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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassinations_and_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassinations_and_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Assassinations and attempts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassinations_and_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Science and technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Establishments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature_and_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Literature and arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Fashion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Miscellaneous trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>People</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-People-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle People subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_and_infamous_personalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_and_infamous_personalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Famous and infamous personalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_and_infamous_personalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">1860s</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 98 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">98 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1860" title="عقد 1860 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقد 1860" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyos_1860" title="Anyos 1860 – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anyos 1860" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ans_1860" title="Ans 1860 – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ans 1860" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1860" title="Década de 1860 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Década de 1860" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-c%C4%B1_ill%C9%99r" title="1860-cı illər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="1860-cı illər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-an" title="1860-an – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="1860-an" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_n%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="1860 nî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="1860 nî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%D1%8F" title="1860-я – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="1860-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%D1%8F" title="1860-я – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="1860-я" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%D1%82%D0%B5" title="1860-те – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="1860-те" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-e" title="1860-e – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="1860-e" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloavezhio%C3%B9_1860" title="Bloavezhioù 1860 – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bloavezhioù 1860" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8cada_del_1860" title="Dècada del 1860 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dècada del 1860" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%88_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="1860-мĕш çулсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="1860-мĕш çулсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%E2%80%931869" title="1860–1869 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="1860–1869" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860au" title="1860au – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="1860au" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%27erne" title="1860'erne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1860'erne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_1860" title="عوام 1860 – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عوام 1860" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-lohku" title="1860-lohku – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="1860-lohku" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860er" title="1860er – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="1860er" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860._aastad" title="1860. aastad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1860. aastad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_1860" title="An 1860 – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="An 1860" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_%D1%86%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="1860 це иеть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="1860 це иеть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1os_1860" title="Años 1860 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Años 1860" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-aj_jaroj" title="1860-aj jaroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="1860-aj jaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860ko_hamarkada" title="1860ko hamarkada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="1860ko hamarkada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%87_%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B6%DB%B0_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)" title="دهه ۱۸۶۰ (میلادی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دهه ۱۸۶۰ (میلادی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860s" title="1860s – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="1860s" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%C3%A1rini" title="1860-árini – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="1860-árini" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1860" title="Années 1860 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Années 1860" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860id%C3%AD" title="1860idí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="1860idí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860an" title="1860an – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="1860an" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1860" title="Década de 1860 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Década de 1860" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="1860-гӀа шераш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="1860-гӀа шераш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1860年代 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="1860年代" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%EB%85%84%EB%8C%80" title="1860년대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1860년대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yari_1860a" title="Yari 1860a – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yari 1860a" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-an" title="1860-an – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="1860-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%D1%82%C3%A6" title="1860-тæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="1860-тæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861-1870" title="1861-1870 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="1861-1870" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1860" title="Anni 1860 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anni 1860" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94-60_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-19" title="שנות ה-60 של המאה ה-19 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שנות ה-60 של המאה ה-19" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-an" title="1860-an – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="1860-an" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="1860-იანები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="1860-იანები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaka_ya_1860" title="Miaka ya 1860 – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Miaka ya 1860" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%D3%A7%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81" title="1860-ӧд вояс – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="1860-ӧд вояс" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1860" title="Anni 1860 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anni 1860" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860._gadi" title="1860. gadi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="1860. gadi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIX_am%C5%BEiaus_7-as_de%C5%A1imtmetis" title="XIX amžiaus 7-as dešimtmetis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XIX amžiaus 7-as dešimtmetis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anni_1860" title="Anni 1860 – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Anni 1860" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-lugu_vuvvet" title="1860-lugu vuvvet – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="1860-lugu vuvvet" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-as_%C3%A9vek" title="1860-as évek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1860-as évek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%D1%82%D0%B8" title="1860-ти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="1860-ти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AE%E0%A5%AC%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १८६० चे दशक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १८६० चे दशक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="1860-იანეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="1860-იანეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_1860" title="عقد 1860 – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عقد 1860" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-an" title="1860-an – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="1860-an" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_ni%C3%A8ng-d%C3%A2i" title="1860 nièng-dâi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="1860 nièng-dâi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-1869" title="1860-1869 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="1860-1869" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1860年代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="1860年代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%C3%A5rene" title="1860-årene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="1860-årene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%C3%A5ra" title="1860-åra – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1860-åra" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%C3%A9es_1860" title="Annaées 1860 – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Annaées 1860" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ans_1860" title="Ans 1860 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ans 1860" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-lar" title="1860-lar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="1860-lar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="1860 ਦਾ ਦਹਾਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="1860 ਦਾ ਦਹਾਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata_60._XIX_wieku" title="Lata 60. XIX wieku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lata 60. XIX wieku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9cada_de_1860" title="Década de 1860 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Década de 1860" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anii_1860" title="Anii 1860 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anii 1860" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_watakuna" title="1860 watakuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="1860 watakuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="1860-е годы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1860-е годы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%D1%81" title="1860-с – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="1860-с" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860s" title="1860s – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="1860s" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitet_1860" title="Vitet 1860 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vitet 1860" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860ini" title="1860ini – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="1860ini" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860s" title="1860s – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1860s" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/60._roky_19._storo%C4%8Dia" title="60. roky 19. storočia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="60. roky 19. storočia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860." title="1860. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="1860." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%D0%B5" title="1860-е – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="1860-е" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-e" title="1860-e – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="1860-e" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-an" title="1860-an – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="1860-an" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-luku" title="1860-luku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1860-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-talet" title="1860-talet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1860-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="1860கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="1860கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="1860-еллар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="1860-еллар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9_1860" title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1860 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ทศวรรษ 1860" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%B8_1860_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D3%A3)" title="Даҳаи 1860 (мелодӣ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Даҳаи 1860 (мелодӣ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%27lar" title="1860'lar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="1860'lar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%C3%BD%C3%BD" title="1860ýý – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="1860ýý" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860-%D1%82%D1%96" title="1860-ті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="1860-ті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%D8%A1_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="1860ء کی دہائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="1860ء کی دہائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADp_ni%C3%AAn_1860" title="Thập niên 1860 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thập niên 1860" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%AAyes_1860" title="Anêyes 1860 – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Anêyes 1860" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_nga_dekada" title="1860 nga dekada – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="1860 nga dekada" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1860年代 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1860年代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="1860ער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="1860ער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/1860s_Montage_2.png/503px-1860s_Montage_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/1860s_Montage_2.png/670px-1860s_Montage_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption>From top left, clockwise: Scottish physicist <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> formulates the <a href="/wiki/Classical_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical theory">classical theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a>, bringing together for the first time <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> as different manifestations of the same phenomenon; the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> leads to enormous changes in Japan's political and social structure; the <a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a> is formed in 1864, aimed at uniting a variety of different left-wing <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> groups; the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Avay" title="Battle of Avay">Battle of Avay</a>, fought in 1868 during the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a>, the bloodiest inter-state war in Latin America's history; execution in 1867 of <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian I of Mexico</a>, ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a>, established during the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">Second French intervention in Mexico</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>, the turning point of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, fought in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> from 1861 to 1865, between the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">North</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>) as a result of the long-standing <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">controversy</a> over <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">the enslavement of black people</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> is inaugurated in 1869; <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel</a> meets Garibaldi near <a href="/wiki/Teano" title="Teano">Teano</a> in 1860, at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Millennium</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd millennium</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Centuries</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th_century" title="18th century">18th century</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_decades,_centuries,_and_millennia" title="List of decades, centuries, and millennia">Decades</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1840s" title="1840s">1840s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1850s" title="1850s">1850s</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1860s</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1870s" title="1870s">1870s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880s" title="1880s">1880s</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">Years</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1860" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1860">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1861" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1861">1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1862" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1862">1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1863" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1863">1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1864" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1864">1864</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD_1865" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1865">1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1866">1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1867" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1867">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1868" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1868">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD_1869" class="mw-redirect" title="AD 1869">1869</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1860s_births" title="Category:1860s births">Births</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1860s_deaths" title="Category:1860s deaths">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1860s_by_country" title="Category:1860s by country">By country</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1860s_establishments" title="Category:1860s establishments">Establishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1860s_disestablishments" title="Category:1860s disestablishments">Disestablishments</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Decadebox" title="Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Decadebox" title="Template talk:Decadebox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Decadebox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>1860s</b> (pronounced "eighteen-sixties") was a <a href="/wiki/Decade" title="Decade">decade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> that began on January 1, 1860 and ended on December 31, 1869. </p><p>The decade was noted for featuring numerous major societal shifts in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. In <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, the election of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Free Soiler</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> to the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">presidency</a> in <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">secession</a> of eleven <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">southern</a> <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> (CSA). The resulting <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861–1865) would be among the first industrial wars, featuring advanced technology such as <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machine_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine guns">machine guns</a>. The victory of the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> would contribute to the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">global slave trade</a>. Conflict in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> ensued after the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a> installed <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilian of Mexico">Maximilian I</a> as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Mexico" title="Emperor of Mexico">Emperor of Mexico</a>; former President <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Suarez</a> would regain his position in 1867 after a power struggle. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Triple Alliance</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a> (1864–1870) would be among the bloodiest conflicts in the continent's history, leading to the death of almost 60% of the <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguayan</a> population. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the formation of the union of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> in 1867 and the ongoing campaign to <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">unify Italy</a> by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Sardinia-Piedmont</a> would affect the European <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of power</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> would continue engaging in a series of conflicts known as the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> with the indigenous <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_land_confiscations" title="New Zealand land confiscations">New Zealand land confiscations</a> beginning in 1863. </p><p>In Asia, the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> of 1868 would begin the process of transforming <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> into a global <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">imperial power</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> would experience decline following its defeat to the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> in 1860 in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a>. In 1864, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> would embark upon the <a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, leading to the deaths or expulsion of at least 75% of the <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a> people. </p><p>The last living person from this decade was <a href="/wiki/Oldest_people#Chronological_list_of_the_oldest_known_living_person_since_1954" title="Oldest people">Nellie Spencer</a>, who died in 1982. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_wars">Politics and wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1860s&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Politics and wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_1860s" title="List of sovereign states in the 1860s">List of sovereign states in the 1860s</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edouard_Manet_022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Edouard_Manet_022.jpg/226px-Edouard_Manet_022.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Edouard_Manet_022.jpg/339px-Edouard_Manet_022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Edouard_Manet_022.jpg/452px-Edouard_Manet_022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1714" /></a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian</a> being executed (1867), marking the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars">Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1860s&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">French occupation of Mexico</a> (1863–1867). Replacement of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a> <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a> (1861–1863) at first with <a href="/wiki/Juan_Nepomuceno_Almonte" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Nepomuceno Almonte">Juan Nepomuceno Almonte</a> (1863–1864) and then by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilian of Mexico">Maximilian of Mexico</a> (1864–1867) with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a>. Juárez eventually manages to recover his position (1867–1872).</li> <li>On 18 October 1860, the first <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Peking" title="Convention of Peking">Convention of Peking</a> formally ended the <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> which lasted from <a href="/wiki/1861" title="1861">1861</a> to <a href="/wiki/1865" title="1865">1865</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a> (1864–1870) starts in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, with the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Triple_Alliance" title="Treaty of the Triple Alliance">Triple Alliance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>). It will kill almost 60% of the country's population.</li> <li>The main phase of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Wars" title="New Zealand Wars">New Zealand Wars</a> between British colonials and the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> population begins with the <a href="/wiki/First_Taranaki_War" title="First Taranaki War">First Taranaki War</a> in 1860. The most significant campaign is the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Waikato" title="Invasion of the Waikato">Invasion of the Waikato</a> in 1863, which sees some 14,000 British and colonial troops engaged.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War" title="Second Schleswig War">invaded Denmark in 1864</a>, which ended in the division of Schleswig, <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig-Holstein Question">the location of a pro-German revolt</a>, between Prussia and the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>. Though Prussia and Austria had both fought side by side in this war, Prussia later attacked Austria in <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">the Austro-Prussian war of 1866</a>. The technological and logistical superiority of Prussia's armed forces obliterated Austria and its allies, the former also having to deal with <a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Prussia's ally Italy in Venice</a>. By the end of these conflicts, Prussia was seen as the most powerful state in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and had total hegemony over the other German states. The <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">NGF</a> was formed after the Austro-Prussian war, uniting the states of north Germany, and Prussia soon led it into another conflict with <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">France</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bhutan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutan War">Bhutan War</a> between the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> lasted from 1864 to 1865. It ended in a British victory and the loss of some Bhutanese territory to <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/British_Expedition_to_Abyssinia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Expedition to Abyssinia">British Expedition to Abyssinia</a> was a rescue mission and punitive expedition carried out in 1868 by the armed forces of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a>.</li> <li>Conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a> (1763–1864) resulting in Russian victory and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circassian_diaspora" title="Circassian diaspora">diaspora</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_conflicts">Internal conflicts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1860s&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Internal conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_Battle_of_Antietam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_Battle_of_Antietam.jpg/250px-Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_Battle_of_Antietam.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_Battle_of_Antietam.jpg/375px-Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_Battle_of_Antietam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_Battle_of_Antietam.jpg/500px-Thure_de_Thulstrup_-_Battle_of_Antietam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9608" data-file-height="6968" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thure_de_Thulstrup" title="Thure de Thulstrup">Thure de Thulstrup</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <b>Federal War</b> was a <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> (1859–1863) in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Venezuela)" title="Conservative Party (Venezuela)">Conservative</a> party and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Party (Venezuela)">Liberal</a> party over the monopoly the Conservatives held over government positions and land ownership, and their intransigence to granting any reforms. It was the biggest and bloodiest civil war that <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> had since its <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_War_of_Independence" title="Venezuelan War of Independence">independence</a>. Hundreds of thousands died in the violence of the war, or from <a href="/wiki/Hunger" title="Hunger">hunger</a> or <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>, in a country with a population of just over a million people</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> fought between the remaining <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a> under <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> and the self-declared <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> under <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Confederate States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> (April 12, 1861 – April 9, 1865) and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stephens" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stephens">Alexander Stephens</a>. <ul><li>Beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a> era under President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (1865–1869).</li></ul></li> <li>1863–64 <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.</li> <li>On 19 July 1864 the fall of Nanjing formally ended the 14-year <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a>.</li> <li>1862–1877 <a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%9377)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–77)">Tongzhi Hui Revolt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> of China.</li> <li>1868–1869 <a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, fought between the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a> and those seeking to return political power to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Court_in_Kyoto" title="Imperial Court in Kyoto">Imperial Court.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prominent_political_events">Prominent political events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1860s&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prominent political events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1859-60_CE_world_map.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1859-60_CE_world_map.PNG/250px-1859-60_CE_world_map.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1859-60_CE_world_map.PNG/375px-1859-60_CE_world_map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1859-60_CE_world_map.PNG/500px-1859-60_CE_world_map.PNG 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption>Political map of the world in 1860</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Unification">Italian Unification</a> under King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II</a>. Wars for expansion and national unity continue until the incorporation of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> (March 17, 1861 – September 20, 1870).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Abolition of serfdom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> by tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a> (1861).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (1866–1869). <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Yoshinobu" title="Tokugawa Yoshinobu">Tokugawa Yoshinobu</a>, 15th and last of the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shōguns</a> loses control to the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji Emperor">Meiji Emperor</a>. A series of reforms follows. The <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> class fails to survive while the <i><a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">daimyōs</a></i> turn to <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> is created by the <a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="British North America Act">British North America Act</a> on July 1, 1867.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Compromise</a> between <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a>, hence creating the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a> in 1867.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_(Spain)" title="Glorious Revolution (Spain)">"La Gloriosa"revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (1868). Queen <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabella II</a> is deposed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassinations_and_attempts">Assassinations and attempts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1860s&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Assassinations and attempts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1860s&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of Lincoln being shot by Booth while sitting in a theater booth." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg/220px-Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg/330px-Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg/440px-Lincoln_assassination_slide_c1900_-_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1903" data-file-height="1780" /></a><figcaption>Shown in the presidential booth of Ford's Theatre, from left to right, are assassin <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary Todd Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clara_Harris" title="Clara Harris">Clara Harris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rathbone" title="Henry Rathbone">Henry Rathbone</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>President of the United States <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> is <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassinated</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a>, April 14, 1865.</li> <li>King of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> <a href="/wiki/Radama_II" title="Radama II">Radama II</a> is captured by soldiers and strangled to death.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Isidoro_Belzu" title="Manuel Isidoro Belzu">Manuel Isidoro Belzu</a>, President of <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> is assassinated.</li> <li>Father of Canadian Confederation, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_D%27Arcy_McGee" title="Thomas D'Arcy McGee">Thomas D'Arcy McGee</a> is assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Whelan" title="Patrick J. Whelan">Patrick J. Whelan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakamoto_Ry%C5%8Dma" title="Sakamoto Ryōma">Sakamoto Ryōma</a>, a prominent figure in the <a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu</a> era in Japan and part of the movement to overthrow the <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>, is assassinated along with <a href="/wiki/Nakaoka_Shintar%C5%8D" title="Nakaoka Shintarō">Nakaoka Shintarō</a> at a Kyoto inn in 1867.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1860s&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Science and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caisse_dynamite_nobel_paulilles_expo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Caisse_dynamite_nobel_paulilles_expo.JPG/220px-Caisse_dynamite_nobel_paulilles_expo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Caisse_dynamite_nobel_paulilles_expo.JPG/330px-Caisse_dynamite_nobel_paulilles_expo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Caisse_dynamite_nobel_paulilles_expo.JPG/440px-Caisse_dynamite_nobel_paulilles_expo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a> invents <a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">dynamite</a> in Sweden, patenting it in 1867</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Railway" title="Metropolitan Railway">Metropolitan Railway</a>, the world's first underground railway, opens in London in 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-theg_Asho_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theg_Asho-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/French_submarine_Plongeur" title="French submarine Plongeur">Plongeur</a></i>, the first mechanically powered <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> in the world, is launched in 1863 after three years of construction.</li> <li>The United States’ <a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">first transcontinental railroad</a> is completed in 1869.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> is opened in 1869.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Borchardt" title="Carl Wilhelm Borchardt">Carl Wilhelm Borchardt</a> discovers and proves <a href="/wiki/Cayley%27s_formula" title="Cayley's formula">Cayley's formula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">graph theory</a> in 1860.</li> <li>The first <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_telegraph_cable" title="Transatlantic telegraph cable">transatlantic telegraph cable</a> is successfully laid in 1866, enabling almost instant communication between America and Europe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a> invents <a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">dynamite</a> in Sweden, patenting it in 1867.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> publishes his <a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">equations</a> that quantify the relationship between electricity and magnetism, and shows that <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister,_1st_Baron_Lister" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister">Joseph Lister</a> develops <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptic</a> methods for use in surgery in 1867, introducing <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">carbolic acid</a> as an antiseptic, turning it into the first widely used surgical antiseptic in surgery, and publishing <i><a href="/wiki/Antiseptic_Principle_of_the_Practice_of_Surgery" title="Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery">Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery</a></i>. As a result, deaths from infections due to surgery greatly decrease.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a> formulates <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendel's laws of inheritance</a>, the basis for <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, in a two-part paper written in 1865 and published in 1866, although it is largely ignored until 1900.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> develops the modern <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> was first <i>detected</i> during the total <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a> of August 18, 1868, in parts of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. It was the first eclipse expedition in which a <a href="/wiki/Spectroscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectroscope">spectroscope</a> was used.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Norman_Lockyer" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Norman Lockyer">J. Norman Lockyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Janssen" title="Pierre Janssen">Pierre Janssen</a> are honored for their discovery of the nature of the Sun's <i>prominences</i>. They were the first to notice bright spectral emission lines when viewing the limb of the Sun without the aid of a total solar eclipse.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1862_International_Exhibition" title="1862 International Exhibition">1862 International Exhibition</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England and <a href="/wiki/International_Exposition_(1867)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Exposition (1867)">1867 International Exposition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> develops a technique of food preservation known as <a href="/wiki/Pasteurization" title="Pasteurization">Pasteurization</a>, advancing understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">Germ theory of disease</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishments">Establishments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1860s&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Establishments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unterzeichnung_1._Genferkonvention.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Unterzeichnung_1._Genferkonvention.jpg/220px-Unterzeichnung_1._Genferkonvention.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Unterzeichnung_1._Genferkonvention.jpg/330px-Unterzeichnung_1._Genferkonvention.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Unterzeichnung_1._Genferkonvention.jpg/440px-Unterzeichnung_1._Genferkonvention.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1547" /></a><figcaption>The signing of the <a href="/wiki/First_Geneva_Convention" title="First Geneva Convention">First Geneva Convention</a> by some of the major European powers in 1864</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ThomasHenryHuxley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ThomasHenryHuxley.jpg/180px-ThomasHenryHuxley.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ThomasHenryHuxley.jpg/270px-ThomasHenryHuxley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ThomasHenryHuxley.jpg/360px-ThomasHenryHuxley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">T. H. Huxley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1860_Oxford_evolution_debate" title="1860 Oxford evolution debate">famous debate in 1860</a> with <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wilberforce" title="Samuel Wilberforce">Samuel Wilberforce</a> was a key moment in the wider acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s theory of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/London_Fire_Brigade" title="London Fire Brigade">London Fire Brigade</a> was established in 1865.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a> founds school for nurses in 1860.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Lafayette,_Indiana" title="West Lafayette, Indiana">West Lafayette, Indiana</a>, USA opens its doors on May 6, 1869, for the first time under a land grant from the <a href="/wiki/Morrill_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrill Act">Morrill Act</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1860s&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Within <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>, reaction against <a href="/wiki/Higher_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher criticism">higher criticism</a> and the liberal movement in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> becomes officially established in 1863 in <a href="/wiki/Battle_Creek,_Michigan" title="Battle Creek, Michigan">Battle Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>.</li> <li>The Christian Mission, later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a>, is co-founded by <a href="/wiki/William_Booth" title="William Booth">William</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Booth" title="Catherine Booth">Catherine Booth</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 1865.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'u'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a> declares his station as "the One whom God shall make Manifest", in the Garden of <a href="/wiki/Ridv%C3%A1n" title="Ridván">Ridván</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼís</a> see this as the beginning date of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1860s&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_arts">Literature and arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1860s&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Literature and arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> publishes <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> publishes <i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a> publishes <i><a href="/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment" title="Crime and Punishment">Crime and Punishment</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a> publishes <i><a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne" title="Jules Verne">Jules Verne</a> publishes <i><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Thousand_Leagues_Under_the_Seas" title="Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas">Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> went public.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> publishes <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Expectations" title="Great Expectations">Great Expectations</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Mutual_Friend" title="Our Mutual Friend">Our Mutual Friend</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a> publishes the <i><a href="/wiki/Silas_Marner" title="Silas Marner">Silas Marner</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> publishes <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Alger" title="Horatio Alger">Horatio Alger</a> publishes <i><a href="/wiki/Ragged_Dick" title="Ragged Dick">Ragged Dick</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winged_Victory_of_Samothrace" title="Winged Victory of Samothrace">Winged Victory of Samothrace</a></i> is discovered, 1863.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1860s&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The first <a href="/wiki/College_football#American_college_football" title="College football">college football</a> game is played in 1869, with Rutgers beating Princeton 6–4.</li> <li>The sport of <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a> is invented around 1862.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Football_Association" title="The Football Association">The Football Association</a> is formed in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>, paving the way for <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> to become the world's predominant spectator sport.</li> <li>The Cincinnati Redstockings became the first openly professional baseball team in 1869. They finished the same season with a perfect 58–0 record, thanks in large part to their Hall of Fame leader Harry Wright.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1860s&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fashion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1860s_in_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="1860s in fashion">1860s in fashion</a></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> and its culture largely thrived from 1860 until 1901.</li> <li>The culture of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> comes to America and remains in place until around the turn of the 20th century, where the year it ends is disputed as to whether it ended with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressivism</a> in 1896 or with the death of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> in 1901.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous_trends">Miscellaneous trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1860s&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The start of the <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_craze" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycle craze">bicycle craze</a> of 1860–1900</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People">People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1860s&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1860s&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Curchod" title="Louis Curchod">Louis Curchod</a>, Director International Telecommunication Union</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Famous_and_infamous_personalities">Famous and infamous personalities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1860s&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Famous and infamous personalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">assassin of president Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild West">Wild West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frontiersman" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontiersman">frontiersman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_man" title="Mountain man">mountain man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Durant" title="Thomas C. Durant">Thomas C. Durant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild West">Wild West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Railroad_tycoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad tycoon">railroad tycoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Bill_Hickok" title="Wild Bill Hickok">Wild Bill Hickok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild West">Wild West</a>, lawman.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1860s&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction Era</a> (for most of the decade).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (for the decade's first half).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1860s&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/19407/American-Civil-War">"American Civil War"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=American+Civil+War&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F19407%2FAmerican-Civil-War&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1860s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theg_Asho-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-theg_Asho_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2014" class="citation web cs1">Lin, Luna (10 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/gallery/2014/sep/10/-sp-history-metro-pictures-london-underground-new-york-beijing-seoul">"A short history of world metro systems – in pictures"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+short+history+of+world+metro+systems+%E2%80%93+in+pictures&rft.date=2014-09-10&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Luna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcities%2Fgallery%2F2014%2Fsep%2F10%2F-sp-history-metro-pictures-london-underground-new-york-beijing-seoul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1860s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoplease.com/math-science/health/medical-advances-timeline">"Medical Advances Timeline"</a>. <i>www.infoplease.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.infoplease.com&rft.atitle=Medical+Advances+Timeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fmath-science%2Fhealth%2Fmedical-advances-timeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1860s" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1860s&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Appleton's Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events: 1861</i> (1864) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2y8LAQAAIAAJ">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/1862appletonsan02newyuoft#page/n3/mode/2up"><i>Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year: 1862</i></a>. New York: D. Appleton & Company. 1863. p. i.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+annual+cyclopaedia+and+register+of+important+events+of+the+year%3A+1862&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=i&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+%26+Company&rft.date=1863&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2F1862appletonsan02newyuoft%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1860s" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YQ8bAQAAMAAJ"><i>Appletons' annual cyclopedia and register of important events: Embracing political, military, and ecclesiastical affairs; public documents; biography, statistics, commerce, finance, literature, science, agriculture, and mechanical industry, Volume 3 1863</i> (1864)</a>, thorough coverage of the events of 1863</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/appletonsannualc07newyuoft#page/n7/mode/2up">The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year <b>1867</b></a></li> <li><i>American Annual Cyclopedia ... 1868</i> (1869), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=maIoAAAAYAAJ">online</a></li> <li><i>American Annual Cyclopedia ... for 1869</i> (1870) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZyMVAAAAYAAJ">online edition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1860s&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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