CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Periodic table (crystal structure) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"41794716-6f32-47c7-8040-b9b6a712055c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)","wgTitle":"Periodic table (crystal structure)","wgCurRevisionId":1241611838,"wgRevisionId":1241611838,"wgArticleId":18702179,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Periodic table","Chemical elements by crystal structure"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)","wgRelevantArticleId":18702179,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[], "wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7168646","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Periodic table (crystal structure) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Periodic_table_crystal_structure rootpage-Periodic_table_crystal_structure skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Periodic+table+%28crystal+structure%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Periodic+table+%28crystal+structure%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Periodic+table+%28crystal+structure%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Periodic+table+%28crystal+structure%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_temperature_and_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_temperature_and_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Standard temperature and pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_temperature_and_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Melting_point_and_standard_pressure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Melting_point_and_standard_pressure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Melting point and standard pressure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Melting_point_and_standard_pressure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predicted_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predicted_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Predicted structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predicted_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Structure types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Close_packed_metal_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Close_packed_metal_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Close packed metal structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Close_packed_metal_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Periodic table (crystal structure)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 2 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-2" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">2 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_(%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C)" title="جدول تناوبی (ساختار بلوری) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جدول تناوبی (ساختار بلوری)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemek_krist%C3%A1lyszerkezete" title="Elemek kristályszerkezete – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elemek kristályszerkezete" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7168646#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)&oldid=1241611838" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Periodic_table_%28crystal_structure%29&id=1241611838&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPeriodic_table_%28crystal_structure%29"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPeriodic_table_%28crystal_structure%29"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Periodic_table_%28crystal_structure%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7168646" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Crystalline structure for solid elements</div> <p>For elements that are solid at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a> the first table gives the crystalline structure of the most thermodynamically stable form(s) in those conditions. Each element is shaded by a color representing its respective <a href="/wiki/Bravais_lattice" title="Bravais lattice">Bravais lattice</a>, except that all orthorhombic lattices are grouped together. </p><p><br /> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standard_temperature_and_pressure">Standard temperature and pressure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Standard temperature and pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f8f8f8; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; width:100%; max-width:1300px; margin:0 auto; padding:2px; ;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="20" style="background:#d8d8d8; padding:2px 4px;">Crystal structure of elements in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">1<br /><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a><br />  </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:0.5em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">2<br /><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a><br />  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">3<br /> <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a><br /> <b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">4<br /> <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a><br /> <b>Mg</b> </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:lightblue;">5<br /> <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a><br /><b>β-B</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">6<br /> <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a><br /><b>g-C</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">7<br /> <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a><br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">8<br /> <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a><br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">9<br /> <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a><br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">10<br /> <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a><br />  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">11<br /> <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a><br /> <b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">12<br /> <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a><br /> <b>Mg</b> </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">13<br /> <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> <br /> <b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">14<br /> <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> <br /><b>d-C</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:palegreen;">15<br /> <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> <br /><b>b-P</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:palegreen;">16<br /> <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> <br /><b>α-S</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">17<br /> <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> <br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">18<br /> <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> <br />  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">19<br /><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a><br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">20<br /> <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> <br /> <b>Cu</b> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">21<br /><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a><br /> <b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">22<br /><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> <br /><b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">23<br /> <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a><br /> <b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">24<br /><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> <br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">25<br /> <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a><br /><b>α-Mn</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">26<br /><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> <br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">27<br /> <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> <br /><b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">28<br /> <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> <br /> <b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver">29<br /><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> <br /> <b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon">30<br /> <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> <br /><b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:palegreen;">31<br /><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> <br /><b>α-Ga</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver">32<br /> <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> <br /><b>d-C</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:lightblue;">33<br /><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> <br /><b>α-As</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">34<br /><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> <br /><b>γ-Se</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">35<br /><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> <br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">36<br /> <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> <br />  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">37<br /> <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> <br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">38<br /> <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> <br /> <b>Cu</b> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">39<br /> <a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> <br /><b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">40<br /><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> <br /><b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">41<br /><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> <br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">42<br /> <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> <br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">43<br /> <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> <br /><b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">44<br /> <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> <br /><b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">45<br /> <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> <br /> <b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">46<br /> <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> <br /> <b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">47<br /> <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> <br /><b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">48<br /> <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> <br /><b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:yellow;">49<br /> <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> <br /><b>In</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:yellow;">50<br /> <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> <br /><b>β-Sn</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:lightblue;">51<br /> <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> <br /><b>α-As</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">52<br /><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> <br /><b>γ-Se</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:palegreen;">53<br /><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> <br /><b>Cl</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">54<br /> <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> <br />  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">55<br /> <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a><br /> <b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">56<br /> <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a><br /> <b>W</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.5em;; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">71<br /><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a><br /> <b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">72<br /> <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> <br /><b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">73<br /> <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> <br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">74<br /> <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> <br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">75<br /> <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> <br /><b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">76<br /> <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> <br /><b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">77<br /> <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a><br /><b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">78<br /> <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> <br /><b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">79<br /> <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> <br /><b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">80<br /> <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> <br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">81<br /> <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> <br /><b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">82<br /> <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> <br /><b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:lightblue;">83<br /> <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> <br /><b>α-As</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">84<br /> <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> <br /><b>α-Po</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">85<br /> <a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> <br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">86<br /> <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> <br />  </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">87<br /><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a><br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">88<br /> <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a><br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.5em;; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="2 asterisks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/16px-Asterisks_two.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/24px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/32px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">103<br /><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a><br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">104<br /> <a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a><br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">105<br /> <a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a><br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">106<br /> <a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a><br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">107<br /> <a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a><br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">108<br /> <a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a><br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">109<br /> <a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a><br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">110<br /> <a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a><br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">111<br /> <a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a><br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">112<br /> <a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a><br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">113<br /> <a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a><br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">114<br /> <a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a><br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">115<br /> <a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a><br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">116<br /> <a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a><br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">117<br /> <a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a><br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">118<br /> <a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a><br />  </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.5em;; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Asterisks_one_%28right%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_one_%28right%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Asterisks_one_%28right%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_one_%28right%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Asterisks_one_%28right%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_one_%28right%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">57<br /><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a><br /> <b>α-La</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">58<br /><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a><br /><b>α-La</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">59<br /><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a><br /> <b>α-La</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">60<br /><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> <br /> <b>α-La</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">61<br /><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a><br /> <b>α-La</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:lightblue;">62<br /><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a><br /><b>α-Sm</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">63<br /><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a><br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">64<br /><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a><br /> <b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">65<br /><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a><br /> <b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">66<br /><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a><br /> <b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">67<br /><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a><br /> <b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">68<br /><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a><br /> <b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">69<br /><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a><br /> <b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">70<br /><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a><br /><b>Cu</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.5em;; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="2 asterisks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/16px-Asterisks_two.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/24px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/32px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">89<br /><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a><br /> <b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">90<br /><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a><br /><b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:yellow;">91<br /><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a><br /><b>α-Pa</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:palegreen;">92<br /><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a><br /><b>α-U</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:palegreen;">93<br /><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a><br /><b>α-Np</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:violet;">94<br /><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a><br /><b>α-Pu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">95<br /><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a><br /> <b>α-La</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">96<br /><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a><br /> <b>α-La</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">97<br /><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a><br /> <b>α-La</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">98<br /><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a><br /> <b>α-La</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">99<br /><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a><br /> <b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">100<br /><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a><br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">101<br /><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a><br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">102<br /><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a><br />  </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:left;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Legend: </th></tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:violet; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Monoclinic_crystal_system" title="Monoclinic crystal system">Primitive monoclinic</a> structures: <b>α-Pu</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:palegreen; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">Orthorhombic</a> structures: <b>b-P</b>, <b>α-Ga</b>, <b>Cl</b>, <b>α-U</b>, <b>α-S</b>, <b>α-Np</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tetragonal_crystal_system" title="Tetragonal crystal system">Body-centered tetragonal</a> structures: <b>In</b>, <b>β-Sn</b>, <b>α-Pa</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:lightblue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_family" title="Hexagonal crystal family">Rhombohedral</a> structures: <b>β-B</b>, <b>α-As</b>, <b>α-Sm</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:salmon; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_family" title="Hexagonal crystal family">Hexagonal</a> structures: <b>Mg</b>, <b>α-La</b>, <b>g-C</b>, <b>γ-Se</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:mistyrose; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Primitive_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive cubic">Primitive cubic</a> structures: <b>α-Po</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Body-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-centered cubic">Body-centered cubic</a> structures: <b>W</b>, <b>α-Mn</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:silver; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Face-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-centered cubic">Face-centered cubic</a> structures: <b>d-C</b>, <b>Cu</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span> Not solid at standard temperature and pressure or uncertain</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Melting_point_and_standard_pressure">Melting point and standard pressure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Melting point and standard pressure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second table gives the most stable structure of each element at its melting point. (H, He, N, O, F, Ne, Cl, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Rn are gases at STP; Br and Hg are liquids at STP.) Note that helium does not have a melting point at atmospheric pressure, but it adopts a magnesium-type hexagonal close-packed structure under high pressure. </p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f8f8f8; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; width:100%; max-width:1300px; margin:0 auto; padding:2px; ;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="20" style="background:#d8d8d8; padding:2px 4px;">Crystal structures of elements at their melting points at atmospheric pressure </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">1<br /><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a><br />13 K<br /><b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:0.5em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">2<br /><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a><br />*<br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">3<br /> <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a><br />453 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">4<br /> <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a><br />1560 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:lightblue;">5<br /> <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a><br />2349 K<br /><b>β-B</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">6<br /> <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a><br />3800 K<br /><b>g-C</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">7<br /> <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a><br />63 K<br /><b>β-N</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">8<br /> <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a><br /> 54 K<br /><b>γ-O</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:mistyrose;">9<br /> <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a><br />53 K<br /><b>γ-O</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">10<br /> <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a><br />24 K<br /><b>Cu</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">11<br /> <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a><br />370 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">12<br /> <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a><br />923 K<br /><b>Mg</b> </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">13<br /> <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> <br />933 K<br /><b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">14<br /> <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> <br />1687 K<br /><b>d-C</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:palegreen;">15<br /> <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> <br />883 K<br /><b>b-P</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:violet;">16<br /> <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> <br />393 K<br /><b>β-S</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:palegreen;">17<br /> <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> <br />171 K<br /><b>Cl</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">18<br /> <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> <br />83 K<br /><b>Cu</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">19<br /><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a><br />336 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">20<br /> <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> <br />1115 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">21<br /><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a><br />1814 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">22<br /><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> <br />1941 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">23<br /> <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a><br />2183 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">24<br /><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> <br />2180 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">25<br /> <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a><br />1519 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">26<br /><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> <br />1811 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">27<br /> <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> <br />1768 K<br /><b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">28<br /> <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> <br />1728 K<br /><b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver">29<br /><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> <br />1357 K<br /><b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon">30<br /> <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> <br />692 K<br /><b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:palegreen;">31<br /><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> <br />302 K<br /><b>α-Ga</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver">32<br /> <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> <br />1211 K<br /><b>d-C</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:palegreen;">33<br /><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> <br />1090 K<br /><b>b-P</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">34<br /><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> <br />494 K<br /><b>γ-Se</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:palegreen;">35<br /><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> <br />265 K<br /><b>Cl</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">36<br /> <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> <br />115 K<br /><b>Cu</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">37<br /> <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> <br />312 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">38<br /> <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> <br />1050 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">39<br /> <a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> <br />1799 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">40<br /><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> <br />2128 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">41<br /><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> <br />2750 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">42<br /> <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> <br />2896 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">43<br /> <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> <br />2430 K<br /><b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">44<br /> <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> <br />2607 K<br /><b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">45<br /> <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> <br />2237 K<br /><b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">46<br /> <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> <br />1828 K<br /><b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">47<br /> <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> <br />1234 K<br /><b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">48<br /> <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> <br />594 K<br /><b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:yellow;">49<br /> <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> <br />429 K<br /><b>In</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:yellow;">50<br /> <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> <br />505 K<br /><b>β-Sn</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:lightblue;">51<br /> <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> <br />903 K<br /><b>α-As</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">52<br /><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> <br />722 K<br /><b>γ-Se</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:palegreen;">53<br /><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> <br />386 K<br /><b>Cl</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">54<br /> <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> <br />161 K<br /><b>Cu</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">55<br /> <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a><br />301 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">56<br /> <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a><br />1000 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.5em;; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">71<br /><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a><br />1925 K<br /><b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">72<br /> <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> <br />2506 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">73<br /> <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> <br />3290 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">74<br /> <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> <br />3695 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">75<br /> <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> <br />3459 K<br /><b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">76<br /> <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> <br />3306 K<br /><b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">77<br /> <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a><br />2719 K<br /><b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">78<br /> <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> <br />2041 K<br /><b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">79<br /> <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> <br />1337 K<br /><b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:lightblue;">80<br /> <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> <br />234 K<br /><b>α-Hg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">81<br /> <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> <br />557 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">82<br /> <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> <br />600 K<br /><b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:lightblue;">83<br /> <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> <br />544 K<br /><b>α-As</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:lightblue;">84<br /> <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> <br />527 K<br /><b>β-Po</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">85<br /> <a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> <br />575 K?<br />? </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">86<br /> <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> <br />202 K<br />? </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">87<br /><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a><br />281 K?<br />? </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">88<br /> <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a><br />973 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.5em;; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="2 asterisks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/16px-Asterisks_two.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/24px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/32px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">103<br /><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a><br />1900 K?<br />? </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">104<br /> <a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a><br />?<br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">105<br /> <a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a><br />?<br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">106<br /> <a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a><br />?<br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">107<br /> <a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a><br />?<br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">108<br /> <a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a><br />?<br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">109<br /> <a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a><br />?<br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">110<br /> <a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a><br />?<br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">111<br /> <a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a><br />?<br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">112<br /> <a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a><br />?<br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">113<br /> <a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a><br />?<br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">114<br /> <a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a><br />?<br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">115<br /> <a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a><br />?<br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">116<br /> <a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a><br />?<br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">117<br /> <a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a><br />?<br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">118<br /> <a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a><br />?<br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.5em;; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Asterisks_one_%28right%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_one_%28right%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Asterisks_one_%28right%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_one_%28right%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Asterisks_one_%28right%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_one_%28right%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">57<br /><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a><br />1193 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">58<br /><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a><br />1068 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">59<br /><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a><br />1208 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">60<br /><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> <br />1297 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">61<br /><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a><br />1315 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">62<br /><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a><br />1345 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">63<br /><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a><br />1099 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">64<br /><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a><br />1585 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">65<br /><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a><br />1629 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">66<br /><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a><br />1680 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">67<br /><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a><br />1734 K<br /><b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">68<br /><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a><br />1802 K<br /><b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">69<br /><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a><br />1818 K<br /><b>Mg</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">70<br /><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a><br />1097 K<br /><b>W</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.5em;; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="2 asterisks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/16px-Asterisks_two.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/24px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/32px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">89<br /><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a><br />1323 K<br /><b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">90<br /><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a><br />2115 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">91<br /><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a><br />1841 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">92<br /><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a><br />1405 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">93<br /><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a><br />917 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">94<br /><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a><br />912 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">95<br /><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a><br />1449 K<br /><b>W</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">96<br /><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a><br />1613 K<br /><b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">97<br /><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a><br />1259 K<br /><b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">98<br /><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a><br />1173 K<br /><b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">99<br /><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a><br />1133 K<br /><b>Cu</b> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">100<br /><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a><br />1800 K?<br />? </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">101<br /><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a><br /> 1100 K?<br />? </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">102<br /><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a><br /> 1100 K?<br />? </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:left;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Legend: </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:violet; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Monoclinic_crystal_system" title="Monoclinic crystal system">Primitive monoclinic</a> structures: <b>β-S</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:palegreen; color:black;"> </span> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Orthorhombic">Orthorhombic</a> structures: <b>b-P</b>, <b>α-S</b>, <b>Cl</b>, <b>α-Ga</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:yellow; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tetragonal_crystal_system" title="Tetragonal crystal system">Body-centered tetragonal</a> structures: <b>In</b>, <b>β-Sn</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:lightblue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_family" title="Hexagonal crystal family">Rhombohedral</a> structures: <b>β-B</b>, <b>α-As</b>, <b>α-Hg</b>, <b>α-Po</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:salmon; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_family" title="Hexagonal crystal family">Primitive Hexagonal</a> structures: <b>Mg</b>, <b>g-C</b>, <b>β-N</b>, <b>γ-Se</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:mistyrose; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Primitive_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive cubic">Primitive cubic</a> structure: <b>γ-O</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Body-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-centered cubic">Body-centered cubic</a> structure: <b>W</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:silver; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Face-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-centered cubic">Face-centered cubic</a> structures: <b>Cu</b>, <b>d-C</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span> unknown or uncertain</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predicted_structures">Predicted structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Predicted structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Predictions are given for elements 85–87, 100–113 and 118; all but radon<sup id="cite_ref-ramsay-melting_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ramsay-melting-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have not been produced in bulk. Probably Cn and Fl would be liquids at STP (ignoring radioactive self-heating concerns). Calculations have difficulty replicating the experimentally known bcc structures of the stable alkali metals, and the same problem affects Fr (87);<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nonetheless, it is probably also bcc.<sup id="cite_ref-Arblaster_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arblaster-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latest predictions for Fl (114) could not distinguish between face-centred cubic and hexagonal close-packed structures, which were predicted to be close in energy.<sup id="cite_ref-Florez_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Florez-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No predictions are available for elements 115–117. </p> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="text-align:center; background:#f8f8f8; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; width:100%; max-width:1300px; margin:0 auto; padding:2px; ;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="20" style="background:#d8d8d8; padding:2px 4px;">Predicted crystal structures of highly unstable elements </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3em; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">1<br /><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a><br /> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:0.5em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em;"> </td> <td style="width:3em; border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">2<br /><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">3<br /> <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">4<br /> <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a><br /> </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">5<br /> <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">6<br /> <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">7<br /> <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">8<br /> <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">9<br /> <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">10<br /> <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">11<br /> <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">12<br /> <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a><br /> </td> <td colspan="11"> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">13<br /> <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">14<br /> <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">15<br /> <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">16<br /> <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">17<br /> <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">18<br /> <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> <br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">19<br /><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">20<br /> <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> <br /> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">21<br /><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">22<br /><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">23<br /> <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">24<br /><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">25<br /> <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">26<br /><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">27<br /> <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">28<br /> <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey">29<br /><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey">30<br /> <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">31<br /><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey">32<br /> <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">33<br /><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">34<br /><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">35<br /><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">36<br /> <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> <br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">37<br /> <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">38<br /> <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> <br /> </td> <td> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">39<br /> <a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">40<br /><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">41<br /><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">42<br /> <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">43<br /> <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">44<br /> <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">45<br /> <a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">46<br /> <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">47<br /> <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">48<br /> <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">49<br /> <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">50<br /> <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">51<br /> <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">52<br /><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">53<br /><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">54<br /> <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> <br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">55<br /> <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">56<br /> <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a><br /> </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.5em;; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">71<br /><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">72<br /> <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">73<br /> <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">74<br /> <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">75<br /> <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">76<br /> <a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">77<br /> <a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">78<br /> <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">79<br /> <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">80<br /> <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">81<br /> <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">82<br /> <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">83<br /> <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">84<br /> <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">85<br /> <a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> <br /><b>[Cu]</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">86<br /> <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> <br /><b>[Cu]</b><sup id="cite_ref-Em_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Em-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">87<br /><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a><br /><b>[W]</b><sup id="cite_ref-Arblaster_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arblaster-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">88<br /> <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a><br /> </td> <td style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.5em;; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="2 asterisks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/16px-Asterisks_two.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/24px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/32px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">103<br /><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a><br /><b>[Mg]</b><sup id="cite_ref-6d_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6d-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">104<br /> <a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a><br /><b>[Mg]</b><sup id="cite_ref-6d_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6d-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">105<br /> <a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a><br /><b>[W]</b><sup id="cite_ref-6d_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6d-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">106<br /> <a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a><br /><b>[W]</b><sup id="cite_ref-6d_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6d-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">107<br /> <a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a><br /><b>[Mg]</b><sup id="cite_ref-6d_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6d-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">108<br /> <a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a><br /><b>[Mg]</b><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">109<br /> <a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a><br /><b>[Cu]</b><sup id="cite_ref-6d_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6d-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">110<br /> <a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a><br /><b>[W]</b><sup id="cite_ref-6d_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6d-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:orange;">111<br /> <a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a><br /><b>[W]</b><sup id="cite_ref-6d_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6d-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">112<br /> <a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a><br /><b>[Mg]</b><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:salmon;">113<br /> <a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a><br /><b>[Mg]</b><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">114<br /> <a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a><br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">115<br /> <a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a><br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">116<br /> <a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a><br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:white;">117<br /> <a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a><br />  </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">118<br /> <a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a><br /><b>[Cu]</b><sup id="cite_ref-Em_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Em-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.5em;; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Asterisks_one_%28right%29.svg/16px-Asterisks_one_%28right%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Asterisks_one_%28right%29.svg/24px-Asterisks_one_%28right%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Asterisks_one_%28right%29.svg/32px-Asterisks_one_%28right%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">57<br /><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">58<br /><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">59<br /><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">60<br /><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> <br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">61<br /><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">62<br /><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">63<br /><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">64<br /><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">65<br /><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">66<br /><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">67<br /><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">68<br /><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">69<br /><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">70<br /><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:right; padding-right:0.5em;; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="2 asterisks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/16px-Asterisks_two.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/24px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/32px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">89<br /><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">90<br /><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">91<br /><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">92<br /><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">93<br /><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">94<br /><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">95<br /><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">96<br /><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">97<br /><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">98<br /><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:grey;">99<br /><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a><br /> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">100<br /><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a><br /> <b>[Cu]</b><sup id="cite_ref-actinide_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actinide-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">101<br /><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a><br /> <b>[Cu]</b><sup id="cite_ref-actinide_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actinide-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="border:1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color:silver;">102<br /><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a><br /> <b>[Cu]</b><sup id="cite_ref-actinide_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-actinide-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="text-align:left;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Legend: </th></tr> <tr> <td>[…] predicted structure </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey; color:black;"> </span> Elements with known structure.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Body-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-centered cubic">Body-centered cubic</a> structure: <b>W</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:silver; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Face-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-centered cubic">Face-centered cubic</a> structures: <b>Cu</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:salmon; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_family" title="Hexagonal crystal family">Primitive Hexagonal</a> structures: <b>Mg</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span> unknown or uncertain</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_types">Structure types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Structure types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a list of structure types which appear in the tables above. Regarding the number of atoms in the unit cell, structures in the rhombohedral lattice system have a rhombohedral primitive cell and have trigonal point symmetry but are also often also described in terms of an equivalent but nonprimitive hexagonal unit cell with three times the volume and three times the number of atoms. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Prototype</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Strukturbericht_designation" title="Strukturbericht designation">Strukturbericht</a></th> <th>Diagram</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lattice_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Lattice system">Lattice system</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></th> <th>Atoms per unit cell</th> <th>Coordination</th> <th>notes </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:violet;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">α-Pu</a></td> <td>(none)</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpha-Plutonium_unit_cell.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Alpha-Plutonium_unit_cell.png/50px-Alpha-Plutonium_unit_cell.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Alpha-Plutonium_unit_cell.png/75px-Alpha-Plutonium_unit_cell.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Alpha-Plutonium_unit_cell.png/100px-Alpha-Plutonium_unit_cell.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="794" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monoclinic_crystal_system" title="Monoclinic crystal system">Monoclinic</a></td> <td>P2<sub>1</sub>/m<br />(No. 11)</td> <td>16</td> <td></td> <td>slightly distorted hexagonal structure. Lattice parameters: <i>a</i> = 618.3 pm, <i>b</i> = 482.2 pm, <i>c</i> = 1096.3 pm, <i>β</i> = 101.79° <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:violet;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">β-S</a></td> <td>(none)</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monoclinic_crystal_system" title="Monoclinic crystal system">Monoclinic</a></td> <td>P2<sub>1</sub>/c<br />(No. 14)</td> <td>32</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:palegreen;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">α-Np</a></td> <td>A<sub>c</sub></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">Orthorhombic</a></td> <td>Pnma<br />(No. 62)</td> <td>8</td> <td></td> <td>highly distorted bcc structure. Lattice parameters: <i>a</i> = 666.3 pm, <i>b</i> = 472.3 pm, <i>c</i> = 488.7 pm <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:palegreen;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">α-U</a></td> <td>A20</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpha-Uranium_crystal_structure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Alpha-Uranium_crystal_structure.png/50px-Alpha-Uranium_crystal_structure.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Alpha-Uranium_crystal_structure.png/75px-Alpha-Uranium_crystal_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Alpha-Uranium_crystal_structure.png/100px-Alpha-Uranium_crystal_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="794" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">Orthorhombic</a></td> <td>Cmcm<br />(No. 63)</td> <td>4</td> <td>Each atom has four near neighbours, 2 at 275.4 pm, 2 at 285.4 pm. The next four at distances 326.3 pm and four more at 334.2 pm.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Strongly distorted hcp structure. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:palegreen;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">α-Ga</a></td> <td>A11</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kristallstruktur_Gallium.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Kristallstruktur_Gallium.png/50px-Kristallstruktur_Gallium.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Kristallstruktur_Gallium.png/75px-Kristallstruktur_Gallium.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Kristallstruktur_Gallium.png/100px-Kristallstruktur_Gallium.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="962" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">Orthorhombic</a></td> <td>Cmce<br />(No. 64)</td> <td>8</td> <td>each Ga atom has one nearest neighbour at 244 pm, 2 at 270 pm, 2 at 273 pm, 2 at 279 pm.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>The structure is related to that of iodine. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:palegreen;"><a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_phosphorus#Black_phosphorus" title="Allotropes of phosphorus">b-P</a></td> <td>A17</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_phosphorus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Black_phosphorus.png/50px-Black_phosphorus.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Black_phosphorus.png/75px-Black_phosphorus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Black_phosphorus.png/100px-Black_phosphorus.png 2x" data-file-width="2679" data-file-height="3102" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">Orthorhombic</a></td> <td>Cmce<br />(No. 64)</td> <td>8</td> <td></td> <td>Specifically the <a href="/wiki/Black_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Black phosphorus">black phosphorus</a> form of phosphorus. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:palegreen;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a></td> <td>A14</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorine-unit-cell-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chlorine-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/50px-Chlorine-unit-cell-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chlorine-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/75px-Chlorine-unit-cell-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chlorine-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/100px-Chlorine-unit-cell-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">Orthorhombic</a></td> <td>Cmce<br />(No. 64)</td> <td>8</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:palegreen;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">α-S</a></td> <td>A16</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">Orthorhombic</a></td> <td>Fddd<br />(No. 70)</td> <td>16</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:yellow;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a></td> <td>A6</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indium_uc.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Indium_uc.png/50px-Indium_uc.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Indium_uc.png/75px-Indium_uc.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Indium_uc.png/100px-Indium_uc.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1181" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetragonal_crystal_system" title="Tetragonal crystal system">Tetragonal</a></td> <td>I4/mmm<br />(No. 139)</td> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td>Identical symmetry to the α-Pa type structure. Can be considered slightly distorted from an ideal Cu type face-centered cubic structure<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c/a={\sqrt {2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c/a={\sqrt {2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b7c743a3c4bedb109a2364d6f98228dbdb70caf7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.596ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c/a={\sqrt {2}}}"></span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:yellow;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">α-Pa</a></td> <td>A<sub>a</sub></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetragonal_crystal_system" title="Tetragonal crystal system">Tetragonal</a></td> <td>I4/mmm<br />(No. 139)</td> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td>Identical symmetry to the In type structure. Can be considered slightly distorted from an ideal W type body centered cubic structure which has <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c/a=1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>a</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c/a=1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/28537f1809d3b87bf2570bb06a1703fafe39c95f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.66ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c/a=1}"></span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:yellow;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">β-Sn</a></td> <td>A5</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetragonal_crystal_system" title="Tetragonal crystal system">Tetragonal</a></td> <td>I4<sub>1</sub>/amd<br />(No. 141)</td> <td>4</td> <td>4 neighbours at 302 pm; 2 at 318 pm; 4 at 377 pm; 8 at 441 pm <sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>white tin form (thermodynamical stable above 286.4 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_boron" title="Allotropes of boron">β-B</a></td> <td>(none)</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Betaboron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Betaboron.jpg/50px-Betaboron.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Betaboron.jpg/75px-Betaboron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Betaboron.jpg/100px-Betaboron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="537" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_family" title="Hexagonal crystal family">Rhombohedral</a></td> <td>R<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m<br />(No. 166)</td> <td>105 (rh.)<br /> 315 (hex.)</td> <td></td> <td>Partly due to its complexity, whether this structure is the ground state of Boron has not been fully settled. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">α-As</a></td> <td>A7</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SbAs_lattice.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SbAs_lattice.png/50px-SbAs_lattice.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SbAs_lattice.png/75px-SbAs_lattice.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SbAs_lattice.png/100px-SbAs_lattice.png 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="846" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_family" title="Hexagonal crystal family">Rhombohedral</a></td> <td>R<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m<br />(No. 166)</td> <td>2 (rh.)<br />6 (hex.)</td> <td>in grey metallic form, each As atom has 3 neighbours in the same sheet at 251.7pm; 3 in adjacent sheet at 312.0 pm.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> each Bi atom has 3 neighbours in the same sheet at 307.2 pm; 3 in adjacent sheet at 352.9 pm.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> each Sb atom has 3 neighbours in the same sheet at 290.8pm; 3 in adjacent sheet at 335.5 pm.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>puckered sheet </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">α-Sm</a></td> <td>(none)</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%91-Samarium_crystal_structure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%CE%91-Samarium_crystal_structure.png/50px-%CE%91-Samarium_crystal_structure.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%CE%91-Samarium_crystal_structure.png/75px-%CE%91-Samarium_crystal_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/%CE%91-Samarium_crystal_structure.png/100px-%CE%91-Samarium_crystal_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="794" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_family" title="Hexagonal crystal family">Rhombohedral</a></td> <td>R<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m<br />(No. 166)</td> <td>3 (rh.)<br />9 (hex.)</td> <td>12 nearest neighbours</td> <td>complex hcp with 9-layer repeat: ABCBCACAB....<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">α-Hg</a></td> <td>A10</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexagonal_latticeR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Hexagonal_latticeR.svg/50px-Hexagonal_latticeR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Hexagonal_latticeR.svg/75px-Hexagonal_latticeR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Hexagonal_latticeR.svg/100px-Hexagonal_latticeR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="206" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_family" title="Hexagonal crystal family">Rhombohedral</a></td> <td>R<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m<br />(No. 166)</td> <td>1 (rh.)<br />3 (hex.)</td> <td>6 nearest neighbours at 234 K and 1 atm (it is liquid at room temperature and thus has no crystal structure at ambient conditions!)</td> <td>Identical symmetry to the β-Po structure, distinguished based on details about the basis vectors of its unit cell. This structure can also be considered to be a distorted hcp lattice with the nearest neighbours in the same plane being approx 16% farther away <sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">β-Po</a></td> <td>A<sub>i</sub></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_family" title="Hexagonal crystal family">Rhombohedral</a></td> <td>R<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m<br />(No. 166)</td> <td>1 (rh.)<br />3 (hex.)</td> <td></td> <td>Identical symmetry to the α-Hg structure, distinguished based on details about the basis vectors of its unit cell. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:salmon;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">γ-Se</a></td> <td>A8</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Selenium_trigonal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Selenium_trigonal.jpg/50px-Selenium_trigonal.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Selenium_trigonal.jpg/75px-Selenium_trigonal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Selenium_trigonal.jpg/100px-Selenium_trigonal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="547" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal crystal system">Hexagonal</a></td> <td>P<sub>3</sub>21<br />(No. 154)</td> <td>3</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:salmon;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a></td> <td>A3</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexagonal_close_packed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/50px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/75px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/100px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="307" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal crystal system">Hexagonal</a></td> <td>P6<sub>3</sub>/mmc<br />(No. 194)</td> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> has 6 nearest neighbors in same plane: 6 in adjacent planes 14% farther away<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> has 6 nearest neighbours in the same plane- 6 in adjacent planes 15% farther away<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>If the unit cell <a href="/wiki/Axial_ratio" title="Axial ratio">axial ratio</a> is exactly <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle 2{\sqrt {\frac {2}{3}}}\approx 1.633}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mfrac> <mn>2</mn> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>1.633</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle 2{\sqrt {\frac {2}{3}}}\approx 1.633}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1b518d908b7c637dd845ef2ace82cc4a78ecbec0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:13.539ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle 2{\sqrt {\frac {2}{3}}}\approx 1.633}"></span> the structure would be a mathematical <a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">hexagonal close packed</a> (HCP) structure. However, in real materials there are deviations from this in some metals where the unit cell is distorted in one direction but the structure still retains the hcp space group—remarkable all the elements have a ratio of lattice parameters c/a < 1.633 (best are Mg and Co and worst Be with <i>c</i>/<i>a</i> ~ 1.568). In others like Zn and Cd the deviations from the ideal change the symmetry of the structure and these have a lattice parameter ratio <i>c</i>/<i>a</i> > 1.85. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:salmon;"><a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">g-C</a></td> <td>A9</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Graphite-unit-cell-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Graphite-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/50px-Graphite-unit-cell-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Graphite-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/75px-Graphite-unit-cell-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Graphite-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/100px-Graphite-unit-cell-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal crystal system">Hexagonal</a></td> <td>P6<sub>3</sub>/mmc<br />(No. 194)</td> <td>4</td> <td></td> <td>Specifically the <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> form of carbon. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:salmon;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">α-La</a></td> <td>A3'</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Closest_packing_ABAC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Closest_packing_ABAC.png/50px-Closest_packing_ABAC.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Closest_packing_ABAC.png/75px-Closest_packing_ABAC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Closest_packing_ABAC.png/100px-Closest_packing_ABAC.png 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal crystal system">Hexagonal</a></td> <td>P6<sub>3</sub>/mmc<br />(No. 194)</td> <td>4</td> <td></td> <td>The Double hexagonal close packed (DHCP) structure. Similar to the ideal hcp structure, the perfect dhcp structure should have a lattice parameter ratio of <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle {\frac {c}{a}}=4{\sqrt {\frac {2}{3}}}\approx 3.267.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>c</mi> <mi>a</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mfrac> <mn>2</mn> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>≈</mo> <mn>3.267.</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle {\frac {c}{a}}=4{\sqrt {\frac {2}{3}}}\approx 3.267.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d33963e6c1c9c5492d539f7acb9207c42719b548" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:18.99ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle {\frac {c}{a}}=4{\sqrt {\frac {2}{3}}}\approx 3.267.}"></span> In the real dhcp structures of 5 lanthanides (including β-Ce) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle c/2a}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mi>a</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle c/2a}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/29aa00bfe0753b37e6bff787d57386e6e9a19ac1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.562ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\textstyle c/2a}"></span> variates between 1.596 (Pm) and 1.6128 (Nd). For the four known actinides dhcp lattices the corresponding number vary between 1.620 (Bk) and 1.625 (Cf).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:salmon;"><a href="/wiki/Solid_nitrogen" title="Solid nitrogen">β-N</a></td> <td>(none)</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal crystal system">Hexagonal</a></td> <td>P6<sub>3</sub>/mmc<br />(No. 194)</td> <td>4</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">α-Po</a></td> <td>A<sub>h</sub></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cubic.svg/50px-Cubic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cubic.svg/75px-Cubic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cubic.svg/100px-Cubic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">Cubic</a></td> <td>Pm<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m<br />(No. 221)</td> <td>1</td> <td>6 nearest neighbours</td> <td>simple cubic lattice. The atoms in the unit cell are at the corner of a cube. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:mistyrose;"><a href="/wiki/Solid_oxygen" title="Solid oxygen">γ-O</a></td> <td>(none)</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_structure_of_gamma-Oxygen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Crystal_structure_of_gamma-Oxygen.png/50px-Crystal_structure_of_gamma-Oxygen.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Crystal_structure_of_gamma-Oxygen.png/75px-Crystal_structure_of_gamma-Oxygen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Crystal_structure_of_gamma-Oxygen.png/100px-Crystal_structure_of_gamma-Oxygen.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="754" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">Cubic</a></td> <td>Pm<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>n<br />(No. 223)</td> <td>16</td> <td></td> <td>Closely related to the <a href="/wiki/A15_phases" title="A15 phases">β-W structure</a>, except with a diatomic oxygen molecule in place of each tungsten atom. The molecules can rotate in place, but the direction of rotation for some of the molecules is restricted. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:orange;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">α-Mn</a></td> <td>A12</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpha-Mn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Alpha-Mn.png/50px-Alpha-Mn.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Alpha-Mn.png/75px-Alpha-Mn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Alpha-Mn.png/100px-Alpha-Mn.png 2x" data-file-width="1292" data-file-height="1154" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">Cubic</a></td> <td>I<span style="text-decoration:overline;">4</span>3m<br />(No. 217)</td> <td>58</td> <td>Unit cell contains Mn atoms in 4 different environments.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Distorted bcc </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:orange;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a></td> <td>A2</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-body-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">Cubic</a></td> <td>Im<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m<br />(No. 229)</td> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td>The Body centered cubic structure (BCC). It is not a close packed structure. In this each metal atom is at the centre of a cube with 8 nearest neighbors, however the 6 atoms at the centres of the adjacent cubes are only approximately 15% further away so the coordination number can therefore be considered to be 14 when these are on one 4 fold axe structure becomes face-centred cubic (cubic close packed). </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:silver;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a></td> <td>A1</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-face-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1002" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">Cubic</a></td> <td>Fm<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m<br />(No. 225)</td> <td>4</td> <td></td> <td>The face-centered cubic (cubic close packed) structure. More content relating to number of planes within structure and implications for glide/slide e.g. ductility. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:silver;"><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">d-C</a></td> <td>A4</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silicon-unit-cell-labelled-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Silicon-unit-cell-labelled-3D-balls.png/50px-Silicon-unit-cell-labelled-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Silicon-unit-cell-labelled-3D-balls.png/75px-Silicon-unit-cell-labelled-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Silicon-unit-cell-labelled-3D-balls.png/100px-Silicon-unit-cell-labelled-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1194" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">Cubic</a></td> <td>Fd<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m<br />(No. 227)</td> <td>8</td> <td></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Diamond_cubic" title="Diamond cubic">diamond cubic</a> (DC) structure. Specifically the diamond form of Carbon. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Close_packed_metal_structures">Close packed metal structures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Close packed metal structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">Close-packing of equal spheres</a></div> <p>The observed crystal structures of many metals can be described as a nearly mathematical <a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">close-packing of equal spheres</a>. A simple model for both of these is to assume that the metal atoms are spherical and are packed together as closely as possible. In closest packing, every atom has 12 equidistant nearest neighbours, and therefore a coordination number of 12. If the close packed structures are considered as being built of layers of spheres, then the difference between hexagonal close packing and face-centred cubic is how each layer is positioned relative to others. The following types can be viewed as a regular buildup of close-packed layers: </p> <ul><li>Mg type (hexagonal close packing) has alternate layers positioned directly above/below each other: A,B,A,B,...</li> <li>Cu type (face-centered cubic) has every third layer directly above/below each other: A,B,C,A,B,C,...</li> <li>α-La type (double hexagonal close packing) has layers directly above/below each other, A,B,A,C,A,B,A,C,.... of period length 4 like an alternative mixture of fcc and hcp packing.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>α-Sm type has a period of 9 layers A,B,A,B,C,B,C,A,C,...<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Precisely speaking, the structures of many of the elements in the groups above are slightly distorted from the ideal closest packing. While they retain the lattice symmetry as the ideal structure, they often have nonideal c/a ratios for their unit cell. Less precisely speaking, there are also other elements are nearly close-packed but have distortions which have at least one <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_breaking" title="Symmetry breaking">broken symmetry</a> with respect to the close-packed structure: </p> <ul><li>In type is slightly distorted from a cubic close packed structure</li> <li>α-Pa type is distorted from a hexagonal close packed structure</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">Allotropy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKing2006" class="citation book cs1">King, H.W. (2006-06-26). Lide, David R. (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a></i> (87 ed.). Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. p. 12-15 to 12-18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0487-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0487-3"><bdi>978-0-8493-0487-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Fla.&rft.pages=12-15+to+12-18&rft.edition=87&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2006-06-26&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0487-3&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=H.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriodic+table+%28crystal+structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ramsay-melting-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ramsay-melting_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._W._GrayW._Ramsay1909" class="citation journal cs1">R. W. Gray; W. Ramsay (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1529110">"Some Physical Properties of Radium Emanation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/J._Chem._Soc._Trans." class="mw-redirect" title="J. Chem. Soc. Trans.">J. Chem. Soc. Trans.</a></i> <b>1909</b>: 1073–1085. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FCT9099501073">10.1039/CT9099501073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Soc.+Trans.&rft.atitle=Some+Physical+Properties+of+Radium+Emanation&rft.volume=1909&rft.pages=1073-1085&rft.date=1909&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FCT9099501073&rft.au=R.+W.+Gray&rft.au=W.+Ramsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1529110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriodic+table+%28crystal+structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoufosPapaconstantopoulos2013" class="citation journal cs1">Koufos, Alexander P.; Papaconstantopoulos, Dimitrios A. (2013). "Electronic Structure of Francium". <i>International Journal of Quantum Chemistry</i>. <b>113</b> (17): 2070–2077. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fqua.24466">10.1002/qua.24466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Quantum+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Electronic+Structure+of+Francium&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=2070-2077&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fqua.24466&rft.aulast=Koufos&rft.aufirst=Alexander+P.&rft.au=Papaconstantopoulos%2C+Dimitrios+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriodic+table+%28crystal+structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). <i>Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements</i>. ASM International. p. 608. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-154-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-154-2"><bdi>978-1-62708-154-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.pages=608&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-154-2&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriodic+table+%28crystal+structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Florez-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Florez_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorezSmitsMewesJerabek2022" class="citation journal cs1">Florez, Edison; Smits, Odile R.; Mewes, Jan-Michael; Jerabek, Paul; Schwerdtfeger, Peter (2022). "From the gas phase to the solid state: The chemical bonding in the superheavy element flerovium". <i>The Journal of Chemical Physics</i>. <b>157</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F5.0097642">10.1063/5.0097642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Chemical+Physics&rft.atitle=From+the+gas+phase+to+the+solid+state%3A+The+chemical+bonding+in+the+superheavy+element+flerovium&rft.volume=157&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F5.0097642&rft.aulast=Florez&rft.aufirst=Edison&rft.au=Smits%2C+Odile+R.&rft.au=Mewes%2C+Jan-Michael&rft.au=Jerabek%2C+Paul&rft.au=Schwerdtfeger%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriodic+table+%28crystal+structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermannHoffmannAshcroft2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hermann, A.; Hoffmann, R.; Ashcroft, N. W. (2013). "Condensed Astatine: Monatomic and Metallic". <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>111</b> (11): 116404-1–116404-5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhRvL.111k6404H">2013PhRvL.111k6404H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.111.116404">10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.116404</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24074111">24074111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Condensed+Astatine%3A+Monatomic+and+Metallic&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=116404-1-116404-5&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24074111&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.111.116404&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PhRvL.111k6404H&rft.aulast=Hermann&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+R.&rft.au=Ashcroft%2C+N.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriodic+table+%28crystal+structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Em-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Em_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Em_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrosse1965" class="citation journal cs1">Grosse, A. V. (1965). "Some physical and chemical properties of element 118 (Eka-Em) and element 86 (Em)". <i>Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry</i>. <b>27</b> (3). Elsevier Science Ltd.: 509–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-1902%2865%2980255-X">10.1016/0022-1902(65)80255-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Inorganic+and+Nuclear+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Some+physical+and+chemical+properties+of+element+118+%28Eka-Em%29+and+element+86+%28Em%29&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=509-19&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-1902%2865%2980255-X&rft.aulast=Grosse&rft.aufirst=A.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriodic+table+%28crystal+structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6d-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-6d_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-6d_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-6d_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-6d_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-6d_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-6d_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-6d_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-6d_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖstlinVitos2011" class="citation journal cs1">Östlin, A.; Vitos, L. (2011). "First-principles calculation of the structural stability of 6d transition metals". <i>Physical Review B</i>. <b>84</b> (11): 113104. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhRvB..84k3104O">2011PhRvB..84k3104O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.84.113104">10.1103/PhysRevB.84.113104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+B&rft.atitle=First-principles+calculation+of+the+structural+stability+of+6d+transition+metals&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=113104&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevB.84.113104&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PhRvB..84k3104O&rft.aulast=%C3%96stlin&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Vitos%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriodic+table+%28crystal+structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖstlin2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Östlin, A. (2013). "Transition metals". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:606386/FULLTEXT01.pdf"><i>Electronic Structure Studies and Method Development for Complex Materials</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Licentiate). pp. 15–16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Electronic+Structure+Studies+and+Method+Development+for+Complex+Materials&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=%C3%96stlin&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A606386%2FFULLTEXT01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriodic+table+%28crystal+structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMewesSmitsKresseSchwerdtfeger2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mewes, J.-M.; Smits, O. R.; Kresse, G.; Schwerdtfeger, P. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336389017">"Copernicium is a Relativistic Noble Liquid"</a>. <i>Angewandte Chemie International Edition</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201906966">10.1002/anie.201906966</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6916354">6916354</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angewandte+Chemie+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Copernicium+is+a+Relativistic+Noble+Liquid&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6916354%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.201906966&rft.aulast=Mewes&rft.aufirst=J.-M.&rft.au=Smits%2C+O.+R.&rft.au=Kresse%2C+G.&rft.au=Schwerdtfeger%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F336389017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriodic+table+%28crystal+structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtarahEgblewogbeHagoss2020" class="citation journal cs1">Atarah, Samuel A.; Egblewogbe, Martin N. H.; Hagoss, Gebreyesus G. (2020). "First principle study of the structural and electronic properties of Nihonium". <i>MRS Advances</i>: 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1557%2Fadv.2020.159">10.1557/adv.2020.159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MRS+Advances&rft.atitle=First+principle+study+of+the+structural+and+electronic+properties+of+Nihonium&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1557%2Fadv.2020.159&rft.aulast=Atarah&rft.aufirst=Samuel+A.&rft.au=Egblewogbe%2C+Martin+N.+H.&rft.au=Hagoss%2C+Gebreyesus+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriodic+table+%28crystal+structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-actinide-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-actinide_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-actinide_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-actinide_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFournier1976" class="citation journal cs1">Fournier, Jean-Marc (1976). "Bonding and the electronic structure of the actinide metals". <i>Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 235–244. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976JPCS...37..235F">1976JPCS...37..235F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-3697%2876%2990167-0">10.1016/0022-3697(76)90167-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics+and+Chemistry+of+Solids&rft.atitle=Bonding+and+the+electronic+structure+of+the+actinide+metals&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=235-244&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-3697%2876%2990167-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1976JPCS...37..235F&rft.aulast=Fournier&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriodic+table+%28crystal+structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lemire, R. J. et al.,2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">URL <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111230075857/http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/lattice/struk/aPu.html">"The alpha-Pu Structure"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/lattice/struk/aPu.html">the original</a> on 2011-12-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+alpha-Pu+Structure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcst-www.nrl.navy.mil%2Flattice%2Fstruk%2FaPu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriodic+table+%28crystal+structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lemire, R.J. et al.,<i>Chemical Thermodynamics of Neptunium and Plutonium</i>, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">URL <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121002050018/http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/lattice/struk/a_c.html">"The alpha Np (A_c) Structure"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/lattice/struk/a_c.html">the original</a> on 2012-10-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+alpha+Np+%28A_c%29+Structure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcst-www.nrl.navy.mil%2Flattice%2Fstruk%2Fa_c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriodic+table+%28crystal+structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harry L. Yakel, <i>A REVIEW OF X-RAY DIFFRACTION STUDIES IN URANIUM ALLOYS</i>. The Physical Metallurgy of Uranium Alloys Conference, Vail, Colorado, Feb. 1974</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_18-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). <i>Chemistry of the Elements</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriodic+table+%28crystal+structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.F Wells (1962) <i>Structural Inorganic Chemistry</i> 3d Edition Oxford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nevill Gonalez Swacki & Teresa Swacka, <i>Basic elements of Crystallography</i>, Pan Standford Publishing Pte. Ltd., 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">URL <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111223180730/http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/lattice/struk/a3p.html">"The alpha la (A3') Structure"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/lattice/struk/a3p.html">the original</a> on 2011-12-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+alpha+la+%28A3%27%29+Structure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcst-www.nrl.navy.mil%2Flattice%2Fstruk%2Fa3p.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriodic+table+%28crystal+structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">URL <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112082753/http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/lattice/struk/c19.html">"The alpha Sm (C19) Structure"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/lattice/struk/c19.html">the original</a> on 2012-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+alpha+Sm+%28C19%29+Structure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcst-www.nrl.navy.mil%2Flattice%2Fstruk%2Fc19.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriodic+table+%28crystal+structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>General</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP.A._SterneA._GonisA.A._Borovoi1996" class="citation conference cs1">P.A. Sterne; A. Gonis; A.A. Borovoi, eds. (July 1996). "Actinides and the Environment". <i>Proc. of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Actinides and the Environment</i>. NATO ASI Series. Maleme, Crete, Greece: Kluver Academic Publishers. pp. 59–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-4968-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7923-4968-7"><bdi>0-7923-4968-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Actinides+and+the+Environment&rft.btitle=Proc.+of+the+NATO+Advanced+Study+Institute+on+Actinides+and+the+Environment&rft.place=Maleme%2C+Crete%2C+Greece&rft.pages=59-61&rft.pub=Kluver+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1996-07&rft.isbn=0-7923-4968-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriodic+table+%28crystal+structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL.R._MorssNorman_M._EdelsteinJean_Fuger2007" class="citation book cs1">L.R. Morss; Norman M. Edelstein; Jean Fuger, eds. (2007). <i>The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements</i> (3rd ed.). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1402035555" title="Special:BookSources/978-1402035555"><bdi>978-1402035555</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemistry+of+the+Actinide+and+Transactinide+Elements&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1402035555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeriodic+table+%28crystal+structure%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308235759/http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/lattice/struk/atype.html">Strukturbericht Type A – structure reports for the pure elements</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwhomes.uni-bielefeld.de/achim/ele_structures.html">Crystal Structures for the solid chemical elements at 1 bar</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Template:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Template talk:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Periodic table forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_periodic_tables" title="Types of periodic tables">Alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">Extended periodic table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">Sets of elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By periodic table structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2 (Alkaline earth metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13 (Triels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14 (Tetrels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15 (Pnictogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16 (Chalcogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (Halogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18 (Noble gases)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">8+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Aufbau_model" title="Extended periodic table">Aufbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Fricke" title="Extended periodic table">Fricke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Pyykkö" title="Extended periodic table">Pyykkö</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">Post-transition metals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_metalloids" title="Lists of metalloids">Lists of metalloids by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">Dividing line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">Nonmetals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">Noble gases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Other sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum-group metals (PGM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Coinage metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_element" title="Heavy metal element">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">Superheavy elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_actinide" title="Major actinide">Major actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">Minor actinides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By: <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">Abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in humans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">Atomic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">Nuclear stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">Symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Properties" title="Chemical element">Properties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aqueous_ions_by_element" title="List of aqueous ions by element">Aqueous chemistry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Crystal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(electron_configurations)" title="Periodic table (electron configurations)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_symbol" title="Term symbol">Term symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Data pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">Electron affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">Heat capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">Heat of fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">Heat of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements" title="Speeds of sound of the elements">Speed of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">Thermal conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements" title="Thermal expansivities of the elements">Thermal expansion coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Element discoveries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">1871 table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">1869 predictions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of chemical element name etymologies">etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">for places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Chemical elements in East Asian languages">in East Asian languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivial_name" title="Trivial name">Trivial name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Elements" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Elements">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)&oldid=1241611838">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)&oldid=1241611838</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">Periodic table</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemical_elements_by_crystal_structure" title="Category:Chemical elements by crystal structure">Chemical elements by crystal structure</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 August 2024, at 05:50<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-zqtht","wgBackendResponseTime":148,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.580","walltime":"0.736","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4384,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":97296,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2772,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":89844,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 493.363 1 -total"," 39.65% 195.633 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.35% 110.258 5 Template:Navbox"," 20.99% 103.580 1 Template:Navbox_periodic_table"," 19.65% 96.945 4 Template:Cite_book"," 17.78% 87.744 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.85% 43.687 9 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.03% 39.626 3 Template:Main_other"," 7.64% 37.669 1 Template:SDcat"," 7.59% 37.459 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.278","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5551105,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-f4smn","timestamp":"20241125073906","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Periodic table (crystal structure)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7168646","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7168646","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-08-03T15:23:48Z","dateModified":"2024-08-22T05:50:04Z","headline":"(for elements that are solid at standard temperature and pressure) gives the crystalline structure of the most thermodynamically stable form(s) in those conditions. In all other cases the structure given is for the element at its melting point"}</script> </body> </html>