> <p>The grant of interim measures is typically conditioned on a demonstration that (i) the prima facie elements of an infringement appear to be satisfied or (in some jurisdictions) there is a serious question to be tried, and (ii) the measures are justified by the risk of serious, irreparable harm (absent the requested measures) that monetary damages would fail to rectify. In some countries, such measures will be granted only if supported by a balancing of the interests of the parties and third parties (often referred to as the ‘balance of convenience’). The public interest or public policy may also be relevant. An important practical point is that some of these conditions may be applied according to a sliding scale: e.g., if the demonstration of a prima facie case is particularly strong, the requirement of irreparable harm may liberally construed.</p> <p>Some competition authorities and at least one legislature (the German Parliament in the 10th amendment of the GWB, January 2021) have respectively embraced, and lowered the threshold requirements for, interim measures as a rapid response tool for the digital sector, where empire-building commercial strategies by incumbents can outpace conventional instruments of enforcement. The need for such a tool may be mitigated, but not eliminated, by a shift toward more <i>ex ante</i> regulation of so-called ‘gatekeepers’ in this sector. In the gaps that such regulation leaves unaddressed, the extent to which Courts will embrace a greater use of interim measures to meet the digital challenge remains to be seen.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-101534 texte surlignable"><p>Interim measures may be requested in the context of public as well as private enforcement. Taking the EU as an example of the former, the Commission may impose interim measures on an undertaking, or an undertaking may seek to suspend operation of a Commission decision by applying to the (President of) the General Court. In most jurisdictions, interim measures may also be requested in the context of private disputes, whether in B-2-B or consumer litigation. Due to space constraints the emphasis here will be on public enforcement.</p> <p>Use or non-use of interim measures may create error costs. Such measures are potent and should generally be granted only on an exceptional basis. Where they are imposed by or requested by a competition authority, an inappropriately low standard of proof could cause serious disruption of business operations based on a relatively cursory investigation. However, the arguments supporting an increased use of interim measures as a rapid response tool are strong.</p> <p><i>European Union</i></p> <p>The ECJ ruled in 1980 that the Commission had the implied power to adopt interim measures, and Regulation 1/2003 made that power explicit. Article 8 provides that in cases of ‘urgency’ due to the risk of ‘serious and irreparable damage to competition’, and on the basis of a <i>prima facie</i> finding of infringement, the Commission may order interim measures. The Commission’s assessment of ‘urgency’ must take into account the effects of the alleged conduct and of the interim measures on the undertakings concerned as well as third parties such as consumers. Interim measures can be adopted only where there is danger of harm to competition, not to particular competitors. The case law requires that such measures must comply with proportionality, the same standard that applies to remedies in Article 7 infringement cases. Before being subject to interim measures, the undertaking concerned must have an opportunity to contest the Commission’s objections in writing and in an oral hearing if it so requests.</p> <p>Interim measures have become a ‘hot topic’ in the EU. Unlike some national authorities (notably the Autorité de la concurrence in France–where the legal standards are more permissive), the Commission had let its interim measures power ‘fade into oblivion’ since 2001, mainly due to: (i) the restrictive wording of Article 8 of Regulation 1/2003, (ii) the exacting standards of the EU Courts, (iii) the frequent use of the Article 9 commitment procedure, and possibly (iv) the risk of type I errors. However, the Commission in 2019 adopted interim measures under Regulation 1 for the first time, and this could conceivably lead to more frequent use of the instrument, in particular where there is a danger of market tipping.</p> <p>Motivated by a desire for more discretion in adopting interim measures, the Commission—in a Declaration accompanying EU Directive 2019/1—states: ‘With a view to enabling competition authorities to deal more effectively with developments in fast-moving markets, the Commission commits that it will undertake an analysis of whether there are means to simplify the adoption of interim measures within the European Competition Network within two years from the date of transposition of this Directive [i.e. within two years of 4 February 2021]. The results of this will be presented to the European Parliament and the Council.’</p> <p><i>United States</i></p> <p>The preliminary injunction requirements are established in 15 USC § 26 (private injunctions) and 15 USC § 25 (public injunctions). The former, § 26, is more restrictive in that it refers to ‘threatened loss or damage’ and imposes a causation requirement. The detailed application of the rules on injunctions varies from Circuit to Circuit. However, U.S. Courts generally consider: (i) the applicant’s likelihood of success on the merits; (ii) the likelihood that the applicant will suffer irreparable harm if an injunction is denied; (iii) the balancing of hardships or ‘equities’ resulting from the grant/denial of a request; and, where appropriate, (iv) the effect of the grant/denial on the public interest. Where the applicant is a private party, a Court may choose—based on principles of equity such as ‘unclean hands’—to reject the request for preliminary relief. Where the plaintiff is the Government, and where a reasonable likelihood of success on the merits is established, Courts assume that the risk of irreparable harm is likewise established. If granted, a preliminary injunction may be of indefinite duration and it is immediately appealable. While U.S. Courts do not typically speak of ‘proportionality’, there are functionally equivalent principles, and if a proposed remedy has no reasonable relationship with an alleged antitrust infringement, it will be denied.</p> <p>The party opposing the motion for a preliminary injunction must be given a fair opportunity to be heard. However, exigent and specific facts can justify a temporary restraining order (TRO), a short-term and generally unappealable measure that a court may adopt in <i>ex parte</i> proceedings (Rule 65(b) FRCP). Such exigency may arise in particular where the DOJ or FTC seeks to stop a merger.</p> <p>Challenging a merger under Section 7 of the Clayton Act is indeed the main (albeit not the only) scenario where the federal agencies may request a preliminary injunction or TRO. Where the DOJ handles the case, it will simultaneously seek from the Court both a permanent injunction and a preliminary injunction/TRO. When the Court balances the equities (criterion iii above), it will attach more weight to the Government’s interest than it will to the private interests of the parties to the proposed merger. Compared to the procedure governing DOJ actions, the procedure that applies to the FTC has special features. Section 13(b) of the FTC Act authorizes the FTC to file suit seeking a preliminary injunction/TRO when it has cause to believe that an entity ‘is violating, or is about to violate’ any provision of law enforced by the FTC. Unlike the DOJ, the FTC does not seek a permanent injunction from the District Court. Instead, if the Court grants the temporary relief, the FTC then files an administrative complaint and the merits are adjudicated in-house in an administrative procedure under Part 3 of the FTC’s Rules of Practice. The FTC thus becomes the first-instance decision maker. With regard to the FTC’s request for temporary relief, the Courts interpret the legislative intent of the FTC Act as supporting broad access to injunctive relief—a deviation from the more demanding traditional principles of equity. This idiosyncratic feature was criticized by the Antitrust Modernization Commission in 2007, as the DOJ does not benefit from quite the same generous treatment, leading to at least the perception of uneven enforcement.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-101534 reference"><p>European Union:</p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/january-1980/the-eu-court-of-justice-confirms-that-the-commission-has-the-power-to-order">Case 792/79 R Camera Care v Commission, EU:C:1980:18</a></p> <p><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2001/the-eu-commission-imposes-interim-measures-on-the-world-leader-in-data-en" class="spip_in">Case T-184/01 R IMS Health Inc. v Commission, EU:T:2001:259</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2019/the-eu-commission-imposes-interim-measures-on-a-technology-company-suspected-to">Commission Decision of 16 October 2019, Case AT.40608 – Broadcom</a></p> <p>United States:</p> <p>FTC v. H.N. Singer, Inc., 668 F.2d 1107 (9th Cir. 1982)</p> <p>American Hospital Supply Co. v. Hospital Products Ltd., 780 F.2d 589 (7th Cir. 1986)</p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2008/A-US-Court-of-Appeals-reverses">FTC v Whole Foods Market, 548 F.3d 1028 (D.C. Cir. 2008)</a></p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-101534 jurisprudence"><p>Andrew Muscato, ‘The Preliminary Injunction in Business Litigation’ (2007) 3 New York University Journal of Law & Business 649-674</p> <p>Alexandre Ruiz Feases, ‘Sharpening the European Commission’s tools: interim measures’ (2020) 16 European Competition Journal 404-430</p> <p>Juliette Caminade, Antoine Chapsal & Jacob Penglase, ‘Interim Measures in Antitrust Investigations: An Economic Discussion’ (2021) 17 Journal of Competition Law and Economics 437-457</p> <p>Morton Denlow, ‘The Motion for a Preliminary Injunction: Time for a Uniform Federal Standard’ (2003) 22 Review of Litigation 495-539</p> <p>European Competition Network, Recommendation on the power to adopt interim measures</p> <p><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2018/the-eu-parliament-and-council-adopt-a-directive-to-empower-the-competition" class="spip_in">European Union, Directive (EU) 2019/1 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 to empower the competition authorities of the Member States to be more effective enforcers and to ensure the proper functioning of the internal market, [2019] OJ L 11/3, recital 38 and Article 11</a></p> <p>Gábor Gál & Konstantina Strouvali, ‘Interim Measures’, in Ekaterina Rousseva (ed.), EU Antitrust Procedure (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020) 289-304</p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-3-2018/conferences/urgency-in-antitrust-cases-always-too-late-new-frontiers-of-antitrust-paris-11">Laurence Idot, ‘Urgence et concurrences : Mesures provisoires, référés-suspension … Toujours trop tard ?’, Concurrences No 3-2018, 17-19</a></p> <p>Despoina Mantzari, ‘Interim Measures in EU Competition Cases: Origins, Evolution, and Implications for Digital Markets’ (2020) 11 Journal of European Competition Law & Practice 487-498</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/mel-marquis" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton2927-506a0.jpg?1711359683) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Mel Marquis</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">Monash Law School (Melbourne)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Australia</span> <span class="articles"><em>9</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>11084</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Mel Marquis, </span> <span class="entry-title">Interim measures</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 12304</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">13760</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-12304 texte surlignable"><p>Conservatory measures imposed on firms by the Commission in relation to a competition case, in which a final decision on the substance has not been reached yet, in order to avoid that anti-competitive behaviour leads to irreversible damage before being sanctioned. Interim measures may be taken on the Commission’s own initiative, but are often requested together with a formal complaint. They can only be granted if the two following conditions are both met: - a firm’s behaviour prima facie constitutes an infringement of competition rules and - there is urgency, i.e. a risk of serious and irreparable harm to the applicant. For instance, a company whose existence is threatened by a potentially anti-competitive conduct of another company may request the Commission to investigate the matter under competition law, and in addition ask the Commission to prohibit the conduct in question until the investigation is terminated by a formal decision. The Commission can also take interim measures in merger cases in order to prevent the implementation of concentrations before the Commission has cleared them. The Merger Regulation prohibits the implementation prior to the Commission’s authorisation to avoid irreversible changes to the market structure before it is certain that a concentration is actually clearable. Interim measures can also be granted by the President of the Court of First Instance, to prevent a company from suffering serious and irreparable harm by the enforcement of a Commission decision the legality of which is challenged by that same company in a main action. <strong><a href="IMG/pdf/european_commission_glossary_of_terms_used_in_eu_competition_policy_-_antitrust_and_control_of_concentrations.pdf?40143/c3774ee64935572d46552d77051b73fee53aeda168348c3575d30d9dabcc7a34" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>European Commission</a> </strong></p> <p><abbr title='Dead link'>On this topic see the e-Competitions special issue "Interim Measures: An overview of EU and national case law"</abbr></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679l0HiRjCGDh/Vc/7Nxyre6GMOC64Pz7xjBG3sqqfr55J5r8U0dpbQXMxLM8Z4osDadfpC+054xvXtwXhRLSAqrVMYV7Eiprh8lhsfXm9PiT8VvvfrnxRI/rPR1xAiDeiY2dy/+Wp562tw3076A8umrjGjUitZMJdrDWxY6+lGJGbF540v38mGzyVMMUHCeow9sMRVpxPnlRP0YE5AOo04GLorJj7c/FyJ6+IHwyhQsfMT40Yx7LWwSwgv3agJQEBCai722Dv2Ii26F/+lnnPl5B1AI/5fH6hcNUifH4MsIMldfN5aaTDbJY7l6E+wPFT3aggalBhou4hH5I9/oOmI=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/european-commission-363">European Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2025/the-eu-commission-sends-a-supplementary-statement-of-objections-ordering-an" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission sends a Supplementary Statement of Objections ordering an airline to reinstate a rival’s access to feeder traffic to and from Frankfurt Airport <em>(Lufthansa / Condor)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-01-14T23:00:00Z">15 January 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123393 introduction entry-content"> <p>Commission sends Supplementary Statement of Objections to Lufthansa to prevent harm to Frankfurt-New York air passengers* <br class='autobr' /> The European Commission has sent a Supplementary Statement of Objections to Lufthansa indicating the Commission’s intention to order the airline to reinstate Condor’s (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/volodymyr-bilotkach">Volodymyr Bilotkach</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/special-issues/mergers-joint-ventures/mergers-joint-ventures-an-overview-of-eu-and-national-case-law" rel="bookmark">Mergers & Joint Ventures: An overview of EU and national case law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-01-09T23:00:00Z">10 January 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121705 introduction entry-content"><p>This issue includes a large array (over two hundred) of cases and several important regulatory innovations in the area of joint ventures and cooperative agreements between companies in various industries. Cooperation between competitors has spread both geographically and across the industries. At first glance, one may be under the impression that the regulators are fairly lenient towards JVs – for each case of a venture that is blocked or prohibited, there are about ten that are approved. Considering that about one-third of cases where a partnership was prohibited deal with full mergers rather than JVs, we can say that joint ventures have a very high chance of passing regulatory approval. At the same time, we should not rule out potential sample selection bias either – companies might be inclined to only go ahead with seeking regulatory approval for their partnerships if they see considerable chance in their venture being approved.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/matthew-freer">Matthew Freer</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2024/the-south-african-competition-tribunal-grants-interim-relief-to-a-licensed" rel="bookmark">The South African Competition Tribunal grants interim relief to a licensed bookmaker against a Big Tech platform in an advertisement dispute <em>(Lottomaker / Google Ad Tech)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-11T23:00:00Z">12 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123747 introduction entry-content"> <p>Betting on Fair Play: Competition Tribunal orders Interim Relief to Lottoland in Google Ads dispute* <br class='autobr' /> Introduction <br class='autobr' /> On 12 November 2024, Lottoland South Africa (Pty) Ltd (“Lottoland”) was granted interim relief by The Competition Tribunal (“The Tribunal”) against Google Ireland Limited and (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Barbara-T-Sicalides">Barbara T. Sicalides</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/julian-weiss">Julian Weiss</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-us-district-court-for-the-southern-district-of-new-york-grants-a" rel="bookmark">The US District Court for the Southern District of New York grants a preliminary injunction halting a merger between 2 fashion companies <em>(Tapestry / Capri)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-23T22:00:00Z">24 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121493 introduction entry-content"> <p>A New York federal court’s recent decision to enjoin the merger of two fashion companies gave the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the 2023 Merger Guidelines a boost. Since the issuance of the draft merger guidelines in July 2023, commentators and practitioners have questioned whether the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/William-Kolasky">William J. Kolasky</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/leon-b-greenfield">Leon B. Greenfield</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2000/the-us-district-court-for-the-district-of-columbia-denies-a-preliminary" rel="bookmark">The US District Court for the District of Columbia denies a preliminary injunction to pause a merger in the highly concentrated baby food market <em>(Heinz / Beech-Nut)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-26T10:26:14Z">26 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120501 introduction entry-content"> <p>This week, Judge James Robertson of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia denied the Federal Trade Commission’s motion for a preliminary injunction to prevent the proposed merger of two of the three major U.S. baby food producers, Heinz and Beech-Nut, while the FTC (…)</p> </div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yVjQ1W9uyhvMZbcui3Tp2l+vfQmfY0UQh5Q58OCXoDz7xjB/wNYqLL/pnjjRF4KxGTf+KHU9SRf/TSe3Pi4XnfBSaLa12J3tF/aOMs5CVh9EZyNNJukuU29FX+NtH1s3uOdPNTVxwP87XlxpRxnRJ5L34APXLbeK2x8+Dls9Y7xa77JOQAt2ePoPc2W8LbJbXbQ1O7LTI6qOWexv+SvbxYuH9V00KqtmIWEI2vgoCNDbentiUpu54L0v1gvdhPDb4sMdApWQmLpS6y9Zs94OfB5WZWdqCF2lF1UyhlJOGWsv/G4xs9qpDr8nbkXf4RDgG1WpBOju3sCxlL0YBa1Hm3nQNLW' data-origin="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/richard-whish">Richard Whish</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/dirk-middelschulte">Dirk Middelschulte</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/daniel-green">Daniel Green</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marceline-tournier-538">Marceline Tournier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/Jorge-Padilla">Jorge Padilla</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/assimakis-komninos">Assimakis Komninos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/angelique-de-brousse">Angélique de Brousse</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Philippe-Croene">Philippe Croene</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/grania-holzwarth">Grania Holzwarth</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/on-topic/the-new-eu-commission-competition-policy" rel="bookmark">The new EU Commission competition policy</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121882 introduction entry-content"> <p>This On-Topic features a collection of essays examining a pivotal moment for competition law and policy, focusing on key developments in the EU and beyond. A convergence of factors—most notably Mario Draghi’s report on European competitiveness and Ursula von der Leyen’s mission letter to Teresa (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/concurrences-3242">Concurrences</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/insights/open-letter-to-the-designated-commissioner-in-charge-of-european-competition" rel="bookmark">Open letter to the designated Commissioner in charge of European competition policy</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121478 introduction entry-content"> <p>As the European Parliament prepares to audition Mrs. Teresa Ribera Rodríguez for the role of European Commissioner for Competition on November 12, 2024, Concurrences sought your insights on the crucial competition issues shaping the next mandate. We were thrilled to receive over 300 responses to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/andreas-heinemann">Andreas Heinemann</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2021/editorial/competition-law-in-need-for-speed" rel="bookmark">Competition law in need for speed</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-102814 introduction entry-content"> <p>The increasing complexity of competition law has considerably protracted procedures, seriously jeopardizing the goals of competition policy. The shortcomings are particularly pernicious in the digital economy but are not limited to a specific economic sector. The time has come to tackle the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-jenny">Frédéric Jenny</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2021/articles/competition-law-enforcement-and-regulation-for-digital-ecosystems-understanding-en" rel="bookmark">Competition law enforcement and regulation for digital ecosystems: Understanding the issues, facing the challenges and moving forward</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-101662 introduction entry-content"> <p>Competition authorities are under severe political pressure to intervene quickly against the digital behemoth for a variety of reasons. Various expert reports have suggested that traditional antitrust or competition law enforcement and merger control are inadequate or insufficient to deal with (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/vilenas-vadapalas">Vilenas Vadapalas</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2021/international/lithuania-transposition-of-the-ecn-directive-in-comparative-perspective-en" rel="bookmark">Lithuania: Transposition of the ECN+ Directive in comparative perspective</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-98789 introduction entry-content"> <p>Transposition of Directive (EU) 2019/1 of 11 December 2018 to empower the competition authorities of the Member States to be more effective enforcers (simply called “ECN+ Directive”) will have the most significant impact on uniform application of the EU antitrust rules since Regulation (EC) No. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yX1RhK9uyjRgDOlLY96rTZvKmAWkSyOGKO9soFxSOL3YUS/4q46sq7Do2dOUyeCly0G5qtZCmJgiFtO+StXvucICS6GYnf9p0afSwK/J3SnI9pkVTsKWu3+5Pq09XrKNXS+7g32jxKkXUYzD3LW5P5qwsV8kByBK8Yw2aoKJmp6p+niA8PkFX52Z8FkDvrFvBjIzKMN1W0BNT9bV3KvcRpIV1sdAzntzbnAfWH/qjDlzCSmi3J+lxhSsimvB3faXhPJSo17mi6g1b1/faWI3Epp4jtbgkyupNp4oN2uQZY5BjaS/tF6o3WP/the+X9iVbJjeHx80bmsd1PgxGwoOyo4DwMrjQ==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/virginie-beaumeunier">Virginie Beaumeunier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alvaro-ramos">Alvaro Ramos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/olivier-guersent">Olivier Guersent</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antoni-vassileff">Antoni Vassileff</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-idot">Laurence Idot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michael-grenfell">Michael Grenfell</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/11th-new-frontiers-of-antitrust-conference-2-improving-the-effectiveness-and" rel="bookmark">11th New Frontiers of Antitrust Conference #2 Improving the effectiveness and the agility of competition law enforcement</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-11-04T15:00:00Z">4 November 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-96945 introduction entry-content"><p>2nd Webinar of the « 11th New Frontiers of Antitrust Conference » organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Advolis Orfis and Qualcomm, with <a href="en/authors/virginie-beaumeunier" class="spip_in">Virginie Beaumeunier</a> (Director General, DGCCRF), <a href="en/authors/olivier-guersent" class="spip_in">Olivier Guersent</a> (Director General, DG COMP - European Commission), <a href="en/authors/michael-grenfell" class="spip_in">Michael Grenfell</a> (Executive Director - Enforcement, UK Competition and Markets Authority), <a href="en/authors/laurence-idot" class="spip_in">Laurence Idot</a> (Emeritus Professor, University Paris II Panthéon-Assas | President, Concurrences Review Scientific Committee), <a href="en/authors/alvaro-ramos" class="spip_in">Alvaro Ramos</a> (Vice President - Head of Global Antitrust, Qualcomm) and <a href="en/authors/antoni-vassileff" class="spip_in">Antoni Vassileff</a> (Partner, Advolis Orfis).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/alan-ryan">Alan Ryan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alvaro-ramos">Alvaro Ramos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andreas-mundt">Andreas Mundt</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/straetemans">Anneleen Straetemans</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antoine-chapsal">Antoine Chapsal</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antoine-winckler">Antoine Winckler</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/carles-esteva-mosso">Carles Esteva Mosso</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/cristina-caffarra">Cristina Caffarra</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/david-snyder">David Snyder</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/delphine-geny-stephann">Delphine Gény-Stephann</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/florian-schaefer">Florian Schaefer</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-jenny">Frédéric Jenny</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/guillaume-loriot">Guillaume Loriot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/isabelle-de-silva">Isabelle De Silva</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-steenbergen">Jacques Steenbergen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-philippe-gunther">Jacques-Philippe Gunther</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/Jorge-Padilla">Jorge Padilla</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-idot">Laurence Idot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mark-powell">Mark Powell</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/morten-toft">Morten Toft</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/walid-chaiehloudj">Walid Chaiehloudj</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/wouter-wils">Wouter Wils</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/new-frontiers-of-antitrust-2018" rel="bookmark">New frontiers of Antitrust 2018</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-06-11T10:00:00Z">11 June 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-85056 introduction entry-content"><p>Annual Concurrences Paris conference organised at the Ministry for the Economy and Finance with the support of Analysis Group, Cleary Gottlieb, Compass Lexecon, Freshfields, Latham & Watkins, Qualcomm, White & Case (Panel Sponsors), Clifford Chance, Dechert, Deloitte, EE&MC, Gide, Willkie Farr & Gallagher (Social Event Sponsors), and MLex, PaRR (Media Sponsors).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alec-j-burnside">Alec J. Burnside</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Maria-Jaspers">Maria Jaspers</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/melanie-thill-tayara">Mélanie Thill-Tayara</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/interim-measures-and-eu-competition-proceedings-is-there-a-case-for-reform-en-86748" rel="bookmark">Interim measures and EU competition proceedings: Is there a case for reform?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-06-08T10:30:00Z">8 June 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-86748 introduction entry-content"><p>Workshop organised by Concurrences Review in partnership with Dechert.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-idot">Laurence Idot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurent-godfroid">Laurent Godfroid</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-hautbourg">Stéphane Hautbourg</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/umberto-berkani">Umberto Berkani</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/emergency-proceedings-in-competition-law" rel="bookmark">Emergency proceedings in competition law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-03-27T10:30:00Z">27 March 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-86602 introduction entry-content"><p>Workshop organised by Concurrences review in partnership with Gide Loyrette Nouel.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anna-vernet">Anna Vernet</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-buhart">Jacques Buhart</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-francois-bellis">Jean-François Bellis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Kurt-Haegeman">Kurt Haegeman</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nils-wahl">Nils Wahl</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-lugard">Paul Lugard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/wilko-van-weert">Wilko Van Weert</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/empowering-ncas-can-the-draft-directive-reach-its-goals-84248" rel="bookmark">Empowering NCAs: Can the draft Directive reach its goals?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-05-31T10:30:00Z">31 May 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-84248 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with McDermott Will & Emery.</p></div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsections_books related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-books"> <span>Books</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yX1RhK9uyjRgDOlV9nAO5FMasZ4X+iK/ha0FMYQCtlrWZv8TSmuWXDhiRVXThqT6rdMEQX8G39uJyaMtqasRfvFM1qMBX5eNfBwPuWNdxePbatFTmWNtAsZr1pO1r/ksg8qoNcESU4z+avKxq+bUM+g7hUAiWMiFmFuISToC1k4eJpSC/wPT+EBW51fDui248e+7joXPiRjlM4wn/U5ZB4DthO/2jgVqMvahk0ejb5dpkU9iR1hb7nUpIB4vigUncoyGiHjDAnzcCPRnrsGwhh410mLIFKPJNAlfhFJOGGouXGZxu8IpHK9lXmQPgxDwGiyE/y24BAuQ26Xq4E3lGEWVyfp' data-origin="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antonio-capobianco">Antonio Capobianco</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ori-schwartz">Ori Schwartz</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/all-books/compendium-of-international-cartels" rel="bookmark">Compendium of International Cartels</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-01-07T23:00:00Z">8 January 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121995 introduction entry-content"> <p>International cartels are raising complex policy issues, which the OECD as a forward-thinking forum has broadly addressed over the past decades. The OECD’s cartel work has resulted in an extensive collection of important recommendations, best practices, and policy roundtables, collectively (…)</p> </div> </article></div> </div> <h3 class="">Chapters</h3> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679lUGCajCGDB2UCEbNxysds58EEd4gRQHP2TWCMLzhlJhHkaXYLfaerhCV+smAiQj4zSEzspm4lcXah+zF6rxnWtE1T3zAWRrmkXuWgDGOJ21pNtdc1ogcqLP4xjBM57ra7u1kBeG5onuBzcOEHzgFDSG+l5cZMJdqDWxY6+lGJGLF440vz8mGzyVMMXHCeow9rEeXytQQ9A0SxSoQ5Zembhbg8faNmpD16+K0o3PTF4161WLMerhCOlElbXGJi/bW3dDWOkjQ4Yt3p7vLD8R2NGV5EBPHdiVIlF9oys7c/BcKjinkYPyel4AjGuVC4soQnHniNwzn3wQC7VE/V' data-origin="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures"> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/andreas-heinemann">Andreas Heinemann</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/why-competition-voices-from-the-antitrust-community-and-beyond-1493#id=131953" rel="bookmark">Why Competition? Voices from the Antitrust Community and Beyond <small>Competition Law in Need for Speed</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-21T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">22 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">279Why Competition? Competition Law in Need for Speed *1 Andreas Heinemann University of Zurich According to widespread opinion, competition law is not up to the challenges of the digital economy because undesirable developments happen faster than competition law can correct them. This may be (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andreas-reindl">Andreas Reindl</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/isabelle-van-damme">Isabelle Van Damme</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/the-eu-foreign-subsidies-regulation-1461#id=120845" rel="bookmark">The EU Foreign Subsidies Regulation <small>Chapter IV – The Public Procurement Tool</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-01-29T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">30 </span><span class="m">Jan</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">The EU Foreign Subsidies Regulation – Andreas Reindl, Isabelle Van Damme111 Chapter IV The Public Procurement Tool Introduction The FSR's public procurement tool enables the Commission to examine whether eco nomic operators participating in public procurement projects in the EU have a competi (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andreas-reindl">Andreas Reindl</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/isabelle-van-damme">Isabelle Van Damme</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/the-eu-foreign-subsidies-regulation-1461#id=120846" rel="bookmark">The EU Foreign Subsidies Regulation <small>Chapter VII – Investigatory and Enforcement Powers</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-01-29T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">30 </span><span class="m">Jan</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">The EU Foreign Subsidies Regulation – Andreas Reindl, Isabelle Van Damme179 Chapter VII Investigatory and Enforcement Powers Introduction The FSR confers on the Commission strong investigatory and enforcement powers, which are similar to the rules governing antitrust investigations, merger (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andreas-reindl">Andreas Reindl</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/isabelle-van-damme">Isabelle Van Damme</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/the-eu-foreign-subsidies-regulation-1461#id=120848" rel="bookmark">The EU Foreign Subsidies Regulation <small>Chapter III – The Concentrations (M&A) Tool</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-01-29T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">30 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href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a 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