CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html class="page_article article_glossaire composition_glossaire ltr en no-js" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <base href="https://www.concurrences.com/"> <script type='text/javascript'>/*<![CDATA[*/(function(H){H.className=H.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'js')})(document.documentElement);/*]]>*/</script> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Interim measures - Concurrences</title> <meta name="description" content="Conservatory measures imposed on firms by the Commission in relation to a competition case, in which a final decision on the substance has not been reached yet, in order to avoid that…" /> <style type='text/css'>img.adapt-img{max-width:100%;height:auto;}.adapt-img-wrapper {display:inline-block;max-width:100%;position:relative;background-position:center;background-size:cover;background-repeat:no-repeat;line-height:1px;overflow:hidden}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic{display:block}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic::before{content:'';display:block;height:0;width:100%;}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic img{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:auto;}.adapt-img-wrapper.loading:not(.loaded){background-size: cover;}@media (min-width:320.5px){.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic-desktop{display:block}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic-desktop::before{content:'';display:block;height:0;width:100%;}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic-desktop img{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:auto;}}.adapt-img-background{width:100%;height:0}@media print{html .adapt-img-wrapper{background:none}}</style> <script type='text/javascript'>/*<![CDATA[*/var adaptImgDocLength=149607;adaptImgAsyncStyles="picture.adapt-img-wrapper{background-size:0;}";adaptImgLazy=false;(function(){function d(a){var b=document.documentElement;b.className=b.className+" "+a}function f(a){var b=window.onload;window.onload="function"!=typeof window.onload?a:function(){b&&b();a()}}document.createElement("picture");adaptImgLazy&&d("lazy");var a=!1;if("undefined"!==typeof window.performance)a=window.performance.timing,a=(a=~~(adaptImgDocLength/(a.responseEnd-a.connectStart)))&&50>a;else{var c=navigator.connection||navigator.mozConnection||navigator.webkitConnection;"undefined"!==typeof c&& (a=3==c.type||4==c.type||/^[23]g$/.test(c.type))}a&&d("aislow");var e=function(){var a=document.createElement("style");a.type="text/css";a.innerHTML=adaptImgAsyncStyles;var b=document.getElementsByTagName("style")[0];b.parentNode.insertBefore(a,b);window.matchMedia||window.onbeforeprint||beforePrint()};"undefined"!==typeof jQuery?jQuery(function(){jQuery(window).on('load',e)}):f(e)})();/*]]>*/</script>  <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/Interim-measures" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://www.concurrences.com/fr/dictionnaire/mesures-provisoires" />   <link rel="schema.DC" href="https://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> <link rel="schema.DCTERMS" href="https://purl.org/dc/terms/" /> <meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html" /> <meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /> <meta name="DC.Language" scheme="rfc1766" content="en" /> <meta name="DC.Title" lang="en" content="Interim measures " /> <meta name="DC.Description.Abstract" lang="en" content="Conservatory measures imposed on firms by the Commission in relation to a competition case, in which a final decision on the substance has not been reached yet, in order to avoid that…" /> <meta name="DC.Date" scheme="DCTERMS.W3CDTF" content="2006-09-24" /> <meta name="DC.created" scheme="WTN8601" content="2006-09-24T00:00:00" /> <meta name="DC.date.created" scheme="WTN8601" content="2006-09-24T00:00:00" /> <meta name="DC.Date.Modified" scheme="DCTERMS.W3CDTF" content="2019-06-19" /> <meta name="DC.Identifier" scheme="URI" content="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/Interim-measures" /> <meta name="DC.Publisher" content="Concurrences" /> <meta name="DC.Source" scheme="URI" content="https://www.concurrences.com" /> <meta name="DC.Creator" content="Commission, European" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Commission, European" /> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="European Commission - DG COMP (Brussels)"/> <meta name="DC.Subject" content="Interim measures" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="https://www.concurrences.com/squelettes/img/logo/favicon/favicon.svg" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" sizes="32x32" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/38/eb53752304d66f157aaf81b9ef6dd6.ico" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" sizes="48x48" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/2b/0d54d963c60e773622ff95e0b4c182.ico" /> <link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/b8/42ed8c8a24f31e702c68b2aa6f69ba.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/05/6ca8b6d4c932f8e13bf741535dd98e.png" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var _paq = window._paq || []; /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */ _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() { var u="https://matomo.concurrences.com/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.type='text/javascript'; g.async=true; g.defer=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta name="generator" content="SPIP 4.3.4" /> <meta name="bingbot" content="nocache" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Subscribe to the whole site" href="en/page/backend/" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel='stylesheet' href='local/cache-css/9ef4d70b4b6709daec6af6b3147131c3.css?1732788380' type='text/css' /> <script>window.MathJaxLib='https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/tex-chtml.js';window.MathJax={ startup: { elements: ['.spip-math'] }, tex: { inlineMath: [['$', '$']] }, svg: { fontCache: 'global' } };</script><script type='text/javascript'>var var_zajax_content='content';</script><script> var mediabox_settings={"auto_detect":true,"ns":"box","tt_img":true,"sel_g":"#documents_portfolio a[type='image\/jpeg'],#documents_portfolio a[type='image\/png'],#documents_portfolio a[type='image\/gif']","sel_c":".mediabox","str_ssStart":"Slideshow","str_ssStop":"Stop","str_cur":"{current}\/{total}","str_prev":"Previous","str_next":"Next","str_close":"Close","str_loading":"Loading\u2026","str_petc":"Press \u2019Esc\u2019 to close","str_dialTitDef":"Dialogue box","str_dialTitMed":"Media display","splash_url":"","lity":{"skin":"_simple-dark","maxWidth":"90%","maxHeight":"90%","minWidth":"400px","minHeight":"","slideshow_speed":"2500","opacite":"0.8","defaultCaptionState":"expanded"}}; </script>  <style>p.spip-math {margin:1em 0;text-align: center}</style> <script type='text/javascript' src='local/cache-js/54e8ce81bfe7b8537886d04b4fb6cdfc.js?1732029944'></script>  <script type="text/javascript"> window.spipConfig ??= {}; spipConfig.select2 ??= {}; spipConfig.select2.selector ??= ''; </script><script src="https://cdn.nuclia.cloud/nuclia-video-widget.umd.js"></script><link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.concurrences.com/oembed.api/?format=json&url=%2F%2Fen%2Fdictionary%2FInterim-measures" /> <script>var error_on_ajaxform='Ooops. An unexpected error prevented to submit the form. You can try again.';</script> </head> <body> <div class="page" id="page"> <header id="header" class="page-header" data-idc-header-sticky role="banner"> <section id="header-main" class="page-header__main"> <div id="header-logo" class="page-header__logo"> <a rel="start home" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/" title="Home"> <img src='squelettes/img/logo/20ans/concurrences.svg?1704296160' alt='Concurrences' width='2750' height='800' /> </a> </div> <nav id="header-aside1" class="page-header__aside page-header__aside_1"> <span class="social social_links"> <a class="social__icon social__icon_twitter" href="https://twitter.com/CompetitionLaws" title="Visit our Twitter page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_twitter-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Twitter (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/institute-of-competition-law-icl-institut-de-droit-de-la-concurrence-idc-" title="Visit our Linkedin page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_linkedin-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Linkedin (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/concurrences.review/" title="Visit our Facebook page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_facebook-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Facebook (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/concurrences_review/" title="Visit our Instagram page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_instagram-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Instagram (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/ConcurrencesReview" title="Visit our Youtube page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_youtube-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Youtube (opens a new window)</span> </a> </span> <span class="lang"> <a href='https://www.concurrences.com/spip.php?action=language&var_lang=fr&redirect=%2F%2Fen%2Fdictionary%2FInterim-measures' title='Passer à la version française'>Fr</a> | <strong class="on active">En</strong> </span> <span class="about"> <a href="en/institute" title="About Concurrences"><em class="idc-icon idc-icon_info" aria-hidden></em> <span class="about__label">About</span></a> </span> </nav> <nav id="header-aside2" class="page-header__aside page-header__aside_2"> <a href="en/page/subscribe/" class="tem newsletter"><em class="idc-icon idc-icon_mail" aria-hidden></em> <span>Newsletter</span></a> <a href="en/page/login/" class="item popin link-popin-login"><em class="idc-icon idc-icon_log-in" aria-hidden></em> <span>Sign in</span></a> <a href="en/page/cart/" class="item"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_shopping-cart" aria-hidden></em> <span>Cart</span> </a> <button class="item search hide" onclick="jQuery('#header-search').toggleClass('visible');return false;"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_search" aria-hidden></em> </button> </nav> </section> <section id="header-nav" class="page-header__nav"> <nav class="navbar navbar-responsive"> <div class="menu-conteneur navbar-inner container-fluid"> <a class="btn btn-navbar navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".nav-collapse-main"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></a> <div class="nav-collapse navbar-collapse nav-collapse-main collapse"><ul class="menu-liste menu-items navbar-nav nav" data-depth="0"> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/bulletin/" class="menu-items__lien">Bulletin</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/review/" class="menu-items__lien">Review</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/events/" class="menu-items__lien">Events</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique"> <a href="en/all-books/" class="menu-items__lien">Books</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_badge on active"> <a href="en/dictionary/" class="menu-items__lien">Dictionary <small>Free</small></a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/podcasts" class="menu-items__lien">Podcasts</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_lien"> <a href="https://awards.concurrences.com" class="menu-items__lien">Awards</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item-primary"> <a href="en/abonnements/" class="menu-items__lien">Subscriptions</a> </li> </ul></div></div> </nav> </section> <section id="header-search" class="page-header__search searchbar"> <hr> <div class="searchbar-item searchbar-item_search"> <div class="searchbar-inner"> <div class="formulaire_spip formulaire_recherche form-search"> <form action="en/page/recherche/#" method="get"><div> <label for="recherche" class="over offscreen">Search:</label> <div class="input-append input-group input-group-text-search"> <input type="text" class="search text search-query form-control" name="recherche" id="recherche" accesskey="4" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" placeholder="Type your search…"/> <span class="btn-group input-group-btn"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" > <i class="picto picto-search"></i> <span>Search</span> </button> </span> </div> </div></form> </div> </div> </div> </section> </header> <nav class="breadcrumb-wrapper" id="breadcrumb-wrapper" role="navigation"> <div class="container"> <ul class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/">Home</a><span class="divider"> > </span></li> <li><a href="en/dictionary/">Dictionary</a><span class="divider"> > </span></li> <li class="active"><span class="on active">Interim measures</span></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div class="central" id="central"> <div class="banner-top" id="banner-top"> <div class="container"> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper" id="wrapper"> <div class="container"> <main class="content primary" id="content" role="main"> <article class="relative-content"> <div class="menu-glossaire-wrapper sticky-top" id="menu-definition"><ul class="nav menu-glossaire menu-nb-4"><li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-auteur'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#auteur" data-target="#auteur"><span class="picto-round picto-auteur"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-auteur.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='19' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Author Definition</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-institution'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#institution" data-target="#institution"><span class="picto-round picto-institution"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-institution.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='18' height='16' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Institution Definition</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-references'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#references" data-target="#references"><span class="picto-round picto-references"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-references.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='15' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">References</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-index'><button class="btn btn-link collapsed" role="button" data-target="#index" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="index"><span class="picto-round picto-index"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-index.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Table of contents</span></button></li></ul></div> <header class="section section_primary section_cols section_cartouche"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="cartouche cartouche_glossaire"> <h1 class="cartouche__heading" id="start"> <span class="start-mire"></span> <span class="crayon article-titre-12304 ">Interim measures </span> </h1> </div> </div> </header> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-101534 apercu surlignable"><p>Interim measures may be prohibitory or mandatory and may be granted by a court or a public authority to preserve or restore the status quo, or otherwise provide temporary relief pending resolution of the merits of a case. This powerful instrument ideally ensures that the effectiveness of any remedy finally adopted in the main action will not be jeopardized.</p> <p>The grant of interim measures is typically conditioned on a demonstration that (i) the prima facie elements of an infringement appear to be satisfied or (in some jurisdictions) there is a serious question to be tried, and (ii) the measures are justified by the risk of serious, irreparable harm (absent the requested measures) that monetary damages would fail to rectify. In some countries, such measures will be granted only if supported by a balancing of the interests of the parties and third parties (often referred to as the ‘balance of convenience’). The public interest or public policy may also be relevant. An important practical point is that some of these conditions may be applied according to a sliding scale: e.g., if the demonstration of a prima facie case is particularly strong, the requirement of irreparable harm may liberally construed.</p> <p>Some competition authorities and at least one legislature (the German Parliament in the 10th amendment of the GWB, January 2021) have respectively embraced, and lowered the threshold requirements for, interim measures as a rapid response tool for the digital sector, where empire-building commercial strategies by incumbents can outpace conventional instruments of enforcement. The need for such a tool may be mitigated, but not eliminated, by a shift toward more <i>ex ante</i> regulation of so-called ‘gatekeepers’ in this sector. In the gaps that such regulation leaves unaddressed, the extent to which Courts will embrace a greater use of interim measures to meet the digital challenge remains to be seen.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-101534 texte surlignable"><p>Interim measures may be requested in the context of public as well as private enforcement. Taking the EU as an example of the former, the Commission may impose interim measures on an undertaking, or an undertaking may seek to suspend operation of a Commission decision by applying to the (President of) the General Court. In most jurisdictions, interim measures may also be requested in the context of private disputes, whether in B-2-B or consumer litigation. Due to space constraints the emphasis here will be on public enforcement.</p> <p>Use or non-use of interim measures may create error costs. Such measures are potent and should generally be granted only on an exceptional basis. Where they are imposed by or requested by a competition authority, an inappropriately low standard of proof could cause serious disruption of business operations based on a relatively cursory investigation. However, the arguments supporting an increased use of interim measures as a rapid response tool are strong.</p> <p><i>European Union</i></p> <p>The ECJ ruled in 1980 that the Commission had the implied power to adopt interim measures, and Regulation 1/2003 made that power explicit. Article 8 provides that in cases of ‘urgency’ due to the risk of ‘serious and irreparable damage to competition’, and on the basis of a <i>prima facie</i> finding of infringement, the Commission may order interim measures. The Commission’s assessment of ‘urgency’ must take into account the effects of the alleged conduct and of the interim measures on the undertakings concerned as well as third parties such as consumers. Interim measures can be adopted only where there is danger of harm to competition, not to particular competitors. The case law requires that such measures must comply with proportionality, the same standard that applies to remedies in Article 7 infringement cases. Before being subject to interim measures, the undertaking concerned must have an opportunity to contest the Commission’s objections in writing and in an oral hearing if it so requests.</p> <p>Interim measures have become a ‘hot topic’ in the EU. Unlike some national authorities (notably the Autorité de la concurrence in France–where the legal standards are more permissive), the Commission had let its interim measures power ‘fade into oblivion’ since 2001, mainly due to: (i) the restrictive wording of Article 8 of Regulation 1/2003, (ii) the exacting standards of the EU Courts, (iii) the frequent use of the Article 9 commitment procedure, and possibly (iv) the risk of type I errors. However, the Commission in 2019 adopted interim measures under Regulation 1 for the first time, and this could conceivably lead to more frequent use of the instrument, in particular where there is a danger of market tipping.</p> <p>Motivated by a desire for more discretion in adopting interim measures, the Commission—in a Declaration accompanying EU Directive 2019/1—states: ‘With a view to enabling competition authorities to deal more effectively with developments in fast-moving markets, the Commission commits that it will undertake an analysis of whether there are means to simplify the adoption of interim measures within the European Competition Network within two years from the date of transposition of this Directive [i.e. within two years of 4 February 2021]. The results of this will be presented to the European Parliament and the Council.’</p> <p><i>United States</i></p> <p>The preliminary injunction requirements are established in 15 USC § 26 (private injunctions) and 15 USC § 25 (public injunctions). The former, § 26, is more restrictive in that it refers to ‘threatened loss or damage’ and imposes a causation requirement. The detailed application of the rules on injunctions varies from Circuit to Circuit. However, U.S. Courts generally consider: (i) the applicant’s likelihood of success on the merits; (ii) the likelihood that the applicant will suffer irreparable harm if an injunction is denied; (iii) the balancing of hardships or ‘equities’ resulting from the grant/denial of a request; and, where appropriate, (iv) the effect of the grant/denial on the public interest. Where the applicant is a private party, a Court may choose—based on principles of equity such as ‘unclean hands’—to reject the request for preliminary relief. Where the plaintiff is the Government, and where a reasonable likelihood of success on the merits is established, Courts assume that the risk of irreparable harm is likewise established. If granted, a preliminary injunction may be of indefinite duration and it is immediately appealable. While U.S. Courts do not typically speak of ‘proportionality’, there are functionally equivalent principles, and if a proposed remedy has no reasonable relationship with an alleged antitrust infringement, it will be denied.</p> <p>The party opposing the motion for a preliminary injunction must be given a fair opportunity to be heard. However, exigent and specific facts can justify a temporary restraining order (TRO), a short-term and generally unappealable measure that a court may adopt in <i>ex parte</i> proceedings (Rule 65(b) FRCP). Such exigency may arise in particular where the DOJ or FTC seeks to stop a merger.</p> <p>Challenging a merger under Section 7 of the Clayton Act is indeed the main (albeit not the only) scenario where the federal agencies may request a preliminary injunction or TRO. Where the DOJ handles the case, it will simultaneously seek from the Court both a permanent injunction and a preliminary injunction/TRO. When the Court balances the equities (criterion iii above), it will attach more weight to the Government’s interest than it will to the private interests of the parties to the proposed merger. Compared to the procedure governing DOJ actions, the procedure that applies to the FTC has special features. Section 13(b) of the FTC Act authorizes the FTC to file suit seeking a preliminary injunction/TRO when it has cause to believe that an entity ‘is violating, or is about to violate’ any provision of law enforced by the FTC. Unlike the DOJ, the FTC does not seek a permanent injunction from the District Court. Instead, if the Court grants the temporary relief, the FTC then files an administrative complaint and the merits are adjudicated in-house in an administrative procedure under Part 3 of the FTC’s Rules of Practice. The FTC thus becomes the first-instance decision maker. With regard to the FTC’s request for temporary relief, the Courts interpret the legislative intent of the FTC Act as supporting broad access to injunctive relief—a deviation from the more demanding traditional principles of equity. This idiosyncratic feature was criticized by the Antitrust Modernization Commission in 2007, as the DOJ does not benefit from quite the same generous treatment, leading to at least the perception of uneven enforcement.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-101534 reference"><p>European Union:</p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/january-1980/the-eu-court-of-justice-confirms-that-the-commission-has-the-power-to-order">Case 792/79 R Camera Care v Commission, EU:C:1980:18</a></p> <p><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2001/the-eu-commission-imposes-interim-measures-on-the-world-leader-in-data-en" class="spip_in">Case T-184/01 R IMS Health Inc. v Commission, EU:T:2001:259</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2019/the-eu-commission-imposes-interim-measures-on-a-technology-company-suspected-to">Commission Decision of 16 October 2019, Case AT.40608 – Broadcom</a></p> <p>United States:</p> <p>FTC v. H.N. Singer, Inc., 668 F.2d 1107 (9th Cir. 1982)</p> <p>American Hospital Supply Co. v. Hospital Products Ltd., 780 F.2d 589 (7th Cir. 1986)</p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2008/A-US-Court-of-Appeals-reverses">FTC v Whole Foods Market, 548 F.3d 1028 (D.C. Cir. 2008)</a></p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-101534 jurisprudence"><p>Andrew Muscato, ‘The Preliminary Injunction in Business Litigation’ (2007) 3 New York University Journal of Law & Business 649-674</p> <p>Alexandre Ruiz Feases, ‘Sharpening the European Commission’s tools: interim measures’ (2020) 16 European Competition Journal 404-430</p> <p>Juliette Caminade, Antoine Chapsal & Jacob Penglase, ‘Interim Measures in Antitrust Investigations: An Economic Discussion’ (2021) 17 Journal of Competition Law and Economics 437-457</p> <p>Morton Denlow, ‘The Motion for a Preliminary Injunction: Time for a Uniform Federal Standard’ (2003) 22 Review of Litigation 495-539</p> <p>European Competition Network, Recommendation on the power to adopt interim measures</p> <p><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2018/the-eu-parliament-and-council-adopt-a-directive-to-empower-the-competition" class="spip_in">European Union, Directive (EU) 2019/1 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 to empower the competition authorities of the Member States to be more effective enforcers and to ensure the proper functioning of the internal market, [2019] OJ L 11/3, recital 38 and Article 11</a></p> <p>Gábor Gál & Konstantina Strouvali, ‘Interim Measures’, in Ekaterina Rousseva (ed.), EU Antitrust Procedure (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020) 289-304</p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/review/issues/no-3-2018/conferences/urgency-in-antitrust-cases-always-too-late-new-frontiers-of-antitrust-paris-11">Laurence Idot, ‘Urgence et concurrences : Mesures provisoires, référés-suspension … Toujours trop tard ?’, Concurrences No 3-2018, 17-19</a></p> <p>Despoina Mantzari, ‘Interim Measures in EU Competition Cases: Origins, Evolution, and Implications for Digital Markets’ (2020) 11 Journal of European Competition Law & Practice 487-498</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/mel-marquis" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton2927-506a0.jpg?1711359683) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Mel Marquis</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">Monash Law School (Melbourne)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Australia</span> <span class="articles"><em>9</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>10908</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Mel Marquis, </span> <span class="entry-title">Interim measures</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 12304</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">13606</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-12304 texte surlignable"><p>Conservatory measures imposed on firms by the Commission in relation to a competition case, in which a final decision on the substance has not been reached yet, in order to avoid that anti-competitive behaviour leads to irreversible damage before being sanctioned. Interim measures may be taken on the Commission’s own initiative, but are often requested together with a formal complaint. They can only be granted if the two following conditions are both met: - a firm’s behaviour prima facie constitutes an infringement of competition rules and - there is urgency, i.e. a risk of serious and irreparable harm to the applicant. For instance, a company whose existence is threatened by a potentially anti-competitive conduct of another company may request the Commission to investigate the matter under competition law, and in addition ask the Commission to prohibit the conduct in question until the investigation is terminated by a formal decision. The Commission can also take interim measures in merger cases in order to prevent the implementation of concentrations before the Commission has cleared them. The Merger Regulation prohibits the implementation prior to the Commission’s authorisation to avoid irreversible changes to the market structure before it is certain that a concentration is actually clearable. Interim measures can also be granted by the President of the Court of First Instance, to prevent a company from suffering serious and irreparable harm by the enforcement of a Commission decision the legality of which is challenged by that same company in a main action. <strong><a href="IMG/pdf/european_commission_glossary_of_terms_used_in_eu_competition_policy_-_antitrust_and_control_of_concentrations.pdf?40143/c3774ee64935572d46552d77051b73fee53aeda168348c3575d30d9dabcc7a34" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>European Commission</a> </strong></p> <p><abbr title='Dead link'>On this topic see the e-Competitions special issue "Interim Measures: An overview of EU and national case law"</abbr></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yV3QhW9uygOw/NcwTK/YyEjL1wmuF+23cjnqdNqanrQ134D1EiupnyhcQopPa74uldUiIJZBIm2Xw2EcGtmZoQFO+aGZJNxyrlZgVRuEsy2N/Hh9tYDOoIpIdRg7X137Ws7T54PDBImAPAaN9zrQghymOx1LEv5ZYZlWD+xujTdPczbODbqG0mJ2bF5w0uDF783t/fbbyCgswtNtmvceUlxEfYDdP5DYfHDTD5CZC5aZEB64FVo3PTdo171JJMurhCOlmFW2gsWqilWBz8g4guO2Omx8rFFkGHIEF+Ee8H9iWoh97kyJ7cO7qolHZ70oAS64IkgAarxY2E3mRTBL14csekvWOFZo20=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Barbara-T-Sicalides">Barbara T. Sicalides</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/julian-weiss">Julian Weiss</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2024/the-us-district-court-for-the-southern-district-of-new-york-grants-a" rel="bookmark">The US District Court for the Southern District of New York grants a preliminary injunction halting a merger between 2 fashion companies <em>(Tapestry / Capri)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-23T22:00:00Z">24 October 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121493 introduction entry-content"> <p>A New York federal court’s recent decision to enjoin the merger of two fashion companies gave the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the 2023 Merger Guidelines a boost. Since the issuance of the draft merger guidelines in July 2023, commentators and practitioners have questioned whether the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/William-Kolasky">William J. Kolasky</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/leon-b-greenfield">Leon B. Greenfield</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2000/the-us-district-court-for-the-district-of-columbia-denies-a-preliminary" rel="bookmark">The US District Court for the District of Columbia denies a preliminary injunction to pause a merger in the highly concentrated baby food market <em>(Heinz / Beech-Nut)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-26T10:26:14Z">26 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120501 introduction entry-content"> <p>This week, Judge James Robertson of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia denied the Federal Trade Commission’s motion for a preliminary injunction to prevent the proposed merger of two of the three major U.S. baby food producers, Heinz and Beech-Nut, while the FTC (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/laura-e-schneider">Laura E. Schneider</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/andrew-scott-dulberg">Andrew Scott Dulberg</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/andrew-stauber">Andrew Stauber</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-us-court-of-appeals-for-the-first-circuit-affirms-the-issuance-of-a" rel="bookmark">The US Court of Appeals for the First Circuit affirms the issuance of a preliminary injunction against the application of California’s worker noncompete ban to agreements executed outside of California <em>(DraftKings / Hermalyn)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-25T22:00:00Z">26 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120934 introduction entry-content"> <p>Against a growing trend of legislation and broader efforts seeking to limit or eliminate post-employment noncompetition restrictions, recent Massachusetts and First Circuit decisions in a dispute between DraftKings and one of its former executives highlight that not all efforts to enforce a (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/australian-competition-authority">Australian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-australian-competition-authority-proposes-to-authorise-price-capping" rel="bookmark">The Australian Competition Authority proposes to authorise price capping provisions and metrics reports for a Tasmanian health insurer <em>(St Lukes)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-11T22:00:00Z">12 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120604 introduction entry-content"> <p>ACCC proposes to authorise price capping provisions and metrics reports for Tasmanian health insurer* <br class='autobr' /> The ACCC proposes to grant authorisation for 5 years to health insurer St. Luke’s Medical and Hospital Benefits Association (St Lukes) to enter into and give effect to specified price capping (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/australian-competition-authority">Australian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-australian-competition-authority-publishes-updated-guidelines-clarifying" rel="bookmark">The Australian Competition Authority publishes updated guidelines clarifying the process of interim authorisation for non-merger conduct</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-09T22:00:00Z">10 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120577 introduction entry-content"> <p>ACCC publishes updated guidelines to clarify the process of interim authorisation* <br class='autobr' /> The ACCC has published updated Guidelines for authorisation of conduct (non-merger) to clarify expectations around interim authorisation requests and decisions. <br class='autobr' /> Interim authorisation is a flexible tool the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alain-ronzano">Alain Ronzano</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-4-2024/alertes/competition-policy-the-european-commission-publishes-the-assessment-of" rel="bookmark"><strong>Competition policy</strong>: The European Commission publishes the assessment of Regulations 1/2003 and 773/2004, as well as an interesting study on interim measures in Europe</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-05T22:00:00Z">6 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120585 introduction entry-content"> <p>On September 6, 2024, the Commission published a working document in English summarizing the findings of the evaluation of the EU regulations defining the procedures for applying the EU competition rules [regulation (EC) no. 1/2003 and regulation (EC) no. 773/2004. This working document is (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-francois-bellis">Jean-François Bellis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/peter-l-ecluse">Peter L’Ecluse</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/valerie-lefever">Valérie Lefever</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/koen">Koen T’Syen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kris-van-hove">Kris Van Hove</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2024/the-eu-commission-publishes-a-report-on-the-interim-measures-used-by-national" rel="bookmark">The EU Commission publishes a report on the interim measures used by National Competition Authorities</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-09-04T22:00:00Z">5 September 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120642 introduction entry-content"> <p>The European Commission (the Commission ) published on 5 September 2024 a report on interim measures used by national competition authorities ( NCAs ) (see, attachment – the IM Report ). When Directive 2019/1 to make NCAs more effective competition law enforcers (the ECN+ Directive ) became (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/new-caledonia-competition-authority-noumea">New Caledonian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/august-2024/the-new-caledonian-competition-authority-publishes-3-new-procedural-notices-on" rel="bookmark">The New Caledonian Competition Authority publishes 3 new procedural notices on merger control</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-08-20T22:00:00Z">21 August 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120363 introduction entry-content"> <p>ACNC publishes three new procedural communiqués* <br class='autobr' /> The ACNC has published three new procedural notices relating respectively to the exemptions from the suspensive effect of the control of mergers and retail trade, the procedure for interim measures , and the application of the failing company (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/romanian-competition-authority">Romanian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2024/the-romanian-competition-authority-fines-a-railway-company-for-non-compliance" rel="bookmark">The Romanian Competition Authority fines a railway company for non-compliance with national regulatory measures and restricting operators’ access to service infrastructures <em>(Grup Feroviar Român)</em> </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-28T22:00:00Z">29 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-120032 introduction entry-content"> <p>THE NATIONAL RAILWAY SUPERVISION COUNCIL FINED GRUP FEROVIAR ROMÂN WITH 3.49 MILLION LEI* <br class='autobr' /> The National Railway Supervision Council (NRSC), part of the Competition Council, sanctioned Grup Feroviar Român with 3.49 million lei for not complying with the measures imposed by the national (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/japanese-competition-authority">Japanese Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2024/the-japanese-ftc-issues-a-cease-and-desist-order-against-a-medical-devices" rel="bookmark">The Japanese FTC issues a cease and desist order against a medical devices seller for abuse of dominant position <em>(ASP Japan)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-25T22:00:00Z">26 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119893 introduction entry-content"> <p>The JFTC Issued a Cease and Desist Order against ASP Japan G.K.* <br class='autobr' /> The Japan Fair Trade Commission (hereinafter referred to as the “JFTC”) today issued a cease and desist order against ASP Japan G.K. (hereinafter referred to as the “ASP Japan”) pursuant to the provision of the Antimonopoly Act (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Barbara-T-Sicalides">Barbara T. Sicalides</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/matthew-v-delduca">Matthew V. DelDuca</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/tracey-e-diamond">Tracey E. Diamond</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/julian-weiss">Julian Weiss</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2024/the-us-district-court-for-the-eastern-district-of-pennsylvania-denies-an" rel="bookmark">The US District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania denies an arboricultural company’s motion for a preliminary injunction against the FTC’s non-compete ban <em>(ATS Tree Services / FTC)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-22T22:00:00Z">23 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119931 introduction entry-content"> <p>In direct conflict with a recent Texas court ruling, on July 23, an Eastern District of Pennsylvania court denied ATS Tree Services’ motion for a preliminary injunction to stay the effective date of the Federal Trade Commission’s (FTC) noncompete ban. The ATS court limited application of its (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/australian-competition-authority">Australian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2024/the-australian-competition-authority-conditionally-grants-an-interim" rel="bookmark">The Australian Competition Authority conditionally grants an interim authorisation to permit 3 major supermarkets to collaborate on soft plastics recycling <em>(Coles / Woolworths / ALDI)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-17T22:00:00Z">18 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119745 introduction entry-content"> <p>ACCC interim authorisation allows supermarkets to continue cooperation on soft plastics recycling* <br class='autobr' /> The ACCC has granted interim authorisation with conditions to the major supermarkets Coles Group, Woolworths Group and ALDI Stores, to continue their collaboration to recycle stockpiled soft (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/new-caledonia-competition-authority-noumea">New Caledonian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2024/the-new-caledonian-competition-authority-temporarily-authorises-a-home-care" rel="bookmark">The New Caledonian Competition Authority temporarily authorises a home care medical equipment seller to deviate from a 2021 merger commitment <em>(Unipharma)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-15T22:00:00Z">16 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119749 introduction entry-content"> <p>ACNC temporarily authorizes Unipharma to deviate from a commitment made in 2021* <br class='autobr' /> By Decision No. 2021-DCC-01 of March 22, 2021, the Authority authorized the acquisition of exclusive control of SARL Médical Equipement by SARL Handipharma, subject to the effective implementation of several (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/shay-dvoretzky">Shay Dvoretzky</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/ryne-c-posey">Ryne C. Posey</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/joseph-m-rancour">Joseph M. Rancour</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/tara-l-reinhart">Tara L. Reinhart</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/david-schwartz">David E. Schwartz</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/annie-villanueva-jeffers">Annie Villanueva Jeffers</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2024/the-us-district-court-for-the-northern-district-of-texas-grants-a-preliminary" rel="bookmark">The US District Court for the Northern District of Texas grants a preliminary injunction challenging the implementation of the FTC’s ban on non-compete agreements <em>(Ryan / FTC)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-10T22:00:00Z">11 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119614 introduction entry-content"> <p>On July 3, 2024, in Ryan v. Federal Trade Commission, a district court in the Northern District of Texas preliminarily enjoined the implementation and enforcement against the plaintiff and plaintiffs-intervenors of a Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Rule (the Rule) banning almost all noncompete (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/katharine-o-connor">Katharine O’Connor</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/alexander-grayson">Alexander Grayson</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/brian-mead">Brian Mead</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2024/the-us-district-court-for-the-northern-district-of-texas-issues-a-preliminarily" rel="bookmark">The US District Court for the Northern District of Texas issues a preliminarily injunction to prevent the FTC’s non-compete rule from coming into force <em>(Ryan / FTC)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-07-10T22:00:00Z">11 July 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-119622 introduction entry-content"> <p>WHAT HAPPENED <br class='autobr' /> On July 3, 2024, the US District Court for the Northern District of Texas stayed the September 4, 2024, implementation date (the effective date) of the Federal Trade Commission’s (FTC) Final Rule that bans all new noncompete agreements nationwide and renders existing noncompete (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/Interim-measures?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yVjRxW9uyhvoads+orr2VRJEXnnO8+rhf387shAsBShJfhMmRvCc9eMzpNvZRk7XsK+XyCYL7Sl3jmbnRI5VqrrI1jQnUP0Q4w4z4lYiNvOqgOhpHoWGnp4hFybuzenfQ4fCV9teaV3UzRgNgdmdAq8jgF8K0v5hZ4dR7rS19hMPNrDTeLZqO06B+/FMUVpYJ8PAP/ZLan54hdOvV/aC/5lgESxapAKok4Gi6zZaqYNXfd6ZUBZ8TTC4171JJPSqr5eXblaXLkJQ894cTSOtpsPlTRo9mzMPqaMEV6Ee+cFC4SoxmcxN7fO7qo9Geax3P6H14DGwBDiAohja0WNu6XRoRM=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/richard-whish">Richard Whish</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/dirk-middelschulte">Dirk Middelschulte</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/daniel-green">Daniel Green</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marceline-tournier-538">Marceline Tournier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/Jorge-Padilla">Jorge Padilla</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/assimakis-komninos">Assimakis Komninos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/angelique-de-brousse">Angélique de Brousse</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Philippe-Croene">Philippe Croene</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/grania-holzwarth">Grania Holzwarth</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2024/on-topic/the-new-eu-commission-competition-policy" rel="bookmark">The new EU Commission competition policy</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121882 introduction entry-content"> <p>This On-Topic features a collection of essays examining a pivotal moment for competition law and policy, focusing on key developments in the EU and beyond. A convergence of factors—most notably Mario Draghi’s report on European competitiveness and Ursula von der Leyen’s mission letter to Teresa (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/concurrences-3242">Concurrences</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-4-2024/insights/open-letter-to-the-designated-commissioner-in-charge-of-european-competition" rel="bookmark">Open letter to the designated Commissioner in charge of European competition policy</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121478 introduction entry-content"> <p>As the European Parliament prepares to audition Mrs. Teresa Ribera Rodríguez for the role of European Commissioner for Competition on November 12, 2024, Concurrences sought your insights on the crucial competition issues shaping the next mandate. We were thrilled to receive over 300 responses to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/andreas-heinemann">Andreas Heinemann</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-4-2021/editorial/competition-law-in-need-for-speed" rel="bookmark">Competition law in need for speed</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-102814 introduction entry-content"> <p>The increasing complexity of competition law has considerably protracted procedures, seriously jeopardizing the goals of competition policy. The shortcomings are particularly pernicious in the digital economy but are not limited to a specific economic sector. The time has come to tackle the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-jenny">Frédéric Jenny</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-3-2021/articles/competition-law-enforcement-and-regulation-for-digital-ecosystems-understanding-en" rel="bookmark">Competition law enforcement and regulation for digital ecosystems: Understanding the issues, facing the challenges and moving forward</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-101662 introduction entry-content"> <p>Competition authorities are under severe political pressure to intervene quickly against the digital behemoth for a variety of reasons. Various expert reports have suggested that traditional antitrust or competition law enforcement and merger control are inadequate or insufficient to deal with (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/vilenas-vadapalas">Vilenas Vadapalas</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-1-2021/international/lithuania-transposition-of-the-ecn-directive-in-comparative-perspective-en" rel="bookmark">Lithuania: Transposition of the ECN+ Directive in comparative perspective</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-98789 introduction entry-content"> <p>Transposition of Directive (EU) 2019/1 of 11 December 2018 to empower the competition authorities of the Member States to be more effective enforcers (simply called “ECN+ Directive”) will have the most significant impact on uniform application of the EU antitrust rules since Regulation (EC) No. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-idot">Laurence Idot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/guillaume-daieff">Guillaume Daieff</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/isabelle-de-silva">Isabelle De Silva</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/linda-arcelin">Linda Arcelin</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mathilde-boudou">Odile Mathilde Boudou</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-louis-fourgoux">Jean-Louis Fourgoux</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/yann-utzschneider">Yann Utzschneider</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anouk-clamens">Anouk Clamens</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/christophe-lemaire">Christophe Lemaire</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-1-2021/dossier/ddadue-bill-simple-adaptation-or-reform-of-french-competition-law-en" rel="bookmark">DDADUE bill: Simple adaptation or reform of French competition law?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-98841 introduction entry-content"> <p>This set of articles is dedicated to the changes made to the French competition law by the DDADUE bill of December 3, 2020. Both the law on restrictive competition practices and the law on anti-competitive practices are affected by the necessary transposition of EU directives (directives 2019/1, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/harikumar-pillay">Harikumar Pillay</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/lip-hang-poh">Lip Hang Poh</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-3-2019/international/singapore-grab-uber-merger-observations-from-the-cccs-s-first-interim-measures-90784-en" rel="bookmark">Singapore: <em>Grab/Uber</em> merger – Observations from the CCCS’s first interim measures directions and merger infringement decisions</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-90784 introduction entry-content"> <p>In September 2018, the CCCS (Competition and Consumer Commission of Singapore) issued its infringement decision on the merger between Grab and Uber, the first merger infringement decision issued by the authority since the prohibition came into force in July 2007. This was also the first case in (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/julia-bombardier">Julia Bombardier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laure-de-chalendar">Laure de Chalendar</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-3-2019/pratiques/local-anticompetitive-practices-operation-and-review-of-the-transaction-en" rel="bookmark">Local anticompetitive practices: Operation and review of the transaction-injunction mechanism</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-91121 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article focuses on settlement and/or injunction proceedings implemented by the Minister for Economic Affairs since 2009 for anticompetitive practices with a local dimension. It also provides a comprehensive review of the decisions taken over the past ten years and analyses the use of this (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/enrico-camilleri">Enrico Camilleri</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/fayrouze-masmi-dazi">Fayrouze Masmi-Dazi</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-3-2019/conferences/temporal-application-of-the-rules-for-transposing-the-damages-directive-3rd" rel="bookmark">Temporal application of the rules for transposing the “damages” directive (3rd Private Enforcement Conference: The current state of private enforcement in the EU and France - Paris Court of Appeal, March 28th, 2019)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-90901 introduction entry-content"> <p>Damages claims for anticompetitive conduct after the Directive 2014/104/EU: Is it (still) worth talking about a private law remedy? <br class='autobr' /> Enrico Camilleri Professor, University of Palermo <br class='autobr' /> Directive 2014/2014/EU puts the private law remedy of non-contractual liability as the pivot of the entire (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-idot">Laurence Idot</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-3-2018/conferences/urgency-in-antitrust-cases-always-too-late-new-frontiers-of-antitrust-paris-11" rel="bookmark">Urgency in antitrust cases: Always too late? (New Frontiers of Antitrust - Paris, 11 June 2018)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-87851 introduction entry-content"> <p>After an alignment of French rules to European rules, the two sets of rules have evolved differently from one another. The topic is once again at the forefront, following the first Google case, but even more following the ECN+ submission, which stipulates that all NCA must be provided with this (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/adrien-giraud">Adrien Giraud</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/guillaume-blanc">Guillaume Blanc</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-3-2018/pratiques/interim-measures-in-france-a-really-enviable-model" rel="bookmark">Interim measures in France: A really enviable model?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-87235 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Commissioner for Competition, Margrethe Vestager, considers tougher enforcement with respect to interim measures and eyes the French regime with interest. It is now established that the French Competition Authority enjoys wide powers to adopt decisions ordering interim measures. This study (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-steenbergen">Jacques Steenbergen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-4-2017/foreword/for-effective-and-fair-precautionary-measures-en" rel="bookmark">For effective and fair precautionary measures</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-84874 introduction entry-content"> <p>Efficient and equitable interim relief procedures are in the interest of the authorities as well as of their stakeholders. Their efficiency depends in the first place on the balancing of the prima facie test in order to protect both the victims of infringements in case an infringement is (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-yves-art">Jean-Yves Art</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-3-2016/articles/interim-relief-in-eu-competition-law-a-matter-of-relevance-80361" rel="bookmark">Interim relief in EU competition law: A matter of relevance</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-80361 introduction entry-content"> <p>Infringement or commitment decision are regularly used by EU jurisdictions to remedy a competition infringement. However, interim measures could sometimes offer a better solution. The Google case is a good example where the possibility of ordering interim measures to remedy the presumptively (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nigel-parr">Nigel Parr</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/steven-vaz">Steven Vaz</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-3-2014/international/united-kingdom-overview-of-the-new-competition-regime" rel="bookmark">United Kingdom: Overview of the new competition regime</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-67457 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article outlines the key changes made to the UK competition regime following the enactment of the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013, which provided for the merger of the Office of Fair Trading and Competition Commission to form the new Competition and Markets Authority. The authors (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/rafael-amaro">Rafael Amaro</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-4-2013/pratiques/interim-measure-in-anticompetitive-practices-proceedings-a-brief-analysis-of" rel="bookmark">Interim measure in anticompetitive practices proceedings: A brief analysis of French judicial case law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-11-30T23:00:00Z">December 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-57389 introduction entry-content"> <p>This paper adresses the question of interim measures proceedings in French courts. Litigation data indicate that interim measures provide the victims of cartels and abuse of dominance an interesting option to seek relief. In the cases reported, jurisdictions grant the plaintiffs injunctions to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/Interim-measures?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679lKGCejCGDh7VjCx1MC627mMKC+4Pz7xjBG3sqqfphi8siwxE5XjATKXX2G11synVSkM7samatrfm1soZYB3rxqijU3+3Nox+PhshWmNPiT8dPuT+kmSsWqfR3/A7idnc7li/J1RyAGjf3zc1MOEgMx71pGcoVYdvHGFAqeklZ6XUpPuIfC78xtzfbbqyhP4pOta0cWmR9oJhdavcPGKYxTz1AZCnMZXU6VZqsweTYIwlaqAcu7Xlo27gwagNYKRSai72mDt2MA1+F7+rnnfF5J1Bw95fL6pMNEivH4JuvPFVft5f6ZDboZIF6E+RuFR3aghwwO6qzdeWjZLA=' data-origin="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/virginie-beaumeunier">Virginie Beaumeunier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alvaro-ramos">Alvaro Ramos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/olivier-guersent">Olivier Guersent</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antoni-vassileff">Antoni Vassileff</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-idot">Laurence Idot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/michael-grenfell">Michael Grenfell</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/11th-new-frontiers-of-antitrust-conference-2-improving-the-effectiveness-and" rel="bookmark">11th New Frontiers of Antitrust Conference #2 Improving the effectiveness and the agility of competition law enforcement</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-11-04T15:00:00Z">4 November 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-96945 introduction entry-content"><p>2nd Webinar of the « 11th New Frontiers of Antitrust Conference » organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Advolis Orfis and Qualcomm, with <a href="en/authors/virginie-beaumeunier" class="spip_in">Virginie Beaumeunier</a> (Director General, DGCCRF), <a href="en/authors/olivier-guersent" class="spip_in">Olivier Guersent</a> (Director General, DG COMP - European Commission), <a href="en/authors/michael-grenfell" class="spip_in">Michael Grenfell</a> (Executive Director - Enforcement, UK Competition and Markets Authority), <a href="en/authors/laurence-idot" class="spip_in">Laurence Idot</a> (Emeritus Professor, University Paris II Panthéon-Assas | President, Concurrences Review Scientific Committee), <a href="en/authors/alvaro-ramos" class="spip_in">Alvaro Ramos</a> (Vice President - Head of Global Antitrust, Qualcomm) and <a href="en/authors/antoni-vassileff" class="spip_in">Antoni Vassileff</a> (Partner, Advolis Orfis).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/alan-ryan">Alan Ryan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alvaro-ramos">Alvaro Ramos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andreas-mundt">Andreas Mundt</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/straetemans">Anneleen Straetemans</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antoine-chapsal">Antoine Chapsal</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antoine-winckler">Antoine Winckler</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/carles-esteva-mosso">Carles Esteva Mosso</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/cristina-caffarra">Cristina Caffarra</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/david-snyder">David Snyder</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/delphine-geny-stephann">Delphine Gény-Stephann</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/florian-schaefer">Florian Schaefer</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-jenny">Frédéric Jenny</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/guillaume-loriot">Guillaume Loriot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/isabelle-de-silva">Isabelle De Silva</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-steenbergen">Jacques Steenbergen</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-philippe-gunther">Jacques-Philippe Gunther</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/Jorge-Padilla">Jorge Padilla</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-idot">Laurence Idot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mark-powell">Mark Powell</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/morten-toft">Morten Toft</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/walid-chaiehloudj">Walid Chaiehloudj</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/wouter-wils">Wouter Wils</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/new-frontiers-of-antitrust-2018" rel="bookmark">New frontiers of Antitrust 2018</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-06-11T10:00:00Z">11 June 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-85056 introduction entry-content"><p>Annual Concurrences Paris conference organised at the Ministry for the Economy and Finance with the support of Analysis Group, Cleary Gottlieb, Compass Lexecon, Freshfields, Latham & Watkins, Qualcomm, White & Case (Panel Sponsors), Clifford Chance, Dechert, Deloitte, EE&MC, Gide, Willkie Farr & Gallagher (Social Event Sponsors), and MLex, PaRR (Media Sponsors).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/alec-j-burnside">Alec J. Burnside</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Maria-Jaspers">Maria Jaspers</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/melanie-thill-tayara">Mélanie Thill-Tayara</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/interim-measures-and-eu-competition-proceedings-is-there-a-case-for-reform-en-86748" rel="bookmark">Interim measures and EU competition proceedings: Is there a case for reform?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-06-08T10:30:00Z">8 June 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-86748 introduction entry-content"><p>Workshop organised by Concurrences Review in partnership with Dechert.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurence-idot">Laurence Idot</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurent-godfroid">Laurent Godfroid</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-hautbourg">Stéphane Hautbourg</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/umberto-berkani">Umberto Berkani</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/emergency-proceedings-in-competition-law" rel="bookmark">Emergency proceedings in competition law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-03-27T10:30:00Z">27 March 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-86602 introduction entry-content"><p>Workshop organised by Concurrences review in partnership with Gide Loyrette Nouel.</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anna-vernet">Anna Vernet</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-buhart">Jacques Buhart</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-francois-bellis">Jean-François Bellis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Kurt-Haegeman">Kurt Haegeman</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nils-wahl">Nils Wahl</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paul-lugard">Paul Lugard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/wilko-van-weert">Wilko Van Weert</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/empowering-ncas-can-the-draft-directive-reach-its-goals-84248" rel="bookmark">Empowering NCAs: Can the draft Directive reach its goals?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-05-31T10:30:00Z">31 May 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-84248 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop organized by Concurrences Review in partnership with McDermott Will & Emery.</p></div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsections_books related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-books"> <span>Books</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yX1QhKtuyjR6DNZROzDv2mG48M+NTU9GSKsuOO0p3kEIJvyukLPON2i1e+a6EFCRob9lbiITjxyBYKZCPsv8wtCNCGclVfIqIbduCJi81yr/pOJaVyCqu9ccxE2zVsbb38+CAfQRLo2npDweYqbEOwt8oID91aexQb7LqB13PvDoZGXyWPNPZzmrIiR5uoN1SMWTF5KhPiLYu3udMbxFtWtrVqjs1/pERB5Ba+N7Z9wQ2Aa/iOix25eullTVKCWffbzkQvjQHmAeP/4PN13/bo36Poor2rjnX+CxtHu7luh5hOoDqIrGTNVVbudnVfL/qA+f4FqEwovFCzaUreOVqmnKFLW' data-origin="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/antonio-capobianco">Antonio Capobianco</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/ori-schwartz">Ori Schwartz</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/all-books/compendium-of-international-cartels" rel="bookmark">Compendium of International Cartels</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-01-07T23:00:00Z">8 January 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121995 introduction entry-content"> <p>International cartels are raising complex policy issues, which the OECD as a forward-thinking forum has broadly addressed over the past decades. The OECD’s cartel work has resulted in an extensive collection of important recommendations, best practices, and policy roundtables, collectively (…)</p> </div> </article></div> </div> <h3 class="">Chapters</h3> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679lCOjDp80AiFl40KER28Kl+EPg3hz603e/Ku1MGnr9Xa8K+qEg5Nv6N6DKcZC+69vAWqsjshJEpvJMhp5ghninmV7MTiNsKxkVhpEnuA4XWaGovn3GKzq6LMBxjrlq57NLM8PUdiJCu+pW/5Wek7urfOWMyoJxxcyZhDpVYSVh+BoufSAI9ACx1gTwvRnxFUkEMkN4WGQ9AEWxwqAIJgNvCqo4va3qNDx64IHQyhQgXMRwrN5Ir0dm8ZlG2ok2SimURz8E6EqmujCVFByGZv7pm4vCfZW1inJRlOW9k7W/BFLeseTBhDHYq4Jn+thRwVSRGXWKKY2wznUdt0bX' data-origin="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures"> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/andreas-heinemann">Andreas Heinemann</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/why-competition-voices-from-the-antitrust-community-and-beyond-1493#id=131953" rel="bookmark">Why Competition? Voices from the Antitrust Community and Beyond <small>Competition Law in Need for Speed</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-21T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">22 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">279Why Competition? Competition Law in Need for Speed *1 Andreas Heinemann University of Zurich According to widespread opinion, competition law is not up to the challenges of the digital economy because undesirable developments happen faster than competition law can correct them. This may be (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andreas-reindl">Andreas Reindl</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/isabelle-van-damme">Isabelle Van Damme</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/the-eu-foreign-subsidies-regulation-1461#id=120848" rel="bookmark">The EU Foreign Subsidies Regulation <small>Chapter III – The Concentrations (M&A) Tool</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-01-29T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">30 </span><span class="m">Jan</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">The EU Foreign Subsidies Regulation – Andreas Reindl, Isabelle Van Damme73 Chapter III The Concentrations (M&A) Tool Introduction The FSR's M&A tool is an ex-ante instrument to assess the impact of foreign subsidies on concentrations that involve merging parties, acquisition targets or JVs (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andreas-reindl">Andreas Reindl</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/isabelle-van-damme">Isabelle Van Damme</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/the-eu-foreign-subsidies-regulation-1461#id=120846" rel="bookmark">The EU Foreign Subsidies Regulation <small>Chapter VII – Investigatory and Enforcement Powers</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-01-29T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">30 </span><span class="m">Jan</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">The EU Foreign Subsidies Regulation – Andreas Reindl, Isabelle Van Damme179 Chapter VII Investigatory and Enforcement Powers Introduction The FSR confers on the Commission strong investigatory and enforcement powers, which are similar to the rules governing antitrust investigations, merger (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andreas-reindl">Andreas Reindl</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/isabelle-van-damme">Isabelle Van Damme</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/the-eu-foreign-subsidies-regulation-1461#id=120845" rel="bookmark">The EU Foreign Subsidies Regulation <small>Chapter IV – The Public Procurement Tool</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-01-29T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">30 </span><span class="m">Jan</span></span><span class="y"> 2024</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">The EU Foreign Subsidies Regulation – Andreas Reindl, Isabelle Van Damme111 Chapter IV The Public Procurement Tool Introduction The FSR's public procurement tool enables the Commission to examine whether eco nomic operators participating in public procurement projects in the EU have a competi (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/esma-aktas">Esma Aktaş</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/hakan-demirkan">Hakan Demirkan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/uzay-gorkem-yildiz">Uzay Görkem Yıldız</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/turkish-competition-law-884#id=73068" rel="bookmark">Turkish Competition Law <small>Chapter 12 - Sanctions and the Termination of Infringements</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-11-23T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">24 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2021</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">Turkish Competition Law – Gönenç Gürkaynak395 Chapter 12 Sanctions and the Termination of Infringements Gönenç Gürkaynak, Esq., Hakan Demirkan, * Esma Aktaş ** and Uzay Görkem Yıldız *** Under the Turkish legal regime, competition law violations are classified as misdemeanours and accordingly, (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacques-steenbergen">Jacques Steenbergen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/douglas-h-ginsburg-liber-amicorum-an-antitrust-professor-on-the-bench#id=40589" rel="bookmark">Douglas H. Ginsburg Liber Amicorum : An Antitrust Professor on the Bench <small>Interim Relief Measures in Competition Cases: A European Competition Authority’s Perspective</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-02-28T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">1 </span><span class="m">Mar</span></span><span class="y"> 2018</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">545Douglas H. Ginsburg | An Antitrust Professor on the Bench - Liber Amicorum - Volume I Interim Relief Measures in Competition Cases: A European Competition Authority's Perspective prof. Em. dr. JaCQuEs stEEnbErgEn * Belgian Competition Authority Abstract Interim relief procedures in (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-yves-art">Jean-Yves Art</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/ian-forrester-a-scot-without-borders-liber-amicorum-vol-ii-29#id=43199" rel="bookmark">Ian Forrester - A Scot Without Borders Liber Amicorum Vol. II <small>Interim relief in EU competition law: a matter of relevance</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-11-30T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">1 </span><span class="m">Dec</span></span><span class="y"> 2015</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">57Ian S. Forrester | A Scot without Borders - Liber Amicorum - Volume II Interim relief in EU competition law: a matter of relevance JEAN-YVES ART * I.Introduction One of the merits of the Google case is that it is triggering useful discussion about some features of the EU competition (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/assimakis-komninos">Assimakis Komninos</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jacquelyn-maclennan">Jacquelyn MacLennan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/sir-david-edward">Sir David Edward</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/ian-forrester-a-scot-without-borders-liber-amicorum-vol-i#id=43740" rel="bookmark">Ian Forrester - A Scot Without Borders Liber Amicorum Vol. I <small>Interim orders against healthcare professionals in disciplinary proceedings (in the United Kingdom)</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-09-22T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">23 </span><span class="m">Sep</span></span><span class="y"> 2015</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">207Ian S. Forrester | A Scot without Borders - Liber Amicorum - Volume I Part III Human Rights Intellectual Property Other 209Ian S. Forrester | A Scot without Borders - Liber Amicorum - Volume I Interim orders against healthcare professionals in disciplinary proceedings (in the United Kingdom) (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bruno-lasserre">Bruno Lasserre</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/william-e-kovacic-an-antitrust-tribute-liber-amicorum-vol-ii#id=43454" rel="bookmark">William E. Kovacic: An Antitrust Tribute Liber Amicorum Vol. II <small>The European Competition Network: Past Successes and Challenges for Its Second Decade</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-09-08T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">9 </span><span class="m">Sep</span></span><span class="y"> 2014</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">149William E. Kovacic | An Antitrust Tribute - Liber Amicorum - Volume II The European Competition Network: Past Successes and Challenges for Its Second Decade BRUNO LASSERRE bruno.lasserre@autoritedelaconcurrence.fr President, Autorité de la Concurrence, Paris Abstract The European Competition (…)</div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#related-events" data-target="#related-events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#related-books" data-target="#related-books">Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#a" data-anchor="#a">a</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#b" data-anchor="#b">b</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#c" data-anchor="#c">c</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#d" data-anchor="#d">d</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#e" data-anchor="#e">e</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#f" data-anchor="#f">f</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#g" data-anchor="#g">g</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#h" data-anchor="#h">h</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#i" data-anchor="#i">i</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#j" data-anchor="#j">j</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#k" data-anchor="#k">k</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#l" data-anchor="#l">l</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#m" data-anchor="#m">m</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#n" data-anchor="#n">n</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#o" data-anchor="#o">o</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#p" data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/Interim-measures#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: '#menu-definition', offset: 130 }); jQuery('body').scrollspy({ target: '#definition-index', offset: 130 }); jQuery(document).scrollspy({ target: '#related-index', offset: 130 }); // Affichage de l'index var $btn_index = jQuery('[data-target="#index"]'); var $index = jQuery('#index'); $btn_index.on('click', function(e) { e.stopPropagation(); var me = jQuery(this); if (me.is('.collapsed')) { $btn_index.removeClass('in'); me.addClass('in'); var $container = $index.closest('.relative-content'); var y = me.offset().top - $container.offset().top + me.outerHeight(); var picto = me.find('.picto-round'); if (!picto.length) { picto = me; } var h = jQuery(window).height() - ($container.offset().top + y - jQuery(window).scrollTop()) - 25; y = Math.round(y); h = Math.round(h); $index.css({top:y+'px',maxHeight:h+'px'}); var x = picto.offset().left - $container.offset().left + picto.outerWidth() / 2 + 20; $index.find('.arrow-top').css({left:x+'px'}); me.removeClass('collapsed'); $index.collapse('show'); jQuery('body').addClass('index-visible'); } else { $index.collapse('hide'); } return false; }) $index.on('shown.bs.collapse', function() { // console.log('shown.bs.collapse'); }); $index.on('hidden.bs.collapse', function() { // console.log('hidden.bs.collapse'); $btn_index.addClass('collapsed'); jQuery('body').removeClass('index-visible') }); $index.find('.close').on('click', function() { $index.collapse('hide'); }); $index.on('click', 'a.lettre', function(e) { e.stopPropagation(); var anchor = jQuery(this).data('anchor'); jQuery('.glossaire-index', $index).scrollTo(anchor, {duration: 500,axis: 'y'}); return false; }).find('a.lettre').off('click'); // Menu général sticky // var topHeight = 50; // jQuery('.menu-glossaire-wrapper').each(function() { // var me = jQuery(this); // var offset = me.offset(); // me.affix({offset: {top:offset.top - topHeight}}); // topHeight += 50; // }); // Scroll auto vers ancre if (window.location.hash) { // console.log('ScrollTo '+window.location.hash); // setTimeout(function(){jQuery('[data-target="'+window.location.hash+'"]').click()},200); } }); </script> </main> <aside class="aside secondary" id="aside"> </aside> <aside class="extra secondary" id="extra"> </aside> </div> </div> <footer class="banner-bottom" id="banner-bottom"> <div class="container"> <div class="banners clearfix format-full position-bas" data-interval="5000"> <div class="banners-inner" role="listbox" style="padding-bottom: 5.33%"> <div class="item active"> <a href="https://www.filigranes.be/philippe-emmanuel-partsch-les-5-travaux-d-europe-une-europe-qui-nous-fera-grandir"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c1198031097 png" style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> <source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270223 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266213 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266636 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266532 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732267095 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732271479 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732270472 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272649 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732270251 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277555 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732277529 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270976 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266622 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732268300 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277558 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277174 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277555 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272968 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274035 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a href="https://www.filigranes.be/philippe-emmanuel-partsch-les-5-travaux-d-europe-une-europe-qui-nous-fera-grandir"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c1198031097 png" style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> <source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270223 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266213 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266636 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266532 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732267095 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732271479 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732270472 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272649 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732270251 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277555 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732277529 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270976 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266622 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732268300 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277558 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277174 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277555 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272968 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274035 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a href="https://www.filigranes.be/philippe-emmanuel-partsch-les-5-travaux-d-europe-une-europe-qui-nous-fera-grandir"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c1198031097 png" style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> <source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270223 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266213 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266636 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266532 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732267095 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732271479 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732270472 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272649 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732270251 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277555 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732277529 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270976 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266622 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732268300 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277558 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277174 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277555 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272968 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274035 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <footer class="footer" id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-4 col-xs-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6 col-md-4"> <div class="adresse small"> <img src='squelettes/img/logo/concurrences-crop.svg?1704296160' alt='Concurrences' class='logo-concurrences' width='1680' height='408' /> <img src='squelettes/img/logo/20ans/20ans-crop.svg?1704296160' alt='Concurrences' class='logo-20ans' width='617' height='439' /> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-md-8"> <div class="adresse small"> <p>19 avenue Jean Aicard<br class='autobr' /> 75011 Paris, France </p> <p>106 West 32nd Street, Suite 149<br class='autobr' /> New York, NY, 10001, USA </p> <p>Camden Gateway, 349 Royal College St,<br class='autobr' /> London NW1 9QS, UK </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-3 col-sm-offset-1"> <div class="menu small"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6"> <ul class="menu-liste menu-items nav nav-list"> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/bulletin/" class="menu-items__lien">Bulletin</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/review/" class="menu-items__lien">Review</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/events/" class="menu-items__lien">Events</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique"> <a href="en/all-books/" class="menu-items__lien">Books</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="col-sm-6"><ul class="menu-liste menu-items nav nav-list"> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_badge on active"> <a href="en/dictionary/" class="menu-items__lien">Dictionary <small>Free</small></a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/podcasts" class="menu-items__lien">Podcasts</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_lien"> <a href="https://awards.concurrences.com" class="menu-items__lien">Awards</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item-primary"> <a href="en/abonnements/" class="menu-items__lien">Subscriptions</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-4 col-xs-6 col-sm-offset-1"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-6 w450"> <div class="links small"> <ul class="menu-liste menu-items nav" data-depth="0"> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_page-speciale plan"> <a href="en/page/sitemap/" class="menu-items__lien">Site map</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/institute" class="menu-items__lien">Concurrences</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/terms-of-use-63" class="menu-items__lien">Terms of Use</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/terms-of-sale" class="menu-items__lien">Terms of Sale</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/write-for-concurrences-review" class="menu-items__lien">Publish</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-6 w450"> <div class="tools small"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="en/page/subscriptions/"><i class="picto picto-footer-abonnements"></i> Subscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="en/page/contact/" class="popin"><i class="picto picto-footer-contact"></i> Contact</a></li> <li> <a href="en/page/subscribe/"><i class="picto picto-footer-newsletter"></i> Newsletter</a> </li> <li><a href="https://calendly.com/concurrences/30min" rel="external" target="blank">Request a demo</a></li> </ul> <span class="social social_links"> <a class="social__icon social__icon_twitter" href="https://twitter.com/CompetitionLaws" title="Visit our Twitter page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_twitter-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Twitter (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/institute-of-competition-law-icl-institut-de-droit-de-la-concurrence-idc-" title="Visit our Linkedin page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_linkedin-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Linkedin (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/concurrences.review/" title="Visit our Facebook page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_facebook-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Facebook (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/concurrences_review/" title="Visit our Instagram page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_instagram-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Instagram (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/ConcurrencesReview" title="Visit our Youtube page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_youtube-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Youtube (opens a new window)</span> </a> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div>  <script type="text/javascript"> (function() { var w=window,d=document,r="",g=d.createElement('script'),s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; try{r=w.top.document.referrer}catch(Y){if(w.parent){try{r=w.parent.document.referrer}catch(X){r=""}}}if(r===""){r=d.referrer} g.type='text/javascript';g.defer=true;g.async=true;g.src="//www.concurrences.com/spip.php?action=statsjs&c=YToyOntzOjExOiJpZF9ydWJyaXF1ZSI7czozOiIxNjEiO3M6MTA6ImlkX2FydGljbGUiO3M6NToiMTIzMDQiO30="+"&r="+btoa(r);s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script></body></html>