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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Later history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Characteristics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Characteristics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Properties_and_molecular_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties_and_molecular_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Properties and molecular structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Properties_and_molecular_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allotropes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allotropes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Allotropes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allotropes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Physical properties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopes_and_stellar_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes_and_stellar_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Isotopes and stellar origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes_and_stellar_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Analysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_production_and_role_of_O2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_production_and_role_of_O2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Biological production and role of O2 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biological_production_and_role_of_O2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biological production and role of O2 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biological_production_and_role_of_O2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Photosynthesis_and_respiration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photosynthesis_and_respiration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Photosynthesis and respiration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photosynthesis_and_respiration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Living_organisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_organisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Living organisms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_organisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Build-up_in_the_atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Build-up_in_the_atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Build-up in the atmosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Build-up_in_the_atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraterrestrial_free_oxygen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraterrestrial_free_oxygen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Extraterrestrial free oxygen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraterrestrial_free_oxygen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Industrial production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Storage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Medical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_support_and_recreational_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_support_and_recreational_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Life support and recreational use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_support_and_recreational_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Industrial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Compounds </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxides_and_other_inorganic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxides_and_other_inorganic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Oxides and other inorganic compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxides_and_other_inorganic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Organic compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_and_precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_and_precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Safety and precautions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety_and_precautions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Safety and precautions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Safety_and_precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Toxicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combustion_and_other_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combustion_and_other_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Combustion and other hazards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combustion_and_other_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 General references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Oxygen</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 209 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-209" aria-hidden="true" > 209 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurstof" title="Suurstof – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suurstof" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sauerstoff" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B2%E1%8C%85%E1%8A%95" title="ኦክሲጅን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦክሲጅን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happi" title="Happi – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Happi" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="ऑक्सीजन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ऑक्सीजन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%C3%B0mlyft" title="Æðmlyft – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Æðmlyft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="أكسجين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أكسجين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxicheno" title="Oxicheno – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Oxicheno" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Թթուածին – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Թթուածին" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxigenu" title="Oxigenu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Oxigenu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="অম্লজান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অম্লজান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ox%C3%ADxenu" title="Oxíxenu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Oxíxenu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="ऑक्सीजन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ऑक्सीजन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarapo" title="Tatarapo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tatarapo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Oksigen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%86" title="اوکسیژن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوکسیژن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksig%C3%A9n" title="Oksigén – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Oksigén" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="অক্সিজেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অক্সিজেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sng-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Sng-sò͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sng-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кислород – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кислород" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кісларод – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кісларод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Тлен – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тлен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="ऑक्सीजन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ऑक्सीजन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksiheno" title="Oksiheno – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Oksiheno" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кислород – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кислород" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauastoff" title="Sauastoff – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sauastoff" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="གསོ་རླུང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གསོ་རླུང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kisik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Oksigen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%88%D1%8D" title="Хүшэлтүрэгшэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хүшэлтүрэгшэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oxigen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%B3%C3%A7%D0%B0%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%88" title="Йӳçамăш – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Йӳçамăш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksihena" title="Oksihena – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Oksihena" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kysl%C3%ADk" title="Kyslík – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kyslík" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossigenu" title="Ossigenu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ossigenu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocsigen" title="Ocsigen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ocsigen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilt" title="Ilt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ilt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A4%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ؤكسيجين – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ؤكسيجين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sauerstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AD%C5%82ch%CA%BCi_y%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%A1t%CA%BC%C3%A9ehii" title="Níłchʼi yáʼátʼéehii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Níłchʼi yáʼátʼéehii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapnik" title="Hapnik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hapnik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BE%CF%85%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Οξυγόνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οξυγόνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Чапамо чачтый – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Чапамо чачтый" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ox%C3%ADgeno" title="Oxígeno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oxígeno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigeno" title="Oksigeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oksigeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oss%C3%ADgenu" title="Ossígenu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ossígenu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxigeno" title="Oxigeno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oxigeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%86" title="اکسیژن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اکسیژن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Oxygen" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Oxygen" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyg%C3%A8ne" title="Oxygène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oxygène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soerstof" title="Soerstof – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Soerstof" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossigjen" title="Ossigjen – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ossigjen" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocsaigin" title="Ocsaigin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ocsaigin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocsygien" title="Ocsygien – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ocsygien" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogsaidean" title="Ogsaidean – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ogsaidean" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os%C3%ADxeno" title="Osíxeno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Osíxeno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="氧" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Oxygen" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81_(%E0%AA%91%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%A8)" title="પ્રાણવાયુ (ઑક્સીજન) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રાણવાયુ (ઑક્સીજન)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="ऑक्सिजन – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ऑक्सिजन" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B4ng" title="Yông – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yông" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D2%97%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Оксиҗен – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Оксиҗен" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%86%8C" title="산소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBOkikene" title="ʻOkikene – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻOkikene" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A9%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Թթվածին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թթվածին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="ऑक्सीजन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऑक्सीजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kislik" title="Kislik – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kislik" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kisik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxo" title="Oxo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Oxo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksiheno" title="Oksiheno – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Oksiheno" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Oksigen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygeno" title="Oxygeno – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Oxygeno" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Туаггуыр – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Туаггуыр" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-oxygen" title="I-oxygen – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-oxygen" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsOhwe" title="IsOhwe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsOhwe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BArefni" title="Súrefni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Súrefni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossigeno" title="Ossigeno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ossigeno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%9F" title="חמצן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חמצן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksig%C3%A8n" title="Oksigèn – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Oksigèn" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%86k%C9%A9s%C9%A9z%C9%9Bn%C9%A9" title="Ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%95" title="ಆಮ್ಲಜನಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಮ್ಲಜನಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oks%C3%ADhenu" title="Oksíhenu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Oksíhenu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჟანგბადი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჟანგბადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%8E%D9%86" title="آکسیجَن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="آکسیجَن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Оттегі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оттегі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksyjen" title="Oksyjen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Oksyjen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksijeni" title="Oksijeni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Oksijeni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Шомвачужысь – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Шомвачужысь" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksij%C3%A8n" title="Oksijèn – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Oksijèn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksij%C3%A8n" title="Oksijèn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Oksijèn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oks%C3%AEjen" title="Oksîjen – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Oksîjen" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Кычкылтек – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кычкылтек" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кислород – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кислород" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oss%C3%ACgen" title="Ossìgen – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ossìgen" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%99" title="ອົກຊີແຊນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອົກຊີແຊນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenium" title="Oxygenium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oxygenium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C4%81beklis" title="Skābeklis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skābeklis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sauerstoff" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кислород – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Кислород" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deguonis" title="Deguonis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Deguonis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscigeno" title="Oscigeno – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Oscigeno" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuurstof" title="Zuurstof – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zuurstof" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksij%C9%9B%CC%81n%C3%AD" title="Oksijɛ́ní – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Oksijɛ́ní" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osijen" title="Osijen – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Osijen" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happamehsuadu" title="Happamehsuadu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Happamehsuadu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kijno" title="kijno – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kijno" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os%C3%ACgeno" title="Osìgeno – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Osìgeno" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxig%C3%A9n" title="Oxigén – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oxigén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кислород – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кислород" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94ksizenina" title="Ôksizenina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ôksizenina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BB" title="ഓക്സിജൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓക്സിജൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossi%C4%A1enu" title="Ossiġenu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ossiġenu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81ora" title="Hāora – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hāora" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="ऑक्सिजन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऑक्सिजन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჟანგბადი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჟანგბადი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="اوكسيجين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوكسيجين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%86" title="اوکسیجن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اوکسیجن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Oksigen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯤꯖꯦꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯤꯖꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Oksigen" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%8Dng" title="Iōng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iōng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Шапафни – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Шапафни" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%B3%D1%87" title="Хүчилтөрөгч – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүчилтөрөгч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အောက်ဆီဂျင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အောက်ဆီဂျင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehecayoh" title="Ehecayoh – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Ehecayoh" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okosijeni" title="Okosijeni – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Okosijeni" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuurstof_(element)" title="Zuurstof (element) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuurstof (element)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="प्राणवायु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्राणवायु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="अक्सिजन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अक्सिजन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%B8%E7%B4%A0" title="酸素 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="酸素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Мустлург – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мустлург" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCrstoof" title="Sürstoof – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sürstoof" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksygen" title="Oksygen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oksygen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksygen" title="Oksygen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oksygen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxig%C3%A8n" title="Oxigèn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Oxigèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Шопештыш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шопештыш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooksijiinii" title="Ooksijiinii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ooksijiinii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kislorod" title="Kislorod – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kislorod" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8" title="ਆਕਸੀਜਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਕਸੀਜਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="अक्सिजन – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="अक्सिजन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%86" title="آکسیجن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آکسیجن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%85%E1%80%B2%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="အောက်သီစဲန် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အောက်သီစဲန်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrst%C3%B2f" title="Zürstòf – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Zürstòf" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%86" title="اکسيجن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اکسيجن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axijen" title="Axijen – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Axijen" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%A7%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Шӧмувтыр – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Шӧмувтыр" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oss%C3%ACgen" title="Ossìgen – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ossìgen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suerstoff" title="Suerstoff – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Suerstoff" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlen" title="Tlen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tlen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxig%C3%A9nio" title="Oxigénio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oxigénio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Sauerstoff" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oxigen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Oxigen" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muksichaq" title="Muksichaq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Muksichaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Оксиген – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Оксиген" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кислород – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кислород" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Абалык – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Абалык" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱳᱠᱥᱤᱡᱟᱹᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱳᱠᱥᱤᱡᱟᱹᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%86" title="آکسیجن – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آکسیجن" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oss%C3%ACgenu" title="Ossìgenu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ossìgenu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Oxygen" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurstof" title="Suurstof – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Suurstof" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigjeni" title="Oksigjeni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Oksigjeni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uss%C3%ACgginu" title="Ussìgginu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ussìgginu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ඔක්සිජන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඔක්සිජන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oxygen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%AA%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%86" title="آڪسيجن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آڪسيجن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kysl%C3%ADk" title="Kyslík – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kyslík" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kisik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogsajiin" title="Ogsajiin – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ogsajiin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ئۆکسجین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆکسجین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кисеоник – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кисеоник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiseonik" title="Kiseonik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kiseonik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksig%C3%A9n" title="Oksigén – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Oksigén" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happi" title="Happi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Happi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syre" title="Syre – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Syre" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksihino" title="Oksihino – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Oksihino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒட்சிசன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒட்சிசன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uksijin" title="Uksijin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Uksijin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кислород – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кислород" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆక్సిజన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆక్సిజన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99" title="ออกซิเจน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออกซิเจน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Оксиген – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оксиген" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%AC%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%95%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎤᏬᎳᏕᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᏬᎳᏕᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%95" title="ಆಮ್ಲಜನಕ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಆಮ್ಲಜನಕ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksijen" title="Oksijen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oksijen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Кисень – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кисень" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%86" title="آکسیجن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آکسیجن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%89%DA%AF%DB%90%D9%86" title="ئوكسىگېن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئوكسىگېن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangj" title="Yangj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yangj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os%C3%ACzeno" title="Osìzeno – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Osìzeno" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapanik" title="Hapanik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hapanik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxy" title="Oxy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Oxy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Oxygen (disambiguation)">Oxygen (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 8 (O)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Oxygen, 8O</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A pale blue liquid, with visible boiling" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_4.jpg/300px-Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_4.jpg/450px-Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_4.jpg/600px-Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="1068" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Liquid oxygen (O2 at <a href="/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">below −183 °C</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Oxygen</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">Allotropes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">O2, O3 (<a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a>) and more (see <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_oxygen" title="Allotropes of oxygen">Allotropes of oxygen</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">gas: colorless liquid and solid: pale blue</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(O)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>[15.99903, 15.99977]<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>15.999±0.001 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left; line-height:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">Abundance</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1em; text-indent:1.2em; font-weight:normal;">in the <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1em;">461000 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Oxygen in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;">– ↑ O ↓ <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> ← oxygen → <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">8</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">group 16 (chalcogens)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">period 2</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#p-block" title="Block (periodic table)">p-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a>] 2s2 2p4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 6</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(O2) 54.36 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (−218.79 °C, −361.82 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(O2) 90.188 K (−182.962 °C, −297.332 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at STP)</th><td class="infobox-data">1.429 g/L</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">b.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">1.141 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">Triple point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">54.361 K, 0.1463 kPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">Critical point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">154.581 K, 5.043 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(O2) 0.444 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(O2) 6.82 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(O2) 29.378 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td> <td>61 </td> <td>73 </td> <td>90 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: −2 −1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-3">[3]</a> 0, +1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-3">[3]</a> +2<a href="#cite_note-GE28-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 3.44 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 1313.9 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 3388.3 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 5300.5 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#oxygen" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">66±2 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">152 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxygen_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Oxygen_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Oxygen_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Oxygen_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Oxygen_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Oxygen_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Oxygen_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of oxygen</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">cubic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cP16</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cubic crystal structure for oxygen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cubic.svg/50px-Cubic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cubic.svg/75px-Cubic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cubic.svg/100px-Cubic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></div>a = 678.28 pm (at <a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">t.p.</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26.58×10−3  W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism">paramagnetic</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+3449.0×10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a></th><td class="infobox-data">330 <a href="/wiki/Metre_per_second" title="Metre per second">m/s</a> (gas, at 27 °C)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7782-44-7 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sendivogius" title="Michael Sendivogius">Michael Sendivogius</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a> (1604, 1771)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Named by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> (1777)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_oxygen" title="Isotopes of oxygen">Isotopes of oxygen</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_oxygen_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox oxygen isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_oxygen_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox oxygen isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen-15" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen-15">15O</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">122.266 s </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β+100% </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">15N </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen-16" title="Oxygen-16">16O</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">99.8% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen-17" title="Oxygen-17">17O</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.0380% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen-18" title="Oxygen-18">18O</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.205% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Oxygen" title="Category:Oxygen">Category: Oxygen</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_oxygen" title="Template:Infobox oxygen">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_oxygen" title="Template talk:Infobox oxygen">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_oxygen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox oxygen">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Oxygen is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">symbol</a> O and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 8. It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">chalcogen</a> <a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">group</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>, a highly <a href="/wiki/Reactivity_(chemistry)" title="Reactivity (chemistry)">reactive</a> <a href="/wiki/Nonmetal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonmetal (chemistry)">nonmetal</a>, and a potent <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidizing agent</a> that readily forms <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a> with most elements as well as with other <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a>. Oxygen is <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">the most abundant element in Earth's crust</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Abundance of chemical elements">the third-most abundant element in the universe</a> after <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a>, two oxygen <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> will <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">bind</a> <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalently</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Dioxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioxygen">dioxygen</a>, a colorless and odorless <a href="/wiki/Diatomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomic">diatomic</a> <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> O 2. Dioxygen gas currently constitutes 20.95% <a href="/wiki/Molar_fraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Molar fraction">molar fraction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a>, though this has <a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_oxygen" title="Geological history of oxygen">changed considerably</a> over long periods of time in <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's history">Earth's history</a>. Oxygen makes up almost half of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a> in the form of various oxides such as <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Atkins7th-6">[6]</a> All <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic">eukaryotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a>, need oxygen for <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">cellular respiration</a>, which extracts <a href="/wiki/Chemical_energy" title="Chemical energy">chemical energy</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Dioxygen_in_biological_reactions" title="Dioxygen in biological reactions">reaction of oxygen</a> with <a href="/wiki/Organic_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic molecule">organic molecules</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> and releases <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> as a waste product. In <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolved oxygen">dissolved oxygen</a> in water is absorbed by specialized <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory</a> <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">organs</a> called <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_respiration" title="Cutaneous respiration">through the skin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Enteral_respiration" title="Enteral respiration">via the gut</a>; in <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial animals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a>, oxygen in air is <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">actively taken into the body</a> via specialized organs known as <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange">gas exchange</a> takes place to <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffuse</a> oxygen into the <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> and carbon dioxide out, and the body's <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a> then transports the oxygen to other <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a> where cellular respiration takes place.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pocock2-8">[8]</a> However in <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, the most successful and <a href="/wiki/Biodiverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiverse">biodiverse</a> terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>, oxygen is directly conducted to the internal tissues via <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system_of_insects" title="Respiratory system of insects">a deep network of airways</a>. Many major classes of <a href="/wiki/Organic_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic molecule">organic molecules</a> in <a href="/wiki/Living_organism" class="mw-redirect" title="Living organism">living organisms</a> contain oxygen atoms, such as <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a>, as do the major constituent <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic compounds</a> of animal shells, teeth, and bone. Most of the mass of living organisms is oxygen as a component of water, the major constituent of lifeforms. Oxygen in Earth's atmosphere is produced by biotic <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Photon_energy" title="Photon energy">photon energy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> is captured by <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> to split <a href="/wiki/Water_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Water molecule">water molecules</a> and then react with carbon dioxide to produce <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> and oxygen is released as a <a href="/wiki/Byproduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Byproduct">byproduct</a>. Oxygen is too chemically reactive to remain a free element in air without being <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_cycle" title="Oxygen cycle">continuously replenished</a> by the photosynthetic activities of <a href="/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">autotrophs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplast</a>-bearing algae and plants. A much rarer <a href="/wiki/Triatomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Triatomic">triatomic</a> <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_oxygen" title="Allotropes of oxygen">allotrope of oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> (O 3), strongly absorbs the <a href="/wiki/UVB" class="mw-redirect" title="UVB">UVB</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet C">UVC</a> wavelengths and forms a protective <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a> at the lower <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a>, which shields the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">ionizing</a> <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet radiation">ultraviolet radiation</a>. However, ozone present at the surface is a <a href="/wiki/Corrosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosive">corrosive</a> byproduct of <a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smog</a> and thus an <a href="/wiki/Air_pollutant" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pollutant">air pollutant</a>. Oxygen was isolated by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sendivogius" title="Michael Sendivogius">Michael Sendivogius</a> before 1604, but it is commonly believed that the element was discovered independently by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a>, in 1773 or earlier, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>, in 1774. Priority is often given for Priestley because his work was published first. Priestley, however, called oxygen "dephlogisticated air", and did not recognize it as a chemical element. The name oxygen was coined in 1777 by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a>, who first recognized oxygen as a chemical element and correctly characterized the role it plays in combustion. Common industrial uses of oxygen include production of <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxy-fuel_welding_and_cutting" title="Oxy-fuel welding and cutting">brazing, welding and cutting</a> of steels and other <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocket_propellant" title="Rocket propellant">rocket propellant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">oxygen therapy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Life_support_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Life support system">life support systems</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">spaceflight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">diving</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_study">History of study</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_experiments">Early experiments</h3></div> One of the first known experiments on the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> and air was conducted by the 2nd century BCE <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> writer on mechanics, <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Byzantium" title="Philo of Byzantium">Philo of Byzantium</a>. In his work Pneumatica, Philo observed that inverting a vessel over a burning candle and surrounding the vessel's neck with water resulted in some water rising into the neck.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Philo incorrectly surmised that parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the <a href="/wiki/Fire_(classical_element)" title="Fire (classical element)">classical element fire</a> and thus were able to escape through pores in the glass. Many centuries later <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> built on Philo's work by observing that a portion of air is consumed during combustion and <a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">respiration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ECE499-10">[10]</a> In the late 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a> proved that air is necessary for combustion. English chemist <a href="/wiki/John_Mayow" title="John Mayow">John Mayow</a> (1641–1679) refined this work by showing that fire requires only a part of air that he called spiritus nitroaereus.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-11">[11]</a> In one experiment, he found that placing either a mouse or a lit candle in a closed container over water caused the water to rise and replace one-fourteenth of the air's volume before extinguishing the subjects.<a href="#cite_note-WoC-12">[12]</a> From this, he surmised that nitroaereus is consumed in both respiration and combustion. Mayow observed that <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a> increased in weight when heated, and inferred that the nitroaereus must have combined with it.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-11">[11]</a> He also thought that the lungs separate nitroaereus from air and pass it into the blood and that animal heat and muscle movement result from the reaction of nitroaereus with certain substances in the body.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-11">[11]</a> Accounts of these and other experiments and ideas were published in 1668 in his work Tractatus duo in the tract "De respiratione".<a href="#cite_note-WoC-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phlogiston_theory">Phlogiston theory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phlogiston_theory" title="Phlogiston theory">Phlogiston theory</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ole_Borch" title="Ole Borch">Ole Borch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Mikhail Lomonosov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayen" title="Pierre Bayen">Pierre Bayen</a> all produced oxygen in experiments in the 17th and the 18th century but none of them recognized it as a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NBB299-13">[13]</a> This may have been in part due to the prevalence of the philosophy of combustion and <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> called the phlogiston theory, which was then the favored explanation of those processes.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Established in 1667 by the German alchemist <a href="/wiki/J._J._Becher" class="mw-redirect" title="J. J. Becher">J. J. Becher</a>, and modified by the chemist <a href="/wiki/Georg_Ernst_Stahl" title="Georg Ernst Stahl">Georg Ernst Stahl</a> by 1731,<a href="#cite_note-morris-15">[15]</a> phlogiston theory stated that all combustible materials were made of two parts. One part, called phlogiston, was given off when the substance containing it was burned, while the dephlogisticated part was thought to be its true form, or <a href="/wiki/Calx" title="Calx">calx</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ECE499-10">[10]</a> Highly combustible materials that leave little <a href="/wiki/Residue_(chemistry)" title="Residue (chemistry)">residue</a>, such as wood or coal, were thought to be made mostly of phlogiston; non-combustible substances that corrode, such as iron, contained very little. Air did not play a role in phlogiston theory, nor were any initial quantitative experiments conducted to test the idea; instead, it was based on observations of what happens when something burns, that most common objects appear to become lighter and seem to lose something in the process.<a href="#cite_note-ECE499-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PriestleyFuseli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A drawing of an elderly man sitting by a table and facing parallel to the drawing. His left arm rests on a notebook, legs crossed." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PriestleyFuseli.jpg/170px-PriestleyFuseli.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PriestleyFuseli.jpg/255px-PriestleyFuseli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PriestleyFuseli.jpg/340px-PriestleyFuseli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> is usually given priority in the discovery.</figcaption></figure> Polish <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> <a href="/wiki/Sendivogius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sendivogius">Michael Sendivogius</a> (Michał Sędziwój) in his work De Lapide Philosophorum Tractatus duodecim e naturae fonte et manuali experientia depromti ["Twelve Treatises on the Philosopher's Stone drawn from the source of nature and manual experience"] (1604) described a substance contained in air, referring to it as 'cibus vitae' (food of life,<a href="#cite_note-Marples-16">[16]</a>) and according to Polish historian Roman Bugaj, this substance is identical with oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-Bugaj-17">[17]</a> Sendivogius, during his experiments performed between 1598 and 1604, properly recognized that the substance is equivalent to the gaseous byproduct released by the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_decomposition" title="Thermal decomposition">thermal decomposition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">potassium nitrate</a>. In Bugaj's view, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_purification_methods_in_chemistry" title="List of purification methods in chemistry">isolation</a> of oxygen and the proper association of the substance to that part of air which is required for life, provides sufficient evidence for the discovery of oxygen by Sendivogius.<a href="#cite_note-Bugaj-17">[17]</a> This discovery of Sendivogius was however frequently denied by the generations of scientists and chemists which succeeded him.<a href="#cite_note-Marples-16">[16]</a> It is also commonly claimed that oxygen was first discovered by Swedish pharmacist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a>. He had produced oxygen gas by heating <a href="/wiki/Mercuric_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercuric oxide">mercuric oxide</a> (HgO) and various <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a> in 1771–72.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-ECE500-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-ECE499-10">[10]</a> Scheele called the gas "fire air" because it was then the only known <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">agent</a> to support combustion. He wrote an account of this discovery in a manuscript titled Treatise on Air and Fire, which he sent to his publisher in 1775. That document was published in 1777.<a href="#cite_note-NBB300-20">[20]</a> In the meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> focused sunlight on mercuric oxide contained in a glass tube, which liberated a gas he named "dephlogisticated air".<a href="#cite_note-ECE500-19">[19]</a> He noted that candles burned brighter in the gas and that a mouse was more active and lived longer while <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">breathing</a> it. After breathing the gas himself, Priestley wrote: "The feeling of it to my lungs was not sensibly different from that of <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">common air</a>, but I fancied that my breast felt peculiarly light and easy for some time afterwards."<a href="#cite_note-NBB299-13">[13]</a> Priestley published his findings in 1775 in a paper titled "An Account of Further Discoveries in Air", which was included in the second volume of his book titled <a href="/wiki/Experiments_and_Observations_on_Different_Kinds_of_Air" title="Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air">Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ECE499-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Because he published his findings first, Priestley is usually given priority in the discovery. The French chemist <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Laurent Lavoisier</a> later claimed to have discovered the new substance independently. Priestley visited Lavoisier in October 1774 and told him about his experiment and how he liberated the new gas. Scheele had also dispatched a letter to Lavoisier on September 30, 1774, which described his discovery of the previously unknown substance, but Lavoisier never acknowledged receiving it (a copy of the letter was found in Scheele's belongings after his death).<a href="#cite_note-NBB300-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lavoisier's_contribution">Lavoisier's contribution</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine_lavoisier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A drawing of a young man facing towards the viewer, but looking on the side. He wear a white curly wig, dark suit and white scarf." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Antoine_lavoisier.jpg/170px-Antoine_lavoisier.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Antoine_lavoisier.jpg/255px-Antoine_lavoisier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Antoine_lavoisier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> discredited the phlogiston theory.</figcaption></figure> Lavoisier conducted the first adequate quantitative experiments on <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> and gave the first correct explanation of how combustion works.<a href="#cite_note-ECE500-19">[19]</a> He used these and similar experiments, all started in 1774, to discredit the phlogiston theory and to prove that the substance discovered by Priestley and Scheele was a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>. In one experiment, Lavoisier observed that there was no overall increase in weight when <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> and air were heated in a closed container.<a href="#cite_note-ECE500-19">[19]</a> He noted that air rushed in when he opened the container, which indicated that part of the trapped air had been consumed. He also noted that the tin had increased in weight and that increase was the same as the weight of the air that rushed back in. This and other experiments on combustion were documented in his book Sur la combustion en général, which was published in 1777.<a href="#cite_note-ECE500-19">[19]</a> In that work, he proved that air is a mixture of two gases; 'vital air', which is essential to combustion and respiration, and azote (Gk. ἄζωτον "lifeless"), which did not support either. Azote later became <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> in English, although it has kept the earlier name in French and several other European languages.<a href="#cite_note-ECE500-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Etymology">Etymology</h4></div> Lavoisier renamed 'vital air' to oxygène in 1777 from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> roots ὀξύς (oxys) (<a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a>, literally 'sharp', from the taste of acids) and -γενής (-genēs) (producer, literally begetter), because he mistakenly believed that oxygen was a constituent of all acids.<a href="#cite_note-mellor-22">[22]</a> Chemists (such as Sir <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> in 1812) eventually determined that Lavoisier was wrong in this regard, but by then the name was too well established.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Oxygen entered the English language despite opposition by English scientists and the fact that the Englishman Priestley had first isolated the gas and written about it. This is partly due to a poem praising the gas titled "Oxygen" in the popular book <a href="/wiki/The_Botanic_Garden" title="The Botanic Garden">The Botanic Garden</a> (1791) by <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin" title="Erasmus Darwin">Erasmus Darwin</a>, grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NBB300-20">[20]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_history">Later history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goddard_and_Rocket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A metal frame structure stands on the snow near a tree. A middle-aged man wearing a coat, boots, leather gloves and a cap stands by the structure and holds it with his right hand." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Goddard_and_Rocket.jpg/170px-Goddard_and_Rocket.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Goddard_and_Rocket.jpg/255px-Goddard_and_Rocket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Goddard_and_Rocket.jpg/340px-Goddard_and_Rocket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2946" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard" title="Robert H. Goddard">Robert H. Goddard</a> and a liquid oxygen-gasoline <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rocket</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a>'s original <a href="/wiki/History_of_atomic_theory#Dalton" title="History of atomic theory">atomic hypothesis</a> presumed that all elements were monatomic and that the atoms in compounds would normally have the simplest atomic ratios with respect to one another. For example, Dalton assumed that water's formula was HO, leading to the conclusion that the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">atomic mass</a> of oxygen was 8 times that of hydrogen, instead of the modern value of about 16.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In 1805, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac">Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> showed that water is formed of two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen; and by 1811 <a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Avogadro" title="Amedeo Avogadro">Amedeo Avogadro</a> had arrived at the correct interpretation of water's composition, based on what is now called <a href="/wiki/Avogadro%27s_law" title="Avogadro's law">Avogadro's law</a> and the diatomic elemental molecules in those gases.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[a]</a> The first commercial method of producing oxygen was chemical, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Brin_process" title="Brin process">Brin process</a> involving a reversible reaction of <a href="/wiki/Barium_oxide" title="Barium oxide">barium oxide</a>. It was invented in 1852 and commercialized in 1884, but was displaced by newer methods in early 20th century. By the late 19th century scientists realized that air could be liquefied and its components isolated by compressing and cooling it. Using a <a href="/wiki/Cascade_(chemical_engineering)" title="Cascade (chemical engineering)">cascade</a> method, Swiss chemist and physicist <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Pictet" title="Raoul Pictet">Raoul Pierre Pictet</a> <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporated</a> liquid <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> in order to liquefy carbon dioxide, which in turn was evaporated to cool oxygen gas enough to liquefy it. He sent a telegram on December 22, 1877, to the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a> in Paris announcing his discovery of <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BES707-27">[26]</a> Just two days later, French physicist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Paul_Cailletet" title="Louis Paul Cailletet">Louis Paul Cailletet</a> announced his own method of liquefying molecular oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-BES707-27">[26]</a> Only a few drops of the liquid were produced in each case and no meaningful analysis could be conducted. Oxygen was liquefied in a stable state for the first time on March 29, 1883, by Polish scientists from <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Wr%C3%B3blewski" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygmunt Wróblewski">Zygmunt Wróblewski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karol_Olszewski" title="Karol Olszewski">Karol Olszewski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_setup_for_preparation_of_Oxygen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An experiment setup with test tubes to prepare oxygen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/A_setup_for_preparation_of_Oxygen.jpg/280px-A_setup_for_preparation_of_Oxygen.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/A_setup_for_preparation_of_Oxygen.jpg/420px-A_setup_for_preparation_of_Oxygen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/A_setup_for_preparation_of_Oxygen.jpg/560px-A_setup_for_preparation_of_Oxygen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2171" data-file-height="1206" /></a><figcaption>An experiment setup for preparation of oxygen in academic laboratories</figcaption></figure> In 1891 Scottish chemist <a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a> was able to produce enough liquid oxygen for study.<a href="#cite_note-NBB303-29">[28]</a> The first commercially viable process for producing liquid oxygen was independently developed in 1895 by German engineer <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Linde" title="Carl von Linde">Carl von Linde</a> and British engineer <a href="/wiki/William_Hampson" title="William Hampson">William Hampson</a>. Both men lowered the temperature of air until it liquefied and then <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distilled</a> the component gases by boiling them off one at a time and capturing them separately.<a href="#cite_note-HPAM-30">[29]</a> Later, in 1901, oxyacetylene <a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">welding</a> was demonstrated for the first time by burning a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a> and compressed O 2. This method of welding and cutting metal later became common.<a href="#cite_note-HPAM-30">[29]</a> In 1923, the American scientist <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard" title="Robert H. Goddard">Robert H. Goddard</a> became the first person to develop a <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">rocket engine</a> that burned liquid fuel; the engine used <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> for fuel and liquid oxygen as the <a href="/wiki/Oxidizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidizer">oxidizer</a>. Goddard successfully flew a small liquid-fueled rocket 56 m at 97 km/h on March 16, 1926, in <a href="/wiki/Auburn,_Massachusetts" title="Auburn, Massachusetts">Auburn, Massachusetts</a>, US.<a href="#cite_note-HPAM-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> In academic laboratories, oxygen can be prepared by heating together potassium chlorate mixed with a small proportion of manganese dioxide.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Oxygen levels in the atmosphere are trending slightly downward globally, possibly because of fossil-fuel burning.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Properties_and_molecular_structure">Properties and molecular structure</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxygen_molecule_orbitals_diagram-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Oxygen_molecule_orbitals_diagram-en.svg/260px-Oxygen_molecule_orbitals_diagram-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Oxygen_molecule_orbitals_diagram-en.svg/390px-Oxygen_molecule_orbitals_diagram-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Oxygen_molecule_orbitals_diagram-en.svg/520px-Oxygen_molecule_orbitals_diagram-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="847" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption>Orbital diagram, after Barrett (2002),<a href="#cite_note-Barrett2002-34">[33]</a> showing the participating atomic orbitals from each oxygen atom, the molecular orbitals that result from their overlap, and the <a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">aufbau</a> filling of the orbitals with the 12 electrons, 6 from each O atom, beginning from the lowest-energy orbitals, and resulting in covalent double-bond character from filled orbitals (and cancellation of the contributions of the pairs of σ and σ* and π and π* orbital pairs).</figcaption></figure> At <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a>, oxygen is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas with the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular formula">molecular formula</a> O 2, referred to as dioxygen.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> As dioxygen, two oxygen atoms are <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemically bound</a> to each other. The bond can be variously described based on level of theory, but is reasonably and simply described as a covalent <a href="/wiki/Double_bond" title="Double bond">double bond</a> that results from the filling of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_orbitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular orbitals">molecular orbitals</a> formed from the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">atomic orbitals</a> of the individual oxygen atoms, the filling of which results in a <a href="/wiki/Bond_order" title="Bond order">bond order</a> of two. More specifically, the double bond is the result of sequential, low-to-high energy, or <a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau</a>, filling of orbitals, and the resulting cancellation of contributions from the 2s electrons, after sequential filling of the low σ and σ* orbitals; σ overlap of the two atomic 2p orbitals that lie along the O–O molecular axis and π overlap of two pairs of atomic 2p orbitals perpendicular to the O–O molecular axis, and then cancellation of contributions from the remaining two 2p electrons after their partial filling of the π* orbitals.<a href="#cite_note-Barrett2002-34">[33]</a> This combination of cancellations and σ and π overlaps results in dioxygen's double-bond character and reactivity, and a triplet electronic <a href="/wiki/Ground_state" title="Ground state">ground state</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">electron configuration</a> with two unpaired electrons, as is found in dioxygen orbitals (see the filled π* orbitals in the diagram) that are of equal energy—i.e., <a href="/wiki/Degenerate_orbitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Degenerate orbitals">degenerate</a>—is a configuration termed a <a href="/wiki/Spin_triplet" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin triplet">spin triplet</a> state. Hence, the ground state of the O 2 molecule is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Triplet_oxygen" title="Triplet oxygen">triplet oxygen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BiochemOnline-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[b]</a> The highest-energy, partially filled orbitals are <a href="/wiki/Antibonding" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibonding">antibonding</a>, and so their filling weakens the bond order from three to two. Because of its unpaired electrons, triplet oxygen reacts only slowly with most organic molecules, which have paired electron spins; this prevents spontaneous combustion.<a href="#cite_note-astm-tpt-38">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liquid_oxygen_in_a_magnet_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Liquid_oxygen_in_a_magnet_2.jpg/170px-Liquid_oxygen_in_a_magnet_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Liquid_oxygen_in_a_magnet_2.jpg/255px-Liquid_oxygen_in_a_magnet_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Liquid_oxygen_in_a_magnet_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>Liquid oxygen, temporarily suspended in a magnet owing to its paramagnetism</figcaption></figure> In the triplet form, O 2 molecules are <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism">paramagnetic</a>. That is, they impart magnetic character to oxygen when it is in the presence of a magnetic field, because of the <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spin</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_moment" title="Magnetic moment">magnetic moments</a> of the unpaired electrons in the molecule, and the negative <a href="/wiki/Exchange_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange energy">exchange energy</a> between neighboring O 2 molecules.<a href="#cite_note-NBB303-29">[28]</a> Liquid oxygen is so <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnetic</a> that, in laboratory demonstrations, a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[c]</a> <a href="/wiki/Singlet_oxygen" title="Singlet oxygen">Singlet oxygen</a> is a name given to several higher-energy species of molecular O 2 in which all the electron spins are paired. It is much more reactive with common <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic molecules</a> than is normal (triplet) molecular oxygen. In nature, singlet oxygen is commonly formed from water during photosynthesis, using the energy of sunlight.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> It is also produced in the <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a> by the photolysis of ozone by light of short wavelength<a href="#cite_note-harrison-42">[39]</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> as a source of active oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-immune-ozone-43">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">Carotenoids</a> in photosynthetic organisms (and possibly animals) play a major role in absorbing energy from <a href="/wiki/Singlet_oxygen" title="Singlet oxygen">singlet oxygen</a> and converting it to the unexcited ground state before it can cause harm to tissues.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allotropes">Allotropes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_oxygen" title="Allotropes of oxygen">Allotropes of oxygen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxygen_molecule.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Oxygen_molecule.png/200px-Oxygen_molecule.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Oxygen_molecule.png 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Space-filling_model" title="Space-filling model">Space-filling model</a> representation of dioxygen (O2) molecule</figcaption></figure> The common <a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">allotrope</a> of elemental oxygen on Earth is called <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_oxygen" title="Allotropes of oxygen">dioxygen</a>, O 2, the major part of the Earth's atmospheric oxygen (see <a href="#Occurrence">Occurrence</a>). O2 has a bond length of 121 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> and a bond energy of 498 <a href="/wiki/Joule_per_mole" title="Joule per mole">kJ/mol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> O2 is used by complex forms of life, such as animals, in <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">cellular respiration</a>. Other aspects of O 2 are covered in the remainder of this article. Trioxygen (O 3) is usually known as <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a> and is a very reactive allotrope of oxygen that is damaging to lung tissue.<a href="#cite_note-GuideElem48-46">[43]</a> Ozone is produced in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_atmosphere" title="Upper atmosphere">upper atmosphere</a> when O 2 combines with atomic oxygen made by the splitting of O 2 by <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> (UV) radiation.<a href="#cite_note-mellor-22">[22]</a> Since ozone absorbs strongly in the UV region of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">spectrum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a> of the upper atmosphere functions as a protective radiation shield for the planet.<a href="#cite_note-mellor-22">[22]</a> Near the Earth's surface, it is a <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">pollutant</a> formed as a by-product of <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_system" title="Exhaust system">automobile exhaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GuideElem48-46">[43]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Low_earth_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Low earth orbit">low earth orbit</a> altitudes, sufficient atomic oxygen is present to cause <a href="/wiki/Corrosion_in_space" title="Corrosion in space">corrosion of spacecraft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Metastability_in_molecules" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastability in molecules">metastable</a> molecule <a href="/wiki/Tetraoxygen" title="Tetraoxygen">tetraoxygen</a> (O 4) was discovered in 2001,<a href="#cite_note-o4-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-newform-49">[46]</a> and was assumed to exist in one of the six phases of <a href="/wiki/Solid_oxygen" title="Solid oxygen">solid oxygen</a>. It was proven in 2006 that this phase, created by pressurizing O 2 to 20 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">GPa</a>, is in fact a <a href="/wiki/Rhombohedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhombohedral">rhombohedral</a> O 8 <a href="/wiki/Cluster_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster chemistry">cluster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> This cluster has the potential to be a much more powerful <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidizer</a> than either O 2 or O 3 and may therefore be used in <a href="/wiki/Rocket_propellant" title="Rocket propellant">rocket fuel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-o4-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-newform-49">[46]</a> A metallic phase was discovered in 1990 when solid oxygen is subjected to a pressure of above 96 GPa<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> and it was shown in 1998 that at very low temperatures, this phase becomes <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconducting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A transparent beaker containing a light blue fluid with gas bubbles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_4.jpg/220px-Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_4.jpg/330px-Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_4.jpg/440px-Liquid_oxygen_in_a_beaker_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>Liquid oxygen boiling (O2)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">Liquid oxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solid_oxygen" title="Solid oxygen">solid oxygen</a></div> Oxygen <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">dissolves</a> more readily in water than nitrogen, and in freshwater more readily than in seawater. Water in equilibrium with air contains approximately 1 molecule of dissolved O 2 for every 2 molecules of N 2 (1:2), compared with an atmospheric ratio of approximately 1:4. The solubility of oxygen in water is temperature-dependent, and about twice as much (14.6 <abbr title="milligrams per liter">mg/L</abbr>) dissolves at 0 °C than at 20 °C (7.6 <abbr title="milligrams per liter">mg/L</abbr>).<a href="#cite_note-NBB299-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> At 25 °C and 1 <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">standard atmosphere</a> (101.3 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kPa</a>) of air, freshwater can dissolve about 6.04 <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">milliliters</a> (mL) of oxygen per <a href="/wiki/Liter" class="mw-redirect" title="Liter">liter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a> contains about 4.95 mL per liter.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> At 5 °C the solubility increases to 9.0 mL (50% more than at 25 °C) per liter for freshwater and 7.2 mL (45% more) per liter for sea water. <table class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:2em"> <caption>Oxygen gas dissolved in water at sea-level (milliliters per liter) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>5 °C </th> <th>25 °C </th></tr> <tr> <td>Freshwater </td> <td>9.00 </td> <td>6.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seawater </td> <td>7.20 </td> <td>4.95 </td></tr></tbody></table> Oxygen condenses at 90.20 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (−182.95 °C, −297.31 °F) and freezes at 54.36 K (−218.79 °C, −361.82 °F).<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> Both <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solid_oxygen" title="Solid oxygen">solid</a> O 2 are clear substances with a light <a href="/wiki/Diffuse_sky_radiation" title="Diffuse sky radiation">sky-blue</a> color caused by absorption in the red (in contrast with the blue color of the sky, which is due to <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a> of blue light). High-purity liquid O 2 is usually obtained by the <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">fractional distillation</a> of liquefied air.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> Liquid oxygen may also be condensed from air using <a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen" title="Liquid nitrogen">liquid nitrogen</a> as a coolant.<a href="#cite_note-LOX_MSDS-57">[54]</a> Liquid oxygen is a highly reactive substance and must be segregated from combustible materials.<a href="#cite_note-LOX_MSDS-57">[54]</a> The spectroscopy of molecular oxygen is associated with the atmospheric processes of <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">aurora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airglow" title="Airglow">airglow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Krupenie1972-58">[55]</a> The absorption in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herzberg_continuum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herzberg continuum (page does not exist)">Herzberg continuum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schumann%E2%80%93Runge_bands" title="Schumann–Runge bands">Schumann–Runge bands</a> in the ultraviolet produces atomic oxygen that is important in the chemistry of the middle atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-BrasseurSolomon2006-59">[56]</a> Excited-state singlet molecular oxygen is responsible for red chemiluminescence in solution.<a href="#cite_note-Kearns1971-60">[57]</a> Table of thermal and physical properties of oxygen (O2) at atmospheric pressure:<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <td>Temperature (K) </td> <td>Density (kg/m^3) </td> <td>Specific heat (kJ/kg °C) </td> <td>Dynamic viscosity (kg/m s) </td> <td>Kinematic viscosity (m^2/s) </td> <td>Thermal conductivity (W/m °C) </td> <td>Thermal diffusivity (m^2/s) </td> <td>Prandtl Number </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 </td> <td>3.945 </td> <td>0.962 </td> <td>7.64E-06 </td> <td>1.94E-06 </td> <td>0.00925 </td> <td>2.44E-06 </td> <td>0.796 </td></tr> <tr> <td>150 </td> <td>2.585 </td> <td>0.921 </td> <td>1.15E-05 </td> <td>4.44E-06 </td> <td>0.0138 </td> <td>5.80E-06 </td> <td>0.766 </td></tr> <tr> <td>200 </td> <td>1.93 </td> <td>0.915 </td> <td>1.48E-05 </td> <td>7.64E-06 </td> <td>0.0183 </td> <td>1.04E-05 </td> <td>0.737 </td></tr> <tr> <td>250 </td> <td>1.542 </td> <td>0.915 </td> <td>1.79E-05 </td> <td>1.16E-05 </td> <td>0.0226 </td> <td>1.60E-05 </td> <td>0.723 </td></tr> <tr> <td>300 </td> <td>1.284 </td> <td>0.92 </td> <td>2.07E-05 </td> <td>1.61E-05 </td> <td>0.0268 </td> <td>2.27E-05 </td> <td>0.711 </td></tr> <tr> <td>350 </td> <td>1.1 </td> <td>0.929 </td> <td>2.34E-05 </td> <td>2.12E-05 </td> <td>0.0296 </td> <td>2.90E-05 </td> <td>0.733 </td></tr> <tr> <td>400 </td> <td>0.962 </td> <td>1.0408 </td> <td>2.58E-05 </td> <td>2.68E-05 </td> <td>0.033 </td> <td>3.64E-05 </td> <td>0.737 </td></tr> <tr> <td>450 </td> <td>0.8554 </td> <td>0.956 </td> <td>2.81E-05 </td> <td>3.29E-05 </td> <td>0.0363 </td> <td>4.44E-05 </td> <td>0.741 </td></tr> <tr> <td>500 </td> <td>0.7698 </td> <td>0.972 </td> <td>3.03E-05 </td> <td>3.94E-05 </td> <td>0.0412 </td> <td>5.51E-05 </td> <td>0.716 </td></tr> <tr> <td>550 </td> <td>0.6998 </td> <td>0.988 </td> <td>3.24E-05 </td> <td>4.63E-05 </td> <td>0.0441 </td> <td>6.38E-05 </td> <td>0.726 </td></tr> <tr> <td>600 </td> <td>0.6414 </td> <td>1.003 </td> <td>3.44E-05 </td> <td>5.36E-05 </td> <td>0.0473 </td> <td>7.35E-05 </td> <td>0.729 </td></tr> <tr> <td>700 </td> <td>0.5498 </td> <td>1.031 </td> <td>3.81E-05 </td> <td>6.93E-05 </td> <td>0.0528 </td> <td>9.31E-05 </td> <td>0.744 </td></tr> <tr> <td>800 </td> <td>0.481 </td> <td>1.054 </td> <td>4.15E-05 </td> <td>8.63E-05 </td> <td>0.0589 </td> <td>1.16E-04 </td> <td>0.743 </td></tr> <tr> <td>900 </td> <td>0.4275 </td> <td>1.074 </td> <td>4.47E-05 </td> <td>1.05E-04 </td> <td>0.0649 </td> <td>1.41E-04 </td> <td>0.74 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000 </td> <td>0.3848 </td> <td>1.09 </td> <td>4.77E-05 </td> <td>1.24E-04 </td> <td>0.071 </td> <td>1.69E-04 </td> <td>0.733 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1100 </td> <td>0.3498 </td> <td>1.103 </td> <td>5.06E-05 </td> <td>1.45E-04 </td> <td>0.0758 </td> <td>1.96E-04 </td> <td>0.736 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1200 </td> <td>0.3206 </td> <td>1.0408 </td> <td>5.33E-05 </td> <td>1.661E-04 </td> <td>0.0819 </td> <td>2.29E-04 </td> <td>0.725 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1300 </td> <td>0.296 </td> <td>1.125 </td> <td>5.88E-05 </td> <td>1.99E-04 </td> <td>0.0871 </td> <td>2.62E-04 </td> <td>0.721 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes_and_stellar_origin">Isotopes and stellar origin</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_oxygen" title="Isotopes of oxygen">Isotopes of oxygen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolved_star_fusion_shells.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A concentric-sphere diagram, showing, from the core to the outer shell, iron, silicon, oxygen, neon, carbon, helium and hydrogen layers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Evolved_star_fusion_shells.svg/220px-Evolved_star_fusion_shells.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Evolved_star_fusion_shells.svg/330px-Evolved_star_fusion_shells.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Evolved_star_fusion_shells.svg/440px-Evolved_star_fusion_shells.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Late in a massive star's life, 16O concentrates in the O-shell, 17O in the H-shell and 18O in the He-shell.</figcaption></figure> Naturally occurring oxygen is composed of three stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen-16" title="Oxygen-16">16O</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen-17" title="Oxygen-17">17O</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen-18" title="Oxygen-18">18O</a>, with 16O being the most abundant (99.762% <a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">natural abundance</a>).<a href="#cite_note-EnvChem-Iso-63">[60]</a> Most 16O is <a href="/wiki/Nucleosynthesis" title="Nucleosynthesis">synthesized</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Helium_fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Helium fusion">helium fusion</a> process in massive <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> but some is made in the <a href="/wiki/Neon_burning_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Neon burning process">neon burning process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meyer2005-64">[61]</a> 17O is primarily made by the burning of hydrogen into <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> during the <a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a>, making it a common isotope in the hydrogen burning zones of stars.<a href="#cite_note-Meyer2005-64">[61]</a> Most 18O is produced when <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen-14" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen-14">14N</a> (made abundant from CNO burning) captures a <a href="/wiki/Helium-4" title="Helium-4">4He</a> nucleus, making 18O common in the helium-rich zones of <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution#Massive_stars" title="Stellar evolution">evolved, massive stars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Meyer2005-64">[61]</a> Fifteen <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotopes</a> have been characterized, ranging from 11O to 28O.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-O-28-SA-66">[63]</a> The most stable are 15O with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 122.24 seconds and 14O with a half-life of 70.606 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-EnvChem-Iso-63">[60]</a> All of the remaining <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive</a> isotopes have half-lives that are less than 27 seconds and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 83 milliseconds.<a href="#cite_note-EnvChem-Iso-63">[60]</a> The most common <a href="/wiki/Decay_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Decay mode">decay mode</a> of the isotopes lighter than 16O is <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission" title="Positron emission">β+ decay</a><a href="#cite_note-NUDAT-13O-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-NUDAT-14O-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-NUDAT-15O-69">[66]</a> to yield nitrogen, and the most common mode for the isotopes heavier than 18O is <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> to yield <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EnvChem-Iso-63">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Silicate_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicate minerals">Silicate minerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Oxide_minerals" title="Category:Oxide minerals">Category:Oxide minerals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stellar_population" title="Stellar population">Stellar population</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:left; margin-right: 20px"> <caption>Ten most common elements in the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way_Galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Milky Way Galaxy">Milky Way Galaxy</a> estimated spectroscopically (not to scale)<a href="#cite_note-croswell-70">[67]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Z</a></th> <th>Element</th> <th colspan="2">Mass fraction in parts per million </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></td> <td align="right">739,000 </td> <td align="left">739000<div style="width:739px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a></td> <td align="right">240,000 </td> <td align="left">240000<div style="width:240px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Oxygen</td> <td align="right">10,400 </td> <td align="left">10400<div style="width:52px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:red;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a></td> <td align="right">4,600 </td> <td align="left">4600<div style="width:23px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a></td> <td align="right">1,340 </td> <td align="left">1340<div style="width:6.7px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a></td> <td align="right">1,090 </td> <td align="left">1090<div style="width:5.45px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a></td> <td align="right">960 </td> <td align="left">960<div style="width:4.8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a></td> <td align="right">650 </td> <td align="left">650<div style="width:3.25px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></td> <td align="right">580 </td> <td align="left">580<div style="width:2.9px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a></td> <td align="right">440 </td> <td align="left">440<div style="width:2.2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> Oxygen is the most abundant chemical element by mass in the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>, air, sea and land. Oxygen is the third most abundant chemical element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium.<a href="#cite_note-NBB297-71">[68]</a> About 0.9% of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>'s mass is oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-ECE500-19">[19]</a> Oxygen constitutes 49.2% of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a> by mass<a href="#cite_note-lanl-72">[69]</a> as part of oxide compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silicon dioxide</a> and is the most abundant element by mass in the <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)#Earth's_crust_and_mantle" title="Crust (geology)">Earth's crust</a>. It is also the major component of the world's oceans (88.8% by mass).<a href="#cite_note-ECE500-19">[19]</a> Oxygen gas is the second most common component of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a>, taking up 20.8% of its volume and 23.1% of its mass (some 1015 tonnes).<a href="#cite_note-ECE500-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-NBB298-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[d]</a> Earth is unusual among the planets of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> in having such a high concentration of oxygen gas in its atmosphere: <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> (with 0.1% O 2 by volume) and <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> have much less. The O 2 surrounding those planets is produced solely by the action of ultraviolet radiation on oxygen-containing molecules such as carbon dioxide. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WOA09_sea-surf_O2_AYool.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="World map showing that the sea-surface oxygen is depleted around the equator and increases towards the poles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/WOA09_sea-surf_O2_AYool.png/220px-WOA09_sea-surf_O2_AYool.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/WOA09_sea-surf_O2_AYool.png/330px-WOA09_sea-surf_O2_AYool.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/WOA09_sea-surf_O2_AYool.png/440px-WOA09_sea-surf_O2_AYool.png 2x" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="2217" /></a><figcaption>Cold water holds more dissolved O 2.</figcaption></figure> The unusually high concentration of oxygen gas on Earth is the result of the <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_cycle" title="Oxygen cycle">oxygen cycle</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">biogeochemical cycle</a> describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs on Earth: the atmosphere, the biosphere, and the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>. The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>, which is responsible for modern Earth's atmosphere. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, while <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">respiration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decay</a>, and combustion remove it from the atmosphere. In the present equilibrium, production and consumption occur at the same rate.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> Free oxygen also occurs in solution in the world's water bodies. The increased solubility of O 2 at lower temperatures (see <a href="#Physical_properties">Physical properties</a>) has important implications for ocean life, as polar oceans support a much higher density of life due to their higher oxygen content.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water polluted</a> with plant nutrients such as <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphates</a> may stimulate growth of algae by a process called <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> and the decay of these organisms and other biomaterials may reduce the O 2 content in eutrophic water bodies. Scientists assess this aspect of water quality by measuring the water's <a href="/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">biochemical oxygen demand</a>, or the amount of O 2 needed to restore it to a normal concentration.<a href="#cite_note-NBB301-77">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phanerozoic_Climate_Change.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Time evolution of oxygen-18 concentration on the scale of 500 million years showing many local peaks." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Phanerozoic_Climate_Change.png/250px-Phanerozoic_Climate_Change.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Phanerozoic_Climate_Change.png/375px-Phanerozoic_Climate_Change.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Phanerozoic_Climate_Change.png/500px-Phanerozoic_Climate_Change.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>500 million years of <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">climate change</a> vs. 18O</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatologists</a> measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the <a href="/wiki/Exoskeleton" title="Exoskeleton">shells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeletons</a> of marine organisms to determine the climate millions of years ago (see <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_isotope_ratio_cycle" title="Oxygen isotope ratio cycle">oxygen isotope ratio cycle</a>). <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">Seawater</a> molecules that contain the lighter <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a>, oxygen-16, evaporate at a slightly faster rate than water molecules containing the 12% heavier oxygen-18, and this disparity increases at lower temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-NBB304-78">[74]</a> During periods of lower global temperatures, snow and rain from that evaporated water tends to be higher in oxygen-16, and the seawater left behind tends to be higher in oxygen-18. Marine organisms then incorporate more oxygen-18 into their skeletons and shells than they would in a warmer climate.<a href="#cite_note-NBB304-78">[74]</a> Paleoclimatologists also directly measure this ratio in the water molecules of <a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">ice core</a> samples as old as hundreds of thousands of years. <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_solar_terrestrial_planets" title="Geology of solar terrestrial planets">Planetary geologists</a> have measured the relative quantities of oxygen isotopes in samples from the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a>, but were long unable to obtain reference values for the isotope ratios in the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, believed to be the same as those of the <a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">primordial solar nebula</a>. Analysis of a <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> wafer exposed to the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> in space and returned by the crashed <a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis spacecraft</a> has shown that the Sun has a higher proportion of oxygen-16 than does the Earth. The measurement implies that an unknown process depleted oxygen-16 from the Sun's <a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">disk of protoplanetary material</a> prior to the coalescence of dust grains that formed the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> Oxygen presents two spectrophotometric <a href="/wiki/Absorption_band" title="Absorption band">absorption bands</a> peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a <a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">satellite</a> platform.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> This approach exploits the fact that in those bands it is possible to discriminate the vegetation's <a href="/wiki/Reflectance" title="Reflectance">reflectance</a> from its <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a>, which is much weaker. The measurement is technically difficult owing to the low <a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">signal-to-noise ratio</a> and the physical structure of vegetation; but it has been proposed as a possible method of monitoring the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a> from satellites on a global scale. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_production_and_role_of_O2">Biological production and role of O2</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dioxygen_in_biological_reactions" title="Dioxygen in biological reactions">Dioxygen in biological reactions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photosynthesis_and_respiration">Photosynthesis and respiration</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_photosynthesis_overview.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A diagram of photosynthesis processes, including income of water and carbon dioxide, illumination and release of oxygen. Reactions produce ATP and NADPH in a Calvin cycle with a sugar as a by product." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Simple_photosynthesis_overview.svg/220px-Simple_photosynthesis_overview.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Simple_photosynthesis_overview.svg/330px-Simple_photosynthesis_overview.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Simple_photosynthesis_overview.svg/440px-Simple_photosynthesis_overview.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="1027" /></a><figcaption>Photosynthesis splits water to liberate O 2 and fixes CO 2 into sugar in what is called a <a href="/wiki/Calvin_cycle" title="Calvin cycle">Calvin cycle</a>.</figcaption></figure> In nature, free oxygen is produced by the <a href="/wiki/Photolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Photolysis">light-driven splitting</a> of water during oxygenic <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>. According to some estimates, <a href="/wiki/Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> in marine environments provide about 70% of the free oxygen produced on Earth, and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> Other estimates of the oceanic contribution to atmospheric oxygen are higher, while some estimates are lower, suggesting oceans produce ~45% of Earth's atmospheric oxygen each year.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> A simplified overall formula for photosynthesis is<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> <dl><dd>6 CO2 + 6 H 2O + <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> → C 6H 12O 6 + 6 O 2</dd></dl> or simply <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> + water + sunlight → <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> + dioxygen</dd></dl> Photolytic <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_evolution" title="Oxygen evolution">oxygen evolution</a> occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Thylakoid_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Thylakoid membrane">thylakoid membranes</a> of photosynthetic organisms and requires the energy of four <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[e]</a> Many steps are involved, but the result is the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> gradient across the thylakoid membrane, which is used to synthesize <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">adenosine triphosphate</a> (ATP) via <a href="/wiki/Photophosphorylation" title="Photophosphorylation">photophosphorylation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Raven-85">[80]</a> The O 2 remaining (after production of the water molecule) is released into the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-86">[f]</a> Oxygen is used in <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a> in the generation of ATP during <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_phosphorylation" title="Oxidative phosphorylation">oxidative phosphorylation</a>. The reaction for aerobic respiration is essentially the reverse of photosynthesis and is simplified as <dl><dd>C 6H 12O 6 + 6 O 2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H 2O + 2880 kJ/mol</dd></dl> In <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>, O 2 <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffuses</a> through membranes in the lungs and into <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">Hemoglobin</a> binds O 2, changing color from bluish red to bright red<a href="#cite_note-GuideElem48-46">[43]</a> (CO 2 is released from another part of hemoglobin through the <a href="/wiki/Bohr_effect" title="Bohr effect">Bohr effect</a>). Other animals use <a href="/wiki/Hemocyanin" title="Hemocyanin">hemocyanin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">molluscs</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Hemerythrin" title="Hemerythrin">hemerythrin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobsters</a>).<a href="#cite_note-NBB298-73">[70]</a> A liter of blood can dissolve 200 cm3 of O 2.<a href="#cite_note-NBB298-73">[70]</a> Until the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_organism" title="Anaerobic organism">anaerobic</a> <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">metazoa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pmid20370908-87">[81]</a> oxygen was thought to be a requirement for all complex life.<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">Reactive oxygen species</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Superoxide" title="Superoxide">superoxide</a> ion (O− 2) and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> (H 2O 2), are reactive by-products of oxygen use in organisms.<a href="#cite_note-NBB298-73">[70]</a> Parts of the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> of higher organisms create peroxide, superoxide, and singlet oxygen to destroy invading microbes. Reactive oxygen species also play an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Hypersensitive_response" title="Hypersensitive response">hypersensitive response</a> of plants against pathogen attack.<a href="#cite_note-Raven-85">[80]</a> Oxygen is damaging to <a href="/wiki/Obligate_anaerobe" title="Obligate anaerobe">obligately anaerobic organisms</a>, which were the dominant form of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary history of life">early life</a> on Earth until O 2 began to accumulate in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">atmosphere</a> about 2.5 billion years ago during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Oxygenation_Event" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Oxygenation Event">Great Oxygenation Event</a>, about a billion years after the first appearance of these organisms.<a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20131003-90">[84]</a> An adult human at rest <a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">inhales</a> 1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute.<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a> This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year.<a href="#cite_note-92">[g]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Living_organisms">Living organisms</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:25px"> <caption>Partial pressures of oxygen in the human body (PO2) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Unit</th> <th>Alveolar pulmonary gas pressures</th> <th>Arterial blood oxygen</th> <th>Venous blood gas </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KPa" class="mw-redirect" title="KPa">kPa</a></td> <td>14.2</td> <td>11<a href="#cite_note-mmHg-93">[h]</a>-13<a href="#cite_note-mmHg-93">[h]</a></td> <td>4.0<a href="#cite_note-mmHg-93">[h]</a>-5.3<a href="#cite_note-mmHg-93">[h]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MmHg" class="mw-redirect" title="MmHg">mmHg</a></td> <td>107</td> <td>75<a href="#cite_note-southwest-94">[86]</a>-100<a href="#cite_note-southwest-94">[86]</a></td> <td>30<a href="#cite_note-brookside-95">[87]</a>-40<a href="#cite_note-brookside-95">[87]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> The free oxygen <a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial pressure</a> in the body of a living vertebrate organism is highest in the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a>, and decreases along any <a href="/wiki/Arterial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial system">arterial system</a>, peripheral tissues, and <a href="/wiki/Venous_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Venous system">venous system</a>, respectively. Partial pressure is the pressure that oxygen would have if it alone occupied the volume.<a href="#cite_note-96">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Build-up_in_the_atmosphere">Build-up in the atmosphere</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_oxygen" title="Geological history of oxygen">Geological history of oxygen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxygenation-atm.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A graph showing time evolution of oxygen pressure on Earth; the pressure increases from zero to 0.2 atmospheres." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Oxygenation-atm.svg/300px-Oxygenation-atm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Oxygenation-atm.svg/450px-Oxygenation-atm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Oxygenation-atm.svg/600px-Oxygenation-atm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>O 2 build-up in Earth's atmosphere: 1) no O 2 produced; 2) O 2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O 2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4–5) O 2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates</figcaption></figure> Free oxygen gas was almost nonexistent in <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a> before photosynthetic <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> evolved, probably about 3.5 billion years ago. Free oxygen first appeared in significant quantities during the <a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic</a> era (between 3.0 and 2.3 billion years ago).<a href="#cite_note-Crowe2013-97">[89]</a> Even if there was much dissolved <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> in the oceans when oxygenic photosynthesis was getting more common, it appears the <a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">banded iron formations</a> were created by anoxyenic or micro-aerophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria which dominated the deeper areas of the <a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">photic zone</a>, while oxygen-producing cyanobacteria covered the shallows.<a href="#cite_note-98">[90]</a> Free oxygen began to <a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">outgas</a> from the oceans 3–2.7 billion years ago, reaching 10% of its present level around 1.7 billion years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Crowe2013-97">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-99">[91]</a> The presence of large amounts of dissolved and free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere may have driven most of the extant <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_organism" title="Anaerobic organism">anaerobic organisms</a> to <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Oxygenation_Event" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Oxygenation Event">Great Oxygenation Event</a> (oxygen catastrophe) about 2.4 billion years ago. <a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a> using O 2 enables <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_organism" title="Aerobic organism">aerobic organisms</a> to produce much more <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> than anaerobic organisms.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman-100">[92]</a> Cellular respiration of O 2 occurs in all <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>, including all complex multicellular organisms such as plants and animals. Since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> period 540 million years ago, atmospheric O 2 levels have fluctuated between 15% and 30% by volume.<a href="#cite_note-geologic-101">[93]</a> Towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> period (about 300 million years ago) atmospheric O 2 levels reached a maximum of 35% by volume,<a href="#cite_note-geologic-101">[93]</a> which may have contributed to the large size of insects and amphibians at this time.<a href="#cite_note-Butterfield2009-102">[94]</a> Variations in atmospheric oxygen concentration have shaped past climates. When oxygen declined, atmospheric density dropped, which in turn increased surface evaporation, causing precipitation increases and warmer temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-103">[95]</a> At the current rate of photosynthesis it would take about 2,000 years to regenerate the entire O 2 in the present atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-104">[96]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> It is estimated that oxygen on Earth will last for about one billion years.<a href="#cite_note-105">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extraterrestrial_free_oxygen">Extraterrestrial free oxygen</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_atmosphere" title="Extraterrestrial atmosphere">Extraterrestrial atmosphere</a></div> In the field of <a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a> and in the search for <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial life</a> oxygen is a strong <a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">biosignature</a>. That said it might not be a definite biosignature, being <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_atmosphere#Abiotic_oxygen" title="Extraterrestrial atmosphere">possibly produced abiotically</a> on <a href="/wiki/Celestial_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial bodies">celestial bodies</a> with processes and conditions (such as a peculiar <a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">hydrosphere</a>) which allow free oxygen,<a href="#cite_note-107">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[101]</a> like with <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede's</a> thin oxygen atmospheres.<a href="#cite_note-Hall1998-110">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial_production">Industrial production</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Air_separation" title="Air separation">Air separation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_evolution" title="Oxygen evolution">Oxygen evolution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">Fractional distillation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hofmann_voltameter_fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A drawing of three vertical pipes connected at the bottom and filled with oxygen (left pipe), water (middle) and hydrogen (right). Anode and cathode electrodes are inserted into the left and right pipes and externally connected to a battery." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hofmann_voltameter_fr.svg/170px-Hofmann_voltameter_fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hofmann_voltameter_fr.svg/255px-Hofmann_voltameter_fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hofmann_voltameter_fr.svg/340px-Hofmann_voltameter_fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hofmann_voltameter" title="Hofmann voltameter">Hofmann electrolysis apparatus</a> used in electrolysis of water.</figcaption></figure> One hundred million tonnes of O 2 are extracted from air for industrial uses annually by two primary methods.<a href="#cite_note-NBB300-20">[20]</a> The most common method is <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">fractional distillation</a> of liquefied air, with N 2 <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distilling</a> as a vapor while O 2 is left as a liquid.<a href="#cite_note-NBB300-20">[20]</a> The other primary method of producing O 2 is passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical <a href="/wiki/Zeolite" title="Zeolite">zeolite</a> molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93% O 2.<a href="#cite_note-NBB300-20">[20]</a> Simultaneously, nitrogen gas is released from the other nitrogen-saturated zeolite bed, by reducing the chamber operating pressure and diverting part of the oxygen gas from the producer bed through it, in the reverse direction of flow. After a set cycle time the operation of the two beds is interchanged, thereby allowing for a continuous supply of gaseous oxygen to be pumped through a pipeline. This is known as <a href="/wiki/Pressure_swing_adsorption" title="Pressure swing adsorption">pressure swing adsorption</a>. Oxygen gas is increasingly obtained by these non-<a href="/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">cryogenic</a> technologies (see also the related <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_swing_adsorption" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum swing adsorption">vacuum swing adsorption</a>).<a href="#cite_note-111">[103]</a> Oxygen gas can also be produced through <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water" title="Electrolysis of water">electrolysis of water</a> into molecular oxygen and hydrogen. DC electricity must be used: if AC is used, the gases in each limb consist of hydrogen and oxygen in the explosive ratio 2:1. A similar method is the electrocatalytic O 2 evolution from oxides and <a href="/wiki/Oxoacid" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxoacid">oxoacids</a>. Chemical catalysts can be used as well, such as in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_generator" title="Chemical oxygen generator">chemical oxygen generators</a> or oxygen candles that are used as part of the life-support equipment on submarines, and are still part of standard equipment on commercial airliners in case of depressurization emergencies. Another air separation method is forcing air to dissolve through <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic</a> membranes based on <a href="/wiki/Zirconium_dioxide" title="Zirconium dioxide">zirconium dioxide</a> by either high pressure or an electric current, to produce nearly pure O 2 gas.<a href="#cite_note-NBB301-77">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storage">Storage</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compressed_gas_cylinders.mapp_and_oxygen.triddle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Compressed_gas_cylinders.mapp_and_oxygen.triddle.jpg/220px-Compressed_gas_cylinders.mapp_and_oxygen.triddle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Compressed_gas_cylinders.mapp_and_oxygen.triddle.jpg/330px-Compressed_gas_cylinders.mapp_and_oxygen.triddle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Compressed_gas_cylinders.mapp_and_oxygen.triddle.jpg/440px-Compressed_gas_cylinders.mapp_and_oxygen.triddle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="1609" /></a><figcaption>Oxygen and <a href="/wiki/MAPP_gas" title="MAPP gas">MAPP gas</a> compressed-gas cylinders with regulators</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_storage" title="Oxygen storage">Oxygen storage</a> methods include high-pressure <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_tank" title="Oxygen tank">oxygen tanks</a>, cryogenics and chemical compounds. For reasons of economy, oxygen is often transported in bulk as a liquid in specially insulated tankers, since one <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">liter</a> of liquefied oxygen is equivalent to 840 liters of gaseous oxygen at atmospheric pressure and 20 °C (68 °F).<a href="#cite_note-NBB300-20">[20]</a> Such tankers are used to refill bulk liquid-oxygen storage containers, which stand outside hospitals and other institutions that need large volumes of pure oxygen gas. Liquid oxygen is passed through <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchangers</a>, which convert the cryogenic liquid into gas before it enters the building. Oxygen is also stored and shipped in smaller cylinders containing the compressed gas; a form that is useful in certain portable medical applications and <a href="/wiki/Oxy-fuel_welding_and_cutting" title="Oxy-fuel welding and cutting">oxy-fuel welding and cutting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NBB300-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">Breathing gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">Redox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical">Medical</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Home_oxygen_concentrator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A gray device with a label DeVILBISS LT4000 and some text on the front panel. A green plastic pipe is running from the device." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Home_oxygen_concentrator.jpg/170px-Home_oxygen_concentrator.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Home_oxygen_concentrator.jpg/255px-Home_oxygen_concentrator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Home_oxygen_concentrator.jpg/340px-Home_oxygen_concentrator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_concentrator" title="Oxygen concentrator">oxygen concentrator</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">emphysema</a> patient's house</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">Oxygen therapy</a></div> Uptake of O 2 from the air is the essential purpose of <a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">respiration</a>, so oxygen supplementation is used in <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>. Treatment not only increases oxygen levels in the patient's blood, but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart. <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_therapy" title="Oxygen therapy">Oxygen therapy</a> is used to treat <a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">emphysema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, some heart disorders (<a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a>), some disorders that cause increased <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary artery pressure">pulmonary artery pressure</a>, and any <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> that impairs the body's ability to take up and use gaseous oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-ECE510-112">[104]</a> Treatments are flexible enough to be used in hospitals, the patient's home, or increasingly by portable devices. <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_tent" title="Oxygen tent">Oxygen tents</a> were once commonly used in oxygen supplementation, but have since been replaced mostly by the use of <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_mask" title="Oxygen mask">oxygen masks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cannula" title="Nasal cannula">nasal cannulas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18540928-113">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine" title="Hyperbaric medicine">Hyperbaric</a> (high-pressure) medicine uses special <a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_oxygen_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbaric oxygen chamber">oxygen chambers</a> to increase the <a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial pressure</a> of O 2 around the patient and, when needed, the medical staff.<a href="#cite_note-pmid8931286-114">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">Carbon monoxide poisoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gas_gangrene" title="Gas gangrene">gas gangrene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">decompression sickness</a> (the 'bends') are sometimes addressed with this therapy.<a href="#cite_note-115">[107]</a> Increased O 2 concentration in the lungs helps to displace <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> from the heme group of <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15233173-117">[109]</a> Oxygen gas is poisonous to the <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaerobic bacteria">anaerobic bacteria</a> that cause gas gangrene, so increasing its partial pressure helps kill them.<a href="#cite_note-118">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[111]</a> Decompression sickness occurs in divers who decompress too quickly after a dive, resulting in bubbles of inert gas, mostly nitrogen and helium, forming in the blood. Increasing the pressure of O 2 as soon as possible helps to redissolve the bubbles back into the blood so that these excess gasses can be exhaled naturally through the lungs.<a href="#cite_note-ECE510-112">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[113]</a> Normobaric oxygen administration at the highest available concentration is frequently used as first aid for any diving injury that may involve inert gas bubble formation in the tissues. There is epidemiological support for its use from a statistical study of cases recorded in a long term database.<a href="#cite_note-Longphre_et_al_2007-122">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Emergency_O2_for_scuba-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-DAN_Europe-124">[116]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_support_and_recreational_use">Life support and recreational use</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS057-89-067_-_Wisoff_on_the_Arm_(Retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/STS057-89-067_-_Wisoff_on_the_Arm_%28Retouched%29.jpg/220px-STS057-89-067_-_Wisoff_on_the_Arm_%28Retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/STS057-89-067_-_Wisoff_on_the_Arm_%28Retouched%29.jpg/330px-STS057-89-067_-_Wisoff_on_the_Arm_%28Retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/STS057-89-067_-_Wisoff_on_the_Arm_%28Retouched%29.jpg/440px-STS057-89-067_-_Wisoff_on_the_Arm_%28Retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5230" data-file-height="5230" /></a><figcaption>Low-pressure pure O 2 is used in <a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">space suits</a>.</figcaption></figure> An application of O 2 as a low-pressure <a href="/wiki/Breathing_gas" title="Breathing gas">breathing gas</a> is in modern <a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">space suits</a>, which surround their occupant's body with the breathing gas. These devices use nearly pure oxygen at about one-third normal pressure, resulting in a normal blood partial pressure of O 2. This trade-off of higher oxygen concentration for lower pressure is needed to maintain suit flexibility.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11541018-125">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid2730484-126">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving" title="Surface-supplied diving">surface-supplied</a> <a href="/wiki/Underwater_diving" title="Underwater diving">underwater divers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> also rely on artificially delivered O 2. Submarines, submersibles and <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_diving_suits" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric diving suits">atmospheric diving suits</a> usually operate at normal atmospheric pressure. Breathing air is scrubbed of carbon dioxide by chemical extraction and oxygen is replaced to maintain a constant partial pressure. <a href="/wiki/Ambient_pressure" title="Ambient pressure">Ambient pressure</a> divers breathe air or gas mixtures with an oxygen fraction suited to the operating depth. Pure or nearly pure O 2 use in diving at pressures higher than atmospheric is usually limited to <a href="/wiki/Rebreathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebreathers">rebreathers</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Decompression_(diving)" title="Decompression (diving)">decompression</a> at relatively shallow depths (~6 meters depth, or less),<a href="#cite_note-Acott-127">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Longphre-128">[120]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hyperbaric_treatment_schedules" title="Hyperbaric treatment schedules">medical treatment in recompression chambers</a> at pressures up to 2.8 bar, where acute oxygen toxicity can be managed without the risk of drowning. Deeper diving requires significant dilution of O 2 with other gases, such as nitrogen or helium, to prevent <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">oxygen toxicity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Acott-127">[119]</a> People who climb mountains or fly in non-pressurized <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a> sometimes have supplemental O 2 supplies.<a href="#cite_note-129">[i]</a> Pressurized commercial airplanes have an emergency supply of O 2 automatically supplied to the passengers in case of cabin depressurization. Sudden cabin pressure loss activates <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_generator" title="Chemical oxygen generator">chemical oxygen generators</a> above each seat, causing <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_mask" title="Oxygen mask">oxygen masks</a> to drop. Pulling on the masks "to start the flow of oxygen" as cabin safety instructions dictate, forces iron filings into the <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chlorate" title="Sodium chlorate">sodium chlorate</a> inside the canister.<a href="#cite_note-NBB301-77">[73]</a> A steady stream of oxygen gas is then produced by the <a href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">exothermic</a> reaction. Oxygen, as a mild <a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">euphoric</a>, has a history of recreational use in <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_bar" title="Oxygen bar">oxygen bars</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sports</a>. Oxygen bars are establishments found in the United States since the late 1990s that offer higher than normal O 2 exposure for a minimal fee.<a href="#cite_note-FDA-O2Bars-130">[121]</a> Professional athletes, especially in <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>, sometimes go off-field between plays to don oxygen masks to boost performance. The pharmacological effect is doubted; a <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a> effect is a more likely explanation.<a href="#cite_note-FDA-O2Bars-130">[121]</a> Available studies support a performance boost from oxygen enriched mixtures only if it is inhaled during <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_exercise" title="Aerobic exercise">aerobic exercise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[122]</a> Other recreational uses that do not involve breathing include <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrotechnic">pyrotechnic</a> applications, such as <a href="/wiki/George_Goble" class="mw-redirect" title="George Goble">George Goble</a>'s five-second ignition of <a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">barbecue</a> grills.<a href="#cite_note-132">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial">Industrial</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clabecq_JPG01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An elderly worker in a helmet is facing his side to the viewer in an industrial hall. The hall is dark but is illuminated yellow glowing splashes of a melted substance." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Clabecq_JPG01.jpg/220px-Clabecq_JPG01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Clabecq_JPG01.jpg/330px-Clabecq_JPG01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Clabecq_JPG01.jpg/440px-Clabecq_JPG01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Most commercially produced O 2 is used to <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelt</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Decarburization" title="Decarburization">decarburize</a> <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">Smelting</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a> into <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> consumes 55% of commercially produced oxygen.<a href="#cite_note-NBB301-77">[73]</a> In this process, O 2 is injected through a high-pressure lance into molten iron, which removes <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> impurities and excess <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> as the respective oxides, SO 2 and CO 2. The reactions are <a href="/wiki/Exothermic_reaction" title="Exothermic reaction">exothermic</a>, so the temperature increases to 1,700 °<a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">C</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NBB301-77">[73]</a> Another 25% of commercially produced oxygen is used by the chemical industry.<a href="#cite_note-NBB301-77">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a> is reacted with O 2 to create <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">ethylene oxide</a>, which, in turn, is converted into <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">ethylene glycol</a>; the primary feeder material used to manufacture a host of products, including <a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">antifreeze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> polymers (the precursors of many <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabric">fabrics</a>).<a href="#cite_note-NBB301-77">[73]</a> Most of the remaining 20% of commercially produced oxygen is used in medical applications, <a href="/wiki/Gas_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas welding">metal cutting and welding</a>, as an oxidizer in <a href="/wiki/Rocket_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket fuel">rocket fuel</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">water treatment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NBB301-77">[73]</a> Oxygen is used in <a href="/wiki/Oxyacetylene_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyacetylene welding">oxyacetylene welding</a>, burning <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a> with O 2 to produce a very hot flame. In this process, metal up to 60 cm (24 in) thick is first heated with a small oxy-acetylene flame and then quickly cut by a large stream of O 2.<a href="#cite_note-ECE508-133">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds">Compounds</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_compounds" title="Oxygen compounds">Oxygen compounds</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stilles_Mineralwasser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Water flowing from a bottle into a glass." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Stilles_Mineralwasser.jpg/170px-Stilles_Mineralwasser.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Stilles_Mineralwasser.jpg/255px-Stilles_Mineralwasser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Stilles_Mineralwasser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a> (H 2O) is the most familiar oxygen compound.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> of oxygen is −2 in almost all known compounds of oxygen. The oxidation state −1 is found in a few compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">peroxides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[125]</a> Compounds containing oxygen in other oxidation states are very uncommon: −1/2 (<a href="/wiki/Superoxide" title="Superoxide">superoxides</a>), −1/3 (<a href="/wiki/Ozonide" title="Ozonide">ozonides</a>), 0 (<a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_oxygen" title="Allotropes of oxygen">elemental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypofluorous_acid" title="Hypofluorous acid">hypofluorous acid</a>), +1/2 (<a href="/wiki/Dioxygenyl" title="Dioxygenyl">dioxygenyl</a>), +1 (<a href="/wiki/Dioxygen_difluoride" title="Dioxygen difluoride">dioxygen difluoride</a>), and +2 (<a href="/wiki/Oxygen_difluoride" title="Oxygen difluoride">oxygen difluoride</a>).<a href="#cite_note-135">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxides_and_other_inorganic_compounds">Oxides and other inorganic compounds</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a> (H 2O) is an oxide of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and the most familiar oxygen compound. Hydrogen atoms are <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bonding" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent bonding">covalently bonded</a> to oxygen in a water molecule but also have an additional attraction (about 23.3 kJ/mol per hydrogen atom) to an adjacent oxygen atom in a separate molecule.<a href="#cite_note-136">[127]</a> These <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a> between water molecules hold them approximately 15% closer than what would be expected in a simple liquid with just <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force" title="Van der Waals force">van der Waals forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[j]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rust_screw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A rusty piece of a bolt." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rust_screw.jpg/220px-Rust_screw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rust_screw.jpg/330px-Rust_screw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Rust_screw.jpg/440px-Rust_screw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Oxides, such as <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rust" title="Rust">rust</a>, form when oxygen combines with other elements.</figcaption></figure> Due to its <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegativity</a>, oxygen forms <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bonds</a> with almost all other elements to give corresponding <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxides</a>. The surface of most metals, such as <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, are oxidized in the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide that <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">passivates</a> the metal and slows further <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>. Many oxides of the <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a> are <a href="/wiki/Non-stoichiometric_compound" title="Non-stoichiometric compound">non-stoichiometric compounds</a>, with slightly less metal than the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> would show. For example, the mineral <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">FeO</a> (<a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCstite" title="Wüstite">wüstite</a>) is written as <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Fe}}_{1-x}{\ce {O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>Fe</mtext> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Fe}}_{1-x}{\ce {O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f7cf86639f74d4b3d0c4fe18874ad4cba403c264" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.631ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Fe}}_{1-x}{\ce {O}}}">, where x is usually around 0.05.<a href="#cite_note-139">[129]</a> Oxygen is present in the atmosphere in trace quantities in the form of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (CO 2). The <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crustal</a> <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a> is composed in large part of oxides of <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silica</a> SiO 2, as found in <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>), aluminium (<a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">aluminium oxide</a> Al 2O 3, in <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">corundum</a>), iron (<a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">iron(III) oxide</a> Fe 2O 3, in <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rust" title="Rust">rust</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>). The rest of the Earth's crust is also made of oxygen compounds, in particular various complex <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicates</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Silicate_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicate minerals">silicate minerals</a>). The Earth's mantle, of much larger mass than the crust, is largely composed of silicates of magnesium and iron. Water-<a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">soluble</a> silicates in the form of Na 4SiO 4, Na 2SiO 3, and Na 2Si 2O 5 are used as <a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">detergents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ECE507-140">[130]</a> Oxygen also acts as a <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligand</a> for transition metals, forming <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_dioxygen_complexes" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition metal dioxygen complexes">transition metal dioxygen complexes</a>, which feature metal–O 2. This class of compounds includes the <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">heme</a> proteins <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myoglobin" title="Myoglobin">myoglobin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[131]</a> An exotic and unusual reaction occurs with <a href="/wiki/Platinum_hexafluoride" title="Platinum hexafluoride">PtF 6</a>, which oxidizes oxygen to give O2+PtF6−, <a href="/wiki/Dioxygenyl_hexafluoroplatinate" title="Dioxygenyl hexafluoroplatinate">dioxygenyl hexafluoroplatinate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ECE505-142">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organic_compounds">Organic compounds</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acetone-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A ball structure of a molecule. Its backbone is a zig-zag chain of three carbon atoms connected in the center to an oxygen atom and on the end to 6 hydrogens." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Acetone-3D-vdW.png/220px-Acetone-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Acetone-3D-vdW.png/330px-Acetone-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Acetone-3D-vdW.png/440px-Acetone-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a> is an important feeder material in the chemical industry. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Oxygen</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Carbon</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Hydrogen</div> </figcaption></figure> Among the most important classes of organic compounds that contain oxygen are (where "R" is an organic group): <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohols</a> (R-OH); <a href="/wiki/Ether" title="Ether">ethers</a> (R-O-R); <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketones</a> (R-CO-R); <a href="/wiki/Aldehyde" title="Aldehyde">aldehydes</a> (R-CO-H); <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic acids</a> (R-COOH); <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">esters</a> (R-COO-R); <a href="/wiki/Organic_acid_anhydride" title="Organic acid anhydride">acid anhydrides</a> (R-CO-O-CO-R); and <a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">amides</a> (R-CO-NR 2). There are many important organic <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a> that contain oxygen, including: <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isopropyl_alcohol" title="Isopropyl alcohol">isopropanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Furan" title="Furan">furan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrofuran" title="Tetrahydrofuran">THF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">diethyl ether</a>, <a href="/wiki/1,4-Dioxane" title="1,4-Dioxane">dioxane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_acetate" title="Ethyl acetate">ethyl acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimethylformamide" title="Dimethylformamide">DMF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfoxide" title="Dimethyl sulfoxide">DMSO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">formic acid</a>. Acetone ((CH 3) 2CO) and <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenol</a> (C 6H 5OH) are used as feeder materials in the synthesis of many different substances. Other important organic compounds that contain oxygen are: <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glutaraldehyde" title="Glutaraldehyde">glutaraldehyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citric_acid" title="Citric acid">citric acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetic_anhydride" title="Acetic anhydride">acetic anhydride</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">acetamide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Epoxide" title="Epoxide">Epoxides</a> are ethers in which the oxygen atom is part of a ring of three atoms. The element is similarly found in almost all <a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">biomolecules</a> that are important to (or generated by) life. Oxygen reacts spontaneously with many <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic</a> compounds at or below room temperature in a process called <a href="/wiki/Autoxidation" title="Autoxidation">autoxidation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ECE506-143">[133]</a> Most of the <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> that contain oxygen are not made by direct action of O 2. Organic compounds important in industry and commerce that are made by direct oxidation of a precursor include <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">ethylene oxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peracetic_acid" title="Peracetic acid">peracetic acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ECE507-140">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety_and_precautions">Safety and precautions</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Oxygen </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">GHS labelling</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS03: Oxidizing"><img alt="GHS03: Oxidizing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-rondflam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H272: May intensify fire: oxidizer">H272</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P220: Keep/Store away from clothing/.../combustible materials.">P220</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P244: Keep valves and fittings free from grease and oil">P244</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P370+P376: In case of fire: Stop leak if safe to do so.">P370+P376</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P403: Store in a well ventilated place.">P403</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_84e235a8cf5d8f46" /><map name="ImageMap_84e235a8cf5d8f46"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" title="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calcium" title="Instability 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calcium" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazard OX: Oxidizer. E.g. potassium perchlorate" title="Special hazard OX: Oxidizer. E.g. potassium perchlorate" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704">1</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-text mw-no-invert"><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" title="NFPA 704">OX</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> The <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> standard rates compressed oxygen gas as nonhazardous to health, nonflammable and nonreactive, but an oxidizer. Refrigerated liquid oxygen (LOX) is given a health hazard rating of 3 (for increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Hyperoxia" title="Hyperoxia">hyperoxia</a> from condensed vapors, and for hazards common to cryogenic liquids such as frostbite), and all other ratings are the same as the compressed gas form.<a href="#cite_note-nfpa-144">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symptoms_of_oxygen_toxicity.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A diagram showing a male torso and listing symptoms of oxygen toxicity: Eyes – visual field loss, nearsightedness, cataract formation, bleeding, fibrosis; Head – seizures; Muscles – twitching; Respiratory system – jerky breathing, irritation, coughing, pain, shortness of breath, tracheobronchitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Symptoms_of_oxygen_toxicity.png/300px-Symptoms_of_oxygen_toxicity.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Symptoms_of_oxygen_toxicity.png/450px-Symptoms_of_oxygen_toxicity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Symptoms_of_oxygen_toxicity.png/600px-Symptoms_of_oxygen_toxicity.png 2x" data-file-width="2067" data-file-height="1562" /></a><figcaption>Main symptoms of oxygen toxicity<a href="#cite_note-145">[135]</a></figcaption></figure> Oxygen gas (O 2) can be <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">toxic</a> at elevated <a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial pressures</a>, leading to <a href="/wiki/Convulsion" title="Convulsion">convulsions</a> and other health problems.<a href="#cite_note-Acott-127">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[k]</a><a href="#cite_note-ECE511-147">[136]</a> Oxygen toxicity usually begins to occur at partial pressures more than 50 kilo<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">pascals</a> (kPa), equal to about 50% oxygen composition at standard pressure or 2.5 times the normal sea-level O 2 partial pressure of about 21 kPa. This is not a problem except for patients on <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_ventilator" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical ventilator">mechanical ventilators</a>, since gas supplied through <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_mask" title="Oxygen mask">oxygen masks</a> in medical applications is typically composed of only 30–50% O 2 by volume (about 30 kPa at standard pressure).<a href="#cite_note-NBB299-13">[13]</a> At one time, <a href="/wiki/Premature_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature birth">premature babies</a> were placed in incubators containing O 2-rich air, but this practice was discontinued after some babies were blinded by the oxygen content being too high.<a href="#cite_note-NBB299-13">[13]</a> Breathing pure O 2 in space applications, such as in some modern space suits, or in early spacecraft such as <a href="/wiki/Apollo_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo spacecraft">Apollo</a>, causes no damage due to the low total pressures used.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11541018-125">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[137]</a> In the case of spacesuits, the O 2 partial pressure in the breathing gas is, in general, about 30 kPa (1.4 times normal), and the resulting O 2 partial pressure in the astronaut's arterial blood is only marginally more than normal sea-level O 2 partial pressure.<a href="#cite_note-149">[138]</a> Oxygen toxicity to the lungs and <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> can also occur in deep <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba diving</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surface-supplied_diving" title="Surface-supplied diving">surface-supplied diving</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NBB299-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Acott-127">[119]</a> Prolonged breathing of an air mixture with an O 2 partial pressure more than 60 kPa can eventually lead to permanent <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Pulmonary fibrosis">pulmonary fibrosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BMJ-150">[139]</a> Exposure to an O 2 partial pressure greater than 160 kPa (about 1.6 atm) may lead to convulsions (normally fatal for divers). Acute oxygen toxicity (causing seizures, its most feared effect for divers) can occur by breathing an air mixture with 21% O 2 at 66 m (217 ft) or more of depth; the same thing can occur by breathing 100% O 2 at only 6 m (20 ft).<a href="#cite_note-BMJ-150">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Donald-151">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Donald1-152">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Donald2-153">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combustion_and_other_hazards">Combustion and other hazards</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_1_fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The inside of a small spaceship, charred and apparently destroyed." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Apollo_1_fire.jpg/220px-Apollo_1_fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Apollo_1_fire.jpg/330px-Apollo_1_fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Apollo_1_fire.jpg/440px-Apollo_1_fire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2702" /></a><figcaption>The interior of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a> Command Module. Pure O 2 at higher than normal pressure and a spark led to a fire and the loss of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a> crew.</figcaption></figure> Highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion. <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">Fire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosion</a> hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuels</a> are brought into close proximity; an ignition event, such as heat or a spark, is needed to trigger combustion.<a href="#cite_note-astm-tpt-38">[36]</a> Oxygen is the oxidant, not the fuel. Concentrated O 2 will allow combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically.<a href="#cite_note-astm-tpt-38">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">Steel</a> pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a> will act as a fuel; and therefore the design and manufacture of O 2 systems requires special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized.<a href="#cite_note-astm-tpt-38">[36]</a> The fire that killed the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a> crew in a launch pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule was pressurized with pure O 2 but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄3 normal pressure that would be used in a mission.<a href="#cite_note-155">[l]</a><a href="#cite_note-chiles-156">[144]</a> Liquid oxygen spills, if allowed to soak into organic matter, such as <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemicals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">asphalt</a> can cause these materials to <a href="/wiki/Detonation" title="Detonation">detonate</a> unpredictably on subsequent mechanical impact.<a href="#cite_note-astm-tpt-38">[36]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_oxygen" title="Geological history of oxygen">Geological history of oxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia (environmental)</a> for O 2 depletion in aquatic ecology</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_deoxygenation" title="Ocean deoxygenation">Ocean deoxygenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia (medical)</a>, a lack of oxygen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limiting_oxygen_concentration" title="Limiting oxygen concentration">Limiting oxygen concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oxygen_compounds" title="Category:Oxygen compounds">Oxygen compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_plant" title="Oxygen plant">Oxygen plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_sensor" title="Oxygen sensor">Oxygen sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_oxygen" title="Dark oxygen">Dark oxygen</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/38px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/8px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/16px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Oxygen at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Oxygen" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Oxygen">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" class="extiw" title="c:Oxygen">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Oxygen" class="extiw" title="q:Oxygen">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior:The_Elements/Oxygen" class="extiw" title="b:Wikijunior:The Elements/Oxygen">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Oxygen_atom" class="extiw" title="v:Oxygen atom">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> These results were mostly ignored until 1860. Part of this rejection was due to the belief that atoms of one element would have no <a href="/wiki/Chemical_affinity" title="Chemical affinity">chemical affinity</a> towards atoms of the same element, and part was due to apparent exceptions to Avogadro's law that were not explained until later in terms of dissociating molecules. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> An orbital is a concept from <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> that models an electron as a <a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality" title="Wave–particle duality">wave-like particle</a> that has a spatial distribution about an atom or molecule. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Oxygen's paramagnetism can be used analytically in paramagnetic oxygen gas analysers that determine the purity of gaseous oxygen. (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308213517/http://www.servomex.com/oxygen_gas_analyser.html">"Company literature of Oxygen analyzers (triplet)"</a>. Servomex. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.servomex.com/oxygen_gas_analyser.html">the original</a> on March 8, 2008. Retrieved December 15, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Company+literature+of+Oxygen+analyzers+%28triplet%29&rft.pub=Servomex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.servomex.com%2Foxygen_gas_analyser.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygen" class="Z3988">) </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Figures given are for values up to 80 km (50 mi) above the surface </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Thylakoid membranes are part of <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplasts</a> in algae and plants while they simply are one of many membrane structures in cyanobacteria. In fact, chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> that were once symbiotic partners with the progenitors of plants and algae. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Water oxidation is catalyzed by a <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>-containing <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> complex known as the <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_evolving_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen evolving complex">oxygen evolving complex</a> (OEC) or water-splitting complex found associated with the lumenal side of thylakoid membranes. Manganese is an important <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> are also required for the reaction to occur. (Raven 2005) </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> (1.8 grams/min/person)×(60 min/h)×(24 h/day)×(365 days/year)×(6.6 billion people)/1,000,000 g/t=6.24 billion tonnes </li> <li id="cite_note-mmHg-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mmHg_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmHg_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmHg_93-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmHg_93-3">d</a> Derived from mmHg values using 0.133322 kPa/mmHg </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> The reason is that increasing the proportion of oxygen in the breathing gas at low pressure acts to augment the inspired O 2 partial pressure nearer to that found at sea-level. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Also, since oxygen has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen, the charge difference makes it a <a href="/wiki/Polar_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar molecule">polar molecule</a>. The interactions between the different <a href="/wiki/Dipole" title="Dipole">dipoles</a> of each molecule cause a net attraction force. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Since O 2's partial pressure is the fraction of O 2 times the total pressure, elevated partial pressures can occur either from high O 2 fraction in breathing gas or from high breathing gas pressure, or a combination of both. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> No single ignition source of the fire was conclusively identified, although some evidence points to an arc from an electrical spark.<a href="#cite_note-154">[143]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/oxygen.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Oxygen"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Oxygen&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Foxygen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (May 4, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeast1984" class="citation book cs1">Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4"><bdi>0-8493-0464-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC%2C+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=E110&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Company+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8493-0464-4&rft.aulast=Weast&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atkins7th-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Atkins7th_6-0">^</a> Atkins, P.; Jones, L.; Laverman, L. (2016).Chemical Principles, 7th edition. Freeman. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4641-8395-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4641-8395-9">978-1-4641-8395-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2011" class="citation book cs1">Hall, John (2011). Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology (12th ed.). 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New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pp. 600–606. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780072406559" title="Special:BookSources/9780072406559"><bdi>9780072406559</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46959719">46959719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heat+transfer&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=600-606&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Companies%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46959719&rft.isbn=9780072406559&rft.aulast=Holman&rft.aufirst=Jack+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F46959719&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIncropera_1_Dewitt_2_Bergman_3_Lavigne_42007" class="citation book cs1">Incropera 1 Dewitt 2 Bergman 3 Lavigne 4, Frank P. 1 David P. 2 Theodore L. 3 Adrienne S. 4 (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62532755">Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer</a> (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp. 941–950. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471457282" title="Special:BookSources/9780471457282"><bdi>9780471457282</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62532755">62532755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+heat+and+mass+transfer.&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=941-950&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62532755&rft.isbn=9780471457282&rft.aulast=Incropera+1+Dewitt+2+Bergman+3+Lavigne+4&rft.aufirst=Frank+P.+1+David+P.+2+Theodore+L.+3+Adrienne+S.+4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F62532755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygen" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-EnvChem-Iso-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EnvChem-Iso_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnvChem-Iso_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnvChem-Iso_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EnvChem-Iso_63-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/O-pg2.html">"Oxygen Nuclides / Isotopes"</a>. 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Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae">10.1088/1674-1137/abddae</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2020+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae&rft.aulast=Kondev&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rft.au=Audi%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Famdc%2Fame2020%2FNUBASE2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-O-28-SA-66"><a href="#cite_ref-O-28-SA_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr2023" class="citation news cs1">Starr, Michelle (August 30, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencealert.com/scientists-have-observed-a-never-before-seen-form-of-oxygen">"Scientists Have Observed A Never-Before-Seen Form of Oxygen"</a>. 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Harvey notes that according to later articles in Nature, the values appear to be about 3% too high. </li> <li id="cite_note-NBB301-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NBB301_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBB301_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBB301_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBB301_77-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBB301_77-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBB301_77-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBB301_77-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBB301_77-7">h</a> <a href="#Reference-idEmsley2001">Emsley 2001</a>, p. 301 </li> <li id="cite_note-NBB304-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NBB304_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NBB304_78-1">b</a> <a href="#Reference-idEmsley2001">Emsley 2001</a>, p. 304 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHand2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hand, Eric (March 13, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F452259a">"The Solar System's first breath"</a>. Nature. 452 (7185): 259. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.452..259H">2008Natur.452..259H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F452259a">10.1038/452259a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18354437">18354437</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:789382">789382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Solar+System%27s+first+breath&rft.volume=452&rft.issue=7185&rft.pages=259&rft.date=2008-03-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F452259a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A789382%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18354437&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Natur.452..259H&rft.aulast=Hand&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F452259a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerBerger,_M.Alonso,_L.Cerovic,_Z.2003" class="citation conference cs1">Miller, J. R.; Berger, M.; Alonso, L.; Cerovic, Z.; et al. (2003). Progress on the development of an integrated canopy fluorescence model. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2003. IGARSS '03. Proceedings. 2003 IEEE International. Vol. 1. pp. 601–603. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.473.9500">10.1.1.473.9500</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIGARSS.2003.1293855">10.1109/IGARSS.2003.1293855</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7803-7929-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7803-7929-2"><bdi>0-7803-7929-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=Geoscience+and+Remote+Sensing+Symposium%2C+2003.+IGARSS+%2703.+Proceedings.+2003+IEEE+International&rft.atitle=Progress+on+the+development+of+an+integrated+canopy+fluorescence+model&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=601-603&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.473.9500%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIGARSS.2003.1293855&rft.isbn=0-7803-7929-2&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=Berger%2C+M.&rft.au=Alonso%2C+L.&rft.au=Cerovic%2C+Z.&rft.au=Goulas%2C+Y.&rft.au=Jacquemoud%2C+S.&rft.au=Louis%2C+J.&rft.au=Mohammed%2C+G.&rft.au=Moya%2C+I.&rft.au=Pedros%2C+R.&rft.au=Moreno%2C+J.F.&rft.au=Verhoef%2C+W.&rft.au=Zarco-Tejada%2C+P.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenical1983" class="citation book cs1">Fenical, William (September 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g6RfkqCUQyQC&pg=PA147">"Marine Plants: A Unique and Unexplored Resource"</a>. Plants: the potentials for extracting protein, medicines, and other useful chemicals (workshop proceedings). DianePublishing. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-2397-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-2397-3"><bdi>978-1-4289-2397-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150325221600/http://books.google.com/books?id=g6RfkqCUQyQC&pg=PA147">Archived</a> from the original on March 25, 2015. 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Retrieved March 13, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Research+Indicates+Oxygen+on+Earth+2.5+Billion+Years+ago&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2007-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fhome%2Fhqnews%2F2007%2Fsep%2FHQ_07215_Timeline_of_Oxygen_on_Earth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20131003-90"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20131003_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Zimmer" title="Carl Zimmer">Zimmer, Carl</a> (October 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/03/science/earths-oxygen-a-mystery-easy-to-take-for-granted.html">"Earth's Oxygen: A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200516083101/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/03/science/earths-oxygen-a-mystery-easy-to-take-for-granted.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Earth%27s+Oxygen%3A+A+Mystery+Easy+to+Take+for+Granted&rft.date=2013-10-03&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F10%2F03%2Fscience%2Fearths-oxygen-a-mystery-easy-to-take-for-granted.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US6224560B1/en">"Flow restrictor for measuring respiratory parameters"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200508103811/https://patents.google.com/patent/US6224560B1/en">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2020. 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John Wiley & Sons. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-18423-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-18423-2"><bdi>978-0-471-18423-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Organometallic+Chemistry+of+the+Transition+Metals&rft.pages=152&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-471-18423-2&rft.aulast=Crabtree&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECE505-142"><a href="#cite_ref-ECE505_142-0">^</a> <a href="#Reference-idCook1968">Cook & Lauer 1968</a>, p.505 </li> <li id="cite_note-ECE506-143"><a href="#cite_ref-ECE506_143-0">^</a> <a href="#Reference-idCook1968">Cook & Lauer 1968</a>, p. 506 </li> <li id="cite_note-nfpa-144"><a href="#cite_ref-nfpa_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rivcoeh.org/Portals/0/documents/guidance/hazmat/bep_nfparatings.pdf">"NFPA 704 ratings and id numbers for common hazardous materials"</a> (PDF). Riverside County Department of Environmental Health. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711171240/http://www.rivcoeh.org/Portals/0/documents/guidance/hazmat/bep_nfparatings.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 11, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NFPA+704+ratings+and+id+numbers+for+common+hazardous+materials&rft.pub=Riverside+County+Department+of+Environmental+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rivcoeh.org%2FPortals%2F0%2Fdocuments%2Fguidance%2Fhazmat%2Fbep_nfparatings.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDharmeshkumar_N_PatelAshish_GoelSB_AgarwalPraveenkumar_Garg2003" class="citation journal cs1">Dharmeshkumar N Patel; Ashish Goel; SB Agarwal; Praveenkumar Garg; et al. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922093352/http://medind.nic.in/jac/t03/i3/jact03i3p234.pdf">"Oxygen Toxicity"</a> (PDF). Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine. 4 (3): 234. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medind.nic.in/jac/t03/i3/jact03i3p234.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 22, 2015. Retrieved April 26, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Academy+of+Clinical+Medicine&rft.atitle=Oxygen+Toxicity&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=234&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Dharmeshkumar+N+Patel&rft.au=Ashish+Goel&rft.au=SB+Agarwal&rft.au=Praveenkumar+Garg&rft.au=Krishna+K+Lakhani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedind.nic.in%2Fjac%2Ft03%2Fi3%2Fjact03i3p234.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECE511-147"><a href="#cite_ref-ECE511_147-0">^</a> <a href="#Reference-idCook1968">Cook & Lauer 1968</a>, p. 511 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade2007" class="citation web cs1">Wade, Mark (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213122134/http://www.astronautix.com/craftfam/spasuits.htm">"Space Suits"</a>. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/craftfam/spasuits.htm">the original</a> on December 13, 2007. Retrieved December 16, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+Suits&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Astronautica&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronautix.com%2Fcraftfam%2Fspasuits.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Lawrence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalrph.com/martin_4_most2.htm">"The Four Most Important Equations In Clinical Practice"</a>. GlobalRPh. David McAuley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905215615/http://www.globalrph.com/martin_4_most2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2018. Retrieved June 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GlobalRPh&rft.atitle=The+Four+Most+Important+Equations+In+Clinical+Practice&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalrph.com%2Fmartin_4_most2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BMJ-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BMJ_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMJ_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilmshurst_P1998" class="citation journal cs1">Wilmshurst P (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1114047">"Diving and oxygen"</a>. BMJ. 317 (7164): 996–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.317.7164.996">10.1136/bmj.317.7164.996</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1114047">1114047</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9765173">9765173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Diving+and+oxygen&rft.volume=317&rft.issue=7164&rft.pages=996-99&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1114047%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9765173&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.317.7164.996&rft.au=Wilmshurst+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1114047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donald-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Donald_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald1992" class="citation book cs1">Donald, Kenneth (1992). Oxygen and the Diver. England: SPA in conjunction with K. Donald. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85421-176-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85421-176-7"><bdi>978-1-85421-176-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxygen+and+the+Diver&rft.place=England&rft.pub=SPA+in+conjunction+with+K.+Donald&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-85421-176-7&rft.aulast=Donald&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donald1-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Donald1_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_K._W.1947" class="citation journal cs1">Donald K. W. (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2053251">"Oxygen Poisoning in Man: Part I"</a>. Br Med J. 1 (4506): 667–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.4506.667">10.1136/bmj.1.4506.667</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2053251">2053251</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20248086">20248086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Br+Med+J&rft.atitle=Oxygen+Poisoning+in+Man%3A+Part+I&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4506&rft.pages=667-72&rft.date=1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2053251%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20248086&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.1.4506.667&rft.au=Donald+K.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2053251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donald2-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Donald2_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_K._W.1947" class="citation journal cs1">Donald K. W. (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2053400">"Oxygen Poisoning in Man: Part II"</a>. Br Med J. 1 (4507): 712–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.1.4507.712">10.1136/bmj.1.4507.712</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2053400">2053400</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20248096">20248096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Br+Med+J&rft.atitle=Oxygen+Poisoning+in+Man%3A+Part+II&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4507&rft.pages=712-17&rft.date=1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2053400%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20248096&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.1.4507.712&rft.au=Donald+K.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2053400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygen" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Report of Apollo 204 Review Board NASA Historical Reference Collection, NASA History Office, NASA HQ, Washington, DC </li> <li id="cite_note-chiles-156"><a href="#cite_ref-chiles_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiles2001" class="citation book cs1">Chiles, James R. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/invitingdisaster00jame">Inviting Disaster: Lessons from the edge of Technology: An inside look at catastrophes and why they happen</a>. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-662082-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-662082-4"><bdi>978-0-06-662082-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inviting+Disaster%3A+Lessons+from+the+edge+of+Technology%3A+An+inside+look+at+catastrophes+and+why+they+happen&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-06-662082-4&rft.aulast=Chiles&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finvitingdisaster00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygen" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-idCook1968" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Gerhard A.; Lauer, Carol M. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp">"Oxygen"</a>. In Clifford A. Hampel (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. New York: Reinhold Book Corporation. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp/page/499">499–512</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/68-29938">68-29938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxygen&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Chemical+Elements&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=499-512&rft.pub=Reinhold+Book+Corporation&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68-29938&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+A.&rft.au=Lauer%2C+Carol+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofch00hamp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-idEmsley2001" class="citation book cs1">Emsley, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/297">"Oxygen"</a>. Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/297">297–304</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850340-8"><bdi>978-0-19-850340-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxygen&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Building+Blocks%3A+An+A%E2%80%93Z+Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=297-304&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850340-8&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaturesbuildingb0000emsl%2Fpage%2F297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygen" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-idRaven2005" class="citation book cs1">Raven, Peter H.; Evert, Ray F.; Eichhorn, Susan E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0">Biology of Plants</a> (7th ed.). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0/page/115">115–27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-1007-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-1007-3"><bdi>978-0-7167-1007-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+of+Plants&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=115-27&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman+and+Company+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-1007-3&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft.au=Evert%2C+Ray+F.&rft.au=Eichhorn%2C+Susan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiologyofplants00rave_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOxygen" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (3 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="166" data-mwtitle="En-oxygen-article.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/En-oxygen-article.ogg/En-oxygen-article.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/En-oxygen-article.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-oxygen-article.ogg" title="File:En-oxygen-article.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 23 June 2008 (2008-06-23), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/008.htm">Oxygen</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.organic-chemistry.org/chemicals/oxidations/oxygen.shtm">Oxidizing Agents > Oxygen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uigi.com/oxygen.html">Oxygen (O2) Properties, Uses, Applications</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/the-story-of-o">Roald Hoffmann article on "The Story of O"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/O/index.html">WebElements.com – Oxygen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0088nql">Oxygen</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scrippso2.ucsd.edu/">Scripps Institute: Atmospheric Oxygen has been dropping for 20 years</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diatomic_elements" title="Template:Diatomic elements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diatomic_elements" title="Template talk:Diatomic elements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diatomic_elements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diatomic elements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diatomic_chemical_elements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">Diatomic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N2</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helium_dimer" title="Helium dimer">He2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diargon" title="Diargon">Ar2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphosphorus" title="Diphosphorus">P2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfur" title="Disulfur">S2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilithium" title="Dilithium">Li2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirubidium" title="Dirubidium">Rb2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table 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href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11977353d">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11977353d">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570181">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122069&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX534245">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555738105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oxygen_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oxygen_compounds" title="Template:Oxygen compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oxygen_compounds" title="Template talk:Oxygen compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oxygen_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oxygen compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oxygen_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_compounds" title="Oxygen compounds">Oxygen compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silver(I,III)_oxide" title="Silver(I,III) oxide">Ag4O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">Al2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americium_dioxide" title="Americium dioxide">AmO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americium(III)_oxide" title="Americium(III) oxide">Am2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">As2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_pentoxide" title="Arsenic pentoxide">As2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_oxide" title="Gold(III) oxide">Au2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_trioxide" title="Boron trioxide">B2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_oxide" title="Barium oxide">BaO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_oxide" title="Beryllium oxide">BeO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth(III)_oxide" title="Bismuth(III) oxide">Bi2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth_tetroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bismuth tetroxide (page does not exist)">BiO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_pentoxide" title="Bismuth pentoxide">Bi2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_dioxide" title="Bromine dioxide">BrO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibromine_trioxide" title="Dibromine trioxide">Br2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibromine_pentoxide" title="Dibromine pentoxide">Br2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribromine_octoxide" title="Tribromine octoxide">Br 3O 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_suboxide" title="Carbon suboxide">C3O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">CaO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_peroxide" title="Calcium peroxide">CaO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_oxide" title="Cadmium oxide">CdO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerium(IV)_oxide" title="Cerium(IV) oxide">CeO2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerium(III,IV)_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerium(III,IV) oxide (page does not exist)">Ce3O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerium(III)_oxide" title="Cerium(III) oxide">Ce2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide" title="Chlorine dioxide">ClO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_monoxide" title="Dichlorine monoxide">Cl2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_peroxide" title="Chlorine peroxide">Cl2O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_trioxide" title="Dichlorine trioxide">Cl2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_perchlorate" title="Chlorine perchlorate">Cl2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_hexoxide" title="Dichlorine hexoxide">Cl2O6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorine_heptoxide" title="Dichlorine heptoxide">Cl2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II) oxide">CoO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(III)_oxide" title="Cobalt(III) oxide">Co2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II,III)_oxide" title="Cobalt(II,III) oxide">Co3O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_trioxide" title="Chromium trioxide">CrO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_oxide" title="Chromium(III) oxide">Cr2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(IV)_oxide" title="Chromium(IV) oxide">Cr2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromic_chromate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromic chromate (page does not exist)">Cr5O12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesium_superoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesium superoxide">CsO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_sesquioxide" title="Caesium sesquioxide">Cs2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_oxide" title="Copper(II) oxide">CuO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium(III)_oxide" title="Dysprosium(III) oxide">Dy2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbium(III)_oxide" title="Erbium(III) oxide">Er2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europium(III)_oxide" title="Europium(III) oxide">Eu2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">FeO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">Fe2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II,III)_oxide" title="Iron(II,III) oxide">Fe3O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(I)_oxide" title="Gallium(I) oxide">Ga2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_oxide" title="Gallium(III) oxide">Ga2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanium_monoxide" title="Germanium monoxide">GeO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanium_dioxide" title="Germanium dioxide">GeO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">H2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">2H2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritiated_water" title="Tritiated water">3H2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">H218O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">H2O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafnium(IV)_oxide" title="Hafnium(IV) oxide">HfO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_oxide" title="Mercury(II) oxide">HgO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(I)_oxide" title="Mercury(I) oxide">Hg2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmium(III)_oxide" title="Holmium(III) oxide">Ho2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_monoxide" title="Iodine monoxide">IO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_tetroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine tetroxide">I2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_pentoxide" title="Iodine pentoxide">I2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iodine_hexoxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iodine hexoxide (page does not exist)">I2O6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraiodine_nonoxide" title="Tetraiodine nonoxide">I4O9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium(III)_oxide" title="Indium(III) oxide">In2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium(IV)_oxide" title="Iridium(IV) oxide">IrO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_superoxide" title="Potassium superoxide">KO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_peroxide" title="Potassium peroxide">K2O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_oxide" title="Lanthanum oxide">La2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_oxide" title="Lithium oxide">Li2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_peroxide" title="Lithium peroxide">Li2O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetium(III)_oxide" title="Lutetium(III) oxide">Lu2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">MgO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_peroxide" title="Magnesium peroxide">Mg2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_oxide" title="Manganese(II) oxide">MnO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_dioxide" title="Manganese dioxide">MnO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese(III)_oxide" title="Manganese(III) oxide">Mn2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_heptoxide" title="Manganese heptoxide">Mn2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_dioxide" title="Molybdenum dioxide">MoO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_trioxide" title="Molybdenum trioxide">MoO3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum(III)_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molybdenum(III) oxide (page does not exist)">Mo2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">NO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">NO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">N2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen trioxide">N2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">N2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_pentoxide" title="Dinitrogen pentoxide">N2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_superoxide" title="Sodium superoxide">NaO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">Na2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_peroxide" title="Sodium peroxide">Na2O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_monoxide" title="Niobium monoxide">NbO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium_dioxide" title="Niobium dioxide">NbO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neodymium(III)_oxide" title="Neodymium(III) oxide">Nd2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxygen_monofluoride" title="Dioxygen monofluoride">O2F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_monofluoride" title="Oxygen monofluoride">OF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_difluoride" title="Oxygen difluoride">OF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxygen_difluoride" title="Dioxygen difluoride">O2F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trioxygen_difluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Trioxygen difluoride">O3F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraoxygen_difluoride" title="Tetraoxygen difluoride">O4F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaoxygen_difluoride" title="Pentaoxygen difluoride">O5F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexaoxygen_difluoride" title="Hexaoxygen difluoride">O6F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxygenyl_hexafluoroplatinate" title="Dioxygenyl hexafluoroplatinate">O2PtF6</a></li> <li><a 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