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class="vector-toc-link" href="#October–December"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>October–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October–December-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Undated</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Births" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Births"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Births</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Births-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Births subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Births-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–June" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–June"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>January–June</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–June-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–December" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–December"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>July–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–December-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date_unknown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date_unknown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Date unknown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date_unknown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Deaths</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Deaths subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-January–June_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#January–June_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>January–June</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-January–June_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–December_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–December_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>July–December</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–December_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1861</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 178 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-178" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">178 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861_%E1%8A%A5.%E1%8A%A4.%E1%8A%A0." title="1861 እ.ኤ.አ. – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="1861 እ.ኤ.አ." data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861_%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="1861 թուական – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="1861 թուական" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B6%DB%B1_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="۱۸۶۱ (میلادی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۸۶۱ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AC%E0%A7%A7" title="১৮৬১ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="১৮৬১" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861_n%C3%AE" title="1861 nî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1861 nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1861 йыл – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="1861 йыл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861." title="1861. – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1861." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861_%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="1861 ие – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1861 ие" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B6%DB%B1" title="۱۸۶۱ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="۱۸۶۱" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861%E5%B9%B4" title="1861年 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1861年" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861%EB%85%84" title="1861년 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1861년" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%A7" title="१८६१ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१८६१" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861." title="1861. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="1861." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AE%E0%A7%AC%E0%A7%A7" title="মারি ১৮৬১ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মারি ১৮৬১" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861-%C3%A6%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="1861-æм аз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1861-æм аз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B3%A7%E0%B3%AE%E0%B3%AC%E0%B3%A7" title="೧೮೬೧ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="೧೮೬೧" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1861 джыл – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="1861 джыл" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="1861 жыл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="1861 жыл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="1861-ӧд во – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1861-ӧд во" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861_(almanak_gregoryen)" title="1861 (almanak gregoryen) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="1861 (almanak gregoryen)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861_%D0%B8" title="1861 и – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="1861 и" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861._gads" title="1861. gads – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1861. gads" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81" title="1861 йис – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="1861 йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861_m." title="1861 m. – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1861 m." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%A7" title="१८६१ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="१८६१" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%A7" title="इ.स. १८६१ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स. १८६१" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B6%DB%B1" title="۱۸۶۱ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="۱۸۶۱" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861_ni%C3%A8ng" title="1861 nièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1861 nièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%88%E1%81%86%E1%81%81" title="၁၈၆၁ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၈၆၁" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%A7" title="ई सं १८६१ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ई सं १८६१" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861%E5%B9%B4" title="1861年 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1861年" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861_%D1%88%D0%BE" title="1861 шо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="1861 шо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%A7%E0%AD%AE%E0%AD%AC%E0%AD%A7" title="୧୮୬୧ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="୧୮୬୧" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%A7" title="१८६१ – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="१८६१" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joohr_1861" title="Joohr 1861 – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Joohr 1861" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="1861 год – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1861 год" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%A7" title="१८६१ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="१८६१" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861%D8%B9" title="1861ع – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="1861ع" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%A1%D9%A8%D9%A6%D9%A1" title="١٨٦١ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="١٨٦١" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861_%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="1861 ел – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1861 ел" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E.%E0%B8%A8._2404" title="พ.ศ. 2404 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พ.ศ. 2404" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_1861" title="Соли 1861 – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Соли 1861" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861_%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1861 ар – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="1861 ар" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861%D8%A1" title="1861ء – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1861ء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861_nienz" title="1861 nienz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="1861 nienz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%AB%E5%85%AD%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%B4" title="一八六一年 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="一八六一年" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861%E5%B9%B4" title="1861年 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1861年" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861%E5%B9%B4" title="1861年 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="1861年" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861" title="1861 – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="1861" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Calendar year</div> <table class="infobox" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Millennium</a>: </th> <td><a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Centuries</a>: </th> <td><style 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li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a>: </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1840s" title="1840s">1840s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1850s" title="1850s">1850s</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/1860s" title="1860s">1860s</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870s" title="1870s">1870s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880s" title="1880s">1880s</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a>: </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1858" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1858">1858</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1859" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1859">1859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1860" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1860">1860</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/AD_1861" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1861">1861</a> </b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1862" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1862">1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1863" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1863">1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1864" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1864">1864</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Category:1861" title="Category:1861">1861 by topic</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Humanities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_animation" title="1861 in animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_archaeology" title="1861 in archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_architecture" title="1861 in architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_art" title="1861 in art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_literature" title="1861 in literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_poetry" title="1861 in poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_music" title="1861 in music">Music</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_Australia" title="1861 in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_Belgium" title="1861 in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_Brazil" title="1861 in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_Canada" title="1861 in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_China" title="1861 in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_Denmark" title="1861 in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_France" title="1861 in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_Germany" title="1861 in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_New_Zealand" title="1861 in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_Norway" title="1861 in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_Portugal" title="1861 in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_Russia" title="1861 in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_South_Africa" title="1861 in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_Sweden" title="1861 in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="1861 in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_the_United_States" title="1861 in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_rail_transport" title="1861 in rail transport">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_science" title="1861 in science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_in_sports" title="1861 in sports">Sports</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists of leaders</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_entities_in_the_19th_century" title="List of political entities in the 19th century">Sovereign states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_leaders_in_1861" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state leaders in 1861">Sovereign state leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_dependent_territories_in_the_19th_century" title="List of governors of dependent territories in the 19th century">Territorial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_19th-century_religious_leaders" title="List of 19th-century religious leaders">Religious leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1861_in_law" title="Category:1861 in law">Law</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Birth and death categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1861_births" title="Category:1861 births">Births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1861_deaths" title="Category:1861 deaths">Deaths</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Establishments and disestablishments categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1861_establishments" title="Category:1861 establishments">Establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1861_disestablishments" title="Category:1861 disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Works category</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1861_works" title="Category:1861 works">Works</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:C19_year_in_topic" title="Template:C19 year in topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:C19_year_in_topic" title="Template talk:C19 year in topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C19_year_in_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:C19 year in topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox vevent" style="width:22em"><caption style="font-size:125%"><span class="summary dtstart">1861 in various <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendars</a></span></caption><tbody><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a></td><td>1861<br /><span style="font-family: serif;"><i>MDCCCLXI</i></span></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></td><td>2614</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian calendar</a></td><td>1310<br />ԹՎ ՌՅԺ</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian calendar</a></td><td>6611</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_calendar" title="Baháʼí calendar">Baháʼí calendar</a></td><td>17–18</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Balinese saka calendar</a></td><td>1782–1783</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali calendar">Bengali calendar</a></td><td>1268</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber calendar</a></td><td>2811</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">British Regnal year</a></td><td>24 <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Vict. 1</a> – 25 <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Vict. 1</a></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist calendar</a></td><td>2405</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese calendar</a></td><td>1223</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendar</a></td><td>7369–7370</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">庚申</a>年 (Metal <a href="/wiki/Monkey_(zodiac)" title="Monkey (zodiac)">Monkey</a>)<br />4558 or 4351<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />辛酉年 (Metal <a href="/wiki/Rooster_(zodiac)" title="Rooster (zodiac)">Rooster</a>)<br />4559 or 4352</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></td><td>1577–1578</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian calendar</a></td><td>3027</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian calendar</a></td><td>1853–1854</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a></td><td>5621–5622</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendars</a></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></i></td><td>1917–1918</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Shaka Samvat</a></i></td><td>1782–1783</td></tr><tr><td> - <i><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></i></td><td>4961–4962</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene calendar</a></td><td>11861</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo calendar</a></td><td>861–862</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian calendar</a></td><td>1239–1240</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></td><td>1277–1278</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese calendar</a></td><td><a href="/wiki/Man%27en" title="Man'en">Man'en</a> 2 / <a href="/wiki/Bunky%C5%AB" title="Bunkyū">Bunkyū</a> 1<br />(文久元年)</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese calendar</a></td><td>1789–1790</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a></td><td>Gregorian minus 12 days</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean calendar</a></td><td>4194</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Minguo_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Minguo calendar">Minguo calendar</a></td><td>51 before <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">ROC</a><br />民前51年</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></td><td>393</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">Thai solar calendar</a></td><td>2403–2404</td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan calendar</a></td><td>阳金猴年<br />(male Iron-<a href="/wiki/Monkey_(zodiac)" title="Monkey (zodiac)">Monkey</a>)<br />1987 or 1606 or 834<br />    <i>— to —</i><br />阴金鸡年<br />(female Iron-<a href="/wiki/Rooster_(zodiac)" title="Rooster (zodiac)">Rooster</a>)<br />1988 or 1607 or 835</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:1861" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:1861">1861</a></span>.</div></div> </div><p><b>1861</b> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">MDCCCLXI</a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Tuesday" title="Common year starting on Tuesday">common year starting on Tuesday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Common_year_starting_on_Sunday" title="Common year starting on Sunday">common year starting on Sunday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>, the 1861st year of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a> (CE) and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a></i></span> (AD) designations, the 861st year of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a>, the 61st year of the <a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a>, and the 2nd year of the <a href="/wiki/1860s" title="1860s">1860s</a> decade. As of the start of 1861, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. </p><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Calendar year</div> <p>This year saw significant progress in the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a>, the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">emancipation reform</a> abolishing <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1861&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January–March"><span id="January.E2.80.93March"></span>January–March</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1861&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: January–March"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_1" title="January 1">January 1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a> captures <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>.</li> <li>The first steam-powered <a href="/wiki/Carousel" title="Carousel">carousel</a> is recorded, in <a href="/wiki/Bolton" title="Bolton">Bolton</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2" title="January 2">January 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William IV of Prussia">Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia</a> dies, and is succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_I_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm I of Germany">Wilhelm I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DHM_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DHM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_3" title="January 3">January 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> votes not to secede from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">Union</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_9" title="January 9">January 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a> becomes the second state to secede from the Union.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_10" title="January 10">January 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a> secedes from the Union.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_11" title="January 11">January 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a> secedes from the Union.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_12" title="January 12">January 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: Major <a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Civil_War)" title="Robert Anderson (Civil War)">Robert Anderson</a> sends dispatches to Washington.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_19" title="January 19">January 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a> secedes from the Union.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_21" title="January 21">January 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> resigns from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_26" title="January 26">January 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a> secedes from the Union.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_29" title="January 29">January 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> is admitted as the 34th <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a>, being admitted as a free state.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_31" title="January 31">January 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kuki_people" title="Kuki people">Kukis</a> raid the <a href="/wiki/Chhagalnaiya_Upazila" title="Chhagalnaiya Upazila">Chhagalnaiya plains</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, murdering and kidnapping hundreds of people, particularly women.<sup id="cite_ref-webster_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-webster-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1" title="February 1">February 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a> secedes from the Union.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_4" title="February 4">February 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: In <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Confederate_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Confederate States Congress">Provisional Confederate States Congress</a> is formed by representatives from the first seven break-away <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_8" title="February 8">February 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> are formed, comprising the first seven break-away States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_9" title="February 9">February 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: Jefferson Davis is elected Provisional President of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>, by the Weed Convention at Montgomery, Alabama.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_11" title="February 11">February 11</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: The U.S. House unanimously passes a resolution, guaranteeing non-interference with slavery in any state.</li> <li>About 850 convicts at <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Dockyard" title="Chatham Dockyard">Chatham Dockyard</a> in England take over their prison in a riot.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_13" title="February 13">February 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Gaeta (1860)">Siege of Gaeta</a>, stronghold of the Neapolitan King <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Francis II of the Two Sicilies">Francis II</a>, is ended by Piedmontese forces. Francis goes into exile.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_18" title="February 18">February 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: In Montgomery, Alabama, Jefferson Davis is inaugurated as the provisional president of the Confederate States of America.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_20" title="February 20">February 20</a> – In Britain, storms damage the <a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace" title="The Crystal Palace">Crystal Palace</a> and cause the collapse of the steeple of <a href="/wiki/Chichester_Cathedral" title="Chichester Cathedral">Chichester Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pocket_On_This_Day_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pocket_On_This_Day-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_21" title="February 21">February 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a>, is founded.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_23" title="February 23">February 23</a> – President-elect <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> arrives secretly in Washington, D.C. after an <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Plot" title="Baltimore Plot">assassination attempt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_24" title="February 24">February 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ky_Hoa" title="Battle of Ky Hoa">Battle of Ky Hoa</a>: the French and the Spanish defeat the Vietnamese.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_27" title="February 27">February 27</a> – Russian troops fire upon a crowd in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> protesting Russian rule over Poland, killing 5 protesters.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_28" title="February 28">February 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Territory" title="Colorado Territory">Colorado</a> is organized as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="United States territory">United States territory</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2" title="March 2">March 2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Territory" title="Nevada Territory">Nevada</a> is organized as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="United States territory">United States territory</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: Texas is admitted to the Confederate States of America.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_3" title="March 3">March 3</a> (<a href="/wiki/February_19" title="February 19">February 19</a> O.S.) – <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation reform of 1861</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a> abolishes <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_1861.jpg/200px-Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_1861.jpg/300px-Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_1861.jpg/400px-Abraham_Lincoln_inauguration_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3795" data-file-height="3805" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/March_4" title="March 4">March 4</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> inaugurated</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_(March_%E2%80%93_May_1861).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg/165px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="165" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg/248px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Confederate_States_%28March_%E2%80%93_May_1861%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/March_4" title="March 4">March 4</a>: <a href="/wiki/Confederate_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate flag">Confederate flag</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_American_Civil_War_in_1861.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Map_of_American_Civil_War_in_1861.svg/200px-Map_of_American_Civil_War_in_1861.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Map_of_American_Civil_War_in_1861.svg/300px-Map_of_American_Civil_War_in_1861.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Map_of_American_Civil_War_in_1861.svg/400px-Map_of_American_Civil_War_in_1861.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4110" data-file-height="2142" /></a><figcaption>1861: <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_4" title="March 4">March 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> is <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">sworn in</a> as the 16th president of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-WDL_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WDL-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: The "<a href="/wiki/Stars_and_Bars_(flag)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stars and Bars (flag)">Stars and Bars</a>" is adopted as the flag of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_10" title="March 10">March 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/El_Hadj_Umar_Tall" class="mw-redirect" title="El Hadj Umar Tall">El Hadj Umar Tall</a> seizes the city of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9gou" title="Ségou">Ségou</a>, destroying the <a href="/wiki/Bamana_Empire" title="Bamana Empire">Bamana Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_11" title="March 11">March 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Confederate_States" title="Constitution of the Confederate States">Constitution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> is adopted.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_13" title="March 13">March 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tsushima_incident" title="Tsushima incident">Tsushima incident</a>: The Russian corvette <i>Posadnik</i> arrives at <a href="/wiki/Tsushima_Island" title="Tsushima Island">Tsushima Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Korea_Strait" title="Korea Strait">Korea Strait</a>, Japan, provoking a reaction from the Japanese Shogunate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_17" title="March 17">March 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> is proclaimed by the new Parliament, with <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Piedmont-Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia">Piedmont-Sardinia</a> becoming its <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">king</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_19" title="March 19">March 19</a> – The <a href="/wiki/First_Taranaki_War" title="First Taranaki War">First Taranaki War</a> ends in New Zealand.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_20" title="March 20">March 20</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a>: The surrender of <a href="/wiki/Civitella_del_Tronto" title="Civitella del Tronto">Civitella del Tronto</a> ends the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_Mendoza_earthquake" title="1861 Mendoza earthquake">An earthquake</a> completely destroys <a href="/wiki/Mendoza,_Argentina" title="Mendoza, Argentina">Mendoza, Argentina</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_21" title="March 21">March 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stephens" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stephens">Alexander Stephens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Vice President of the Confederate States of America">Vice President of the Confederacy</a>, gives the infamous <i><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>, in which he declares that slavery is the natural condition of blacks, and the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_28" title="March 28">March 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Confederate Arizona</a>: A convention in modern-day Tucson ratifies the ordinance of secession of the southern part of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_30" title="March 30">March 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the chemical elements">Discovery of the chemical elements</a>: British chemist <a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a> announces his discovery of <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="April–June"><span id="April.E2.80.93June"></span>April–June</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1861&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: April–June"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_7" title="April 7">April 7</a> – A population <a href="/wiki/1861_United_Kingdom_census" title="1861 United Kingdom census">census</a> is taken in the United Kingdom. The population is more than double that of 1801 and those living in urban areas are in a majority.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_12" title="April 12">April 12</a> – The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> begins with <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">the bombardment of</a> <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_13" title="April 13">April 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a> surrenders to Southern forces.<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombardment_of_Fort_Sumter,_1861.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bombardment_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_1861.png/200px-Bombardment_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_1861.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bombardment_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_1861.png/300px-Bombardment_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_1861.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bombardment_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_1861.png/400px-Bombardment_of_Fort_Sumter%2C_1861.png 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/April_12" title="April 12">April 12</a>–<a href="/wiki/April_13" title="April 13">13</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: President Abraham Lincoln issues a Proclamation calling for 75,000 men to confront in the South, "combinations too powerful to be suppressed in the ordinary way".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_17" title="April 17">April 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: The state of <a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a> secedes from the Union.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_20" title="April 20">April 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> resigns his commission in the United States Army, in order to command the forces of the state of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_24" title="April 24">April 24</a> (N.S.) – <a href="/wiki/Bezdna_unrest" title="Bezdna unrest">Bezdna unrest</a>: Bezdna in Russia is the scene of a peasant uprising; the military open fire and about 90 are killed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_25" title="April 25">April 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> arrives in Washington, D.C.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_26" title="April 26">April 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Schiaparelli" title="Giovanni Schiaparelli">Giovanni Schiaparelli</a> discovers the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/69_Hesperia" title="69 Hesperia">69 Hesperia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_27" title="April 27">April 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> suspends the <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_habeas_corpus" class="mw-redirect" title="Writ of habeas corpus">writ of habeas corpus</a> in the United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_6" title="May 6">May 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a> secedes from the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_7" title="May 7">May 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a> secedes from the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_8" title="May 8">May 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>, is named the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_13" title="May 13">May 13</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Star_affair" title="North Star affair"><i>North Star</i> affair</a>: The British merchant ship <i>North Star</i> leaves Hong Kong for Nagasaki, Japan. Chinese pirates board the vessel, kill an officer, and escape with a large quantity of gold.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> of the United Kingdom issues a "proclamation of <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutrality</a>", which recognizes the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">breakaway states</a> as having belligerent rights.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comet</a> <a href="/wiki/C/1861_J1" title="C/1861 J1">C/1861 J1</a> (the "Great Comet of 1861") is discovered from Australia.<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Comet_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Great_Comet_1861.jpg/200px-Great_Comet_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Great_Comet_1861.jpg/300px-Great_Comet_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Great_Comet_1861.jpg/400px-Great_Comet_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/May_13" title="May 13">May 13</a>: <a href="/wiki/C/1861_J1" title="C/1861 J1">Great Comet</a></figcaption></figure></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_14" title="May 14">May 14</a> – The Canellas meteorite, an 859 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">gram</a> chondrite type <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorite</a>, strikes Earth near <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Spain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_17" title="May 17">May 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cook" title="Thomas Cook">Thomas Cook</a> runs the first <a href="/wiki/Package_holiday" class="mw-redirect" title="Package holiday">package holiday</a> from London to Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-Pocket_On_This_Day_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pocket_On_This_Day-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_20" title="May 20">May 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> proclaims its <a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">neutrality</a>, which lasts until <a href="/wiki/September_3" title="September 3">September 3</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> forces enter the state.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a> secedes from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">Union</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_21" title="May 21">May 21</a> – Russian sailors clash with a group of Japanese samurai and farmers at <a href="/wiki/Tsushima_Island" title="Tsushima Island">Tsushima Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_23" title="May 23">May 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: The state of <a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War#Secession" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia's</a> ordinance of secession from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> is ratified in a referendum.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_29" title="May 29">May 29</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_General_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce">Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce</a> is established.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_9" title="June 9">June 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A8glement_Organique_(Mount_Lebanon)" title="Règlement Organique (Mount Lebanon)">Règlement Organique</a>: With the approval of European powers, the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a> is established as a semi-autonomous sub-division separate from the <a href="/wiki/Sidon_Eyalet" title="Sidon Eyalet">Sidon Eyalet</a>. An Ottoman Armenian, Davud Pasha, is appointed <a href="/wiki/Mutasarr%C4%B1f" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutasarrıf">Mutasarrıf</a> by the Ottoman Sultan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_15" title="June 15">June 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a> is formally elected President of Mexico; he temporarily stops the payments of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign debt">foreign debt</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_22" title="June 22">June 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/1861_Tooley_Street_fire" title="1861 Tooley Street fire">Tooley Street fire</a> breaks out and takes the life of <a href="/wiki/James_Braidwood_(firefighter)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Braidwood (firefighter)">James Braidwood</a>, first superintendent of the <a href="/wiki/London_Fire_Brigade" title="London Fire Brigade">London Fire Brigade</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_25" title="June 25">June 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I" title="Abdülmecid I">Abdülmecid I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Sultan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/1839" title="1839">1839</a>–1861) dies and is succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdülaziz">Abdülaziz</a> (1861–<a href="/wiki/1876" title="1876">1876</a>).<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdul-aziz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Abdul-aziz.jpg/140px-Abdul-aziz.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Abdul-aziz.jpg/210px-Abdul-aziz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Abdul-aziz.jpg/280px-Abdul-aziz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1917" data-file-height="2162" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/June_25" title="June 25">June 25</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdülaziz">Abdülaziz</a></figcaption></figure></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_30" title="June 30">June 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lambing_Flat_riots" title="Lambing Flat riots">Lambing Flat riots</a>: White miners attack Chinese in the Australian goldfields.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July–September"><span id="July.E2.80.93September"></span>July–September</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1861&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: July–September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_1" title="July 1">July 1</a> <ul><li>The first issue of the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a>'s newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i> is published.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai_(1861)" title="Battle of Shanghai (1861)">Battle of Shanghai</a> – French and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Imperial Chinese</a> troops defeat Taiping forces.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wallraf%E2%80%93Richartz_Museum" title="Wallraf–Richartz Museum">Wallraf–Richartz Museum</a> of art opens.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2" title="July 2">July 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Japan" title="Nicholas of Japan">Ivan Kasatkin</a> lands on <a href="/wiki/Hakodate" title="Hakodate">Hakodate</a>, and introduces the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> into Japan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_12" title="July 12">July 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: The Confederate States sign a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Choctaws_and_Chickasaws" title="Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws">Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_13" title="July 13">July 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corrick%27s_Ford" title="Battle of Corrick's Ford">Battle of Corrick's Ford</a> takes place in western Virginia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_21" title="July 21">July 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a> – At <a href="/wiki/Manassas_Junction,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Manassas Junction, Virginia">Manassas Junction, Virginia</a>, the first major battle of the war ends in a <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> victory.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_25" title="July 25">July 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Crittenden%E2%80%93Johnson_Resolution" title="Crittenden–Johnson Resolution">Crittenden–Johnson Resolution</a> is passed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a>, stating that the war is being fought to preserve the Union, and not to end <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_26" title="July 26">July 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> assumes command of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a>, following the disastrous Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">August 1</a> – The first public <a href="/wiki/Weather_forecast" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather forecast">weather forecast</a>: measured and predicted correctly by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Robert_FitzRoy" title="Robert FitzRoy">Robert FitzRoy</a> in Britain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_5" title="August 5">August 5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: In order to help pay for the war effort, the United States government issues the first <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1861" title="Revenue Act of 1861">Revenue Act of 1861</a> (3% of all incomes over US$800; rescinded in <a href="/wiki/1872" title="1872">1872</a>).</li> <li>The U.S. Army abolishes <a href="/wiki/Flogging" class="mw-redirect" title="Flogging">flogging</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_10" title="August 10">August 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: The first major battle west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Battle of Wilson's Creek</a>, is fought, with a <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> victory.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_15" title="August 15">August 15</a> – First description of <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i>, based on a feather found in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in September the first complete identified skeleton is found near <a href="/wiki/Langenaltheim" title="Langenaltheim">Langenaltheim</a> in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_19" title="August 19">August 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Weisshorn" title="Weisshorn">Weisshorn</a>, the fifth highest summit in the Alps, is first ascended.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_20" title="August 20">August 20</a>–<a href="/wiki/August_22" title="August 22">22</a> – The first modern <a href="/wiki/Welsh_National_Eisteddfod" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh National Eisteddfod">Welsh National Eisteddfod</a> takes place in <a href="/wiki/Aberdare" title="Aberdare">Aberdare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_27" title="August 27">August 27</a> – Martin Doyle's is the last <a href="/wiki/Execution_(legal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution (legal)">execution</a> in Britain for <a href="/wiki/Attempted_murder" title="Attempted murder">attempted murder</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_3" title="September 3">September 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> General <a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Leonidas Polk</a> invades neutral <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, prompting the state legislature to ask for Union assistance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_6" title="September 6">September 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: Forces under Union General <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> bloodlessly capture <a href="/wiki/Paducah,_Kentucky" title="Paducah, Kentucky">Paducah, Kentucky</a>, which gives the Union control of the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee River</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_17" title="September 17">September 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Civil War">Argentine Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pav%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Pavón">Battle of Pavón</a>: Victory of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Buenos_Aires" title="State of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Confederation" title="Argentine Confederation">Argentine Confederation</a>, and the re-unification of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October–December"><span id="October.E2.80.93December"></span>October–December</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1861&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: October–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort-pickens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fort-pickens.jpg/220px-Fort-pickens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fort-pickens.jpg/330px-Fort-pickens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Fort-pickens.jpg/440px-Fort-pickens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1327" data-file-height="895" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/October_9" title="October 9">October 9</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Rosa_Island" title="Battle of Santa Rosa Island">Battle of Santa Rosa Island</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_9" title="October 9">October 9</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Rosa_Island" title="Battle of Santa Rosa Island">Battle of Santa Rosa Island</a> – Confederate forces are defeated in their effort to take the island.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_17" title="October 17">October 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Australian frontier wars</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cullin-la-ringo_massacre" title="Cullin-la-ringo massacre">Cullin-la-ringo massacre</a> – 19 white settlers are murdered by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">indigenous Australians</a>, following which more than 300 of the latter are killed in retaliation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_21" title="October 21">October 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ball%27s_Bluff" title="Battle of Ball's Bluff">Battle of Ball's Bluff</a> – <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">Union</a> forces under Colonel <a href="/wiki/Edward_Dickinson_Baker" title="Edward Dickinson Baker">Edward Baker</a> are defeated by <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> troops, in the second major battle of the war. Baker, a close friend of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, is also killed in the fighting.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_24" title="October 24">October 24</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Warrior_(1860)" title="HMS Warrior (1860)">HMS <i>Warrior</i></a>, the world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled armored battleship, is completed and commissioned into the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a> completes the <a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_telegraph" title="First transcontinental telegraph">first transcontinental telegraph</a> line across the United States.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_25" title="October 25">October 25</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Toronto Stock Exchange</a> is established in Canada.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_26" title="October 26">October 26</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Pony_Express" title="Pony Express">Pony Express</a> American transcontinental mail service announces its closure.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_28" title="October 28">October 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> legislature takes up a bill for <a href="/wiki/Missouri_secession" title="Missouri secession">Missouri's secession</a> from the Union.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_30" title="October 30">October 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: The bill for Missouri's secession from the Union is passed.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_31" title="October 31">October 31</a> <ul><li>The Spanish, French and British governments sign a tripartite agreement to intervene in Mexico, in the hope of recovering unpaid debts.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Missouri_secession" title="Missouri secession">Missouri secession</a> bill is signed by Governor Jackson.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: Citing failing health, 75-year-old Union General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> resigns as Commander of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1" title="November 1">November 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> appoints <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> as commander of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a>, replacing Winfield Scott.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2" title="November 2">November 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: Western Department Union General <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> is relieved of command and replaced by <a href="/wiki/David_Hunter" title="David Hunter">David Hunter</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_4" title="November 4">November 4</a> – The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> is founded in Seattle.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_6" title="November 6">November 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> is elected president of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_5" title="November 5">November 5</a> – The first <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Cup" title="Melbourne Cup">Melbourne Cup</a> horse race is held in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_7" title="November 7">November 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belmont" title="Battle of Belmont">Battle of Belmont</a> – In Belmont, Missouri, Union forces led by General <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (in his first combat leadership role) overrun a <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> camp, but are forced to retreat when Confederate reinforcements arrive.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_8" title="November 8">November 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair"><i>Trent</i> Affair</a> – The <a href="/wiki/USS_San_Jacinto_(1850)" title="USS San Jacinto (1850)">USS <i>San Jacinto</i></a> stops the United Kingdom mail ship <i>Trent</i>, and arrests two <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> envoys, <a href="/wiki/James_Murray_Mason" class="mw-redirect" title="James Murray Mason">James Mason</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Slidell" title="John Slidell">John Slidell</a>, sparking a diplomatic crisis between the U.K. and U.S.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_10" title="November 10">November 10</a> – Death of French explorer <a href="/wiki/Henri_Mouhot" title="Henri Mouhot">Henri Mouhot</a>, following which his servant Phrai begins shipping his diaries and specimens back to the west; they include accounts of Mouhot's discovery of <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_19" title="November 19">November 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Round_Mountain" title="Battle of Round Mountain">Battle of Round Mountain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> (modern-day Oklahoma).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_21" title="November 21">November 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> President Jefferson Davis appoints <a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Judah P. Benjamin</a> Secretary of War.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_25" title="November 25">November 25</a> <ul><li>At a battle in the <a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a> of Bengal, the house of <a href="/wiki/Rahimullah_of_Baraikhali" title="Rahimullah of Baraikhali">Rahimullah of Baraikhali</a> is attacked and he and 33 others are killed.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Tenement" title="Tenement">tenement</a> collapses in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_Edinburgh" title="Old Town, Edinburgh">Old Town, Edinburgh</a> (Scotland), killing 35 with 15 survivors.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_28" title="November 28">November 28</a> – Acting on the ordinance passed by the Jackson government, the Confederate Congress admits <a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Missouri" title="Confederate government of Missouri">Missouri</a> as the 12th Confederate state.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1" title="December 1">December 1</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair"><i>Trent</i> Affair</a> – The British government dispatches its response, partly drafted by <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Albert, Prince Consort</a> (a fortnight before his death).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_10" title="December 10">December 10</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Kentucky" title="Confederate government of Kentucky">Kentucky</a> is accepted into the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>.</li> <li>In southern <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>, resistance forces led by <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Trung_Tr%E1%BB%B1c" title="Nguyễn Trung Trực">Nguyễn Trung Trực</a> ambush, board and sink the French <a href="/wiki/Lorcha_(boat)" title="Lorcha (boat)">lorcha (boat)</a> <i>L'Esperance</i> on the Nhat Tao canal.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_21" title="December 21">December 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>: Public Resolution 82, containing a provision for a Navy Medal of Valor, is signed into law by U.S. <a href="/wiki/President_Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="President Abraham Lincoln">President Abraham Lincoln</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undated">Undated</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1861&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Undated"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> establishes bases in <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a> to stop the slave trade.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Truce_of_Peace_and_Friendship" title="Perpetual Truce of Peace and Friendship">Perpetual Truce of Peace and Friendship</a> is signed <a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Bahrain–United Kingdom relations">between Bahrain and the United Kingdom</a>.</li> <li>The first industrial <a href="/wiki/Meat_packing_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat packing industry">meat packing plant</a> in Uruguay is established, at <a href="/wiki/Fray_Bentos" title="Fray Bentos">Fray Bentos</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Seminary" title="Royal Seminary">Royal Seminary</a> becomes the first <a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public</a> <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">institution of higher academic learning</a> open to women in Sweden.</li> <li>The first permanent color photograph is captured by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sutton_(photographer)" title="Thomas Sutton (photographer)">Thomas Sutton</a> using the three-color method proposed by <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>.</li> <li>Statistically, this year is considered the end of the <a href="/wiki/Whale_oil" title="Whale oil">whale oil</a> industry and (in replacement) the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum oil">petroleum oil</a> industry.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1861&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Births"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January–June"><span id="January.E2.80.93June"></span>January–June</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1861&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: January–June"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Htaft.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Htaft.jpeg/110px-Htaft.jpeg" decoding="async" width="110" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Htaft.jpeg/165px-Htaft.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Htaft.jpeg/220px-Htaft.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1868" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Helen_Herron_Taft" title="Helen Herron Taft">Helen Herron Taft</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabindranath_Tagore_unknown_location.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Rabindranath_Tagore_unknown_location.jpg/109px-Rabindranath_Tagore_unknown_location.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Rabindranath_Tagore_unknown_location.jpg/164px-Rabindranath_Tagore_unknown_location.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Rabindranath_Tagore_unknown_location.jpg/219px-Rabindranath_Tagore_unknown_location.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="1319" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_5" title="January 5">January 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lee_Bullard" title="Robert Lee Bullard">Robert Lee Bullard</a>, American general (d. <a href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6" title="January 6">January 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Victor_Horta" title="Victor Horta">Victor Horta</a>, Belgian architect and designer (d. <a href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_10" title="January 10">January 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Germogen_(Maximov)" class="mw-redirect" title="Germogen (Maximov)">Germogen (Maximov)</a>, Russian Orthodox Metropolitan (d. <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_14" title="January 14">January 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultan">Ottoman Sultan</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1926" title="1926">1926</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_27" title="January 27">January 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Prezan" title="Constantin Prezan">Constantin Prezan</a>, Romanian general, <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal of Romania">Marshal of Romania</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28" title="January 28">January 28</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Felipe" title="Julián Felipe">Julián Felipe</a>, Filipino musician, bandleader (d. <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Meza_y_Su%C3%A1rez_Incl%C3%A1n" title="Ramón Meza y Suárez Inclán">Ramón Meza y Suárez Inclán</a>, Cuban literary critic, historian, professor and author (d. <a href="/wiki/1911" title="1911">1911</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_30" title="January 30">January 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martin_Loeffler" title="Charles Martin Loeffler">Charles Martin Loeffler</a>, American composer (d. <a href="/wiki/1935" title="1935">1935</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_12" title="February 12">February 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lou_Andreas-Salom%C3%A9" title="Lou Andreas-Salomé">Lou Andreas-Salomé</a>, Russian-born author (d. <a href="/wiki/1937" title="1937">1937</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_15" title="February 15">February 15</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Charles Édouard Guillaume</a>, French physicist, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize</a> laureate (d. <a href="/wiki/1938" title="1938">1938</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a>, English mathematician and philosopher (d. <a href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_17" title="February 17">February 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Princess_Helena_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont</a>, Duchess of Albany, German-born member of the British royal family (d. <a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_19" title="February 19">February 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Horne,_1st_Baron_Horne" title="Henry Horne, 1st Baron Horne">Henry Horne, 1st Baron Horne</a>, British general (d. <a href="/wiki/1929" title="1929">1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_22" title="February 22">February 22</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Akeley" title="Lewis Akeley">Lewis Akeley</a>, American academic (d. <a href="/wiki/1961" title="1961">1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabelle_Biggart" title="Mabelle Biggart">Mabelle Biggart</a>, American elocutionist (unknown year of death)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kat%C5%8D_Tomosabur%C5%8D" title="Katō Tomosaburō">Katō Tomosaburō</a>, Imperial Japanese Navy officer, 12th <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan" title="Prime Minister of Japan">Prime Minister of Japan</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_26" title="February 26">February 26</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand I of Bulgaria</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1948" title="1948">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_27" title="February 27">February 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a>, Austrian philosopher, social reformer and author (d. <a href="/wiki/1925" title="1925">1925</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2" title="March 2">March 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Ivanov" title="Nikola Ivanov">Nikola Ivanov</a>, Bulgarian general (d. <a href="/wiki/1940" title="1940">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_21" title="March 21">March 21</a> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Swickard" title="Charles Swickard">Charles Swickard</a>, German-American film director (d. <a href="/wiki/1929" title="1929">1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_6" title="April 6">April 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stanislas_de_Guaita" title="Stanislas de Guaita">Stanislas de Guaita</a>, French poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1897" title="1897">1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_8" title="April 8">April 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Son_Byong-hi" title="Son Byong-hi">Son Byong-hi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_independence_activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean independence activist">Korean independence activist</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bliss_Carman" title="Bliss Carman">Bliss Carman</a>, Canadian poet (d. <a href="/wiki/1929" title="1929">1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_22" title="April 22">April 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Tisza" title="István Tisza">István Tisza</a>, 2-time prime minister of Hungary (d. <a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a>)</li> <li>April 22 – <a href="/wiki/Hinke_Bergegren" title="Hinke Bergegren">Hinke Bergegren</a>, Swedish anarchist and birth control agitator (d. 1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_23" title="April 23">April 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Allenby,_1st_Viscount_Allenby" title="Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby">Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby</a>, British soldier, administrator (d. <a href="/wiki/1936" title="1936">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_26" title="April 26">April 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_St%C3%B6ger-Steiner_von_Steinst%C3%A4tten" title="Rudolf Stöger-Steiner von Steinstätten">Rudolf Stöger-Steiner von Steinstätten</a>, Austro-Hungarian general and politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1921" title="1921">1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_5" title="May 5">May 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper_Hewitt" title="Peter Cooper Hewitt">Peter Cooper Hewitt</a>, American electrical engineer, inventor (d. <a href="/wiki/1921" title="1921">1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_7" title="May 7">May 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>, Poet, novelist, dramatist, essayist, story-writer, composer, painter, philosopher, social reformer, educationist, linguist, grammarian, and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> laureate for the collection of poems <i><a href="/wiki/Gitanjali" title="Gitanjali">Gitanjali</a></i>. (d. <a href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_11" title="May 11">May 11</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Russell Burnham</a>, American scouter (d. <a href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_14" title="May 14">May 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Harro_Magnussen" title="Harro Magnussen">Harro Magnussen</a>, German sculptor (d. <a href="/wiki/1908" title="1908">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_16" title="May 16">May 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Herman_Webster_Mudgett" class="mw-redirect" title="Herman Webster Mudgett">Herman Webster Mudgett</a> (alias H. H. Holmes), American serial killer (d. <a href="/wiki/1896" title="1896">1896</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_24" title="May 24">May 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Strickland,_1st_Baron_Strickland" title="Gerald Strickland, 1st Baron Strickland">Gerald Strickland</a>, 4th prime minister of Malta, 23rd Governor of New South Wales, 15th Governor of Western Australia and 9th Governor of Tasmania (d. <a href="/wiki/1940" title="1940">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2" title="June 2">June 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Helen_Herron_Taft" title="Helen Herron Taft">Helen Herron Taft</a>, First Lady of the United States (d. <a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_19" title="June 19">June 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a>, Filipino national hero (d. <a href="/wiki/1896" title="1896">1896</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_20" title="June 20">June 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a>, English biochemist, recipient of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_22" title="June 22">June 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_von_Spee" title="Maximilian von Spee">Maximilian von Spee</a>, German admiral (d. <a href="/wiki/1914" title="1914">1914</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_27" title="June 27">June 27</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Davies" title="Fanny Davies">Fanny Davies</a>, Guernesiaise pianist (d. <a href="/wiki/1934" title="1934">1934</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July–December"><span id="July.E2.80.93December"></span>July–December</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1861&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: July–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kate_M._Gordon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kate_M._Gordon.png/110px-Kate_M._Gordon.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kate_M._Gordon.png/165px-Kate_M._Gordon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kate_M._Gordon.png/220px-Kate_M._Gordon.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kate_M._Gordon" title="Kate M. Gordon">Kate M. Gordon</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edith_Kermit_Carow_Roosevelt_by_Frances_Benjamin_Johnston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Edith_Kermit_Carow_Roosevelt_by_Frances_Benjamin_Johnston.jpg/110px-Edith_Kermit_Carow_Roosevelt_by_Frances_Benjamin_Johnston.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Edith_Kermit_Carow_Roosevelt_by_Frances_Benjamin_Johnston.jpg/165px-Edith_Kermit_Carow_Roosevelt_by_Frances_Benjamin_Johnston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Edith_Kermit_Carow_Roosevelt_by_Frances_Benjamin_Johnston.jpg/220px-Edith_Kermit_Carow_Roosevelt_by_Frances_Benjamin_Johnston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3556" data-file-height="5088" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edith_Roosevelt" title="Edith Roosevelt">Edith Roosevelt</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Myra_Belle_Martin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Myra_Belle_Martin.png/110px-Myra_Belle_Martin.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Myra_Belle_Martin.png/165px-Myra_Belle_Martin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Myra_Belle_Martin.png/220px-Myra_Belle_Martin.png 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="1449" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Myra_Belle_Martin" title="Myra Belle Martin">Myra Belle Martin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Naismith_with_a_basketball.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/James_Naismith_with_a_basketball.jpg/110px-James_Naismith_with_a_basketball.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/James_Naismith_with_a_basketball.jpg/165px-James_Naismith_with_a_basketball.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/James_Naismith_with_a_basketball.jpg/220px-James_Naismith_with_a_basketball.jpg 2x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="229" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Naismith" title="James Naismith">James Naismith</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_7" title="July 7">July 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nettie_Stevens" title="Nettie Stevens">Nettie Stevens</a>, American geneticist credited with the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Sex_chromosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex chromosomes">sex chromosomes</a> (d. 1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_14" title="July 14">July 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kate_M._Gordon" title="Kate M. Gordon">Kate M. Gordon</a>, American suffragette (d. <a href="/wiki/1932" title="1932">1932</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_18" title="July 18">July 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kadambini_Ganguly" title="Kadambini Ganguly">Kadambini Ganguly</a>, first Indian female doctor (d. <a href="/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2" title="August 2">August 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edith_Cowan" title="Edith Cowan">Edith Cowan</a>, Australian social reformer and politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1932" title="1932">1932</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_4" title="August 4">August 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Head" title="Henry Head">Henry Head</a>, English neurologist (d. <a href="/wiki/1940" title="1940">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Edward_Howard" title="Daniel Edward Howard">Daniel Edward Howard</a>, 16th president of Liberia (d. <a href="/wiki/1935" title="1935">1935</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_6" title="August 6">August 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edith_Roosevelt" title="Edith Roosevelt">Edith Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady of the United States</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1948" title="1948">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_7" title="August 7">August 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Spencer_S._Wood" title="Spencer S. Wood">Spencer S. Wood</a>, United States Navy rear admiral (d. <a href="/wiki/1940" title="1940">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_10" title="August 10">August 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Almroth_Wright" title="Almroth Wright">Almroth Wright</a>, British bacteriologist, immunologist (d. <a href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Graaff" title="Simon de Graaff">Simon de Graaff</a>, Dutch civil servant, politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1948" title="1948">1948</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2" title="September 2">September 2</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Crosman" title="Henrietta Crosman">Henrietta Crosman</a>, American stage, film actress (d. <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_7" title="September 7">September 7</a> – Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_of_Georgia" title="Ambrosius of Georgia">Ambrosius of Georgia</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1927" title="1927">1927</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_10" title="September 10">September 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Niels_Hansen_Jacobsen" title="Niels Hansen Jacobsen">Niels Hansen Jacobsen</a>, Danish sculptor, ceramist (d. <a href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11" title="September 11">September 11</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juhani_Aho" title="Juhani Aho">Juhani Aho</a>, Finnish author, journalist (d. <a href="/wiki/1921" title="1921">1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Falkenhayn" title="Erich von Falkenhayn">Erich von Falkenhayn</a>, German general (d. <a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_15" title="September 15">September 15</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M._Visvesvaraya" title="M. Visvesvaraya">M. Visvesvaraya</a>, Indian civil engineer (d. <a href="/wiki/1962" title="1962">1962</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_23" title="September 23">September 23</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bosch" title="Robert Bosch">Robert Bosch</a>, German industrialist, engineer and inventor (d. <a href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Coleridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Elizabeth Coleridge">Mary Elizabeth Coleridge</a>, British poet, novelist (d. <a href="/wiki/1907" title="1907">1907</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_30" title="September 30">September 30</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Robertson" title="Morgan Robertson">Morgan Robertson</a>, American author (d. <a href="/wiki/1915" title="1915">1915</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wrigley_Jr." title="William Wrigley Jr.">William Wrigley Jr.</a>, American chewing gum industrialist (d. <a href="/wiki/1932" title="1932">1932</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Remington" title="Frederic Remington">Frederic Remington</a>, American cowboy artist, sculptor (d. <a href="/wiki/1909" title="1909">1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_6" title="October 6">October 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Myra_Belle_Martin" title="Myra Belle Martin">Myra Belle Martin</a>, American financier (d. <a href="/wiki/1936" title="1936">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_10" title="October 10">October 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a>, Norwegian explorer, scientist and humanitarian, Nobel Prize laureate (d. <a href="/wiki/1930" title="1930">1930</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_16" title="October 16">October 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">J. B. Bury</a>, British historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1927" title="1927">1927</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_24" title="October 24">October 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Kaledin" title="Alexey Kaledin">Alexey Kaledin</a>, Russian general (d. <a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_30" title="October 30">October 30</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Bourdelle" title="Antoine Bourdelle">Antoine Bourdelle</a>, French sculptor (d. <a href="/wiki/1929" title="1929">1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_4" title="November 4">November 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Ioannou" title="Dimitrios Ioannou">Dimitrios Ioannou</a>, Greek general (d. <a href="/wiki/1926" title="1926">1926</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Gossage" title="Alice Gossage">Alice Gossage</a>, American journalist (d. <a href="/wiki/1929" title="1929">1929</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_6" title="November 6">November 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/James_Naismith" title="James Naismith">James Naismith</a>, Canadian inventor of basketball (d. <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_14" title="November 14">November 14</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Allardyce" title="William Allardyce">William Allardyce</a>, British colonial governor (d. <a href="/wiki/1930" title="1930">1930</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner">Frederick Jackson Turner</a>, American historian (d. <a href="/wiki/1932" title="1932">1932</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_16" title="November 16">November 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Georgina_Febres-Cordero" title="Georgina Febres-Cordero">Georgina Febres-Cordero</a>, Venezuelan nun (d. <a href="/wiki/1925" title="1925">1925</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_23" title="November 23">November 23</a> – <a href="/wiki/Clara_H._Hazelrigg" title="Clara H. Hazelrigg">Clara H. Hazelrigg</a>, American author, educator and reformer (d. <a href="/wiki/1937" title="1937">1937</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_24" title="November 24">November 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/August_Bier" title="August Bier">August Bier</a>, German surgeon (d. <a href="/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_4" title="December 4">December 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Russell" title="Lillian Russell">Lillian Russell</a>, American singer, vaudeville star (d. <a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannes_Hafstein" title="Hannes Hafstein">Hannes Hafstein</a>, 1st <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iceland" title="Prime Minister of Iceland">Prime Minister of Iceland</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_5" title="December 5">December 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Armando_Diaz" title="Armando Diaz">Armando Diaz</a>, Italian general, Marshal of Italy (d. <a href="/wiki/1928" title="1928">1928</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_7" title="December 7">December 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Henri_Mathias_Berthelot" title="Henri Mathias Berthelot">Henri Mathias Berthelot</a>, French general (d. <a href="/wiki/1931" title="1931">1931</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_8" title="December 8">December 8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristide_Maillol" title="Aristide Maillol">Aristide Maillol</a>, French sculptor (d. <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s" title="Georges Méliès">Georges Méliès</a>, French film director (d. <a href="/wiki/1938" title="1938">1938</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_15" title="December 15">December 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pehr_Evind_Svinhufvud" title="Pehr Evind Svinhufvud">Pehr Evind Svinhufvud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Finland" title="Prime Minister of Finland">Prime Minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President of Finland</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_16" title="December 16">December 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_La_G%C3%A1ndara" title="Antonio de La Gándara">Antonio de La Gándara</a>, French painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_20" title="December 20">December 20</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ivana_Kobilca" title="Ivana Kobilca">Ivana Kobilca</a>, Slovenian painter (d. <a href="/wiki/1926" title="1926">1926</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_29" title="December 29">December 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Hensel" title="Kurt Hensel">Kurt Hensel</a>, German mathematician (d. <a href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date_unknown">Date unknown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1861&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Date unknown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_Haygood" title="Dixie Haygood">Dixie Haygood</a>, American magician (d. <a href="/wiki/1915" title="1915">1915</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallirhoe_Parren" class="mw-redirect" title="Kallirhoe Parren">Kallirhoe Parren</a>, founder of the Greek women's movement (d. <a href="/wiki/1940" title="1940">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoire_Jean-Baptiste" title="Victoire Jean-Baptiste">Victoire Jean-Baptiste</a>, Haitian politician (d. <a href="/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Jifar_II" title="Abba Jifar II">Abba Jifar II</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Gibe_region" title="Gibe region">Gibe</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jimma" title="Kingdom of Jimma">Kingdom of Jimma</a> (d. <a href="/wiki/1932" title="1932">1932</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1861&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="January–June_2"><span id="January.E2.80.93June_2"></span>January–June</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1861&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: January–June"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FWIV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/FWIV.jpg/110px-FWIV.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/FWIV.jpg/165px-FWIV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/FWIV.jpg/220px-FWIV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William IV of Prussia">Frederick William IV of Prussia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Abd%C3%BClmecid_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sultan_Abd%C3%BClmecid_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/110px-Sultan_Abd%C3%BClmecid_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sultan_Abd%C3%BClmecid_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/165px-Sultan_Abd%C3%BClmecid_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sultan_Abd%C3%BClmecid_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Sultan_Abd%C3%BClmecid_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2611" data-file-height="3543" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I" title="Abdülmecid I">Abdülmecid I</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_2" title="January 2">January 2</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William IV of Prussia">Frederick William IV of Prussia</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1795" title="1795">1795</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_17" title="January 17">January 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Lola_Montez" title="Lola Montez">Lola Montez</a>, Irish-born dancer, mistress of King <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig I of Bavaria">Ludwig I of Bavaria</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1821" title="1821">1821</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_19" title="January 19">January 19</a> – <a href="/wiki/Albert_Niemann_(chemist)" title="Albert Niemann (chemist)">Albert Niemann</a>, German chemist (b. <a href="/wiki/1834" title="1834">1834</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_5" title="February 5">February 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bosquet" title="Pierre Bosquet">Pierre Bosquet</a>, French general, <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal of France</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1810" title="1810">1810</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_26" title="February 26">February 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Chrzanowski" title="Wojciech Chrzanowski">Wojciech Chrzanowski</a>, Polish general (b. <a href="/wiki/1793" title="1793">1793</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_10" title="March 10">March 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Taras Shevchenko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a> poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1814" title="1814">1814</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_16" title="March 16">March 16</a> – <a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Princess Victoria, Duchess of Kent and Strathearn</a>, mother of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1786" title="1786">1786</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_8" title="April 8">April 8</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Otis" title="Elisha Otis">Elisha Otis</a>, American engineer, Founder of <a href="/wiki/Otis_Elevator_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Otis Elevator Company">Otis</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1811" title="1811">1811</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_15" title="April 15">April 15</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Stillman" title="Isaiah Stillman">Isaiah Stillman</a>, U.S. Army Major in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1793" title="1793">1793</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_29" title="May 29">May 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Lelewel" title="Joachim Lelewel">Joachim Lelewel</a>, Polish nationalist historian (b. <a href="/wiki/1786" title="1786">1786</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_3" title="June 3">June 3</a> – <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a>, American senator from Illinois, Democratic presidential candidate (b. <a href="/wiki/1813" title="1813">1813</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_6" title="June 6">June 6</a> – <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a>, 1st prime minister of Italy (b. <a href="/wiki/1810" title="1810">1810</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_13" title="June 13">June 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lawrence_(failed_assassin)" title="Richard Lawrence (failed assassin)">Richard Lawrence</a>, failed assassin of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1800" title="1800">1800</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_25" title="June 25">June 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I" title="Abdülmecid I">Abdülmecid I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman sultan">Ottoman sultan</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1823" title="1823">1823</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_26" title="June 26">June 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Jozef_%C5%A0af%C3%A1rik" title="Pavel Jozef Šafárik">Pavel Jozef Šafárik</a>, Slovak philologist (b. <a href="/wiki/1795" title="1795">1795</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_29" title="June 29">June 29</a> – <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Barrett_Browning" title="Elizabeth Barrett Browning">Elizabeth Barrett Browning</a>, English poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1806" title="1806">1806</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July–December_2"><span id="July.E2.80.93December_2"></span>July–December</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1861&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: July–December"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E3%80%8A%E5%92%B8%E4%B8%B0%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E6%9C%9D%E6%9C%8D%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%E3%80%8A%E5%92%B8%E4%B8%B0%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E6%9C%9D%E6%9C%8D%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B.jpg/110px-%E3%80%8A%E5%92%B8%E4%B8%B0%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E6%9C%9D%E6%9C%8D%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%E3%80%8A%E5%92%B8%E4%B8%B0%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E6%9C%9D%E6%9C%8D%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B.jpg/165px-%E3%80%8A%E5%92%B8%E4%B8%B0%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E6%9C%9D%E6%9C%8D%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%E3%80%8A%E5%92%B8%E4%B8%B0%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E6%9C%9D%E6%9C%8D%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B.jpg/220px-%E3%80%8A%E5%92%B8%E4%B8%B0%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E6%9C%9D%E6%9C%8D%E5%83%8F%E3%80%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="2530" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Xianfeng_Emperor" title="Xianfeng Emperor">Xianfeng Emperor</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:248_anschuetz_ernst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/248_anschuetz_ernst.jpg/110px-248_anschuetz_ernst.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/248_anschuetz_ernst.jpg/165px-248_anschuetz_ernst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/248_anschuetz_ernst.jpg/220px-248_anschuetz_ernst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ansch%C3%BCtz" title="Ernst Anschütz">Ernst Anschütz</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">July 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barnard_Elliott_Bee_Jr." title="Barnard Elliott Bee Jr.">Barnard Elliott Bee Jr.</a>, Confederate general (b. <a href="/wiki/1824" title="1824">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_25" title="July 25">July 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Furrer" title="Jonas Furrer">Jonas Furrer</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Federal Council">Swiss Federal Council</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1805" title="1805">1805</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_10" title="August 10">August 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Lyon" title="Nathaniel Lyon">Nathaniel Lyon</a>, first <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> General to die in combat in the American Civil War (b. <a href="/wiki/1818" title="1818">1818</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_12" title="August 12">August 12</a> – <a href="/wiki/Eliphalet_Remington" title="Eliphalet Remington">Eliphalet Remington</a>, American gunsmith, founder of <a href="/wiki/Remington_Arms" title="Remington Arms">Remington Arms</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1793" title="1793">1793</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_17" title="August 17">August 17</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A9e_Louis_la_Branche" title="Alcée Louis la Branche">Alcée Louis la Branche</a>, American politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1806" title="1806">1806</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_22" title="August 22">August 22</a> – <a href="/wiki/Xianfeng_Emperor" title="Xianfeng Emperor">Xianfeng Emperor</a>, 9th emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1831" title="1831">1831</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_24" title="August 24">August 24</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berthier" title="Pierre Berthier">Pierre Berthier</a>, French geologist (b. <a href="/wiki/1782" title="1782">1782</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_28" title="August 28">August 28</a> – <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">William Lyon Mackenzie</a>, Scottish journalist, 1st Mayor of Toronto (b. <a href="/wiki/1795" title="1795">1795</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_7" title="September 7">September 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Willie_Person_Mangum" class="mw-redirect" title="Willie Person Mangum">Willie Person Mangum</a>, American politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1792" title="1792">1792</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_4" title="October 4">October 4</a> – <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Montgomerie,_13th_Earl_of_Eglinton" title="Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton">Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton</a>, British politician (b. <a href="/wiki/1812" title="1812">1812</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_5" title="October 5">October 5</a> – <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Melchior_Fija%C5%82kowski" title="Antoni Melchior Fijałkowski">Antoni Melchior Fijałkowski</a>, Polish bishop (b. <a href="/wiki/1778" title="1778">1778</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_10" title="October 10">October 10</a> – <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Hinsdale_Brown" title="Phoebe Hinsdale Brown">Phoebe Hinsdale Brown</a>, American hymnwriter (b. <a href="/wiki/1783" title="1783">1783</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_26" title="October 26">October 26</a> – <a href="/wiki/Edward_%22Ned%22_Kendall" title="Edward "Ned" Kendall">Edward "Ned" Kendall</a>, American bandleader, instrumentalist (keyed bugle) (b. <a href="/wiki/1808" title="1808">1808</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_31" title="October 31">October 31</a> – <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Miller" title="Guillermo Miller">Guillermo (William) Miller</a>, English-born military leader in Peru (b. <a href="/wiki/1795" title="1795">1795</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_7" title="November 7">November 7</a> – <a href="/wiki/Isobel_Gunn" title="Isobel Gunn">Isobel Gunn</a>, Scottish business person (b. <a href="/wiki/1780" title="1780">1780</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_11" title="November 11">November 11</a> – King <a href="/wiki/Pedro_V_of_Portugal" title="Pedro V of Portugal">Pedro V of Portugal</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1837" title="1837">1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_13" title="November 13">November 13</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hugh_Clough" title="Arthur Hugh Clough">Arthur Hugh Clough</a>, English poet (b. <a href="/wiki/1819" title="1819">1819</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_25" title="November 25">November 25</a> – <a href="/wiki/Shahid_Rahimullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahid Rahimullah">Rahimullah</a>, Bengali rebel leader<sup id="cite_ref-rahim_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rahim-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_14" title="December 14">December 14</a> – <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Albert</a>, husband of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> (b. <a href="/wiki/1819" title="1819">1819</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_18" title="December 18">December 18</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ansch%C3%BCtz" title="Ernst Anschütz">Ernst Anschütz</a>, German teacher, organist, poet and composer (b. <a href="/wiki/1780" title="1780">1780</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1861&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811021142/https://www.nfa.dept.shef.ac.uk/history/rides/history.html">"Fairground Rides - A Chronological Development"</a>. <i>National Fairground Archive</i>. University of Sheffield. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfa.dept.shef.ac.uk/history/rides/history.html">the original</a> on August 11, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Fairground+Archive&rft.atitle=Fairground+Rides+-+A+Chronological+Development&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfa.dept.shef.ac.uk%2Fhistory%2Frides%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1861" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DHM-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DHM_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/biografie/biografie-wilhelm-i.html">"Biografie Wilhelm I"</a> (in German). Deutsches Historisches Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biografie+Wilhelm+I&rft.pub=Deutsches+Historisches+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhm.de%2Flemo%2Fbiografie%2Fbiografie-wilhelm-i.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1861" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-webster-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-webster_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster1911" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Webster, John Edward (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/noakhali00webs/page/30/mode/2up">"History"</a>. <i>Eastern Bengal and Assam District Gazetteers</i>. Vol. 4. Noakhali. <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>: The Pioneer Press. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History&rft.btitle=Eastern+Bengal+and+Assam+District+Gazetteers&rft.place=Allahabad&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=The+Pioneer+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=John+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnoakhali00webs%2Fpage%2F30%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1861" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>BBC History Magazine</i> (February 2011) p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pocket_On_This_Day-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pocket_On_This_Day_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pocket_On_This_Day_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Penguin Pocket On This Day</i>. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-102715-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-102715-0"><bdi>0-14-102715-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penguin+Pocket+On+This+Day&rft.pub=Penguin+Reference+Library&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-14-102715-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1861" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mann, Robert (2011). Żaboklicki, Paweł (ed.). "Mariehamn Celebrates". <i>Union of the Baltic Cities</i> (1). The UBC Bulletin: 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Union+of+the+Baltic+Cities&rft.atitle=Mariehamn+Celebrates&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=34&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1861" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/1861-french-conquest-of-saigon-battle-of-the-ky-hoa-forts.htm">Weider History Group: 1861 French Conquest of Saigon: Battle of the Ky Hoa Forts</a>. Accessed 11 March 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WDL-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WDL_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11358/">"The Lincoln Bible"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a></i>. 1853<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=The+Lincoln+Bible&rft.date=1853&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F11358%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1861" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.cambridge.org/media/577146/history_for_the_ib_diploma__imperial_russia__revolutions_and_the_emergence_of_the_soviet_state_1853%E2%80%93_samples.pdf">http://education.cambridge.org/media/577146 "Imperial Russia, revolutions_and_the_emergence_of_the_Soviet_state"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S.+%28Simon%29+de+Graaff&rft.pub=Parlementair+Documentatie+Centrum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlement.com%2Fid%2Fvg09llj9fau3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1861" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/august-karl-gustav-bier-1861-1949">"August Karl Gustav Bier (1861–1949) | the Embryo Project Encyclopedia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=August+Karl+Gustav+Bier+%281861%E2%80%931949%29+%26%23124%3B+the+Embryo+Project+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fembryo.asu.edu%2Fpages%2Faugust-karl-gustav-bier-1861-1949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1861" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rahim-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rahim_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubodh_Chandra_SenguptaBasu,_Anjali2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Subodh_Chandra_Sengupta" title="Subodh Chandra Sengupta">Subodh Chandra Sengupta</a>; Basu, Anjali, eds. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Albert%2C+Prince+Consort+%7C+Biography%2C+Children%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAlbert-Prince-Consort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1861" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1861&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7t_an-gkYa4C"><i>American Annual Cyclopaedia for 1861</i> (N.Y.: Appleton's, 1864)</a>, an extensive collection of reports on each country in the world and each American state, Congress, and US Civil War; and many other topics</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1861&oldid=1250922035">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1861&oldid=1250922035</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1861" title="Category:1861">1861</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Bengali-language_sources_(bn)" title="Category:CS1 Bengali-language sources (bn)">CS1 Bengali-language sources (bn)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_March_2011" title="Category:Use mdy dates from March 2011">Use mdy dates from March 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 October 2024, at 10:07<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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