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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Compounds </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Oxides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chalcogenides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chalcogenides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Chalcogenides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chalcogenides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Halides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Borides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Samarium_hexaboride" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samarium_hexaboride"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Samarium hexaboride </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samarium_hexaboride-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_inorganic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_inorganic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Other inorganic compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_inorganic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organometallic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organometallic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Organometallic compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organometallic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Isotopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence_and_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence_and_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Occurrence and production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence_and_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Magnets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Magnets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_reagent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_reagent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Chemical reagent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_reagent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutron_absorber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutron_absorber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Neutron absorber </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutron_absorber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lasers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lasers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Lasers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lasers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage_phosphor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage_phosphor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Storage phosphor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage_phosphor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-commercial_and_potential_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-commercial_and_potential_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Non-commercial and potential uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-commercial_and_potential_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_role_and_precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_role_and_precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Biological role and precautions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_role_and_precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Samarium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 132 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-132" aria-hidden="true" > 132 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B3%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ሳማሪየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሳማሪየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="समेरियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="समेरियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ساماريوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساماريوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samariu" title="Samariu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Samariu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samariu" title="Samariu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Samariu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="समारियम – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="समारियम" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samario" title="Samario – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Samario" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="সামেরিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সামেরিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Самарий – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Самарий" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Самарый – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Самарый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Самар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Самар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="समेरियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="समेरियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Самарий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Самарий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarij" title="Samarij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Samarij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samariom" title="Samariom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Samariom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samari" title="Samari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Samari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Самарий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Самарий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaryo" title="Samaryo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Samaryo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samariu" title="Samariu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Samariu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samariwm" title="Samariwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Samariwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ساماريوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ساماريوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaarium" title="Samaarium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Samaarium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Σαμάριο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαμάριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samario" title="Samario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Samario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samario_(elemento)" title="Samario (elemento) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Samario (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samario" title="Samario – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Samario" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ساماریم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساماریم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samari" title="Samari – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Samari" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samairiam" title="Samairiam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Samairiam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaarium" title="Samaarium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Samaarium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samario" title="Samario – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Samario" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="સમેરિયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સમેરિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Самариум – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Самариум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%A8" title="사마륨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사마륨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Սամարիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սամարիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="समेरियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समेरियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarij" title="Samarij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Samarij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samario" title="Samario – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Samario" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmSambi" title="UmSambi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmSambi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samario" title="Samario – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Samario" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="סמריום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סמריום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Samarɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Samarɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸಮಾರಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಮಾರಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სამარიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამარიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Самарий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Самарий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samariom" title="Samariom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Samariom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samari" title="Samari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Samari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Самарий – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Самарий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samary%C3%B2m" title="Samaryòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Samaryòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Самарий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Самарий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Самарий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Самарий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%C4%81rijs" title="Samārijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Samārijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaris" title="Samaris – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Samaris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samario" title="Samario – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Samario" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarii" title="Samarii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Samarii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrsamari" title="jinmrsamari – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrsamari" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szam%C3%A1rium" title="Szamárium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szamárium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Самариум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Самариум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="സമേറിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സമേറിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="समारियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="समारियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ساماريوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ساماريوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Самари – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Самари" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ဆမ္မာရီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆမ္မာရီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="समारियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="समारियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="サマリウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サマリウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaarium" title="Samaarium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Samaarium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samari" title="Samari – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Samari" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samariy" title="Samariy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Samariy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="समारियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="समारियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ساماریم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ساماریم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ساماريوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ساماريوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samari" title="Samari – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Samari" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samar" title="Samar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Samar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%C3%A1rio" title="Samário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Samário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samariu" title="Samariu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Samariu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaryu" title="Samaryu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Samaryu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Самарий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Самарий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Самариум – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Самариум" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="समारियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="समारियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%C3%A0riu" title="Samàriu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Samàriu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samariumi" title="Samariumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Samariumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samariu" title="Samariu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Samariu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%C3%A1rium" title="Samárium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Samárium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarij" title="Samarij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Samarij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="ساماریۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ساماریۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Самаријум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Самаријум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarijum" title="Samarijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Samarijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaryo" title="Samaryo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Samaryo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சமாரியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமாரியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Самарий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Самарий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="సమేరియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సమేరియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ซาแมเรียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซาแมเรียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Самарий – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Самарий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaryum" title="Samaryum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Samaryum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Самарій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Самарій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85" title="سمارئیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سمارئیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7" title="چالغا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="چالغا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarii" title="Samarii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Samarii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samari" title="Samari – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Samari" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%A4" title="釤 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="釤" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaryo" title="Samaryo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Samaryo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%90" title="钐 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钐" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Samarium" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%A4" title="釤 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="釤" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%90" title="钐 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 62 (Sm)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Samarium, 62Sm</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Samarium-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Samarium-2.jpg/220px-Samarium-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Samarium-2.jpg/330px-Samarium-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Samarium-2.jpg/440px-Samarium-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Samarium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/səˈmɛəriəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">sə-MAIR-ee-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">silvery white</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Sm)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>150.36±0.02<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>150.36±0.02 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Samarium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;">– ↑ Sm ↓ <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">promethium</a> ← samarium → <a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">62</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/F-block_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block groups">f-block groups</a> (no number)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">period 6</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#f-block" title="Block (periodic table)">f-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 4f6 6s2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 24, 8, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1345 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (1072 °C, 1962 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2173 K (1900 °C, 3452 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">7.518 g/cm3 <a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">7.16 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8.62 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">192 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">29.54 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>1001 </td> <td>1106 </td> <td>1240 </td> <td>(1421) </td> <td>(1675) </td> <td>(2061) </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +3 0,<a href="#cite_note-Cloke1993-4">[4]</a> +1,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> +2<a href="#cite_note-GE28-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.17 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 544.5 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1070 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 2260 kJ/mol </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 180 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">198±8 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Samarium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Samarium_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Samarium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Samarium_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Samarium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Samarium_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Samarium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of samarium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Trigonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonal crystal system">rhombohedral</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">hR3</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constants</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhombohedral.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rhombohedral crystal structure for samarium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/50px-Rhombohedral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/75px-Rhombohedral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/100px-Rhombohedral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="141" /></a></div>ar = 0.89834 nm α = 23.307° ah = 0.36291 nm ch = 2.6207 nm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">poly: 12.7 (at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>) µm/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13.3 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">α, poly: 0.940 (at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>) µΩ⋅m </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a><a href="#cite_note-magnet-7">[7]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+1860.0×10−6 cm3/mol (291 K)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">49.7 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19.5 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">37.8 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">2130 m/s (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.274 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">410–440 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">440–600 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-19-9 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">after the mineral <a href="/wiki/Samarskite" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarskite">samarskite</a> (itself named after <a href="/wiki/Vassili_Samarsky-Bykhovets" title="Vassili Samarsky-Bykhovets">Vassili Samarsky-Bykhovets</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a> and first isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paul-%C3%89mile_Lecoq_de_Boisbaudran" title="Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran">Lecoq de Boisbaudran</a> (1879)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_samarium" title="Isotopes of samarium">Isotopes of samarium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_samarium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox samarium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_samarium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox samarium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[9]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">144Sm </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">3.08% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">145Sm </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">340 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">145Pm </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">146Sm </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">trace </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">9.20×107 y<a href="#cite_note-Chiera2024-10">[10]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium-142" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodymium-142">142Nd</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium-147" title="Samarium-147">147Sm</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">15% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">1.066×1011 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium-143" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodymium-143">143Nd</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">148Sm </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">11.3% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">6.3×1015 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">144Nd </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">149Sm </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">13.8% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">150Sm </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">7.37% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">151Sm </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">94.6 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Europium-151" class="mw-redirect" title="Europium-151">151Eu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">152Sm </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">26.7% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">153Sm </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">46.2846 h </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Europium-153" class="mw-redirect" title="Europium-153">153Eu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">154Sm </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">22.7% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Samarium" title="Category:Samarium">Category: Samarium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_samarium" title="Template:Infobox samarium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_samarium" title="Template talk:Infobox samarium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_samarium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox samarium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Samarium is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">symbol</a> Sm and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 62. It is a moderately hard silvery <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> that slowly oxidizes in air. Being a typical member of the <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanide</a> series, samarium usually has the <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> +3. Compounds of samarium(II) are also known, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Monoxide" title="Monoxide">monoxide</a> SmO, <a href="/wiki/Samarium_monochalcogenides" title="Samarium monochalcogenides">monochalcogenides</a> SmS, SmSe and SmTe, as well as <a href="/wiki/Samarium(II)_iodide" title="Samarium(II) iodide">samarium(II) iodide</a>. Discovered in 1879 by French chemist <a href="/wiki/Paul-%C3%89mile_Lecoq_de_Boisbaudran" title="Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran">Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran</a>, samarium was named after the mineral <a href="/wiki/Samarskite" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarskite">samarskite</a> from which it was isolated. The mineral itself was named after a Russian mine official, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Vassili_Samarsky-Bykhovets" title="Vassili Samarsky-Bykhovets">Vassili Samarsky-Bykhovets</a>, who thus became the first person to have a chemical element named after him, though the name was indirect. Samarium occurs in concentration up to 2.8% in several minerals including <a href="/wiki/Cerite" title="Cerite">cerite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gadolinite" title="Gadolinite">gadolinite</a>, samarskite, <a href="/wiki/Monazite" title="Monazite">monazite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bastn%C3%A4site" title="Bastnäsite">bastnäsite</a>, the last two being the most common commercial sources of the element. These minerals are mostly found in China, the United States, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka and Australia; China is by far the world leader in samarium mining and production. The main commercial use of samarium is in <a href="/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93cobalt_magnet" title="Samarium–cobalt magnet">samarium–cobalt magnets</a>, which have permanent <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnetization</a> second only to <a href="/wiki/Neodymium_magnet" title="Neodymium magnet">neodymium magnets</a>; however, samarium compounds can withstand significantly higher temperatures, above 700 °C (1,292 °F), without losing their permanent magnetic properties. The <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotope</a> samarium-153 is the active component of the drug <a href="/wiki/Samarium_(153Sm)_lexidronam" title="Samarium (153Sm) lexidronam">samarium (153Sm) lexidronam</a> (Quadramet), which kills cancer cells in <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osteosarcoma" title="Osteosarcoma">osteosarcoma</a>. Another isotope, <a href="/wiki/Samarium-149" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarium-149">samarium-149</a>, is a strong <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> absorber and so is added to <a href="/wiki/Control_rod" title="Control rod">control rods</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>. It also forms as a decay product during the reactor operation and is one of the important factors considered in the reactor design and operation. Other uses of samarium include <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalysis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reactions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93neodymium_dating" title="Samarium–neodymium dating">radioactive dating</a> and <a href="/wiki/X-ray_laser" title="X-ray laser">X-ray lasers</a>. Samarium(II) iodide, in particular, is a common <a href="/wiki/Reducing_agent" title="Reducing agent">reducing agent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">chemical synthesis</a>. Samarium has no biological role; some samarium salts are slightly toxic.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-11">[11]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Physical properties">edit</a>]</div> Samarium is a <a href="/wiki/Rare_earth_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare earth element">rare earth element</a> with a hardness and density similar to <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>. With a boiling point of 1,794 °C (3,261 °F), samarium is the third most <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatile</a> lanthanide after <a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">ytterbium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a> and comparable in this respect to <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>; this helps separation of samarium from its ores.<a href="#cite_note-Lange-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRC-13">[13]</a> When freshly prepared, samarium has a silvery <a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">lustre</a>, and takes on a duller appearance when oxidized in air. Samarium is calculated to have one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">atomic radii</a> of the elements; with a radius of 238 pm, only <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">praseodymium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a> are larger.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In ambient conditions, samarium has a <a href="/wiki/Rhombohedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhombohedral">rhombohedral</a> structure (α form). Upon heating to 731 °C (1,348 °F), its crystal symmetry changes to <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal crystal system">hexagonal close-packed</a> (hcp),; it has actual transition temperature depending on metal purity. Further heating to 922 °C (1,692 °F) transforms the metal into a <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">body-centered cubic</a> (bcc) phase. Heating to 300 °C (572 °F) plus compression to 40 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">kbar</a> results in a double-hexagonally close-packed structure (dhcp). Higher pressure of the order of hundreds or thousands of kilobars induces a series of phase transformations, in particular with a <a href="/wiki/Tetragonal_crystal_system" title="Tetragonal crystal system">tetragonal</a> phase appearing at about 900 kbar.<a href="#cite_note-sm-15">[15]</a> In one study, the dhcp phase could be produced without compression, using a nonequilibrium annealing regime with a rapid temperature change between about 400 °C (752 °F) and 700 °C (1,292 °F), confirming the transient character of this samarium phase. Thin films of samarium obtained by vapor deposition may contain the hcp or dhcp phases in ambient conditions.<a href="#cite_note-sm-15">[15]</a> Samarium and its <a href="/wiki/Sesquioxide" title="Sesquioxide">sesquioxide</a> are <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism">paramagnetic</a> at room temperature. Their corresponding effective magnetic moments, below 2 <a href="/wiki/Bohr_magneton" title="Bohr magneton">bohr magnetons</a>, are the third-lowest among lanthanides (and their oxides) after lanthanum and lutetium. The metal transforms to an <a href="/wiki/Antiferromagnetism" title="Antiferromagnetism">antiferromagnetic</a> state upon cooling to 14.8 K.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Individual samarium atoms can be isolated by encapsulating them into <a href="/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">fullerene</a> molecules.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> They can also be intercalated into the interstices of the bulk C60 to form a solid solution of nominal composition Sm3C60, which is <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconductive</a> at a temperature of 8 K.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Samarium doping of <a href="/wiki/Iron-based_superconductor" title="Iron-based superconductor">iron-based superconductors</a> – a class of <a href="/wiki/High-temperature_superconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="High-temperature superconductor">high-temperature superconductor</a> – increases their transition to normal conductivity temperature up to 56 K, the highest value achieved so far in this series.<a href="#cite_note-Wu2008-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chemical properties">edit</a>]</div> In air, samarium slowly oxidizes at room temperature and spontaneously ignites at 150 °C (302 °F).<a href="#cite_note-emsley-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRC-13">[13]</a> Even when stored under <a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">mineral oil</a>, samarium gradually oxidizes and develops a grayish-yellow powder of the <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxide</a> mixture at the surface. The metallic appearance of a sample can be preserved by sealing it under an inert gas such as <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>. Samarium is quite electropositive and reacts slowly with cold water and rapidly with hot water to form samarium hydroxide:<a href="#cite_note-we-21">[21]</a> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>2Sm(s) + 6H2O(l) → 2Sm(OH)3(aq) + 3H2(g)</dd></dl> Samarium dissolves readily in dilute <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> to form solutions containing the yellow<a href="#cite_note-g1243-22">[22]</a> to pale green Sm(III) ions, which exist as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[Sm(OH2)9]3+ complexes:<a href="#cite_note-we-21">[21]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2Sm(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) → 2Sm3+(aq) + 3SO2−4(aq) + 3H2(g)</dd></dl> Samarium is one of the few lanthanides with a relatively accessible +2 oxidation state, alongside Eu and Yb.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Sm2+ ions are blood-red in aqueous solution.<a href="#cite_note-g1248-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds">Compounds</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Compounds">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Samarium_compounds" title="Samarium compounds">Samarium compounds</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Formula </th> <th>color </th> <th>symmetry </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">space group</a> </th> <th>No </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">Pearson symbol</a> </th> <th>a (pm) </th> <th>b (pm) </th> <th>c (pm) </th> <th>Z </th> <th>density, g/cm3 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Sm </td> <td>silvery </td> <td>trigonal<a href="#cite_note-sm-15">[15]</a> </td> <td>R3m </td> <td>166 </td> <td>hR9 </td> <td>362.9 </td> <td>362.9 </td> <td>2621.3 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>7.52 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sm </td> <td>silvery </td> <td>hexagonal<a href="#cite_note-sm-15">[15]</a> </td> <td>P63/mmc </td> <td>194 </td> <td>hP4 </td> <td>362 </td> <td>362 </td> <td>1168 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>7.54 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sm </td> <td>silvery </td> <td>tetragonal<a href="#cite_note-sm2-25">[25]</a> </td> <td>I4/mmm </td> <td>139 </td> <td>tI2 </td> <td>240.2 </td> <td>240.2 </td> <td>423.1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>20.46 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SmO </td> <td>golden </td> <td>cubic<a href="#cite_note-smox-26">[26]</a> </td> <td>Fm3m </td> <td>225 </td> <td>cF8 </td> <td>494.3 </td> <td>494.3 </td> <td>494.3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>9.15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sm2O3 </td> <td> </td> <td>trigonal<a href="#cite_note-smo-27">[27]</a> </td> <td>P3m1 </td> <td>164 </td> <td>hP5 </td> <td>377.8 </td> <td>377.8 </td> <td>594 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>7.89 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sm2O3 </td> <td> </td> <td>monoclinic<a href="#cite_note-smo-27">[27]</a> </td> <td>C2/m </td> <td>12 </td> <td>mS30 </td> <td>1418 </td> <td>362.4 </td> <td>885.5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7.76 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sm2O3 </td> <td> </td> <td>cubic<a href="#cite_note-smo2-28">[28]</a> </td> <td>Ia3 </td> <td>206 </td> <td>cI80 </td> <td>1093 </td> <td>1093 </td> <td>1093 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>7.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SmH2 </td> <td> </td> <td>cubic<a href="#cite_note-smh2-29">[29]</a> </td> <td>Fm3m </td> <td>225 </td> <td>cF12 </td> <td>537.73 </td> <td>537.73 </td> <td>537.73 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>6.51 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SmH3 </td> <td> </td> <td>hexagonal<a href="#cite_note-smh3-30">[30]</a> </td> <td>P3c1 </td> <td>165 </td> <td>hP24 </td> <td>377.1 </td> <td>377.1 </td> <td>667.2 </td> <td>6 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sm2B5 </td> <td>gray </td> <td>monoclinic<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </td> <td>P21/c </td> <td>14 </td> <td>mP28 </td> <td>717.9 </td> <td>718 </td> <td>720.5 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>6.49 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SmB2 </td> <td> </td> <td>hexagonal<a href="#cite_note-smb2-32">[32]</a> </td> <td>P6/mmm </td> <td>191 </td> <td>hP3 </td> <td>331 </td> <td>331 </td> <td>401.9 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>7.49 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SmB4 </td> <td> </td> <td>tetragonal<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </td> <td>P4/mbm </td> <td>127 </td> <td>tP20 </td> <td>717.9 </td> <td>717.9 </td> <td>406.7 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>6.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SmB6 </td> <td> </td> <td>cubic<a href="#cite_note-smb6-34">[34]</a> </td> <td>Pm3m </td> <td>221 </td> <td>cP7 </td> <td>413.4 </td> <td>413.4 </td> <td>413.4 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>5.06 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SmB66 </td> <td> </td> <td>cubic<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> </td> <td>Fm3c </td> <td>226 </td> <td>cF1936 </td> <td>2348.7 </td> <td>2348.7 </td> <td>2348.7 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>2.66 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sm2C3 </td> <td> </td> <td>cubic<a href="#cite_note-smc-36">[36]</a> </td> <td>I43d </td> <td>220 </td> <td>cI40 </td> <td>839.89 </td> <td>839.89 </td> <td>839.89 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>7.55 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SmC2 </td> <td> </td> <td>tetragonal<a href="#cite_note-smc-36">[36]</a> </td> <td>I4/mmm </td> <td>139 </td> <td>tI6 </td> <td>377 </td> <td>377 </td> <td>633.1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>6.44 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SmF2 </td> <td>purple<a href="#cite_note-g1241-37">[37]</a> </td> <td>cubic<a href="#cite_note-smf2-38">[38]</a> </td> <td>Fm3m </td> <td>225 </td> <td>cF12 </td> <td>587.1 </td> <td>587.1 </td> <td>587.1 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>6.18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SmF3 </td> <td>white<a href="#cite_note-g1241-37">[37]</a> </td> <td>orthorhombic<a href="#cite_note-smf2-38">[38]</a> </td> <td>Pnma </td> <td>62 </td> <td>oP16 </td> <td>667.22 </td> <td>705.85 </td> <td>440.43 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>6.64 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SmCl2 </td> <td>brown<a href="#cite_note-g1241-37">[37]</a> </td> <td>orthorhombic<a href="#cite_note-smcl2-39">[39]</a> </td> <td>Pnma </td> <td>62 </td> <td>oP12 </td> <td>756.28 </td> <td>450.77 </td> <td>901.09 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4.79 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SmCl3 </td> <td>yellow<a href="#cite_note-g1241-37">[37]</a> </td> <td>hexagonal<a href="#cite_note-smf2-38">[38]</a> </td> <td>P63/m </td> <td>176 </td> <td>hP8 </td> <td>737.33 </td> <td>737.33 </td> <td>416.84 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>4.35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SmBr2 </td> <td>brown<a href="#cite_note-g1241-37">[37]</a> </td> <td>orthorhombic<a href="#cite_note-smbr2-40">[40]</a> </td> <td>Pnma </td> <td>62 </td> <td>oP12 </td> <td>797.7 </td> <td>475.4 </td> <td>950.6 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5.72 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SmBr3 </td> <td>yellow<a href="#cite_note-g1241-37">[37]</a> </td> <td>orthorhombic<a href="#cite_note-smbr3-41">[41]</a> </td> <td>Cmcm </td> <td>63 </td> <td>oS16 </td> <td>404 </td> <td>1265 </td> <td>908 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>5.58 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SmI2 </td> <td>green<a href="#cite_note-g1241-37">[37]</a> </td> <td>monoclinic </td> <td>P21/c </td> <td>14 </td> <td>mP12 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SmI3 </td> <td>orange<a href="#cite_note-g1241-37">[37]</a> </td> <td>trigonal<a href="#cite_note-smI3-42">[42]</a> </td> <td>R3 </td> <td>63 </td> <td>hR24 </td> <td>749 </td> <td>749 </td> <td>2080 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>5.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SmN </td> <td> </td> <td>cubic<a href="#cite_note-smn-43">[43]</a> </td> <td>Fm3m </td> <td>225 </td> <td>cF8 </td> <td>357 </td> <td>357 </td> <td>357 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>8.48 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SmP </td> <td> </td> <td>cubic<a href="#cite_note-smp-44">[44]</a> </td> <td>Fm3m </td> <td>225 </td> <td>cF8 </td> <td>576 </td> <td>576 </td> <td>576 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>6.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SmAs </td> <td> </td> <td>cubic<a href="#cite_note-smas-45">[45]</a> </td> <td>Fm3m </td> <td>225 </td> <td>cF8 </td> <td>591.5 </td> <td>591.5 </td> <td>591.5 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>7.23 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxides">Oxides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oxides">edit</a>]</div> The most stable oxide of samarium is the <a href="/wiki/Sesquioxide" title="Sesquioxide">sesquioxide</a> Sm2O3. Like many samarium compounds, it exists in several crystalline phases. The trigonal form is obtained by slow cooling from the melt. The melting point of Sm2O3 is high (2345 °C), so it is usually melted not by direct heating, but with <a href="/wiki/Induction_heating" title="Induction heating">induction heating</a>, through a radio-frequency coil. Sm2O3 crystals of monoclinic symmetry can be grown by the flame fusion method (<a href="/wiki/Verneuil_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Verneuil process">Verneuil process</a>) from Sm2O3 powder, that yields cylindrical boules up to several centimeters long and about one centimeter in diameter. The boules are transparent when pure and defect-free and are orange otherwise. Heating the metastable trigonal Sm2O3 to 1,900 °C (3,450 °F) converts it to the more stable monoclinic phase.<a href="#cite_note-smo-27">[27]</a> Cubic Sm2O3 has also been described.<a href="#cite_note-smo2-28">[28]</a> Samarium is one of the few lanthanides that form a monoxide, SmO. This lustrous golden-yellow compound was obtained by reducing Sm2O3 with samarium metal at high temperature (1000 °C) and a pressure above 50 kbar; lowering the pressure resulted in incomplete reaction. SmO has cubic rock-salt lattice structure.<a href="#cite_note-smox-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-g1239-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chalcogenides">Chalcogenides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chalcogenides">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Samarium_monochalcogenides" title="Samarium monochalcogenides">Samarium monochalcogenides</a></div> Samarium forms a trivalent <a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_sulfide" title="Samarium(III) sulfide">sulfide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenide" title="Selenide">selenide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telluride_(chemistry)" title="Telluride (chemistry)">telluride</a>. Divalent chalcogenides SmS, SmSe and SmTe with a cubic rock-salt crystal structure are known. These chalcogenides convert from a semiconducting to metallic state at room temperature upon application of pressure.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Whereas the transition is continuous and occurs at about 20–30 kbar in SmSe and SmTe, it is abrupt in SmS and requires only 6.5 kbar. This effect results in a spectacular color change in SmS from black to golden yellow when its crystals of films are scratched or polished. The transition does not change the lattice symmetry, but there is a sharp decrease (~15%) in the crystal volume.<a href="#cite_note-b1-48">[48]</a> It exhibits <a href="/wiki/Hysteresis" title="Hysteresis">hysteresis</a>, i.e., when the pressure is released, SmS returns to the semiconducting state at a much lower pressure of about 0.4 kbar.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halides">Halides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Halides">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samarium(III)_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Samarium%28III%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg/220px-Samarium%28III%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Samarium%28III%29_chloride_hexahydrate.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Samarium trichloride</figcaption></figure> Samarium metal reacts with all the <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a>, forming trihalides:<a href="#cite_note-g1236-50">[50]</a> <dl><dd>2 Sm (s) + 3 X2 (g) → 2 SmX3 (s) (X = F, Cl, Br or I)</dd></dl> Their further reduction with samarium, lithium or sodium metals at elevated temperatures (about 700–900 °C) yields the dihalides.<a href="#cite_note-smcl2-39">[39]</a> The diiodide can also be prepared by heating SmI3, or by reacting the metal with <a href="/wiki/1,2-Diiodoethane" title="1,2-Diiodoethane">1,2-diiodoethane</a> in anhydrous <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrofuran" title="Tetrahydrofuran">tetrahydrofuran</a> at room temperature:<a href="#cite_note-g1240-51">[51]</a> <dl><dd>Sm (s) + ICH2-CH2I → SmI2 + CH2=CH2.</dd></dl> In addition to dihalides, the reduction also produces many <a href="/wiki/Non-stoichiometric_compound" title="Non-stoichiometric compound">non-stoichiometric</a> samarium halides with a well-defined crystal structure, such as Sm3F7, Sm14F33, Sm27F64,<a href="#cite_note-smf2-38">[38]</a> Sm11Br24, Sm5Br11 and Sm6Br13.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Samarium halides change their crystal structures when one type of halide anion is substituted for another, which is an uncommon behavior for most elements (e.g. actinides). Many halides have two major crystal phases for one composition, one being significantly more stable and another being metastable. The latter is formed upon compression or heating, followed by quenching to ambient conditions. For example, compressing the usual monoclinic samarium diiodide and releasing the pressure results in a PbCl2-type orthorhombic structure (density 5.90 g/cm3),<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and similar treatment results in a new phase of samarium triiodide (density 5.97 g/cm3).<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Borides">Borides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Borides">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Sintering" title="Sintering">Sintering</a> powders of samarium oxide and boron, in a vacuum, yields a powder containing several samarium boride phases; the ratio between these phases can be controlled through the mixing proportion.<a href="#cite_note-smb6b-55">[55]</a> The powder can be converted into larger crystals of samarium borides using <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">arc melting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zone_melting" title="Zone melting">zone melting</a> techniques, relying on the different melting/crystallization temperature of SmB6 (2580 °C), SmB4 (about 2300 °C) and SmB66 (2150 °C). All these materials are hard, brittle, dark-gray solids with the hardness increasing with the boron content.<a href="#cite_note-smb6-34">[34]</a> Samarium diboride is too volatile to be produced with these methods and requires high pressure (about 65 kbar) and low temperatures between 1140 and 1240 °C to stabilize its growth. Increasing the temperature results in the preferential formation of SmB6.<a href="#cite_note-smb2-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Samarium_hexaboride">Samarium hexaboride</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Samarium hexaboride">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Samarium_hexaboride" title="Samarium hexaboride">Samarium hexaboride</a></div> Samarium hexaboride is a typical intermediate-valence compound where samarium is present both as Sm2+ and Sm3+ ions in a 3:7 ratio.<a href="#cite_note-smb6b-55">[55]</a> It belongs to a class of <a href="/wiki/Kondo_insulator" title="Kondo insulator">Kondo insulators</a>; at temperatures above 50 K, its properties are typical of a Kondo metal, with metallic electrical conductivity characterized by strong electron scattering, whereas at lower temperatures, it behaves as a non-magnetic insulator with a narrow <a href="/wiki/Band_gap" title="Band gap">band gap</a> of about 4–14 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">meV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The cooling-induced metal-insulator transition in SmB6 is accompanied by a sharp increase in the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a>, peaking at about 15 K. The reason for this increase is that electrons themselves do not contribute to the thermal conductivity at low temperatures, which is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Phonon" title="Phonon">phonons</a>, but the decrease in electron concentration reduces the rate of electron-phonon scattering.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_inorganic_compounds">Other inorganic compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other inorganic compounds">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samarium-sulfate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A tube of samarium sulfate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Samarium-sulfate.jpg/170px-Samarium-sulfate.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Samarium-sulfate.jpg/255px-Samarium-sulfate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Samarium-sulfate.jpg/340px-Samarium-sulfate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>Samarium sulfate, Sm2(SO4)3</figcaption></figure> Samarium <a href="/wiki/Carbide" title="Carbide">carbides</a> are prepared by melting a graphite-metal mixture in an inert atmosphere. After the synthesis, they are unstable in air and need to be studied under an inert atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-smc-36">[36]</a> Samarium monophosphide SmP is a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> with a bandgap of 1.10 eV, the same as in <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, and electrical conductivity of <a href="/wiki/N-type_semiconductor" class="mw-redirect" title="N-type semiconductor">n-type</a>. It can be prepared by annealing at 1,100 °C (2,010 °F) an evacuated quartz ampoule containing mixed powders of phosphorus and samarium. Phosphorus is highly volatile at high temperatures and may explode, thus the heating rate has to be kept well below 1 °C/min.<a href="#cite_note-smp-44">[44]</a> A similar procedure is adopted for the monarsenide SmAs, but the synthesis temperature is higher at 1,800 °C (3,270 °F).<a href="#cite_note-smas-45">[45]</a> Numerous crystalline binary compounds are known for samarium and one of the group 14, 15, or 16 elements X, where X is Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb or Te, and metallic alloys of samarium form another large group. They are all prepared by annealing mixed powders of the corresponding elements. Many of the resulting compounds are non-stoichiometric and have nominal compositions SmaXb, where the b/a ratio varies between 0.5 and 3.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organometallic_compounds">Organometallic compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Organometallic compounds">edit</a>]</div> Samarium forms a <a href="/wiki/Cyclopentadiene" title="Cyclopentadiene">cyclopentadienide</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Sm(C5H5)3 and its chloroderivatives <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Sm(C5H5)2Cl and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Sm(C5H5)Cl2. They are prepared by reacting samarium trichloride with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NaC5H5 in <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrofuran" title="Tetrahydrofuran">tetrahydrofuran</a>. Contrary to cyclopentadienides of most other lanthanides, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Sm(C5H5)3 some <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">C5H5 rings bridge each other by forming ring vertexes η1 or edges η2 toward another neighboring samarium, thus creating polymeric chains.<a href="#cite_note-g1248-24">[24]</a> The chloroderivative <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Sm(C5H5)2Cl has a dimer structure, which is more accurately expressed as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">(η(5)−C5H5)2Sm(−Cl)2(η(5)−C5H5)2. There, the chlorine bridges can be replaced, for instance, by iodine, hydrogen or nitrogen atoms or by <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">CN</a> groups.<a href="#cite_note-g1249-60">[60]</a> The (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">C5H5)− ion in samarium cyclopentadienides can be replaced by the indenide (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">C9H7)− or <a href="/wiki/Cyclooctatetraene" title="Cyclooctatetraene">cyclooctatetraenide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">C8H8)2− ring, resulting in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Sm(C9H7)3 or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">KSm(η(8)−C8H8)2. The latter compound has a structure similar to <a href="/wiki/Uranocene" title="Uranocene">uranocene</a>. There is also a cyclopentadienide of divalent samarium, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Sm(C5H5)2 a solid that sublimates at about 85 °C (185 °F). Contrary to <a href="/wiki/Ferrocene" title="Ferrocene">ferrocene</a>, the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">C5H5 rings in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Sm(C5H5)2 are not parallel but are tilted by 40°.<a href="#cite_note-g1249-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Salt_metathesis_reaction" title="Salt metathesis reaction">metathesis reaction</a> in tetrahydrofuran or <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">ether</a> gives <a href="/wiki/Alkyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl">alkyls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aryl" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryl">aryls</a> of samarium:<a href="#cite_note-g1249-60">[60]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">SmCl3 + 3LiR → SmR3 + 3LiCl</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Sm(OR)3 + 3LiCH(SiMe3)2 → Sm{CH(SiMe3)2}3 + 3LiOR</dd></dl> Here R is a hydrocarbon group and Me = <a href="/wiki/Methyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl">methyl</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_samarium" title="Isotopes of samarium">Isotopes of samarium</a></div> Naturally occurring samarium is composed of five stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>: 144Sm, 149Sm, 150Sm, 152Sm and 154Sm, and two extremely long-lived <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarium-147" title="Samarium-147">147Sm</a> (half-life t1/2 = 1.06×1011 years) and 148Sm (7×1015 years), with 152Sm being the most abundant (<a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">26.75%</a>).<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[9]</a> 149Sm is listed by various sources as being stable,<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> but some sources state that it is radioactive,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> with a lower bound for its half-life given as 2×1015 years.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[9]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Observationally_stable" class="mw-redirect" title="Observationally stable">observationally stable</a> samarium isotopes are predicted to decay to <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_neodymium" title="Isotopes of neodymium">isotopes of neodymium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rare_decays-64">[64]</a> The long-lived isotopes 146Sm, 147Sm, and 148Sm undergo <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decay</a> to <a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a> isotopes. Lighter unstable isotopes of samarium mainly decay by <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a> to <a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">promethium</a>, while heavier ones <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> to <a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[9]</a> The known isotopes range from 129Sm to 168Sm.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ln922-65">[65]</a> The half-lives of 151Sm and 145Sm are 90 years and 340 days, respectively. All remaining <a href="/wiki/Radioisotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotopes">radioisotopes</a> have half-lives that are less than 2 days, and most these have half-life less than 48 seconds. Samarium also has twelve known <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">nuclear isomers</a>, the most stable of which are 141mSm (<a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> 22.6 minutes), 143m1Sm (t1/2 = 66 seconds), and 139mSm (t1/2 = 10.7 seconds).<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">[9]</a> Natural samarium has a <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactivity</a> of 127 <a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">Bq</a>/g, mostly due to 147Sm,<a href="#cite_note-iaea1512-66">[66]</a> which <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decays</a> to 143Nd with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 1.06×1011 years and is used in <a href="/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93neodymium_dating" title="Samarium–neodymium dating">samarium–neodymium dating</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DePaolo147Sm-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-McCulloch147Sm-68">[68]</a> 146Sm is an <a href="/wiki/Extinct_radionuclide" title="Extinct radionuclide">extinct radionuclide</a>, with the half-life of 9.20×107 years.<a href="#cite_note-Chiera2024-10">[10]</a> There have been searches of samarium-146 as a <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial nuclide</a>, because its half-life is long enough such that minute quantities of the element should persist today.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> It can be used in radiometric dating.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Samarium-149 is an observationally stable isotope of samarium (predicted to decay, but no decays have ever been observed, giving it a half-life at least several orders of magnitude longer than the age of the universe), and a product of the decay chain from the <a href="/wiki/Fission_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Fission product">fission product</a> 149Nd (yield 1.0888%). 149Sm is a decay product and <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a>-absorber in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_poison" title="Neutron poison">neutron poison</a> effect that is second in importance for reactor design and operation only to <a href="/wiki/Xenon-135" title="Xenon-135">135Xe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Neutron_cross_section" title="Neutron cross section">neutron cross section</a> is 41000 <a href="/wiki/Barn_(unit)" title="Barn (unit)">barns</a> for <a href="/wiki/Thermal_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal neutron">thermal neutrons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Because samarium-149 is not radioactive and is not removed by decay, it presents problems somewhat different from those encountered with xenon-135. The equilibrium concentration (and thus the poisoning effect) builds to an equilibrium value during reactor operations in about 500 hours (about three weeks), and since samarium-149 is stable, its concentration remains essentially constant during reactor operation.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:153Sm-lexidronam_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chemical structure of samarium (153Sm) lexidronam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/153Sm-lexidronam_structure.svg/220px-153Sm-lexidronam_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/153Sm-lexidronam_structure.svg/330px-153Sm-lexidronam_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/153Sm-lexidronam_structure.svg/440px-153Sm-lexidronam_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="132" /></a><figcaption>Chemical structure of <a href="/wiki/Samarium_(153Sm)_lexidronam" title="Samarium (153Sm) lexidronam">Sm-EDTMP</a></figcaption></figure> Samarium-153 is a beta emitter with a half-life of 46.3 hours. It is used to kill cancer cells in <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer" title="Prostate cancer">prostate cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Osteosarcoma" title="Osteosarcoma">osteosarcoma</a>. For this purpose, samarium-153 is <a href="/wiki/Chelation" title="Chelation">chelated</a> with ethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonate (<a href="/wiki/EDTMP" title="EDTMP">EDTMP</a>) and injected intravenously. The chelation prevents accumulation of radioactive samarium in the body that would result in excessive irradiation and generation of new cancer cells.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-11">[11]</a> The corresponding drug has several names including <a href="/wiki/Samarium_(153Sm)_lexidronam" title="Samarium (153Sm) lexidronam">samarium (153Sm) lexidronam</a>; its <a href="/wiki/Trade_name" title="Trade name">trade name</a> is Quadramet.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lecoq_de_Boisbaudran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lecoq de Boisbaudran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Lecoq_de_Boisbaudran.jpg/170px-Lecoq_de_Boisbaudran.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Lecoq_de_Boisbaudran.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_%C3%89mile_Lecoq_de_Boisbaudran" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran">Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran</a>, the discoverer of samarium </figcaption></figure> Detection of samarium and related elements was announced by several scientists in the second half of the 19th century; however, most sources give priority to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> chemist <a href="/wiki/Paul-%C3%89mile_Lecoq_de_Boisbaudran" title="Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran">Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-brit-79">[79]</a> Boisbaudran isolated samarium oxide and/or hydroxide in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in 1879 from the mineral <a href="/wiki/Samarskite" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarskite">samarskite</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">((Y,Ce,U,Fe)3(Nb,Ta,Ti)5O16) and identified a new element in it via sharp optical absorption lines.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-13">[13]</a> Swiss chemist <a href="/wiki/Marc_Delafontaine" title="Marc Delafontaine">Marc Delafontaine</a> announced a new element <a href="/wiki/Decipium" title="Decipium">decipium</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: decipiens meaning "deceptive, misleading") in 1878,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> but later in 1880–1881 demonstrated that it was a mix of several elements, one being identical to Boisbaudran's samarium.<a href="#cite_note-iupac-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Though samarskite was first found in the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, by the late 1870s it had been found in other places, making it available to many researchers. In particular, it was found that the samarium isolated by Boisbaudran was also impure and had a comparable amount of <a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a>. The pure element was produced only in 1901 by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne-Anatole_Demar%C3%A7ay" title="Eugène-Anatole Demarçay">Eugène-Anatole Demarçay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-van-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weeks-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-XIII-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Virginia-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-88">[88]</a> Boisbaudran named his element samarium after the mineral samarskite, which in turn honored <a href="/wiki/Vassili_Samarsky-Bykhovets" title="Vassili Samarsky-Bykhovets">Vassili Samarsky-Bykhovets</a> (1803–1870). Samarsky-Bykhovets, as the Chief of Staff of the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> Corps of Mining Engineers, had granted access for two German mineralogists, the brothers <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Rose" title="Gustav Rose">Gustav</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rose" title="Heinrich Rose">Heinrich Rose</a>, to study the mineral samples from the Urals.<a href="#cite_note-bse-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Samarium was thus the first chemical element to be named after a person.<a href="#cite_note-van-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-RSC-92">[92]</a> The word samaria is sometimes used to mean samarium(III) oxide, by analogy with <a href="/wiki/Yttria" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttria">yttria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zirconia" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirconia">zirconia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alumina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumina">alumina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceria">ceria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holmium(III)_oxide" title="Holmium(III) oxide">holmia</a>, etc. The symbol Sm was suggested for samarium, but an alternative Sa was often used instead until the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-van-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Before the advent of <a href="/wiki/Ion-exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion-exchange">ion-exchange</a> separation technology in the 1950s, pure samarium had no commercial uses. However, a by-product of fractional crystallization purification of neodymium was a mix of samarium and gadolinium that got the name "Lindsay Mix" after the company that made it, and was used for nuclear <a href="/wiki/Control_rod" title="Control rod">control rods</a> in some early nuclear reactors.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Nowadays, a similar commodity product has the name "samarium-europium-<a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a>" (SEG) concentrate.<a href="#cite_note-RSC-92">[92]</a> It is prepared by solvent extraction from the mixed <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanides</a> isolated from bastnäsite (or monazite). Since heavier lanthanides have more affinity for the solvent used, they are easily extracted from the bulk using relatively small proportions of solvent. Not all rare-earth producers who process bastnäsite do so on a large enough scale to continue by separating the components of SEG, which typically makes up only 1–2% of the original ore. Such producers therefore make SEG with a view to marketing it to the specialized processors. In this manner, the valuable europium in the ore is rescued for use in making <a href="/wiki/Phosphor" title="Phosphor">phosphor</a>. Samarium purification follows the removal of the europium. As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samarium&action=edit">[update]</a>, being in oversupply, samarium oxide is cheaper on a commercial scale than its relative abundance in the ore might suggest.<a href="#cite_note-price-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence_and_production">Occurrence and production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Occurrence and production">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samarskite-fresh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Samarskite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Samarskite-fresh.jpg/220px-Samarskite-fresh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Samarskite-fresh.jpg/330px-Samarskite-fresh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Samarskite-fresh.jpg/440px-Samarskite-fresh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Samarskite</figcaption></figure> Samarium concentration in soils varies between 2 and 23 ppm, and oceans contain about 0.5–0.8 parts per trillion.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-11">[11]</a> The median value for its <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">abundance in the Earth's crust</a> used by the CRC Handbook is 7 parts per million (ppm)<a href="#cite_note-CRCabundance-96">[96]</a> and is the 40th most abundant element.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Distribution of samarium in soils strongly depends on its chemical state and is very inhomogeneous: in sandy soils, samarium concentration is about 200 times higher at the surface of soil particles than in the water trapped between them, and this ratio can exceed 1,000 in clays.<a href="#cite_note-LA2-98">[98]</a> Samarium is not found free in nature, but, like other rare earth elements, is contained in many minerals, including <a href="/wiki/Monazite" title="Monazite">monazite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bastn%C3%A4site" title="Bastnäsite">bastnäsite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerite" title="Cerite">cerite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gadolinite" title="Gadolinite">gadolinite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samarskite" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarskite">samarskite</a>; monazite (in which samarium occurs at concentrations of up to 2.8%)<a href="#cite_note-CRC-13">[13]</a> and bastnäsite are mostly used as commercial sources. World resources of samarium are estimated at two million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>; they are mostly located in China, US, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka and Australia, and the annual production is about 700 tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-11">[11]</a> Country production reports are usually given for all rare-earth metals combined. By far, China has the largest production with 120,000 tonnes mined per year; it is followed by the US (about 5,000 tonnes)<a href="#cite_note-LA2-98">[98]</a> and India (2,700 tonnes).<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Samarium is usually sold as oxide, which at the price of about US$30/kg is one of the cheapest lanthanide oxides.<a href="#cite_note-price-95">[95]</a> Whereas <a href="/wiki/Mischmetal" title="Mischmetal">mischmetal</a> – a mixture of rare earth metals containing about 1% of samarium – has long been used, relatively pure samarium has been isolated only recently, through <a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">ion exchange</a> processes, <a href="/wiki/Solvent_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvent extraction">solvent extraction</a> techniques, and <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_deposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrochemical deposition">electrochemical deposition</a>. The metal is often prepared by electrolysis of a molten mixture of <a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_chloride" title="Samarium(III) chloride">samarium(III) chloride</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> or <a href="/wiki/Calcium_chloride" title="Calcium chloride">calcium chloride</a>. Samarium can also be obtained by reducing its oxide with <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a>. The product is then distilled to separate samarium (boiling point 1794 °C) and lanthanum (b.p. 3464 °C).<a href="#cite_note-brit-79">[79]</a> Very few minerals have samarium being the most dominant element. Minerals with essential (dominant) samarium include <a href="/wiki/Monazite-(Sm)" title="Monazite-(Sm)">monazite-(Sm)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florencite-(Sm)" title="Florencite-(Sm)">florencite-(Sm)</a>. These minerals are very rare and are usually found containing other elements, usually <a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">cerium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> It is also made by <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">neutron capture</a> by samarium-149, which is added to the <a href="/wiki/Control_rod" title="Control rod">control rods</a> of nuclear reactors. Therefore, 151Sm is present in spent <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">nuclear fuel</a> and radioactive waste.<a href="#cite_note-LA2-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samariumiodide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Barbier reaction using samarium diiodide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Samariumiodide.jpg/220px-Samariumiodide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Samariumiodide.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Barbier_reaction" title="Barbier reaction">Barbier reaction</a> using <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">SmI2</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnets">Magnets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Magnets">edit</a>]</div> An important use of samarium is <a href="/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93cobalt_magnet" title="Samarium–cobalt magnet">samarium–cobalt magnets</a>, which are nominally <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">SmCo5 or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Sm2Co17.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> They have high permanent magnetization, about 10,000 times that of iron and second only to <a href="/wiki/Neodymium_magnet" title="Neodymium magnet">neodymium magnets</a>. However, samarium magnets resist demagnetization better; they are stable to temperatures above 700 °C (1,292 °F) (cf. 300–400 °C for neodymium magnets). These magnets are found in small motors, headphones, and high-end magnetic <a href="/wiki/Pick_up_(music_technology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pick up (music technology)">pickups</a> for guitars and related musical instruments.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-11">[11]</a> For example, they are used in the motors of a <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar-powered</a> <a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">electric aircraft</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Solar_Challenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar Challenger">Solar Challenger</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Noiseless" class="mw-redirect" title="Vintage Noiseless">Samarium Cobalt Noiseless</a> electric guitar and bass pickups. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_reagent">Chemical reagent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Chemical reagent">edit</a>]</div> Samarium and its compounds are important as catalysts and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reagent" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical reagent">chemical reagents</a>. Samarium catalysts help the decomposition of plastics, dechlorination of pollutants such as <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">polychlorinated biphenyls</a> (PCB), as well as dehydration and <a href="/wiki/Dehydrogenation" title="Dehydrogenation">dehydrogenation</a> of ethanol.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide_trifluoromethanesulfonates" title="Lanthanide trifluoromethanesulfonates">Samarium(III) triflate</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Sm(OTf)3, that is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Sm(CF3SO3)3, is one of the most efficient <a href="/wiki/Lewis_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis acid">Lewis acid</a> catalysts for a halogen-promoted <a href="/wiki/Friedel%E2%80%93Crafts_reaction" title="Friedel–Crafts reaction">Friedel–Crafts reaction</a> with alkenes.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samarium(II)_iodide" title="Samarium(II) iodide">Samarium(II) iodide</a> is a very common reducing and coupling agent in <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a>, for example in <a href="/wiki/Desulfonylation_reactions" title="Desulfonylation reactions">desulfonylation reactions</a>; <a href="/wiki/Annulation" title="Annulation">annulation</a>; <a href="/wiki/Danishefsky_Taxol_total_synthesis" title="Danishefsky Taxol total synthesis">Danishefsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwajima_Taxol_total_synthesis" title="Kuwajima Taxol total synthesis">Kuwajima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mukaiyama_Taxol_total_synthesis" title="Mukaiyama Taxol total synthesis">Mukaiyama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holton_Taxol_total_synthesis" title="Holton Taxol total synthesis">Holton Taxol total syntheses</a>; <a href="/wiki/Strychnine_total_synthesis" title="Strychnine total synthesis">strychnine total synthesis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Barbier_reaction" title="Barbier reaction">Barbier reaction</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Reductions_with_samarium(II)_iodide" title="Reductions with samarium(II) iodide">reductions with samarium(II) iodide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In its usual oxidized form, samarium is added to ceramics and glasses where it increases absorption of infrared light. As a (minor) part of <a href="/wiki/Mischmetal" title="Mischmetal">mischmetal</a>, samarium is found in the "<a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a>" ignition devices of many <a href="/wiki/Lighter" title="Lighter">lighters</a> and torches.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRC-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutron_absorber">Neutron absorber</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Neutron absorber">edit</a>]</div> Samarium-149 has a high <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture_cross_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron capture cross section">cross section for neutron capture</a> (41,000 <a href="/wiki/Barn_(unit)" title="Barn (unit)">barns</a>) and so is used in control rods of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>. Its advantage compared to competing materials, such as boron and cadmium, is stability of absorption – most of the fusion products of 149Sm are other isotopes of samarium that are also good <a href="/wiki/Neutron_absorber" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron absorber">neutron absorbers</a>. For example, the cross section of samarium-151 is 15,000 barns, it is on the order of hundreds of barns for 150Sm, 152Sm, and 153Sm, and 6,800 barns for natural (mixed-isotope) samarium.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-LA2-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lasers">Lasers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Lasers">edit</a>]</div> Samarium-doped <a href="/wiki/Calcium_fluoride" title="Calcium fluoride">calcium fluoride</a> crystals were used as an active medium in one of the first <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_laser" title="Solid-state laser">solid-state lasers</a> designed and built by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sorokin" title="Peter Sorokin">Peter Sorokin</a> (co-inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Dye_laser" title="Dye laser">dye laser</a>) and Mirek Stevenson at <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> research labs in early 1961. This samarium laser gave pulses of red light at 708.5 nm. It had to be cooled by liquid helium and so did not find practical applications.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Another samarium-based laser became the first saturated <a href="/wiki/X-ray_laser" title="X-ray laser">X-ray laser</a> operating at wavelengths shorter than 10 nanometers. It gave 50-picosecond pulses at 7.3 and 6.8 nm suitable for uses in <a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">holography</a>, high-resolution <a href="/wiki/Microscopy" title="Microscopy">microscopy</a> of biological specimens, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deflectometry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deflectometry (page does not exist)">deflectometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interferometry" title="Interferometry">interferometry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">radiography</a> of dense plasmas related to confinement fusion and <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a>. Saturated operation meant that the maximum possible power was extracted from the lasing medium, resulting in the high peak energy of 0.3 mJ. The active medium was samarium plasma produced by irradiating samarium-coated glass with a pulsed infrared <a href="/wiki/Nd:YAG_laser" title="Nd:YAG laser">Nd-glass laser</a> (wavelength ~1.05 μm).<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage_phosphor">Storage phosphor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Storage phosphor">edit</a>]</div> In 2007 it was shown that nanocrystalline BaFCl:Sm3+ as prepared by co-precipitation can serve as a very efficient X-ray <a href="/wiki/Photostimulated_luminescence" title="Photostimulated luminescence">storage phosphor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The co-precipitation leads to nanocrystallites of the order of 100–200 nm in size and their sensitivity as X-ray storage phosphors is increased a remarkable ~500,000 times because of the specific arrangements and density of defect centers in comparison with microcrystalline samples prepared by sintering at high temperature.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The mechanism is based on reduction of Sm3+ to Sm2+ by trapping electrons that are created upon exposure to ionizing radiation in the BaFCl host. The 5DJ–7FJ f–f luminescence lines can be very efficiently excited via the parity allowed 4f6→4f55d transition at ~417 nm. The latter wavelength is ideal for efficient excitation by blue-violet laser diodes as the transition is electric dipole allowed and thus relatively intense (400 L/(mol⋅cm)).<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The phosphor has potential applications in personal dosimetry, dosimetry and imaging in radiotherapy, and medical imaging.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-commercial_and_potential_uses">Non-commercial and potential uses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Non-commercial and potential uses">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The change in electrical resistivity in <a href="/wiki/Samarium_monochalcogenides" title="Samarium monochalcogenides">samarium monochalcogenides</a> can be used in a pressure sensor or in a memory device triggered between a low-resistance and high-resistance state by external pressure,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> and such devices are being developed commercially.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Samarium monosulfide also generates electric voltage upon moderate heating to about 150 °C (302 °F) that can be applied in <a href="/wiki/Thermoelectric_generator" title="Thermoelectric generator">thermoelectric power converters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a></li> <li>Analysis of relative concentrations of samarium and neodymium isotopes 147Sm, 144Nd, and 143Nd allows determination of the age and origin of rocks and meteorites in <a href="/wiki/Samarium%E2%80%93neodymium_dating" title="Samarium–neodymium dating">samarium–neodymium dating</a>. Both elements are lanthanides and are very similar physically and chemically. Thus, Sm–Nd dating is either insensitive to partitioning of the marker elements during various geologic processes, or such partitioning can well be understood and modeled from the <a href="/wiki/Ionic_radius" title="Ionic radius">ionic radii</a> of said elements.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></li> <li>The Sm3+ ion is a potential <a href="/wiki/Activator_(phosphor)" title="Activator (phosphor)">activator</a> for use in warm-white light emitting diodes. It offers high <a href="/wiki/Luminous_efficacy" title="Luminous efficacy">luminous efficacy</a> due to narrow emission bands; but the generally low <a href="/wiki/Quantum_efficiency" title="Quantum efficiency">quantum efficiency</a> and too little absorption in the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet#Subtypes" title="Ultraviolet">UV-A</a> to blue spectral region hinders commercial application.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></li> <li>Samarium is used for <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a> testing. A rocket spreads samarium monoxide as a red vapor at high altitude, and researchers test how the atmosphere disperses it and how it impacts radio transmissions.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a></li> <li>Samarium hexaboride, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">SmB6, has recently been shown to be a <a href="/wiki/Topological_insulator" title="Topological insulator">topological insulator</a> with potential uses in <a href="/wiki/Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">quantum computing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-physorgsamarium-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_role_and_precautions">Biological role and precautions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Biological role and precautions">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Samarium </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">GHS labelling</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS02: Flammable"><img alt="GHS02: Flammable" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td>Warning </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H261: In contact with water releases flammable gas">H261</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P231+P232: Handle and store contents under inert gas. Protect from moisture">P231+P232</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.">P280</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P370+P378: In case of fire: Use ... to extinguish.">P370+P378</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P501: Dispose of contents/container to ...">P501</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-74-diamond-refs"><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_1eeaa90483682ecf" /><map name="ImageMap_1eeaa90483682ecf"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroform" title="Health 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroform" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 3: Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Flash point between 23 and 38 °C (73 and 100 °F). E.g. gasoline" title="Flammability 3: Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Flash point between 23 and 38 °C (73 and 100 °F). E.g. gasoline" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 2: Undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, reacts violently with water, or may form explosive mixtures with water. E.g. white phosphorus" title="Instability 2: Undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, reacts violently with water, or may form explosive mixtures with water. E.g. white phosphorus" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazard W: Reacts with water in an unusual or dangerous manner. E.g. sodium, sulfuric acid" title="Special hazard W: Reacts with water in an unusual or dangerous manner. E.g. sodium, sulfuric acid" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">2</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 3: Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Flash point between 23 and 38 °C (73 and 100 °F). E.g. gasoline" class="notheme mw-no-invert">3</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 2: Undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, reacts violently with water, or may form explosive mixtures with water. E.g. white phosphorus" class="notheme mw-no-invert">2</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-text mw-no-invert"><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" title="NFPA 704">W</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> Samarium salts stimulate metabolism, but it is unclear whether this is from samarium or other lanthanides present with it. The total amount of samarium in adults is about 50 <a href="/wiki/Microgram" title="Microgram">μg</a>, mostly in liver and kidneys and with ~8 μg/L being dissolved in blood. Samarium is not absorbed by plants to a measurable concentration and so is normally not part of human diet. However, a few plants and vegetables may contain up to 1 part per million of samarium. Insoluble salts of samarium are non-toxic and the soluble ones are only slightly toxic.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bayouth-128">[128]</a> When ingested, only 0.05% of samarium salts are absorbed into the bloodstream and the remainder are excreted. From the blood, 45% goes to the liver and 45% is deposited on the surface of the bones where it remains for 10 years; the remaining 10% is excreted.<a href="#cite_note-LA2-98">[98]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/samarium.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Samarium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Samarium&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fsamarium.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamarium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamarium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamarium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cloke1993-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Cloke1993_4-0">^</a> Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCloke1993" class="citation journal cs1">Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FCS9932200017">10.1039/CS9932200017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Soc.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Zero+Oxidation+State+Compounds+of+Scandium%2C+Yttrium%2C+and+the+Lanthanides&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=17-24&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FCS9932200017&rft.aulast=Cloke&rft.aufirst=F.+Geoffrey+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamarium" class="Z3988"> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnoldPetrukhinaBochenkovShabatina2003" class="citation journal cs1">Arnold, Polly L.; Petrukhina, Marina A.; Bochenkov, Vladimir E.; Shabatina, Tatyana I.; Zagorskii, Vyacheslav V.; Cloke (2003-12-15). "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 688 (1–2): 49–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jorganchem.2003.08.028">10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Organometallic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Arene+complexation+of+Sm%2C+Eu%2C+Tm+and+Yb+atoms%3A+a+variable+temperature+spectroscopic+investigation&rft.volume=688&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=49-55&rft.date=2003-12-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jorganchem.2003.08.028&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Polly+L.&rft.au=Petrukhina%2C+Marina+A.&rft.au=Bochenkov%2C+Vladimir+E.&rft.au=Shabatina%2C+Tatyana+I.&rft.au=Zagorskii%2C+Vyacheslav+V.&rft.au=Cloke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamarium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> SmB6- cluster anion has been reported and contains Sm in rare oxidation state of +1; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulXinxingTyrelKit2017" class="citation journal cs1">Paul, J. Robinson; Xinxing, Zhang; Tyrel, McQueen; Kit, H. Bowen; Anastassia, N. Alexandrova (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00247#">"SmB6– Cluster Anion: Covalency Involving f Orbitals"</a>. J. Phys. Chem. A 2017,? 121,? 8,? 1849–1854. 121 (8): 1849–1854. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.jpca.7b00247">10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00247</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28182423">28182423</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3723987">3723987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Phys.+Chem.+A+2017%2C%3Csup%3E%3F%3C%2Fsup%3E+121%2C%3Csup%3E%3F%3C%2Fsup%3E+8%2C%3Csup%3E%3F%3C%2Fsup%3E+1849%E2%80%931854&rft.atitle=SmB%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%E2%80%93%3C%2Fsup%3E+Cluster+Anion%3A+Covalency+Involving+f+Orbitals&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1849-1854&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3723987%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28182423&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.jpca.7b00247&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=J.+Robinson&rft.au=Xinxing%2C+Zhang&rft.au=Tyrel%2C+McQueen&rft.au=Kit%2C+H.+Bowen&rft.au=Anastassia%2C+N.+Alexandrova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1021%2Facs.jpca.7b00247%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamarium" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-6"><a href="#cite_ref-GE28_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamarium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-magnet-7"><a href="#cite_ref-magnet_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLide,_D._R.2005" class="citation book cs1">Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. p. 4-134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0486-5"><bdi>0-8493-0486-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magnetic+susceptibility+of+the+elements+and+inorganic+compounds&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29&rft.pages=4-134&rft.edition=86th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8493-0486-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20110303222309%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww-d0.fnal.gov%2Fhardware%2Fcal%2Flvps_info%2Fengineering%2Felementmagn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamarium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeast1983" class="citation book cs1">Weast, Robert (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-TxCAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en">CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a>. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0464-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0464-4"><bdi>978-0-8493-0464-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC%2C+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=E112&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Company+Publishing&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0464-4&rft.aulast=Weast&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-TxCAQAAIAAJ%26newbks%3D0%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamarium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2020-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_9-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondevWangHuangNaimi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kondev, F. 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Scientific Reports. 14 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-024-64104-6">10.1038/s41598-024-64104-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11294585">11294585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=The+%3Csup%3E146%3C%2Fsup%3ESm+half-life+re-measured%3A+consolidating+the+chronometer+for+events+in+the+early+Solar+System&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2024-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11294585%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-024-64104-6&rft.aulast=Chiera&rft.aufirst=Nadine+M.&rft.au=Sprung%2C+Peter&rft.au=Amelin%2C+Yuri&rft.au=Dressler%2C+Rugard&rft.au=Schumann%2C+Dorothea&rft.au=Talip%2C+Zeynep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11294585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamarium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-emsley-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-emsley_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emsley_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emsley_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emsley_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emsley_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emsley_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emsley_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emsley_11-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-emsley_11-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2001" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC&pg=PA371">"Samarium"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/371">Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements</a>. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/371">371–374</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-850340-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-850340-7"><bdi>0-19-850340-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Samarium&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A%E2%80%93Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England%2C+UK&rft.pages=371-374&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-850340-7&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-Xu07p3cKwC%26pg%3DPA371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamarium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lange-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Lange_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.A._Dean1999" class="citation book cs1">J.A. 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Scientific Reports. 3 (3150): 3150. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1211.6769">1211.6769</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatSR...3.3150K">2013NatSR...3.3150K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep03150">10.1038/srep03150</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3818682">3818682</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24193196">24193196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Robust+Surface+Hall+Effect+and+Nonlocal+Transport+in+SmB%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E%3A+Indication+for+an+Ideal+Topological+Insulator&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3150&rft.pages=3150&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3818682%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013NatSR...3.3150K&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1211.6769&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24193196&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep03150&rft.aulast=Botimer&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Kim%2C+D.+J.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+S.&rft.au=Grant%2C+T.&rft.au=Fisk%2C+Z.&rft.au=Jing+Xia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3818682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamarium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangButchSyersZiemak2013" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Xiaohang; Butch, N. P.; Syers, P.; Ziemak, S.; Greene, Richard L.; Paglione, Johnpierre (2013). "Hybridization, Correlation, and In-Gap States in the Kondo Insulator SmB6". Physical Review X. 3 (1): 011011. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1211.5532">1211.5532</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhRvX...3a1011Z">2013PhRvX...3a1011Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevX.3.011011">10.1103/PhysRevX.3.011011</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53638956">53638956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+X&rft.atitle=Hybridization%2C+Correlation%2C+and+In-Gap+States+in+the+Kondo+Insulator+SmB%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=011011&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1211.5532&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53638956%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevX.3.011011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PhRvX...3a1011Z&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Xiaohang&rft.au=Butch%2C+N.+P.&rft.au=Syers%2C+P.&rft.au=Ziemak%2C+S.&rft.au=Greene%2C+Richard+L.&rft.au=Paglione%2C+Johnpierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamarium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolgastKurdakSunAllen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Wolgast, Steven; Kurdak, Cagliyan; Sun, Kai; et al. (2012). "Low-temperature surface conduction in the Kondo insulator SmB6". Physical Review B. 88 (18): 180405. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1211.5104">1211.5104</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhRvB..88r0405W">2013PhRvB..88r0405W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.88.180405">10.1103/PhysRevB.88.180405</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119242604">119242604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+B&rft.atitle=Low-temperature+surface+conduction+in+the+Kondo+insulator+SmB%3Csub%3E6%3C%2Fsub%3E&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=180405&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1211.5104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119242604%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevB.88.180405&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PhRvB..88r0405W&rft.aulast=Wolgast&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.au=Kurdak%2C+Cagliyan&rft.au=Sun%2C+Kai&rft.au=Allen%2C+J.+W.&rft.au=Kim%2C+Dae-Jeong&rft.au=Fisk%2C+Zachary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamarium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigma-Aldrich" title="Sigma-Aldrich">Sigma-Aldrich Co.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/263184">Samarium 263184</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fishersci.com/store/msds?partNumber=AA40297DH&productDescription=SAMR+RD+6.35MMDIA+99.9+25MM&vendorId=VN00024248&countryCode=US&language=en">"Safety Data Sheet"</a>. Thermo Fisher Scientific. 2020-02-14. Retrieved 2023-04-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Safety+Data+Sheet&rft.pub=Thermo+Fisher+Scientific&rft.date=2020-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishersci.com%2Fstore%2Fmsds%3FpartNumber%3DAA40297DH%26productDescription%3DSAMR%2BRD%2B6.35MMDIA%2B99.9%2B25MM%26vendorId%3DVN00024248%26countryCode%3DUS%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamarium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bayouth-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Bayouth_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayouthMaceyKasiFossella1994" class="citation journal cs1">Bayouth, J. E.; Macey, D. J.; Kasi, L. P.; Fossella, F. V. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/35/1/63.long">"Dosimetry and toxicity of samarium-153-EDTMP administered for bone pain due to skeletal metastases"</a>. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 35 (1): 63–69. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7505819">7505819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nuclear+Medicine&rft.atitle=Dosimetry+and+toxicity+of+samarium-153-EDTMP+administered+for+bone+pain+due+to+skeletal+metastases&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-69&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7505819&rft.aulast=Bayouth&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft.au=Macey%2C+D.+J.&rft.au=Kasi%2C+L.+P.&rft.au=Fossella%2C+F.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjnm.snmjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F35%2F1%2F63.long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamarium" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Greenwood" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth–Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080379418" title="Special:BookSources/9780080379418"><bdi>9780080379418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth%E2%80%93Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780080379418&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamarium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/samarium" class="extiw" title="wikt:samarium">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Samarium" class="extiw" title="c:Samarium">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_periodic_table/Samarium" class="extiw" title="v:The periodic table/Samarium">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1819" class="extiw" title="d:Q1819">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele062.html">It's Elemental – Samarium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.organic-chemistry.org/chemicals/reductions/samariumlowvalent.shtm">Reducing Agents > Samarium low valent</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Samarium_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Samarium_compounds" title="Template:Samarium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Samarium_compounds" title="Template talk:Samarium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Samarium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Samarium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Samarium_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Samarium_compounds" title="Samarium compounds">Samarium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Samarium(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platinum-Samarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum-Samarium">PtSm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(II)_fluoride" title="Samarium(II) fluoride">SmF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(II)_chloride" title="Samarium(II) chloride">SmCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(II)_bromide" title="Samarium(II) bromide">SmBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium_tetraboride" title="Samarium tetraboride">SmB4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium_hexaboride" title="Samarium hexaboride">SmB6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(II)_iodide" title="Samarium(II) iodide">SmI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium_monosulfide" title="Samarium monosulfide">SmS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium_monochalcogenides" title="Samarium monochalcogenides">SmSe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium_phosphide" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarium phosphide">SmP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium_monochalcogenides" title="Samarium monochalcogenides">SmTe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium_pentaphosphide" title="Samarium pentaphosphide">SmP5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Samarium(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_acetate" title="Samarium(III) acetate">Sm(CH3COO)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_arsenide" title="Samarium(III) arsenide">SmAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_arsenate" title="Samarium(III) arsenate">SmAsO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_chloride" title="Samarium(III) chloride">SmCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_bromide" title="Samarium(III) bromide">SmBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_fluoride" title="Samarium(III) fluoride">SmF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_iodate" title="Samarium(III) iodate">Sm(IO3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_iodide" title="Samarium(III) iodide">SmI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_oxide" title="Samarium(III) oxide">Sm2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_oxyiodide" title="Samarium(III) oxyiodide">SmOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_sulfide" title="Samarium(III) sulfide">Sm2S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_hydroxide" title="Samarium(III) hydroxide">Sm(OH)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_nitride" title="Samarium(III) nitride">SmN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_nitrate" title="Samarium(III) nitrate">Sm(NO3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_phosphate" title="Samarium(III) phosphate">SmPO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_molybdate" title="Samarium(III) molybdate">Sm2(MoO4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_antimonide" title="Samarium(III) antimonide">SmSb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_perchlorate" title="Samarium(III) perchlorate">Sm(ClO4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_acetylacetonate" title="Samarium(III) acetylacetonate">Sm(C5H7O2)3</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organosamarium(III)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">Organosamarium(III)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samarocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarocene">Sm(C5H5)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_oxalate" title="Samarium(III) oxalate">Sm2(C2O4)3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" 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