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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_and_20th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_and_20th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>19th and 20th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_and_20th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Naming</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Naming-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Naming subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_within_the_Solar_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_within_the_Solar_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Distribution within the Solar System</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribution_within_the_Solar_System-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Distribution within the Solar System subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Distribution_within_the_Solar_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asteroid_belt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asteroid_belt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Asteroid belt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asteroid_belt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trojans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trojans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Trojans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trojans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Near-Earth_asteroids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Near-Earth_asteroids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Near-Earth asteroids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Near-Earth_asteroids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Martian_moons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Martian_moons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Martian moons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Martian_moons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Size_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Size distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Largest_asteroids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_asteroids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Largest asteroids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_asteroids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Rotation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Color</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Surface features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span>Water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.2</span> <span>Organic compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orbital_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbital_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Orbital classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbital_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spectral_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spectral_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Spectral classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spectral_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Active_asteroids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Active_asteroids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Active asteroids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Active_asteroids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observation_and_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observation_and_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Observation and exploration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Observation_and_exploration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Observation and exploration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Observation_and_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ground-based_observations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground-based_observations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Ground-based observations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground-based_observations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space-based_observations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space-based_observations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Space-based observations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space-based_observations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_probe_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_probe_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Space probe missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_probe_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dedicated_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dedicated_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>Dedicated missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dedicated_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planned_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planned_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.2</span> <span>Planned missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planned_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asteroid_mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asteroid_mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Asteroid mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asteroid_mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats_to_Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats_to_Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Threats to Earth</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Threats_to_Earth-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Threats to Earth subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Threats_to_Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asteroid_deflection_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asteroid_deflection_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Asteroid deflection strategies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asteroid_deflection_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Asteroid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 157 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-157" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">157 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astero%C3%AFed" title="Asteroïed – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Asteroïed" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A8" title="كويكب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كويكب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroide" title="Asteroide – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Asteroide" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81" title="গ্ৰহাণু – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গ্ৰহাণু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroide" title="Asteroide – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Asteroide" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbyjaveve" title="Mbyjaveve – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbyjaveve" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B2%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D9%86%DA%86%D9%87" title="گزه‌گنچه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گزه‌گنچه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81" title="গ্রহাণু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রহাণু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteruid" title="Asteruid – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Asteruid" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%B3-he%CC%8Dk-chhe%E2%81%BF" title="Sió-he̍k-chheⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sió-he̍k-chheⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Астероид – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Астероид" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Астэроід – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Астэроід" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Астэроід – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Астэроід" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="एस्टेरॉइड्स – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एस्टेरॉइड्स" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroyd" title="Asteroyd – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Asteroyd" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Астероид – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Астероид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B" title="རྒྱུ་སྐར་ཆུང་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒྱུ་སྐར་ཆུང་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroidi" title="Asteroidi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Asteroidi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroidenn" title="Asteroidenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Asteroidenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroide" title="Asteroide – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Asteroide" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Астероид – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Астероид" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroide" title="Asteroide – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Asteroide" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A8" title="كويكب – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كويكب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Αστεροειδής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αστεροειδής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aster%C3%B2id" title="Asteròid – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Asteròid" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroide" title="Asteroide – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asteroide" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroido" title="Asteroido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Asteroido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroide" title="Asteroide – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Asteroide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="سیارک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیارک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhota_taara" title="Chhota taara – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chhota taara" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ast%C3%A9ro%C3%AFde" title="Astéroïde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Astéroïde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astero%C3%AFde" title="Asteroïde – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Asteroïde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astar%C3%B3ideach" title="Astaróideach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Astaróideach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roltageagh" title="Roltageagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Roltageagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroide" title="Asteroide – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Asteroide" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%ED%96%89%EC%84%B1" title="소행성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소행성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BA" title="Աստղակերպ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աստղակերպ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="क्षुद्रग्रह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्षुद्रग्रह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroidi" title="Asteroidi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Asteroidi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroido-zono" title="Asteroido-zono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Asteroido-zono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroide" title="Asteroide – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Asteroide" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroide" title="Asteroide – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Asteroide" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Астероид – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Астероид" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sm%C3%A1stirni" title="Smástirni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Smástirni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroide" title="Asteroide – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Asteroide" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%93" title="אסטרואיד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסטרואיד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9" title="ಕ್ಷುದ್ರ ಗ್ರಹ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ಷುದ್ರ ಗ್ರಹ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroyde" title="Asteroyde – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Asteroyde" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Астероид – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Астероид" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ასტეროიდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ასტეროიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Астероид – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Астероид" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetik" title="Planetik – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Planetik" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroidi" title="Asteroidi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Asteroidi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astewoyid" title="Astewoyid – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Astewoyid" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ast%C3%A9ro%C3%AFd" title="Astéroïd – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Astéroïd" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astero%C3%AEd" title="Asteroîd – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Asteroîd" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Астероид – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Астероид" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%8D" title="ດາວເຄາະນ້ອຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ດາວເຄາະນ້ອຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroides" title="Asteroides – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Asteroides" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astero%C4%ABds" title="Asteroīds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Asteroīds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Астероид – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Астероид" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroidas" title="Asteroidas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Asteroidas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeto%C3%AFed" title="Planetoïed – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Planetoïed" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroide" title="Asteroide – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Asteroide" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisbolyg%C3%B3" title="Kisbolygó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kisbolygó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Астероид – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Астероид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aster%C3%B4ida" title="Asterôida – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Asterôida" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82" title="ഛിന്നഗ്രഹം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഛിന്നഗ്രഹം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterojde" title="Asterojde – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Asterojde" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="लघुग्रह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लघुग्रह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ასტეროიდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ასტეროიდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A8" title="كويكب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كويكب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aster%C3%B3ide" title="Asteróide – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Asteróide" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Бага гараг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бага гараг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatu_vakaitamera" title="Vatu vakaitamera – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vatu vakaitamera" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeto%C3%AFde" title="Planetoïde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Planetoïde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%83%91%E6%98%9F" title="小惑星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="小惑星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroide" title="Asteroide – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Asteroide" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Астероид – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Астероид" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroiid" title="Asteroiid – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Asteroiid" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroide" title="Asteroide – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Asteroide" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroide" title="Asteroide – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Asteroide" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astero%C3%AFde" title="Asteroïde – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Asteroïde" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungulkattaa" title="Bungulkattaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Bungulkattaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF" title="ਨਿੱਕਾ ਗ੍ਰਹਿ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਿੱਕਾ ਗ੍ਰਹਿ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%92_%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="تارے ورگا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تارے ورگا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%89_(%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%86%D9%86%DB%8D_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87)" title="اسټوريوډ (کوچنۍ سياره) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اسټوريوډ (کوچنۍ سياره)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astaraid" title="Astaraid – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Astaraid" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aster%C3%B2id" title="Asteròid – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Asteròid" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetoida" title="Planetoida – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Planetoida" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroide" title="Asteroide – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Asteroide" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puriq_quyllurcha" title="Puriq quyllurcha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Puriq quyllurcha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Астероид – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Астероид" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Астероид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Астероид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Астероид – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Астероид" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aster%C3%B2ide" title="Asteròide – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Asteròide" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetoiden" title="Planetoiden – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Planetoiden" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroidet" title="Asteroidet – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Asteroidet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astir%C3%B2idi" title="Astiròidi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Astiròidi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%9A" title="ග්‍රහක – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ග්‍රහක" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%BD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A6%DA%8A" title="ايسٽروئڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايسٽروئڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%94%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B4%D1%8A" title="Астєроїдъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Астєроїдъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%DA%95%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%86%DA%86%DA%A9%DB%95" title="گەڕەستێرۆچکە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەڕەستێرۆچکە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Астероид – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Астероид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ast%C3%A9roid" title="Astéroid – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Astéroid" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroidi" title="Asteroidi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Asteroidi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroyd" title="Asteroyd – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Asteroyd" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="சிறுகோள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிறுகோள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azunyur" title="Azunyur – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Azunyur" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Астероидлар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Астероидлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="గ్రహశకలం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గ్రహశకలం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2" title="ดาวเคราะห์น้อย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวเคราะห์น้อย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Сайёрак – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сайёрак" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%AF_%E1%8F%A7%E1%8E%B3%E1%8E%AC%E1%8E%AD%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%93" title="ᏅᏯ ᏧᎳᎬᎭᎸᏓ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏅᏯ ᏧᎳᎬᎭᎸᏓ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroit" title="Asteroit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Asteroit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Астероид – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Астероид" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B4" title="Астероїд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Астероїд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%DB%81" title="ستارچہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ستارچہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroide" title="Asteroide – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Asteroide" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BB%83u_h%C3%A0nh_tinh" title="Tiểu hành tinh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiểu hành tinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="小行星 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="小行星" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astero%C3%AFde" title="Asteroïde – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Asteroïde" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroyd" title="Asteroyd – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Asteroyd" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="小行星 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="小行星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93" title="אסטערויד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אסטערויד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="小行星 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="小行星" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteruoids" title="Asteruoids – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Asteruoids" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="小行星 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="小行星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebaton" title="Bebaton – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bebaton" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Asteroid" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B4" title="Астероїд – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Астероїд" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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searchaux" style="display:none">Minor planets found within the inner Solar System</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Asteroid (disambiguation)">Asteroid (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Astroid" title="Astroid">Astroid</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:307px;max-width:307px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:121px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eros_-_PIA02923_(color).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="433 Eros photographed by NEAR Shoemaker" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg/110px-Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg/165px-Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg/220px-Eros_-_PIA02923_%28color%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="838" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:121px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:243_ida_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Galileo image of 243 Ida (the dot to the right is its moon Dactyl)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/189px-243_ida_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/284px-243_ida_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/378px-243_ida_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_(22381131691)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dawn image of the dwarf planet Ceres" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/151px-Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/227px-Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/302px-Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="836" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:148px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bennu_mosaic_OSIRIS-REx_(square).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="OSIRIS-REx image of 101955 Bennu, a rubble-pile asteroid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bennu_mosaic_OSIRIS-REx_%28square%29.png/148px-Bennu_mosaic_OSIRIS-REx_%28square%29.png" decoding="async" width="148" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bennu_mosaic_OSIRIS-REx_%28square%29.png/222px-Bennu_mosaic_OSIRIS-REx_%28square%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Bennu_mosaic_OSIRIS-REx_%28square%29.png/296px-Bennu_mosaic_OSIRIS-REx_%28square%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Images of <a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets_and_comets_visited_by_spacecraft" title="List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft">visited asteroids</a> illustrating their differences: (top row) <a href="/wiki/433_Eros" title="433 Eros">433 Eros</a> and <a href="/wiki/243_Ida" title="243 Ida">243 Ida</a> with its moon <a href="/wiki/Dactyl_(moon)" title="Dactyl (moon)">Dactyl</a>, (bottom row) <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> and <a href="/wiki/101955_Bennu" title="101955 Bennu">101955 Bennu</a>. <i>Sizes are not to scale.</i></div></div></div></div> <p>An <b>asteroid</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minor planet</a>—an object that is neither a <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">true planet</a> nor an identified <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a>— that orbits within the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System#Inner_Solar_System" title="Solar System">inner Solar System</a>. They are rocky, metallic, or icy bodies with no atmosphere, classified as <a href="/wiki/C-type_asteroid" title="C-type asteroid">C-type</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbonaceous</a>), <a href="/wiki/M-type_asteroid" title="M-type asteroid">M-type</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metallic</a>), or <a href="/wiki/S-type_asteroid" title="S-type asteroid">S-type</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silicaceous</a>). The size and shape of asteroids vary significantly, ranging from small rubble piles under a kilometer across and larger than <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteoroids</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a> almost 1000 km in diameter. A body is classified as a comet, not an asteroid, if it shows a coma (tail) when warmed by solar radiation, although recent observations suggest a continuum between these types of bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the roughly one million known asteroids,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the greatest number are located between the orbits of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, approximately 2 to 4 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> from the Sun, in a region known as the main <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a>. The total mass of all the asteroids combined is only 3% that of <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Earth's Moon</a>. The majority of main belt asteroids follow slightly elliptical, stable orbits, revolving in the same direction as the Earth and taking from three to six years to complete a full circuit of the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-press-kit_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-press-kit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asteroids have historically been observed from Earth. The first close-up observation of an asteroid was made by the <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo spacecraft</a>. Several dedicated missions to asteroids were subsequently launched by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a>, with plans for other missions in progress. NASA's <i><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></i> studied <a href="/wiki/433_Eros" title="433 Eros">Eros</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i> observed <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a> and <a href="/wiki/1_Ceres" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Ceres">Ceres</a>. JAXA's missions <i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i> studied and returned samples of <a href="/wiki/25143_Itokawa" title="25143 Itokawa">Itokawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/162173_Ryugu" title="162173 Ryugu">Ryugu</a>, respectively. <a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a> studied <a href="/wiki/101955_Bennu" title="101955 Bennu">Bennu</a>, collecting a sample in 2020 which was delivered back to Earth in 2023. NASA's <i><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a></i>, launched in 2021, is tasked with studying ten different asteroids, two from the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">main belt</a> and eight <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter trojans</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></i>, launched October 2023, aims to study the metallic <a href="/wiki/16_Psyche" title="16 Psyche">asteroid Psyche</a>. </p><p>Near-Earth asteroids have the potential for catastrophic consequences if they strike Earth, with a notable example being the <a href="/wiki/Chicxulub_impact" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicxulub impact">Chicxulub impact</a>, widely thought to have induced the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction</a>. As an experiment to meet this danger, in September 2022 the <a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">Double Asteroid Redirection Test</a> spacecraft successfully altered the orbit of the non-threatening asteroid <a href="/wiki/Dimorphos" title="Dimorphos">Dimorphos</a> by crashing into it. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology<span class="anchor" id="Terminology"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asteroidsscale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Asteroidsscale.jpg/200px-Asteroidsscale.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Asteroidsscale.jpg/300px-Asteroidsscale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Asteroidsscale.jpg/400px-Asteroidsscale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A composite image, to the same scale, of the asteroids imaged at high resolution prior to 2012. They are, from largest to smallest: <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">4 Vesta</a>, <a href="/wiki/21_Lutetia" title="21 Lutetia">21 Lutetia</a>, <a href="/wiki/253_Mathilde" title="253 Mathilde">253 Mathilde</a>, <a href="/wiki/243_Ida" title="243 Ida">243 Ida</a> and its moon <a href="/wiki/Dactyl_(asteroid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dactyl (asteroid)">Dactyl</a>, <a href="/wiki/433_Eros" title="433 Eros">433 Eros</a>, <a href="/wiki/951_Gaspra" title="951 Gaspra">951 Gaspra</a>, <a href="/wiki/2867_%C5%A0teins" title="2867 Šteins">2867 Šteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/25143_Itokawa" title="25143 Itokawa">25143 Itokawa</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceres_and_Vesta,_Moon_size_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ceres_and_Vesta%2C_Moon_size_comparison.jpg/200px-Ceres_and_Vesta%2C_Moon_size_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ceres_and_Vesta%2C_Moon_size_comparison.jpg/300px-Ceres_and_Vesta%2C_Moon_size_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Ceres_and_Vesta%2C_Moon_size_comparison.jpg/400px-Ceres_and_Vesta%2C_Moon_size_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a> (left), with <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> (center) and the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> (right) shown to scale</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> (IAU) introduced the currently preferred broad term <a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Solar System bodies">small Solar System body</a>, defined as an object in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> that is neither a <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a>, nor a <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellite</a>; this includes asteroids, comets, and more recently discovered classes.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to IAU, "the term 'minor planet' may still be used, but generally, 'Small Solar System Body' will be preferred."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the first discovered asteroid, <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a>, was at first considered a new planet.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was followed by the discovery of other similar bodies, which with the equipment of the time appeared to be points of light like stars, showing little or no planetary disc, though readily distinguishable from stars due to their apparent motions. This prompted the astronomer Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> to propose the term <i>asteroid</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coined in Greek as ἀστεροειδής, or <i>asteroeidēs</i>, meaning 'star-like, star-shaped', and derived from the Ancient Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀστήρ">ἀστήρ</a></span></span> <i>astēr</i> 'star, planet'. In the early second half of the 19th century, the terms <i>asteroid</i> and <i>planet</i> (not always qualified as "minor") were still used interchangeably.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, small bodies orbiting the Sun were classified as <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a>, asteroids, or <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteoroids</a>, with anything smaller than one meter across being called a meteoroid. The term <i>asteroid,</i> never officially defined,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be informally used to mean "an irregularly shaped rocky body orbiting the Sun that does not qualify as a planet or a dwarf planet under the IAU definitions".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main difference between an asteroid and a comet is that a comet shows a coma (tail) due to <a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">sublimation</a> of its near-surface ices by solar radiation. A few objects were first classified as minor planets but later showed evidence of cometary activity. Conversely, some (perhaps all) comets are eventually depleted of their surface <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatile ices</a> and become asteroid-like. A further distinction is that comets typically have more eccentric orbits than most asteroids; highly eccentric asteroids are probably dormant or extinct comets.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The minor planets beyond Jupiter's orbit are sometimes also called "asteroids", especially in popular presentations.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is becoming increasingly common for the term <i>asteroid</i> to be restricted to minor planets of the inner Solar System.<sup id="cite_ref-KBOasteroids_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KBOasteroids-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, this article will restrict itself for the most part to the classical asteroids: objects of the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter trojans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">near-Earth objects</a>. </p><p>For almost two centuries after the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> in 1801, all known asteroids spent most of their time at or within the orbit of Jupiter, though a few, such as <a href="/wiki/944_Hidalgo" title="944 Hidalgo">944 Hidalgo</a>, ventured farther for part of their orbit. Starting in 1977 with <a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron" title="2060 Chiron">2060 Chiron</a>, astronomers discovered small bodies that permanently resided further out than Jupiter, now called <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(minor_planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centaur (minor planet)">centaurs</a>. In 1992, <a href="/wiki/15760_Albion" title="15760 Albion">15760 Albion</a> was discovered, the first object beyond the orbit of Neptune (other than <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>); soon large numbers of similar objects were observed, now called <a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">trans-Neptunian object</a>. Further out are <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper-belt objects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scattered-disc_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Scattered-disc object">scattered-disc objects</a>, and the much more distant <a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a>, hypothesized to be the main reservoir of dormant comets. They inhabit the cold outer reaches of the Solar System where ices remain solid and comet-like bodies exhibit little cometary activity; if centaurs or trans-Neptunian objects were to venture close to the Sun, their volatile ices would <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimate</a>, and traditional approaches would classify them as comets. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper-belt</a> bodies are called "objects" partly to avoid the need to classify them as asteroids or comets.<sup id="cite_ref-KBOasteroids_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KBOasteroids-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are thought to be predominantly comet-like in composition, though some may be more akin to asteroids.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most do not have the highly eccentric orbits associated with comets, and the ones so far discovered are larger than traditional <a href="/wiki/Comet_nucleus" title="Comet nucleus">comet nuclei</a>. Other recent observations, such as the analysis of the cometary dust collected by the <a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)"><i>Stardust</i></a> probe, are increasingly blurring the distinction between comets and asteroids,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting "a continuum between asteroids and comets" rather than a sharp dividing line.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, the IAU created the class of <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planets</a> for the largest minor planets—those massive enough to have become ellipsoidal under their own gravity. Only the largest object in the asteroid belt has been placed in this category: <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a>, at about 975 km (606 mi) across.<sup id="cite_ref-dwarf1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dwarf1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dwarf2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dwarf2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_observations">History of observations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of observations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite their large numbers, asteroids are a relatively recent discovery, with the first one—Ceres—only being identified in 1801.<sup id="cite_ref-cunningham2001_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cunningham2001-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only one asteroid, <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">4 Vesta</a>, which has a relatively <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">reflective surface</a>, is normally visible to the naked eye in dark skies when it is favorably positioned. Rarely, small asteroids passing close to Earth may be briefly visible to the naked eye.<sup id="cite_ref-SPACE-2004-02-04_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPACE-2004-02-04-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of April 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the <a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center" title="Minor Planet Center">Minor Planet Center</a> had data on 1,199,224 minor planets in the inner and outer Solar System, of which about 614,690 had enough information to be given numbered designations.<sup id="cite_ref-MPCcount_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPCcount-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_of_Ceres">Discovery of Ceres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Discovery of Ceres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1772, German astronomer <a href="/wiki/Johann_Elert_Bode" title="Johann Elert Bode">Johann Elert Bode</a>, citing <a href="/wiki/Johann_Daniel_Titius" title="Johann Daniel Titius">Johann Daniel Titius</a>, published a numerical procession known as the <a href="/wiki/Titius%E2%80%93Bode_law" title="Titius–Bode law">Titius–Bode law</a> (now discredited). Except for an unexplained gap between Mars and Jupiter, Bode's formula seemed to predict the orbits of the known planets.<sup id="cite_ref-hoskin_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoskin-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hogg1948_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogg1948-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote the following explanation for the existence of a "missing planet": </p> <blockquote><p>This latter point seems in particular to follow from the astonishing relation which the known six planets observe in their distances from the Sun. Let the distance from the Sun to Saturn be taken as 100, then Mercury is separated by 4 such parts from the Sun. Venus is 4 + 3 = 7. The Earth 4 + 6 = 10. Mars 4 + 12 = 16. Now comes a gap in this so orderly progression. After Mars there follows a space of 4 + 24 = 28 parts, in which no planet has yet been seen. Can one believe that the Founder of the universe had left this space empty? Certainly not. From here we come to the distance of Jupiter by 4 + 48 = 52 parts, and finally to that of Saturn by 4 + 96 = 100 parts.<sup id="cite_ref-discovery_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discovery-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Bode's formula predicted another planet would be found with an orbital radius near 2.8 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical units</a> (AU), or 420 million km, from the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-Hogg1948_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogg1948-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Titius–Bode law got a boost with <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a>'s discovery of <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> near the predicted distance for a planet beyond <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hoskin_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoskin-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1800, a group headed by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_von_Zach" title="Franz Xaver von Zach">Franz Xaver von Zach</a>, editor of the German astronomical journal <i>Monatliche Correspondenz</i> (Monthly Correspondence), sent requests to 24 experienced astronomers (whom he dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Celestial_police" title="Celestial police">celestial police</a>"),<sup id="cite_ref-Hogg1948_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogg1948-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> asking that they combine their efforts and begin a methodical search for the expected planet.<sup id="cite_ref-Hogg1948_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogg1948-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although they did not discover Ceres, they later found the asteroids <a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">2 Pallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/3_Juno" title="3 Juno">3 Juno</a> and <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">4 Vesta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hogg1948_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogg1948-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the astronomers selected for the search was <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Piazzi" title="Giuseppe Piazzi">Giuseppe Piazzi</a>, a Catholic <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a> at the Academy of Palermo, Sicily. Before receiving his invitation to join the group, Piazzi discovered Ceres on 1 January 1801.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20160126_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20160126-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was searching for "the 87th [star] of the Catalogue of the Zodiacal stars of <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Louis_de_Lacaille" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Louis de Lacaille">Mr la Caille</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-hoskin_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoskin-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but found that "it was preceded by another".<sup id="cite_ref-hoskin_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoskin-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of a star, Piazzi had found a moving star-like object, which he first thought was a comet:<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes1971_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes1971-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The light was a little faint, and of the colour of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, but similar to many others which generally are reckoned of the eighth <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">magnitude</a>. Therefore I had no doubt of its being any other than a fixed star. [...] The evening of the third, my suspicion was converted into certainty, being assured it was not a fixed star. Nevertheless before I made it known, I waited till the evening of the fourth, when I had the satisfaction to see it had moved at the same rate as on the preceding days.<sup id="cite_ref-hoskin_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoskin-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Piazzi observed Ceres a total of 24 times, the final time on 11 February 1801, when illness interrupted his work. He announced his discovery on 24 January 1801 in letters to only two fellow astronomers, his compatriot <a href="/wiki/Barnaba_Oriani" title="Barnaba Oriani">Barnaba Oriani</a> of Milan and Bode in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-cunningham2001_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cunningham2001-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reported it as a comet but "since its movement is so slow and rather uniform, it has occurred to me several times that it might be something better than a comet".<sup id="cite_ref-hoskin_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoskin-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April, Piazzi sent his complete observations to Oriani, Bode, and French astronomer <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Lalande" title="Jérôme Lalande">Jérôme Lalande</a>. The information was published in the September 1801 issue of the <i>Monatliche Correspondenz</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes1971_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes1971-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this time, the apparent position of Ceres had changed (mostly due to Earth's motion around the Sun), and was too close to the Sun's glare for other astronomers to confirm Piazzi's observations. Toward the end of the year, Ceres should have been visible again, but after such a long time it was difficult to predict its exact position. To recover Ceres, mathematician <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a>, then 24 years old, developed an <a href="/wiki/Gauss%27s_method" title="Gauss's method">efficient method</a> of <a href="/wiki/Orbit_determination" title="Orbit determination">orbit determination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes1971_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes1971-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a few weeks, he predicted the path of Ceres and sent his results to von Zach. On 31 December 1801, von Zach and fellow celestial policeman <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Matth%C3%A4us_Olbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers">Heinrich W. M. Olbers</a> found Ceres near the predicted position and thus recovered it.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes1971_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes1971-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 2.8 AU from the Sun, Ceres appeared to fit the Titius–Bode law almost perfectly; however, Neptune, once discovered in 1846, was 8 AU closer than predicted, leading most astronomers to conclude that the law was a coincidence.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Piazzi named the newly discovered object <i>Ceres Ferdinandea,</i> "in honor of the <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(Roman_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceres (Roman mythology)">patron goddess of Sicily</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">King Ferdinand of Bourbon</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-discovery_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discovery-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_search">Further search</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further search"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moon_and_Asteroids_1_to_10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Moon_and_Asteroids_1_to_10.svg/220px-Moon_and_Asteroids_1_to_10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Moon_and_Asteroids_1_to_10.svg/330px-Moon_and_Asteroids_1_to_10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Moon_and_Asteroids_1_to_10.svg/440px-Moon_and_Asteroids_1_to_10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Sizes of the first ten discovered asteroids, compared to the Moon</figcaption></figure> <p>Three other asteroids (<a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">2 Pallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/3_Juno" title="3 Juno">3 Juno</a>, and <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">4 Vesta</a>) were discovered by von Zach's group over the next few years, with Vesta found in 1807.<sup id="cite_ref-Hogg1948_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogg1948-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No new asteroids were discovered until 1845. Amateur astronomer <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_Hencke" title="Karl Ludwig Hencke">Karl Ludwig Hencke</a> started his searches of new asteroids in 1830, and fifteen years later, while looking for Vesta, he found the asteroid later named <a href="/wiki/5_Astraea" title="5 Astraea">5 Astraea</a>. It was the first new asteroid discovery in 38 years. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> was given the honor of naming the asteroid. After this, other astronomers joined; 15 asteroids were found by the end of 1851. In 1868, when <a href="/wiki/James_Craig_Watson" title="James Craig Watson">James Craig Watson</a> discovered the 100th asteroid, the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a> engraved the faces of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Theodor_Robert_Luther" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Theodor Robert Luther">Karl Theodor Robert Luther</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Russell_Hind" title="John Russell Hind">John Russell Hind</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Mayer_Salomon_Goldschmidt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermann Mayer Salomon Goldschmidt">Hermann Goldschmidt</a>, the three most successful asteroid-hunters at that time, on a commemorative medallion marking the event.<sup id="cite_ref-dawn-community_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawn-community-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1891, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Franz_Joseph_Cornelius_Wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximilian Franz Joseph Cornelius Wolf">Max Wolf</a> pioneered the use of <a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">astrophotography</a> to detect asteroids, which appeared as short streaks on long-exposure photographic plates.<sup id="cite_ref-dawn-community_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawn-community-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This dramatically increased the rate of detection compared with earlier visual methods: Wolf alone discovered 248 asteroids, beginning with <a href="/wiki/323_Brucia" title="323 Brucia">323 Brucia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas only slightly more than 300 had been discovered up to that point. It was known that there were many more, but most astronomers did not bother with them, some calling them "vermin of the skies",<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a phrase variously attributed to <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Suess" title="Eduard Suess">Eduard Suess</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Weiss" title="Edmund Weiss">Edmund Weiss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even a century later, only a few thousand asteroids were identified, numbered and named. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_and_20th_centuries">19th and 20th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th and 20th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Known_NEAs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Known_NEAs.svg/220px-Known_NEAs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Known_NEAs.svg/330px-Known_NEAs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Known_NEAs.svg/440px-Known_NEAs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Cumulative discoveries of just the near-Earth asteroids known by size, 1980–2024</figcaption></figure> <p>In the past, asteroids were discovered by a four-step process. First, a region of the sky was <a href="/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">photographed</a> by a wide-field <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a> or <a href="/wiki/Astrograph" title="Astrograph">astrograph</a>. Pairs of photographs were taken, typically one hour apart. Multiple pairs could be taken over a series of days. Second, the two films or <a href="/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">plates</a> of the same region were viewed under a <a href="/wiki/Stereoscope" title="Stereoscope">stereoscope</a>. A body in orbit around the Sun would move slightly between the pair of films. Under the stereoscope, the image of the body would seem to float slightly above the background of stars. Third, once a moving body was identified, its location would be measured precisely using a digitizing microscope. The location would be measured relative to known star locations.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These first three steps do not constitute asteroid discovery: the observer has only found an apparition, which gets a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_designation_in_astronomy" title="Provisional designation in astronomy">provisional designation</a>, made up of the year of discovery, a letter representing the half-month of discovery, and finally a letter and a number indicating the discovery's sequential number (example: <span class="nowrap">1998 FJ<sub>74</sub></span>). The last step is sending the locations and time of observations to the <a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center" title="Minor Planet Center">Minor Planet Center</a>, where computer programs determine whether an apparition ties together earlier apparitions into a single orbit. If so, the object receives a catalogue number and the observer of the first apparition with a calculated orbit is declared the discoverer, and granted the honor of naming the object subject to the approval of the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet#Naming" title="Minor planet">Minor planet § Naming</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asteroid20130318-full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Asteroid20130318-full.jpg/220px-Asteroid20130318-full.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Asteroid20130318-full.jpg/330px-Asteroid20130318-full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Asteroid20130318-full.jpg/440px-Asteroid20130318-full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2013_EC" title="2013 EC">2013 EC</a>, shown here in radar images, has a provisional designation</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1851, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Royal Astronomical Society">Royal Astronomical Society</a> decided that asteroids were being discovered at such a rapid rate that a different system was needed to categorize or name asteroids. In 1852, when de Gasparis discovered the twentieth asteroid, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Valz" title="Benjamin Valz">Benjamin Valz</a> gave it a name and a number designating its rank among asteroid discoveries, <a href="/wiki/20_Massalia" title="20 Massalia">20 Massalia</a>. Sometimes asteroids were discovered and not seen again. So, starting in 1892, new asteroids were listed by the year and a capital letter indicating the order in which the asteroid's orbit was calculated and registered within that specific year. For example, the first two asteroids discovered in 1892 were labeled 1892A and 1892B. However, there were not enough letters in the alphabet for all of the asteroids discovered in 1893, so 1893Z was followed by 1893AA. A number of variations of these methods were tried, including designations that included year plus a Greek letter in 1914. A simple chronological numbering system was established in 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-dawn-community_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawn-community-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently all newly discovered asteroids receive a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_designation_in_astronomy" title="Provisional designation in astronomy">provisional designation</a> (such as <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_AT4" title="2002 AT4">2002 AT<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">4</span></span></a></span>) consisting of the year of discovery and an alphanumeric code indicating the <a href="/wiki/Half-month" title="Half-month">half-month</a> of discovery and the sequence within that half-month. Once an asteroid's orbit has been confirmed, it is given a number, and later may also be given a name (e.g. <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/433_Eros" title="433 Eros">433 Eros</a></span>). The formal naming convention uses parentheses around the number—e.g. (433) Eros—but dropping the parentheses is quite common. Informally, it is also common to drop the number altogether, or to drop it after the first mention when a name is repeated in running text.<sup id="cite_ref-OpenUNamingAstrds_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenUNamingAstrds-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, names can be proposed by the asteroid's discoverer, within guidelines established by the International Astronomical Union.<sup id="cite_ref-PlanSocNameGuides_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PlanSocNameGuides-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_symbols" title="Astronomical symbols">Astronomical symbols</a></div> <p>The first asteroids to be discovered were assigned iconic symbols like the ones traditionally used to designate the planets. By 1852 there were two dozen asteroid symbols, which often occurred in multiple variants.<sup id="cite_ref-Gould-1852_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gould-1852-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1851, after the fifteenth asteroid, <a href="/wiki/15_Eunomia" title="15 Eunomia">Eunomia</a>, had been discovered, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Franz_Encke" title="Johann Franz Encke">Johann Franz Encke</a> made a major change in the upcoming 1854 edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/Berliner_Astronomisches_Jahrbuch" title="Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch">Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch</a></i> (BAJ, <i>Berlin Astronomical Yearbook</i>). He introduced a disk (circle), a traditional symbol for a star, as the generic symbol for an asteroid. The circle was then numbered in order of discovery to indicate a specific asteroid. The numbered-circle convention was quickly adopted by astronomers, and the next asteroid to be discovered (<a href="/wiki/16_Psyche" title="16 Psyche">16 Psyche</a>, in 1852) was the first to be designated in that way at the time of its discovery. However, Psyche was given an iconic symbol as well, as were a few other asteroids discovered over the next few years. <a href="/wiki/20_Massalia" title="20 Massalia">20 Massalia</a> was the first asteroid that was not assigned an iconic symbol, and no iconic symbols were created after the 1855 discovery of <a href="/wiki/37_Fides" title="37 Fides">37 Fides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hilton-2011-a_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hilton-2011-a-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_asteroid_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of the asteroid belt">Origin of the asteroid belt</a></div> <p>Many asteroids are the shattered remnants of <a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">planetesimals</a>, bodies within the young Sun's <a href="/wiki/Solar_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar nebula">solar nebula</a> that never grew large enough to become <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CNEOS-FAQ_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNEOS-FAQ-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that planetesimals in the asteroid belt evolved much like the rest of objects in the solar nebula until Jupiter neared its current mass, at which point excitation from <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">orbital resonances</a> with Jupiter ejected over 99% of planetesimals in the belt. Simulations and a discontinuity in spin rate and spectral properties suggest that asteroids larger than approximately 120 km (75 mi) in diameter <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">accreted</a> during that early era, whereas smaller bodies are fragments from collisions between asteroids during or after the Jovian disruption.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceres and Vesta grew large enough to melt and <a href="/wiki/Planetary_differentiation" title="Planetary differentiation">differentiate</a>, with heavy metallic elements sinking to the core, leaving rocky minerals in the crust.<sup id="cite_ref-ACM_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACM-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Nice_model" title="Nice model">Nice model</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper-belt objects</a> are captured in the outer asteroid belt, at distances greater than 2.6 AU. Most were later ejected by Jupiter, but those that remained may be the <a href="/wiki/D-type_asteroid" title="D-type asteroid">D-type asteroids</a>, and possibly include Ceres.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_within_the_Solar_System">Distribution within the Solar System</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Distribution within the Solar System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_minor-planet_groups" title="List of minor-planet groups">List of minor-planet groups</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_notable_asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="List of notable asteroids">List of notable asteroids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">List of minor planets</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inner_solar_system_objects_top_view_for_wiki.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Inner_solar_system_objects_top_view_for_wiki.png/350px-Inner_solar_system_objects_top_view_for_wiki.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Inner_solar_system_objects_top_view_for_wiki.png/525px-Inner_solar_system_objects_top_view_for_wiki.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Inner_solar_system_objects_top_view_for_wiki.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A top view of asteroid group location in the inner solar system</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inner_solar_system_linear_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Inner_solar_system_linear_map.png/220px-Inner_solar_system_linear_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="468" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Inner_solar_system_linear_map.png/330px-Inner_solar_system_linear_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Inner_solar_system_linear_map.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="851" /></a><figcaption>A map of planets and asteroid groups of the inner solar system. Distances from sun are to scale, object sizes are not.</figcaption></figure> <p>Various dynamical groups of asteroids have been discovered orbiting in the inner Solar System. Their orbits are perturbed by the gravity of other bodies in the Solar System and by the <a href="/wiki/Yarkovsky_effect" title="Yarkovsky effect">Yarkovsky effect</a>. Significant populations include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asteroid_belt">Asteroid belt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Asteroid belt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></div> <p>The majority of known asteroids orbit within the asteroid belt between the orbits of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, generally in relatively low-<a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentricity</a> (i.e. not very elongated) orbits. This belt is estimated to contain between 1.1 and 1.9 million asteroids larger than 1 km (0.6 mi) in diameter,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and millions of smaller ones. These asteroids may be remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">protoplanetary disk</a>, and in this region the <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">accretion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">planetesimals</a> into planets during the formative period of the Solar System was prevented by large gravitational perturbations by <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>. </p><p>Contrary to popular imagery, the asteroid belt is mostly empty. The asteroids are spread over such a large volume that reaching an asteroid without aiming carefully would be improbable. Nonetheless, hundreds of thousands of asteroids are currently known, and the total number ranges in the millions or more, depending on the lower size cutoff. Over 200 asteroids are known to be larger than 100 km,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a survey in the infrared wavelengths has shown that the asteroid belt has between 700,000 and 1.7 million asteroids with a diameter of 1 km or more.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">absolute magnitudes</a> of most of the known asteroids are between 11 and 19, with the median at about 16.<sup id="cite_ref-mpc_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpc-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The total mass of the asteroid belt is estimated to be <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7021239000000000000♠"></span>2.39<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>21</sup></span> kg, which is just 3% of the mass of the Moon; the mass of the Kuiper Belt and Scattered Disk is over 100 times as large.<sup id="cite_ref-Pitjeva2018_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitjeva2018-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four largest objects, Ceres, Vesta, Pallas, and Hygiea, account for maybe 62% of the belt's total mass, with 39% accounted for by Ceres alone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trojans">Trojans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Trojans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojan (celestial body)</a></div> <p>Trojans are populations that share an orbit with a larger planet or moon, but do not collide with it because they orbit in one of the two <a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrangian point">Lagrangian points</a> of stability, L<sub>4</sub> and L<sub>5</sub>, which lie 60° ahead of and behind the larger body. </p><p>In the Solar System, most known trojans share the <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">orbit of Jupiter</a>. They are divided into the <a href="/wiki/Greek_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek camp">Greek camp</a> at L<sub>4</sub> (ahead of Jupiter) and the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Trojan camp">Trojan camp</a> at L<sub>5</sub> (trailing Jupiter). More than a million Jupiter trojans larger than one kilometer are thought to exist,<sup id="cite_ref-Yoshida2006_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yoshida2006-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which more than 7,000 are currently catalogued. In other planetary orbits only nine <a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Mars trojans</a>, 28 <a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune trojans</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Uranus_trojan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranus trojan">Uranus trojans</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/Earth_trojan" title="Earth trojan">Earth trojans</a>, have been found to date. A temporary <a href="/wiki/2013_ND15" title="2013 ND15">Venus trojan</a> is also known. Numerical orbital dynamics stability simulations indicate that Saturn and Uranus probably do not have any primordial trojans.<sup id="cite_ref-sheppard2006_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheppard2006-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Near-Earth_asteroids">Near-Earth asteroids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Near-Earth asteroids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object#Near-Earth_asteroids" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth asteroids</a></div> <p>Near-Earth asteroids, or NEAs, are asteroids that have orbits that pass close to that of Earth. Asteroids that actually cross Earth's orbital path are known as <i>Earth-crossers</i>. As of April 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, a total of 28,772 near-Earth asteroids were known; 878 have a diameter of one kilometer or larger.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_neo_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa_neo-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small number of NEAs are <a href="/wiki/Extinct_comets" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct comets">extinct comets</a> that have lost their volatile surface materials, although having a faint or intermittent comet-like tail does not necessarily result in a classification as a near-Earth comet, making the boundaries somewhat fuzzy. The rest of the near-Earth asteroids are driven out of the asteroid belt by gravitational interactions with <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MorbidelliAstIII_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MorbidelliAstIII-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many asteroids have <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">minor-planet moons</a>). As of October 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were 85 NEAs known to have at least one moon, including three known to have two moons.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The asteroid <a href="/wiki/3122_Florence" title="3122 Florence">3122 Florence</a>, one of the largest potentially hazardous asteroids with a diameter of 4.5 km (2.8 mi), has two moons measuring 100–300 m (330–980 ft) across, which were discovered by radar imaging during the asteroid's 2017 approach to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Florence-moons_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Florence-moons-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Near-Earth asteroids are divided into groups based on their <a href="/wiki/Semi-major_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-major axis">semi-major axis</a> (a), <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">perihelion</a> distance (q), and <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">aphelion</a> distance (Q):<sup id="cite_ref-NEO-groups_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEO-groups-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MorbidelliAstIII_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MorbidelliAstIII-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Atira_asteroid" title="Atira asteroid">Atiras</a></i> or <i>Apoheles</i> have orbits strictly inside Earth's orbit: an Atira asteroid's aphelion distance (Q) is smaller than Earth's perihelion distance (0.983 AU). That is, <span class="nowrap">Q < 0.983 AU</span>, which implies that the asteroid's semi-major axis is also less than 0.983 AU.<sup id="cite_ref-atiras_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atiras-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Aten_asteroid" title="Aten asteroid">Atens</a></i> have a semi-major axis of less than 1 AU and cross Earth's orbit. Mathematically, <span class="nowrap">a < 1.0 AU</span> and <span class="nowrap">Q > 0.983 AU</span>. (0.983 AU is Earth's perihelion distance.)</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_asteroid" title="Apollo asteroid">Apollos</a></i> have a semi-major axis of more than 1 AU and cross Earth's orbit. Mathematically, <span class="nowrap">a > 1.0 AU</span> and <span class="nowrap">q < 1.017 AU</span>. (1.017 AU is Earth's aphelion distance.)</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Amor_asteroid" title="Amor asteroid">Amors</a></i> have orbits strictly outside Earth's orbit: an Amor asteroid's perihelion distance (q) is greater than Earth's aphelion distance (1.017 AU). Amor asteroids are also near-earth objects so <span class="nowrap">q < 1.3 AU</span>. In summary, <span class="nowrap">1.017 AU < q < 1.3 AU</span>. (This implies that the asteroid's semi-major axis (a) is also larger than 1.017 AU.) Some Amor asteroid orbits cross the orbit of Mars.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Martian_moons">Martian moons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Martian moons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Moons of Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos (moon)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos (moon)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phobos_colour_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Phobos_colour_2008.jpg/146px-Phobos_colour_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Phobos_colour_2008.jpg/219px-Phobos_colour_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Phobos_colour_2008.jpg/292px-Phobos_colour_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3300" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Phobos</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deimos-MRO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Deimos-MRO.jpg/138px-Deimos-MRO.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Deimos-MRO.jpg/207px-Deimos-MRO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Deimos-MRO.jpg/276px-Deimos-MRO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Deimos</div></div></div></div></div> <p>It is unclear whether Martian moons Phobos and Deimos are captured asteroids or were formed due to impact event on Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-burns_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burns-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phobos and Deimos both have much in common with carbonaceous <a href="/wiki/C-type_asteroid" title="C-type asteroid">C-type asteroids</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">spectra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> very similar to those of C- or D-type asteroids.<sup id="cite_ref-c-type_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-type-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on their similarity, one hypothesis is that both moons may be captured <a href="/wiki/Main-belt_asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Main-belt asteroids">main-belt asteroids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-landis_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landis-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both moons have very circular orbits which lie almost exactly in Mars's <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Equatorial plane">equatorial plane</a>, and hence a capture origin requires a mechanism for circularizing the initially highly eccentric orbit, and adjusting its inclination into the equatorial plane, most probably by a combination of atmospheric drag and <a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">tidal forces</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cazenave_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cazenave-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it is not clear whether sufficient time was available for this to occur for Deimos.<sup id="cite_ref-burns_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burns-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Capture also requires dissipation of energy. The current Martian atmosphere is too thin to capture a Phobos-sized object by atmospheric braking.<sup id="cite_ref-burns_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burns-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_A._Landis" title="Geoffrey A. Landis">Geoffrey A. Landis</a> has pointed out that the capture could have occurred if the original body was a <a href="/wiki/Binary_asteroid" title="Binary asteroid">binary asteroid</a> that separated under tidal forces.<sup id="cite_ref-landis_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landis-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phobos could be a second-generation Solar System object that <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">coalesced</a> in orbit after Mars formed, rather than forming concurrently out of the same birth cloud as Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-ESA2010_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA2010-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another hypothesis is that Mars was once surrounded by many Phobos- and Deimos-sized bodies, perhaps ejected into orbit around it by a collision with a large <a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">planetesimal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Craddock_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craddock-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high porosity of the interior of Phobos (based on the density of 1.88 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, voids are estimated to comprise 25 to 35 percent of Phobos's volume) is inconsistent with an asteroidal origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Andert_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andert-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observations of Phobos in the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal infrared">thermal infrared</a> suggest a composition containing mainly <a href="/wiki/Phyllosilicates" class="mw-redirect" title="Phyllosilicates">phyllosilicates</a>, which are well known from the surface of Mars. The spectra are distinct from those of all classes of <a href="/wiki/Chondrite" title="Chondrite">chondrite</a> meteorites, again pointing away from an asteroidal origin.<sup id="cite_ref-Giuranna_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giuranna-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both sets of findings support an origin of Phobos from material ejected by an impact on Mars that reaccreted in Martian orbit,<sup id="cite_ref-Blast_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blast-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar to the <a href="/wiki/Giant_impact_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant impact hypothesis">prevailing theory</a> for the origin of Earth's moon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size_distribution">Size distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Size distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asteroids_by_size_and_number.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Asteroids_by_size_and_number.svg/300px-Asteroids_by_size_and_number.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Asteroids_by_size_and_number.svg/450px-Asteroids_by_size_and_number.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Asteroids_by_size_and_number.svg/600px-Asteroids_by_size_and_number.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The asteroids of the Solar System, categorized by size and number</figcaption></figure> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:258px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:256px;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption">The masses of the largest asteroids in the main belt: <a href="/wiki/1_Ceres" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Ceres">1 Ceres</a> (blue), <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">4 Vesta</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">2 Pallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">10 Hygiea</a>, <a href="/wiki/704_Interamnia" title="704 Interamnia">704 Interamnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/15_Eunomia" title="15 Eunomia">15 Eunomia</a> and the remainder of the Main Belt (pink). The unit of mass is <span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001180000000000000♠"></span>18</span></sup> kg.</div></div></div> <p>Asteroids vary greatly in size, from almost <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006100000000000000♠"></span>1000 km</span> for the largest down to rocks just 1 meter across, below which an object is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">meteoroid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three largest are very much like miniature planets: they are roughly spherical, have at least partly differentiated interiors,<sup id="cite_ref-Schmidt2007_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt2007-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are thought to be surviving <a href="/wiki/Protoplanet" title="Protoplanet">protoplanets</a>. The vast majority, however, are much smaller and are irregularly shaped; they are thought to be either battered <a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">planetesimals</a> or fragments of larger bodies. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a> <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> is by far the largest asteroid, with a diameter of 940 km (580 mi). The next largest are <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">4 Vesta</a> and <a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">2 Pallas</a>, both with diameters of just over 500 km (300 mi). Vesta is the brightest of the four main-belt asteroids that can, on occasion, be visible to the naked eye.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On some rare occasions, a near-Earth asteroid may briefly become visible without technical aid; see <a href="/wiki/99942_Apophis" title="99942 Apophis">99942 Apophis</a>. </p><p>The mass of all the objects of the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a>, lying between the orbits of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, is estimated to be <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7021239400000000000♠"></span>(2394<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>6)<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>18</sup> kg</span>, ≈ 3.25% of the mass of the Moon. Of this, <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> comprises <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7020938000000000000♠"></span>938<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>18</sup> kg</span>, about 40% of the total. Adding in the next three most massive objects, <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a> (11%), <a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a> (8.5%), and <a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">Hygiea</a> (3–4%), brings this figure up to a bit over 60%, whereas the next seven most-massive asteroids bring the total up to 70%.<sup id="cite_ref-Pitjeva2018_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitjeva2018-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of asteroids increases rapidly as their individual masses decrease. </p><p>The number of asteroids decreases markedly with increasing size. Although the size distribution generally follows a <a href="/wiki/Power_law" title="Power law">power law</a>, there are 'bumps' at about <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003500000000000000♠"></span>5 km</span> and <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005100000000000000♠"></span>100 km</span>, where more asteroids than expected from such a curve are found. Most asteroids larger than approximately 120 km in diameter are primordial (surviving from the accretion epoch), whereas most smaller asteroids are products of fragmentation of primordial asteroids. The primordial population of the main belt was probably 200 times what it is today.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Largest_asteroids">Largest asteroids</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Largest asteroids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Largest_asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest asteroids">Largest asteroids</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:42_of_the_largest_objects_in_the_asteroid_belt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/42_of_the_largest_objects_in_the_asteroid_belt.jpg/238px-42_of_the_largest_objects_in_the_asteroid_belt.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/42_of_the_largest_objects_in_the_asteroid_belt.jpg/357px-42_of_the_largest_objects_in_the_asteroid_belt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/42_of_the_largest_objects_in_the_asteroid_belt.jpg/476px-42_of_the_largest_objects_in_the_asteroid_belt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6083" data-file-height="3910" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">42 of the largest objects in the asteroid belt captured by <a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">ESO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope" title="Very Large Telescope">Very Large Telescope</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eros,_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg/238px-Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg/357px-Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg/476px-Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Eros, Vesta and Ceres size comparison</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Three largest objects in the asteroid belt, <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a>, <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a>, are intact <a href="/wiki/Protoplanet" title="Protoplanet">protoplanets</a> that share many characteristics common to planets, and are atypical compared to the majority of irregularly shaped asteroids. The fourth-largest asteroid, <a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">Hygiea</a>, appears nearly spherical although it may have an undifferentiated interior,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> like the majority of asteroids. The four largest asteroids constitute half the mass of the asteroid belt. </p><p>Ceres is the only asteroid that appears to have a <a href="/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)" title="Plasticity (physics)">plastic</a> shape under its own gravity and hence the only one that is a <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IAU-2006_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAU-2006-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a much higher <a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude#Solar_System_bodies_(H)" title="Absolute magnitude">absolute magnitude</a> than the other asteroids, of around 3.32,<sup id="cite_ref-AstJ-2002-v123-p549_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AstJ-2002-v123-p549-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may possess a surface layer of ice.<sup id="cite_ref-planetary_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planetary-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the planets, Ceres is differentiated: it has a crust, a mantle and a core.<sup id="cite_ref-planetary_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-planetary-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No meteorites from Ceres have been found on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-satellites_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-satellites-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vesta, too, has a differentiated interior, though it formed inside the Solar System's <a href="/wiki/Frost_line_(astrophysics)" title="Frost line (astrophysics)">frost line</a>, and so is devoid of water;<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its composition is mainly of basaltic rock with minerals such as olivine.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from the large crater at its southern pole, <a href="/wiki/Rheasilvia" title="Rheasilvia">Rheasilvia</a>, Vesta also has an ellipsoidal shape. Vesta is the parent body of the <a href="/wiki/Vestian_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestian family">Vestian family</a> and other <a href="/wiki/V-type_asteroid" title="V-type asteroid">V-type asteroids</a>, and is the source of the <a href="/wiki/HED_meteorite" title="HED meteorite">HED meteorites</a>, which constitute 5% of all meteorites on Earth. </p><p>Pallas is unusual in that, like <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, it rotates on its side, with its axis of rotation tilted at high angles to its orbital plane.<sup id="cite_ref-Torppa1996_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torppa1996-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its composition is similar to that of Ceres: high in carbon and silicon, and perhaps partially differentiated.<sup id="cite_ref-Icarus-1983-v56-p398_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Icarus-1983-v56-p398-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pallas is the parent body of the <a href="/wiki/Palladian_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladian family">Palladian family</a> of asteroids. </p><p>Hygiea is the largest carbonaceous asteroid<sup id="cite_ref-Icarus-2002-156-p202_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Icarus-2002-156-p202-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, unlike the other largest asteroids, lies relatively close to the <a href="/wiki/Plane_of_the_ecliptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane of the ecliptic">plane of the ecliptic</a>. It is the largest member and presumed parent body of the <a href="/wiki/Hygiean_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygiean family">Hygiean family</a> of asteroids. Because there is no sufficiently large crater on the surface to be the source of that family, as there is on Vesta, it is thought that Hygiea may have been completely disrupted in the collision that formed the Hygiean family and recoalesced after losing a bit less than 2% of its mass. Observations taken with the <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Telescope" title="Very Large Telescope">Very Large Telescope</a>'s <a href="/wiki/VLT-SPHERE" class="mw-redirect" title="VLT-SPHERE">SPHERE</a> imager in 2017 and 2018, revealed that Hygiea has a nearly spherical shape, which is consistent both with it being in <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibrium" title="Hydrostatic equilibrium">hydrostatic equilibrium</a>, or formerly being in hydrostatic equilibrium, or with being disrupted and recoalescing.<sup id="cite_ref-NatAstr-2019-10-28_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatAstr-2019-10-28-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Strickland2019_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strickland2019-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Internal differentiation of large asteroids is possibly related to their lack of <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellites</a>, as satellites of main belt asteroids are mostly believed to form from collisional disruption, creating a <a href="/wiki/Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">rubble pile</a> structure.<sup id="cite_ref-satellites_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-satellites-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Attributes of largest asteroids </caption> <tbody><tr style="font-size: smaller;"> <th>Name </th> <th>Orbital<br />radius<br />(<a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital<br />period</a><br />(years) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Inclination" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclination">Inclination<br />to ecliptic</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Orbital<br />eccentricity</a> </th> <th>Diameter<br />(km) </th> <th>Diameter<br />(% of <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>) </th> <th>Mass<br />(<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001180000000000000♠"></span>18</span></sup> kg) </th> <th>Mass<br />(% of Ceres) </th> <th>Density<br />(g/cm<sup>3</sup>) </th> <th>Rotation<br />period<br />(hr) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> </th> <td>2.77 </td> <td>4.60 </td> <td>10.6° </td> <td>0.079 </td> <td>964×964×892<br />(mean 939.4) </td> <td>27% </td> <td>938 </td> <td>100% </td> <td>2.16±0.01 </td> <td>9.07 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a> </th> <td>2.36 </td> <td>3.63 </td> <td>7.1° </td> <td>0.089 </td> <td>573×557×446<br />(mean 525.4) </td> <td>15% </td> <td>259 </td> <td>28% </td> <td>3.46 ± 0.04 </td> <td>5.34 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a> </th> <td>2.77 </td> <td>4.62 </td> <td>34.8° </td> <td>0.231 </td> <td>550×516×476<br />(mean 511±4) </td> <td>15% </td> <td>204±3 </td> <td>21% </td> <td>2.92±0.08 </td> <td>7.81 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">Hygiea</a> </th> <td>3.14 </td> <td>5.56 </td> <td>3.8° </td> <td>0.117 </td> <td>450×430×424<br />(mean 433±8) </td> <td>12% </td> <td>87±7 </td> <td>9% </td> <td>2.06±0.20 </td> <td>13.8 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotation">Rotation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Rotation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_fast_rotators_(minor_planets)" title="List of fast rotators (minor planets)">List of fast rotators (minor planets)</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_slow_rotators_(minor_planets)" title="List of slow rotators (minor planets)">List of slow rotators (minor planets)</a></div> <p>Measurements of the rotation rates of large asteroids in the asteroid belt show that there is an upper limit. Very few asteroids with a diameter larger than 100 meters have a rotation period less than 2.2 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For asteroids rotating faster than approximately this rate, the inertial force at the surface is greater than the gravitational force, so any loose surface material would be flung out. However, a solid object should be able to rotate much more rapidly. This suggests that most asteroids with a diameter over 100 meters are <a href="/wiki/Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">rubble piles</a> formed through the accumulation of debris after collisions between asteroids.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossi-2004_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossi-2004-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color">Color</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Color"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asteroids become darker and redder with age due to <a href="/wiki/Space_weathering" title="Space weathering">space weathering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UHi2005-05-19_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UHi2005-05-19-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However evidence suggests most of the color change occurs rapidly, in the first hundred thousand years, limiting the usefulness of spectral measurement for determining the age of asteroids.<sup id="cite_ref-Courtland-2009_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courtland-2009-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_features">Surface features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Surface features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vesta_Cratered_terrain_with_hills_and_ridges.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Vesta_Cratered_terrain_with_hills_and_ridges.jpg/220px-Vesta_Cratered_terrain_with_hills_and_ridges.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Vesta_Cratered_terrain_with_hills_and_ridges.jpg/330px-Vesta_Cratered_terrain_with_hills_and_ridges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Vesta_Cratered_terrain_with_hills_and_ridges.jpg/440px-Vesta_Cratered_terrain_with_hills_and_ridges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Cratered terrain on 4 Vesta</figcaption></figure> <p>Except for the "<a href="/wiki/List_of_exceptional_asteroids#Largest_by_mass" title="List of exceptional asteroids">big four</a>" (Ceres, Pallas, Vesta, and Hygiea), asteroids are likely to be broadly similar in appearance, if irregular in shape. 50 km (31 mi) <a href="/wiki/253_Mathilde" title="253 Mathilde">253 Mathilde</a> is a rubble pile saturated with craters with diameters the size of the asteroid's radius. Earth-based observations of 300 km (190 mi) <a href="/wiki/511_Davida" title="511 Davida">511 Davida</a>, one of the largest asteroids after the big four, reveal a similarly angular profile, suggesting it is also saturated with radius-size craters.<sup id="cite_ref-Icarus-2007-v191-p616_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Icarus-2007-v191-p616-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medium-sized asteroids such as Mathilde and <a href="/wiki/243_Ida" title="243 Ida">243 Ida</a>, that have been observed up close, also reveal a deep <a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">regolith</a> covering the surface. Of the big four, Pallas and Hygiea are practically unknown. Vesta has compression fractures encircling a radius-size crater at its south pole but is otherwise a <a href="/wiki/Spheroid" title="Spheroid">spheroid</a>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn spacecraft</a></i> revealed that Ceres has a heavily cratered surface, but with fewer large craters than expected.<sup id="cite_ref-marchi_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marchi-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Models based on the formation of the current asteroid belt had suggested Ceres should possess 10 to 15 craters larger than 400 km (250 mi) in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-marchi_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marchi-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest confirmed crater on Ceres, <a href="/wiki/Kerwan_(crater)" title="Kerwan (crater)">Kerwan Basin</a>, is 284 km (176 mi) across.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most likely reason for this is <a href="/wiki/Viscoelasticity" title="Viscoelasticity">viscous relaxation</a> of the crust slowly flattening out larger impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-marchi_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marchi-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition">Composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asteroids are classified by their characteristic <a href="/wiki/Emission_spectrum" title="Emission spectrum">emission spectra</a>, with the majority falling into three main groups: <a href="/wiki/C-type_asteroid" title="C-type asteroid">C-type</a>, <a href="/wiki/M-type_asteroid" title="M-type asteroid">M-type</a>, and <a href="/wiki/S-type_asteroid" title="S-type asteroid">S-type</a>. These describe carbonaceous (<a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon-rich</a>), <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metallic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silicaceous</a> (stony) compositions, respectively. The physical composition of asteroids is varied and in most cases poorly understood. Ceres appears to be composed of a rocky core covered by an icy mantle; Vesta is thought to have a <a href="/wiki/Nickel-iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel-iron">nickel-iron</a> core, <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a> mantle, and basaltic crust.<sup id="cite_ref-Hubble-Vespa-1995-04-19_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hubble-Vespa-1995-04-19-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thought to be the largest undifferentiated asteroid, <a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">10 Hygiea</a> seems to have a uniformly primitive composition of <a href="/wiki/Carbonaceous_chondrite" title="Carbonaceous chondrite">carbonaceous chondrite</a>, but it may actually be a differentiated asteroid that was globally disrupted by an impact and then reassembled. Other asteroids appear to be the remnant cores or mantles of proto-planets, high in rock and metal. Most small asteroids are believed to be piles of rubble held together loosely by gravity, although the largest are probably solid. Some asteroids have <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroid moon">moons</a> or are co-orbiting <a href="/wiki/Binary_asteroid" title="Binary asteroid">binaries</a>: rubble piles, moons, binaries, and scattered <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">asteroid families</a> are thought to be the results of collisions that disrupted a parent asteroid, or possibly a <a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">planet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ARX-20060816_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARX-20060816-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the main asteroid belt, there appear to be two primary populations of asteroid: a dark, volatile-rich population, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/C-type_asteroid" title="C-type asteroid">C-type</a> and <a href="/wiki/P-type_asteroid" title="P-type asteroid">P-type</a> asteroids, with albedos less than 0.10 and densities under <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003220000000000000♠"></span>2.2 g/cm<sup>3</sup></span>, and a dense, volatile-poor population, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/S-type_asteroid" title="S-type asteroid">S-type</a> and <a href="/wiki/M-type_asteroid" title="M-type asteroid">M-type</a> asteroids, with albedos over 0.15 and densities greater than 2.7. Within these populations, larger asteroids are denser, presumably due to compression. There appears to be minimal macro-porosity (interstitial vacuum) in the score of asteroids with masses greater than <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7019100000000000000♠"></span>10<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>18</sup> kg</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-VLT_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VLT-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Composition is calculated from three primary sources: <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a>, surface spectrum, and density. The last can only be determined accurately by observing the orbits of moons the asteroid might have. So far, every asteroid with moons has turned out to be a rubble pile, a loose conglomeration of rock and metal that may be half empty space by volume. The investigated asteroids are as large as 280 km in diameter, and include <a href="/wiki/121_Hermione" title="121 Hermione">121 Hermione</a> (268×186×183 km), and <a href="/wiki/87_Sylvia" title="87 Sylvia">87 Sylvia</a> (384×262×232 km). Few asteroids are <a href="/wiki/List_of_notable_asteroids#Largest_by_diameter" class="mw-redirect" title="List of notable asteroids">larger than 87 Sylvia</a>, none of them have moons. The fact that such large asteroids as Sylvia may be rubble piles, presumably due to disruptive impacts, has important consequences for the formation of the Solar System: computer simulations of collisions involving solid bodies show them destroying each other as often as merging, but colliding rubble piles are more likely to merge. This means that the cores of the planets could have formed relatively quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-Icarus-2011-02-p1022_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Icarus-2011-02-p1022-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water">Water</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Asteroidal_water" title="Asteroidal water">Asteroidal water</a></div> <p>Scientists hypothesize that some of the first water brought to Earth was delivered by asteroid impacts after the collision that produced the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Campins2010_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campins2010-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the presence of <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">water ice</a> was confirmed on the surface of <a href="/wiki/24_Themis" title="24 Themis">24 Themis</a> using NASA's <a href="/wiki/Infrared_Telescope_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrared Telescope Facility">Infrared Telescope Facility</a>. The surface of the asteroid appears completely covered in ice. As this ice layer is <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublimating</a>, it may be getting replenished by a reservoir of ice under the surface. Organic compounds were also detected on the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowen-2009_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowen-2009-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Atkinson-2009_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkinson-2009-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Campins2010_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campins2010-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RivkinEmery2010_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RivkinEmery2010-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of ice on 24 Themis makes the initial theory plausible.<sup id="cite_ref-Campins2010_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campins2010-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2013, water was detected on an extrasolar body for the first time, on an asteroid orbiting the <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a> <a href="/wiki/GD_61" title="GD 61">GD 61</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 January 2014, <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) scientists reported the detection, for the first definitive time, of <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a>, the largest object in the asteroid belt.<sup id="cite_ref-KüppersO'Rourke2014_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KüppersO'Rourke2014-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The detection was made by using the <a href="/wiki/Far-infrared_astronomy" title="Far-infrared astronomy">far-infrared abilities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel Space Observatory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20140122_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140122-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The finding is unexpected because comets, not asteroids, are typically considered to "sprout jets and plumes". According to one of the scientists, "The lines are becoming more and more blurred between comets and asteroids."<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20140122_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140122-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Findings have shown that <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar winds</a> can react with the oxygen in the upper layer of the asteroids and create water. It has been estimated that "every cubic metre of irradiated rock could contain up to 20 litres"; study was conducted using an atom probe tomography, numbers are given for the Itokawa S-type asteroid.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Acfer 049, a meteorite discovered in Algeria in 1990, was shown in 2019 to have an ultraporous lithology (UPL): porous texture that could be formed by removal of ice that filled these pores, this suggests that UPL "represent fossils of primordial ice".<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Organic_compounds">Organic compounds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Organic compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asteroids contain traces of <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> and other organic compounds, and some speculate that asteroid impacts may have seeded the early Earth with the chemicals necessary to initiate life, or may have even brought life itself to Earth (an event called "<a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">panspermia</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-SPACE-2001-12-19_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPACE-2001-12-19-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reuell-2019_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuell-2019-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2011, a report, based on <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> studies with <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a> found on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, was published suggesting <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> components (<a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">adenine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a> and related <a href="/wiki/Organic_molecules" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic molecules">organic molecules</a>) may have been formed on asteroids and <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a> in <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Callahan_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Callahan-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Steigerwald_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steigerwald-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DNA_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNA-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2019, scientists reported detecting, for the first time, <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar molecules</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">ribose</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a>, suggesting that chemical processes on asteroids can produce some fundamentally essential bio-ingredients important to <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>, and supporting the notion of an <a href="/wiki/RNA_world" title="RNA world">RNA world</a> prior to a DNA-based <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">origin of life</a> on Earth, and possibly, as well, the notion of <a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">panspermia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20191118_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20191118-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PNAS-20191118_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS-20191118-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asteroids are commonly categorized according to two criteria: the characteristics of their orbits, and features of their reflectance <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">spectrum</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbital_classification">Orbital classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Orbital classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroid group">Asteroid group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">Asteroid family</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_(419624)_2010_SO16_orbit.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Animation_of_%28419624%29_2010_SO16_orbit.gif/220px-Animation_of_%28419624%29_2010_SO16_orbit.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Animation_of_%28419624%29_2010_SO16_orbit.gif/330px-Animation_of_%28419624%29_2010_SO16_orbit.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Animation_of_%28419624%29_2010_SO16_orbit.gif/440px-Animation_of_%28419624%29_2010_SO16_orbit.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>A complex horseshoe orbit (the vertical looping is due to inclination of the smaller body's orbit to that of the Earth, and would be absent if both orbited in the same plane)<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;"> </span> Sun</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:RoyalBlue; color:white;"> </span> Earth</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Magenta; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/(419624)_2010_SO16" title="(419624) 2010 SO16">(419624) 2010 SO16</a></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Many asteroids have been placed in groups and families based on their orbital characteristics. Apart from the broadest divisions, it is customary to name a group of asteroids after the first member of that group to be discovered. Groups are relatively loose dynamical associations, whereas families are tighter and result from the catastrophic break-up of a large parent asteroid sometime in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-AstFams-Icarus-1995_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AstFams-Icarus-1995-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Families are more common and easier to identify within the main asteroid belt, but several small families have been reported among the <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter trojans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JewittEtal2004_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JewittEtal2004-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Main belt families were first recognized by <a href="/wiki/Kiyotsugu_Hirayama" title="Kiyotsugu Hirayama">Kiyotsugu Hirayama</a> in 1918 and are often called <a href="/wiki/Hirayama_families" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirayama families">Hirayama families</a> in his honor. </p><p>About 30–35% of the bodies in the asteroid belt belong to dynamical families, each thought to have a common origin in a past collision between asteroids. A family has also been associated with the plutoid <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a> <a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a>. </p><p>Some asteroids have unusual <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_orbit" title="Horseshoe orbit">horseshoe orbits</a> that are co-orbital with <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> or another planet. Examples are <a href="/wiki/3753_Cruithne" title="3753 Cruithne">3753 Cruithne</a> and <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_AA29" title="2002 AA29">2002 AA<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">29</span></span></a></span>. The first instance of this type of orbital arrangement was discovered between <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>'s moons <a href="/wiki/Epimetheus_(moon)" title="Epimetheus (moon)">Epimetheus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Janus_(moon)" title="Janus (moon)">Janus</a>. Sometimes these horseshoe objects temporarily become <a href="/wiki/Quasi-satellite" title="Quasi-satellite">quasi-satellites</a> for a few decades or a few hundred years, before returning to their earlier status. Both Earth and <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> are known to have quasi-satellites. </p><p>Such objects, if associated with Earth or Venus or even hypothetically <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, are a special class of <a href="/wiki/Aten_asteroid" title="Aten asteroid">Aten asteroids</a>. However, such objects could be associated with the outer planets as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spectral_classification">Spectral classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Spectral classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_spectral_types" title="Asteroid spectral types">Asteroid spectral types</a></div> <p>In 1975, an asteroid <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (general)">taxonomic</a> system based on <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">spectral shape</a> was developed by <a href="/wiki/Clark_R._Chapman" class="mw-redirect" title="Clark R. Chapman">Chapman</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Morrison_(astrophysicist)" title="David Morrison (astrophysicist)">Morrison</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Zellner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ben Zellner (page does not exist)">Zellner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CMZ-1975-Icarus_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMZ-1975-Icarus-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These properties are thought to correspond to the composition of the asteroid's surface material. The original classification system had three categories: <a href="/wiki/C-type_asteroid" title="C-type asteroid">C-types</a> for dark carbonaceous objects (75% of known asteroids), <a href="/wiki/S-type_asteroid" title="S-type asteroid">S-types</a> for stony (silicaceous) objects (17% of known asteroids) and U for those that did not fit into either C or S. This classification has since been expanded to include many other asteroid types. The number of types continues to grow as more asteroids are studied. </p><p>The two most widely used taxonomies now used are the <a href="/wiki/Tholen_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Tholen classification">Tholen classification</a> and <a href="/wiki/SMASS_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="SMASS classification">SMASS classification</a>. The former was proposed in 1984 by <a href="/wiki/David_J._Tholen" title="David J. Tholen">David J. Tholen</a>, and was based on data collected from an eight-color asteroid survey performed in the 1980s. This resulted in 14 asteroid categories.<sup id="cite_ref-Tholen-1989_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tholen-1989-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, the Small Main-Belt Asteroid Spectroscopic Survey resulted in a modified version of the Tholen taxonomy with 24 different types. Both systems have three broad categories of C, S, and X asteroids, where X consists of mostly metallic asteroids, such as the <a href="/wiki/M-type_asteroid" title="M-type asteroid">M-type</a>. There are also several smaller classes.<sup id="cite_ref-Bus-2002_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bus-2002-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proportion of known asteroids falling into the various spectral types does not necessarily reflect the proportion of all asteroids that are of that type; some types are easier to detect than others, biasing the totals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Problems">Problems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally, spectral designations were based on inferences of an asteroid's composition.<sup id="cite_ref-McSween-1999_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McSween-1999-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the correspondence between spectral class and composition is not always very good, and a variety of classifications are in use. This has led to significant confusion. Although asteroids of different spectral classifications are likely to be composed of different materials, there are no assurances that asteroids within the same taxonomic class are composed of the same (or similar) materials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Active_asteroids">Active asteroids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Active asteroids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">Active asteroid</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23554-AsteroidBennu-EjectingParticles-20190106.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/PIA23554-AsteroidBennu-EjectingParticles-20190106.jpg/220px-PIA23554-AsteroidBennu-EjectingParticles-20190106.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/PIA23554-AsteroidBennu-EjectingParticles-20190106.jpg/330px-PIA23554-AsteroidBennu-EjectingParticles-20190106.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/PIA23554-AsteroidBennu-EjectingParticles-20190106.jpg/440px-PIA23554-AsteroidBennu-EjectingParticles-20190106.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="1089" /></a><figcaption>Asteroid <span data-sort-value="7005101955000000000♠" style="display:none"></span><a href="/wiki/101955_Bennu" title="101955 Bennu">(101955) Bennu</a> seen ejecting particles by the <a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Active asteroids are objects that have asteroid-like orbits but show <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a>-like visual characteristics. That is, they show <a href="/wiki/Coma_(cometary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coma (cometary)">comae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comet_tail" title="Comet tail">tails</a>, or other visual evidence of mass-loss (like a comet), but their orbit remains within <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>'s orbit (like an asteroid).<sup id="cite_ref-Jewitt_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewitt-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JHA15_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHA15-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These bodies were originally designated <b>main-belt comets</b> (MBCs) in 2006 by astronomers <a href="/wiki/David_Jewitt" class="mw-redirect" title="David Jewitt">David Jewitt</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Hsieh_(astronomer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Hsieh (astronomer) (page does not exist)">Henry Hsieh</a>, but this name implies they are necessarily icy in composition like a comet and that they only exist within the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">main-belt</a>, whereas the growing population of active asteroids shows that this is not always the case.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewitt_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewitt-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20190319_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20190319-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first active asteroid discovered is <a href="/wiki/7968_Elst%E2%80%93Pizarro" title="7968 Elst–Pizarro">7968 Elst–Pizarro</a>. It was discovered (as an asteroid) in 1979 but then was found to have a tail by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Walter_Elst" title="Eric Walter Elst">Eric Elst</a> and Guido Pizarro in 1996 and given the cometary designation 133P/Elst-Pizarro.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewitt_127-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewitt-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HH133P_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HH133P-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another notable object is <a href="/wiki/311P/PanSTARRS" title="311P/PanSTARRS">311P/PanSTARRS</a>: observations made by the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> revealed that it had six comet-like tails.<sup id="cite_ref-hubblesite_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hubblesite-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tails are suspected to be streams of material ejected by the asteroid as a result of a <a href="/wiki/Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">rubble pile</a> asteroid spinning fast enough to remove material from it.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewitt2013_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewitt2013-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubble_view_of_Dimorphos_ejecta_(October_8).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hubble_view_of_Dimorphos_ejecta_%28October_8%29.png/220px-Hubble_view_of_Dimorphos_ejecta_%28October_8%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hubble_view_of_Dimorphos_ejecta_%28October_8%29.png/330px-Hubble_view_of_Dimorphos_ejecta_%28October_8%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hubble_view_of_Dimorphos_ejecta_%28October_8%29.png/440px-Hubble_view_of_Dimorphos_ejecta_%28October_8%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1091" /></a><figcaption>Dimorphos and the tail created after the DART impact, photo by the Hubble Space Telescope</figcaption></figure> <p>By smashing into the asteroid <a href="/wiki/Dimorphos" title="Dimorphos">Dimorphos</a>, NASA's <a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">Double Asteroid Redirection Test</a> spacecraft made it an active asteroid. Scientists had proposed that some active asteroids are the result of impact events, but no one had ever observed the activation of an asteroid. The DART mission activated Dimorphos under precisely known and carefully observed impact conditions, enabling the detailed study of the formation of an active asteroid for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-march2023_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-march2023-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observations show that Dimorphos lost approximately 1 million kilograms after the collision.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Impact produced a dust plume that temporarily brightened the Didymos system and developed a 10,000-kilometer (6,200 mi)-long <a href="/wiki/Comet_tail" title="Comet tail">dust tail</a> that persisted for several months.<sup id="cite_ref-NOIRLab-20221003_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOIRLab-20221003-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20221215_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20221215-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li2023_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li2023-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observation_and_exploration">Observation and exploration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Observation and exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until the age of space travel, objects in the asteroid belt could only be observed with large telescopes, their shapes and terrain remaining a mystery. The best modern ground-based telescopes and the Earth-orbiting <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> can only resolve a small amount of detail on the surfaces of the largest asteroids. Limited information about the shapes and compositions of asteroids can be inferred from their <a href="/wiki/Light_curve" title="Light curve">light curves</a> (variation in brightness during rotation) and their spectral properties. Sizes can be estimated by timing the lengths of star occultations (when an asteroid passes directly in front of a star). <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">Radar</a> imaging can yield good information about asteroid shapes and orbital and rotational parameters, especially for near-Earth asteroids. Spacecraft flybys can provide much more data than any ground or space-based observations; sample-return missions gives insights about regolith composition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ground-based_observations">Ground-based observations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ground-based observations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldstone_DSN_antenna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Goldstone_DSN_antenna.jpg/220px-Goldstone_DSN_antenna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Goldstone_DSN_antenna.jpg/330px-Goldstone_DSN_antenna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Goldstone_DSN_antenna.jpg/440px-Goldstone_DSN_antenna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1415" data-file-height="1116" /></a><figcaption>The 70m antenna at Goldstone Observatory</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_SR339_Arecibo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/2014_SR339_Arecibo.jpg/220px-2014_SR339_Arecibo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/2014_SR339_Arecibo.jpg/330px-2014_SR339_Arecibo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/2014_SR339_Arecibo.jpg/440px-2014_SR339_Arecibo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Radar observations of near-Earth asteroid <a href="/wiki/(505657)_2014_SR339" title="(505657) 2014 SR339"><span class="nowrap">(505657) 2014 SR<sub>339</sub></span></a> as seen by Arecibo</figcaption></figure> <p>As asteroids are rather small and faint objects, the data that can be obtained from ground-based observations (GBO) are limited. By means of ground-based optical telescopes the visual magnitude can be obtained; when converted into the absolute magnitude it gives a rough estimate of the asteroid's size. Light-curve measurements can also be made by GBO; when collected over a long period of time it allows an estimate of the rotational period, the pole orientation (sometimes), and a rough estimate of the asteroid's shape. Spectral data (both visible-light and near-infrared spectroscopy) gives information about the object's composition, used to classify the observed asteroids. Such observations are limited as they provide information about only the thin layer on the surface (up to several micrometers).<sup id="cite_ref-michel_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michel-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As planetologist <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Michel" title="Patrick Michel">Patrick Michel</a> writes: </p> <blockquote><p>Mid- to thermal-infrared observations, along with polarimetry measurements, are probably the only data that give some indication of actual physical properties. Measuring the heat flux of an asteroid at a single wavelength gives an estimate of the dimensions of the object; these measurements have lower uncertainty than measurements of the reflected sunlight in the visible-light spectral region. If the two measurements can be combined, both the effective diameter and the geometric albedo—the latter being a measure of the brightness at zero phase angle, that is, when illumination comes from directly behind the observer—can be derived. In addition, thermal measurements at two or more wavelengths, plus the brightness in the visible-light region, give information on the thermal properties. The thermal inertia, which is a measure of how fast a material heats up or cools off, of most observed asteroids is lower than the bare-rock reference value but greater than that of the lunar regolith; this observation indicates the presence of an insulating layer of granular material on their surface. Moreover, there seems to be a trend, perhaps related to the gravitational environment, that smaller objects (with lower gravity) have a small regolith layer consisting of coarse grains, while larger objects have a thicker regolith layer consisting of fine grains. However, the detailed properties of this regolith layer are poorly known from remote observations. Moreover, the relation between thermal inertia and surface roughness is not straightforward, so one needs to interpret the thermal inertia with caution.<sup id="cite_ref-michel_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michel-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Quotations#Specific_recommendations" title="Wikipedia:Quotations"><span title="too-lengthy quotation (December 2023)">excessive quote</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>Near-Earth asteroids that come into close vicinity of the planet can be studied in more details with <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>; it provides information about the surface of the asteroid (for example can show the presence of craters and boulders). Such observations were conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Arecibo_Observatory" title="Arecibo Observatory">Arecibo Observatory</a> in Puerto Rico (305 meter dish) and <a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldstone Observatory">Goldstone Observatory</a> in California (70 meter dish). Radar observations can also be used for accurate determination of the orbital and rotational dynamics of observed objects.<sup id="cite_ref-michel_140-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michel-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space-based_observations">Space-based observations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Space-based observations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WISE_artist_concept_(PIA17254,_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/WISE_artist_concept_%28PIA17254%2C_crop%29.jpg/220px-WISE_artist_concept_%28PIA17254%2C_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/WISE_artist_concept_%28PIA17254%2C_crop%29.jpg/330px-WISE_artist_concept_%28PIA17254%2C_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/WISE_artist_concept_%28PIA17254%2C_crop%29.jpg/440px-WISE_artist_concept_%28PIA17254%2C_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a> infrared space telescope</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asteroid_6481_Tenzing_captured_by_JWST.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Asteroid_6481_Tenzing_captured_by_JWST.gif/220px-Asteroid_6481_Tenzing_captured_by_JWST.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Asteroid_6481_Tenzing_captured_by_JWST.gif/330px-Asteroid_6481_Tenzing_captured_by_JWST.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Asteroid_6481_Tenzing_captured_by_JWST.gif/440px-Asteroid_6481_Tenzing_captured_by_JWST.gif 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Asteroid 6481 Tenzing, center, is seen moving against a background of stars in this series of images taken by the <a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a>'s instrument <a href="/wiki/NIRCam" title="NIRCam">NIRCam</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Both space and ground-based observatories conducted asteroid search programs; the space-based searches are expected to detect more objects because there is no atmosphere to interfere and because they can observe larger portions of the sky. <a href="/wiki/NEOWISE" class="mw-redirect" title="NEOWISE">NEOWISE</a> observed more than 100,000 asteroids of the main belt, <a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a> observed more than 700 near-Earth asteroids. These observations determined rough sizes of the majority of observed objects, but provided limited detail about surface properties (such as regolith depth and composition, angle of repose, cohesion, and porosity).<sup id="cite_ref-michel_140-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michel-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Asteroids were also studied by the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>, such as tracking the colliding asteroids in the main belt,<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> break-up of an asteroid,<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> observing an <a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">active asteroid</a> with six comet-like tails,<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and observing asteroids that were chosen as targets of dedicated missions.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_probe_missions">Space probe missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Space probe missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets_and_comets_visited_by_spacecraft" title="List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft">List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_minor_planets" title="List of missions to minor planets">List of missions to minor planets</a></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Michel" title="Patrick Michel">Patrick Michel</a> </p> <blockquote><p>The internal structure of asteroids is inferred only from indirect evidence: bulk densities measured by spacecraft, the orbits of natural satellites in the case of asteroid binaries, and the drift of an asteroid's orbit due to the Yarkovsky thermal effect. A spacecraft near an asteroid is perturbed enough by the asteroid's gravity to allow an estimate of the asteroid's mass. The volume is then estimated using a model of the asteroid's shape. Mass and volume allow the derivation of the bulk density, whose uncertainty is usually dominated by the errors made on the volume estimate. The internal porosity of asteroids can be inferred by comparing their bulk density with that of their assumed meteorite analogues, dark asteroids seem to be more porous (>40%) than bright ones. The nature of this porosity is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-michel_140-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michel-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dedicated_missions">Dedicated missions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Dedicated missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first asteroid to be photographed in close-up was <a href="/wiki/951_Gaspra" title="951 Gaspra">951 Gaspra</a> in 1991, followed in 1993 by <a href="/wiki/243_Ida" title="243 Ida">243 Ida</a> and its moon <a href="/wiki/Dactyl_(asteroid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dactyl (asteroid)">Dactyl</a>, all of which were imaged by the <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)"><i>Galileo</i> probe</a> en route to <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>. Other asteroids briefly visited by spacecraft en route to other destinations include <a href="/wiki/9969_Braille" title="9969 Braille">9969 Braille</a> (by <i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i> in 1999), <a href="/wiki/5535_Annefrank" title="5535 Annefrank">5535 Annefrank</a> (by <i><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></i> in 2002), <a href="/wiki/2867_%C5%A0teins" title="2867 Šteins">2867 Šteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/21_Lutetia" title="21 Lutetia">21 Lutetia</a> (by the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)"><i>Rosetta</i> probe</a> in 2008), and <a href="/wiki/4179_Toutatis" title="4179 Toutatis">4179 Toutatis</a> (China's lunar orbiter <i><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></i>, which flew within 3.2 km (2 mi) in 2012). </p><p>The first dedicated asteroid probe was NASA's <i><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></i>, which photographed <a href="/wiki/253_Mathilde" title="253 Mathilde">253 Mathilde</a> in 1997, before entering into orbit around <a href="/wiki/433_Eros" title="433 Eros">433 Eros</a>, finally landing on its surface in 2001. It was the first spacecraft to successfully orbit and land on an asteroid.<sup id="cite_ref-twofirsts_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twofirsts-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From September to November 2005, the Japanese <i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayabusa (spacecraft)">Hayabusa</a></i> probe studied <a href="/wiki/25143_Itokawa" title="25143 Itokawa">25143 Itokawa</a> in detail and <a href="/wiki/Sample_return_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample return mission">returned samples</a> of its surface to Earth on 13 June 2010, the first asteroid sample-return mission. In 2007, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a> spacecraft, which orbited <a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">4 Vesta</a> for a year, and observed the dwarf planet <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> for three years. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i>, a probe launched by <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a> 2014, orbited its target asteroid <a href="/wiki/162173_Ryugu" title="162173 Ryugu">162173 Ryugu</a> for more than a year and took samples that were delivered to Earth in 2020. The spacecraft is now on an extended mission and expected to arrive at a new target in 2031. </p><p>NASA launched the <a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a> in 2016, a sample return mission to asteroid <a href="/wiki/101955_Bennu" title="101955 Bennu">101955 Bennu</a>. In 2021, the probe departed the asteroid with a sample from its surface. Sample was delivered to Earth in September 2023. The spacecraft continues its extended mission, designated OSIRIS-APEX, to explore near-Earth asteroid Apophis in 2029. </p><p>In 2021, NASA launched <a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">Double Asteroid Redirection Test</a> (DART), a mission to test technology for defending Earth against potential hazardous objects. DART deliberately crashed into the <a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">minor-planet moon</a> <a href="/wiki/Dimorphos" title="Dimorphos">Dimorphos</a> of the double asteroid <a href="/wiki/65803_Didymos" title="65803 Didymos">Didymos</a> in September 2022 to assess the potential of a spacecraft impact to deflect an asteroid from a collision course with Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October, NASA declared DART a success, confirming it had shortened Dimorphos' orbital period around Didymos by about 32 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NASA's <i><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a></i>, launched in 2021, is a multiple-asteroid flyby probe focused on flying by 7 <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter trojans</a> of varying types. While not yet set to reach its first main target, <a href="/wiki/3548_Eurybates" title="3548 Eurybates">3548 Eurybates</a>, until 2027, it has made a flyby of main-belt asteroid <a href="/wiki/152830_Dinkinesh" title="152830 Dinkinesh">152830 Dinkinesh</a> and is set to flyby another asteroid <a href="/wiki/52246_Donaldjohanson" title="52246 Donaldjohanson">52246 Donaldjohanson</a> in 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Asteroid-dedicated space probes</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayabusa2_Ion_thruster.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hayabusa2"><img alt="Hayabusa2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hayabusa2_Ion_thruster.jpg/400px-Hayabusa2_Ion_thruster.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hayabusa2_Ion_thruster.jpg/601px-Hayabusa2_Ion_thruster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Hayabusa2_Ion_thruster.jpg/800px-Hayabusa2_Ion_thruster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Hayabusa2</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 241.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 239.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dawn_-_PIA12033.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dawn"><img alt="Dawn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dawn_-_PIA12033.jpg/359px-Dawn_-_PIA12033.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dawn_-_PIA12033.jpg/539px-Dawn_-_PIA12033.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dawn_-_PIA12033.jpg/717px-Dawn_-_PIA12033.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7968" data-file-height="5003" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Dawn</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucy-PatroclusMenoetius-art.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lucy"><img alt="Lucy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lucy-PatroclusMenoetius-art.png/400px-Lucy-PatroclusMenoetius-art.png" decoding="async" width="267" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lucy-PatroclusMenoetius-art.png/601px-Lucy-PatroclusMenoetius-art.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lucy-PatroclusMenoetius-art.png/800px-Lucy-PatroclusMenoetius-art.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Lucy</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PSYCHE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Psyche"><img alt="Psyche" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/PSYCHE.jpg/400px-PSYCHE.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/PSYCHE.jpg/601px-PSYCHE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/PSYCHE.jpg/800px-PSYCHE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Psyche</i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Planned_missions">Planned missions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Planned missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_Asteroids_and_Comets_Visited_by_Spacecraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Small_Asteroids_and_Comets_Visited_by_Spacecraft.jpg/290px-Small_Asteroids_and_Comets_Visited_by_Spacecraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Small_Asteroids_and_Comets_Visited_by_Spacecraft.jpg/435px-Small_Asteroids_and_Comets_Visited_by_Spacecraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Small_Asteroids_and_Comets_Visited_by_Spacecraft.jpg/580px-Small_Asteroids_and_Comets_Visited_by_Spacecraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10500" data-file-height="6268" /></a><figcaption>Asteroids and comets visited by spacecraft as of 2019 (except Ceres and Vesta), to scale</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>NASA's <i><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></i>, launched in October 2023, is intended to study the large metallic asteroid <a href="/wiki/16_Psyche" title="16 Psyche">of the same name</a>, and is on track to arrive there in 2029.</li> <li>ESA's <i><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)">Hera</a></i>, launched in October 2024, is intended study the results of the DART impact. It is expected to measure the size and morphology of the crater, and momentum transmitted by the impact, to determine the efficiency of the deflection produced by DART.</li> <li>JAXA's <a href="/wiki/DESTINY%2B" title="DESTINY+">DESTINY+</a> is a mission for a flyby of the <a href="/wiki/Geminids" title="Geminids">Geminids</a> meteor shower parent body <a href="/wiki/3200_Phaethon" title="3200 Phaethon">3200 Phaethon</a>, as well as various minor bodies. Its launch is planned for 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-dlr-20201112_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dlr-20201112-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>CNSA's <i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-2" title="Tianwen-2">Tianwen-2</a></i> is planned to launch in 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If all goes as planned, it will use <a href="/wiki/Solar_electric_propulsion" title="Solar electric propulsion">solar electric propulsion</a> to explore the <a href="/wiki/Co-orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-orbital">co-orbital</a> near-Earth asteroid <a href="/wiki/469219_Kamo%CA%BBoalewa" title="469219 Kamoʻoalewa">469219 Kamoʻoalewa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">active asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/311P/PanSTARRS" title="311P/PanSTARRS">311P/PanSTARRS</a>. The spacecraft is tasked with collecting samples of the regolith of Kamo'oalewa.<sup id="cite_ref-nature20190430_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature20190430-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asteroid_mining">Asteroid mining</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Asteroid mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Asteroid mining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the asteroids">Colonization of the asteroids</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist_Concept_-_Astronaut_Performs_Tethering_Maneuvers_at_Asteroid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Artist_Concept_-_Astronaut_Performs_Tethering_Maneuvers_at_Asteroid.jpg/220px-Artist_Concept_-_Astronaut_Performs_Tethering_Maneuvers_at_Asteroid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Artist_Concept_-_Astronaut_Performs_Tethering_Maneuvers_at_Asteroid.jpg/330px-Artist_Concept_-_Astronaut_Performs_Tethering_Maneuvers_at_Asteroid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Artist_Concept_-_Astronaut_Performs_Tethering_Maneuvers_at_Asteroid.jpg/440px-Artist_Concept_-_Astronaut_Performs_Tethering_Maneuvers_at_Asteroid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Artist's concept of a crewed mission to an asteroid</figcaption></figure> <p>The concept of asteroid mining was proposed in 1970s. Matt Anderson defines successful asteroid mining as "the development of a mining program that is both financially self-sustaining and profitable to its investors".<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that asteroids might be used as a source of materials that may be rare or exhausted on Earth,<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or materials for constructing <a href="/wiki/Space_habitat" class="mw-redirect" title="Space habitat">space habitats</a>. Materials that are heavy and expensive to launch from Earth may someday be mined from asteroids and used for <a href="/wiki/Space_manufacturing" title="Space manufacturing">space manufacturing</a> and construction.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">resource depletion</a> on Earth becomes more real, the idea of extracting valuable elements from asteroids and returning these to <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> for profit, or using space-based resources to build <a href="/wiki/Space-based_solar_power" title="Space-based solar power">solar-power satellites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_habitats" class="mw-redirect" title="Space habitats">space habitats</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> becomes more attractive. Hypothetically, water processed from ice could refuel orbiting <a href="/wiki/Propellant_depot" class="mw-redirect" title="Propellant depot">propellant depots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kiss_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kiss-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the <a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiological</a> perspective, asteroid prospecting could provide scientific data for the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (<a href="/wiki/SETI" class="mw-redirect" title="SETI">SETI</a>). Some astrophysicists have suggested that if advanced extraterrestrial civilizations employed asteroid mining long ago, the hallmarks of these activities might be detectable.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats_to_Earth">Threats to Earth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Threats to Earth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_minor_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Earth-crossing minor planets">List of Earth-crossing minor planets</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg/220px-SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg/330px-SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg/440px-SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>Frequency of <a href="/wiki/Bolide" title="Bolide">bolides</a>, small asteroids roughly 1 to 20 meters in diameter impacting Earth's atmosphere</figcaption></figure> <p>There is increasing interest in identifying asteroids whose orbits cross <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s, and that could, given enough time, collide with Earth. The three most important groups of <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_asteroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-Earth asteroid">near-Earth asteroids</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_asteroid" title="Apollo asteroid">Apollos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amor_asteroid" title="Amor asteroid">Amors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aten_asteroid" title="Aten asteroid">Atens</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">near-Earth</a> asteroid <a href="/wiki/433_Eros" title="433 Eros">433 Eros</a> had been discovered as long ago as 1898, and the 1930s brought a flurry of similar objects. In order of discovery, these were: <a href="/wiki/1221_Amor" title="1221 Amor">1221 Amor</a>, <a href="/wiki/1862_Apollo" title="1862 Apollo">1862 Apollo</a>, <a href="/wiki/2101_Adonis" title="2101 Adonis">2101 Adonis</a>, and finally <a href="/wiki/69230_Hermes" title="69230 Hermes">69230 Hermes</a>, which approached within 0.005 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> in 1937. Astronomers began to realize the possibilities of Earth impact. </p><p>Two events in later decades increased the alarm: the increasing acceptance of the <a href="/wiki/Alvarez_hypothesis" title="Alvarez hypothesis">Alvarez hypothesis</a> that an <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impact event</a> resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction</a>, and the 1994 observation of <a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker-Levy_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9">Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9</a> crashing into <a href="/wiki/Impact_events_on_Jupiter" title="Impact events on Jupiter">Jupiter</a>. The U.S. military also declassified the information that its <a href="/wiki/Military_satellite" title="Military satellite">military satellites</a>, built to <a href="/wiki/Detect_nuclear_explosions" class="mw-redirect" title="Detect nuclear explosions">detect nuclear explosions</a>, had detected hundreds of upper-atmosphere impacts by objects ranging from one to ten meters across. </p><p>All of these considerations helped spur the launch of highly efficient surveys, consisting of charge-coupled device (<a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a>) cameras and computers directly connected to telescopes. As of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it was estimated that 89% to 96% of near-Earth asteroids one kilometer or larger in diameter had been discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa_neo_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa_neo-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 29 October 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the LINEAR system alone had discovered 147,132 asteroids.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the surveys, 19,266 near-Earth asteroids have been discovered<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including almost 900 more than 1 km (0.6 mi) in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2018, the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_and_Technology_Council" title="National Science and Technology Council">National Science and Technology Council</a> warned that the United States is unprepared for an asteroid impact event, and has developed and released the "National Near-Earth Object Preparedness Strategy Action Plan" to better prepare.<sup id="cite_ref-GIZ-20180621_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GIZ-20180621-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ICARUS-220180522_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICARUS-220180522-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20180614_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20180614-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to expert testimony in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> in 2013, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> would require at least five years of preparation before a mission to intercept an asteroid could be launched.<sup id="cite_ref-US-Congress-20130410_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-Congress-20130410-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asteroid_deflection_strategies">Asteroid deflection strategies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Asteroid deflection strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_deflection_strategies" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteroid deflection strategies">Asteroid deflection strategies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dart-poster3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Dart-poster3.jpg/220px-Dart-poster3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Dart-poster3.jpg/330px-Dart-poster3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Dart-poster3.jpg/440px-Dart-poster3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1714" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">Double Asteroid Redirection Test</a> in 2022 demonstrated that spacecraft impact is a viable option for <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">planetary defense</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Various collision avoidance techniques have different trade-offs with respect to metrics such as overall performance, cost, failure risks, operations, and technology readiness.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are various methods for changing the course of an asteroid/comet.<sup id="cite_ref-HallRoss_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HallRoss-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These can be differentiated by various types of attributes such as the type of mitigation (deflection or fragmentation), energy source (kinetic, electromagnetic, gravitational, solar/thermal, or nuclear), and approach strategy (<span class="anchor" id="interception2016-01-26"></span>interception,<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rendezvous, or remote station). </p><p>Strategies fall into two basic sets: fragmentation and delay.<sup id="cite_ref-HallRoss_174-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HallRoss-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fragmentation concentrates on rendering the impactor harmless by fragmenting it and scattering the fragments so that they miss the Earth or are small enough to burn up in the atmosphere. Delay exploits the fact that both the Earth and the impactor are in orbit. An impact occurs when both reach the same point in space at the same time, or more correctly when some point on Earth's surface intersects the impactor's orbit when the impactor arrives. Since the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> is approximately 12,750 km in diameter and moves at approx. 30 km per second in its orbit, it travels a distance of one planetary diameter in about 425 seconds, or slightly over seven minutes. Delaying, or advancing the impactor's arrival by times of this magnitude can, depending on the exact geometry of the impact, cause it to miss the Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-RossParkPorter_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RossParkPorter-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/1566_Icarus#Project_Icarus" title="1566 Icarus">Project Icarus</a>" was one of the first projects designed in 1967 as a contingency plan in case of collision with <a href="/wiki/1566_Icarus" title="1566 Icarus">1566 Icarus</a>. The plan relied on the new <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> rocket, which did not make its first flight until after the report had been completed. Six Saturn V rockets would be used, each launched at variable intervals from months to hours away from impact. Each rocket was to be fitted with a single 100-megaton <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear warhead">nuclear warhead</a> as well as a modified <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Service_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Service Module">Apollo Service Module</a> and uncrewed <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Command_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Command Module">Apollo Command Module</a> for guidance to the target. The warheads would be detonated 30 meters from the surface, deflecting or partially destroying the asteroid. Depending on the subsequent impacts on the course or the destruction of the asteroid, later missions would be modified or cancelled as needed. The "last-ditch" launch of the sixth rocket would be 18 hours prior to impact.<sup id="cite_ref-Portree_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Portree-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fiction">Fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Asteroids_in_fiction" title="Asteroids in fiction">Asteroids in fiction</a></div> <p>Asteroids and the asteroid belt are a staple of science fiction stories. Asteroids play several potential roles in science fiction: as places human beings might colonize, resources for extracting minerals, hazards encountered by spacecraft traveling between two other points, and as a threat to life on Earth or other inhabited planets, dwarf planets, and natural satellites by potential impact. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exoasteroid" title="Exoasteroid">Exoasteroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">List of minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exceptional_asteroids" title="List of exceptional asteroids">List of exceptional asteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth">List of asteroid close approaches to Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_minor_planet" title="Lost minor planet">Lost minor planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names" title="Meanings of minor-planet names">Meanings of minor-planet names</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ceres is the largest asteroid and now classified as a <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a>. All other asteroids are now classified as <a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">small Solar System bodies</a> along with comets, centaurs, and the smaller trans-Neptunian objects.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In an oral presentation,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clifford Cunningham presented his finding that the word was coined by Charles Burney, Jr., the son of a friend of Herschel.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, the <i>Annual of Scientific Discovery</i>: "Professor J. Watson has been awarded by the Paris Academy of Sciences, the astronomical prize, Lalande foundation, for the discovery of eight new asteroids in one year. The planet <a href="/wiki/110_Lydia" title="110 Lydia">Lydia</a> (No. 110), discovered by M. Borelly at the Marseilles Observatory [...] M. Borelly had previously discovered two planets bearing the numbers 91 and 99 in the system of asteroids revolving between Mars and Jupiter".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />The <i>Universal English Dictionary</i> (John Craig, 1869) lists the asteroids (and gives their pronunciations) up to <a href="/wiki/64_Angelina" title="64 Angelina">64 Angelina</a>, along with the definition "one of the recently-discovered planets." At this time it was common to anglicize the spellings of the names, e.g. "Aglaia" for <a href="/wiki/47_Aglaja" title="47 Aglaja">47 Aglaja</a> and "Atalanta" for <a href="/wiki/36_Atalante" title="36 Atalante">36 Atalante</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For instance, a joint <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>–<a href="/wiki/JPL" class="mw-redirect" title="JPL">JPL</a> public-outreach website states: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We include Trojans (bodies captured in Jupiter's 4th and 5th Lagrange points), Centaurs (bodies in orbit between Jupiter and Neptune), and trans-Neptunian objects (orbiting beyond Neptune) in our definition of "asteroid" as used on this site, even though they may more correctly be called "minor planets" instead of asteroids.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Except for <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>, <a href="/wiki/99942_Apophis" title="99942 Apophis">99942 Apophis</a> and, in the astrological community, for a few outer bodies such as <a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron" title="2060 Chiron">2060 Chiron</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The definition in the 1995 paper (Beech and Steel) has been updated by a 2010 paper (Rubin and Grossman) and the discovery of 1 meter asteroids.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciam.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=ADD0878B-D6C3-3B70-7B5BC373545BB82D"><i>Comet dust seems more 'asteroidy'<span></span></i></a>. <i>Scientific American</i> (audio podcast). 25 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comet+dust+seems+more+%27asteroidy%27&rft.date=2008-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciam.com%2Fpodcast%2Fepisode.cfm%3Fid%3DADD0878B-D6C3-3B70-7B5BC373545BB82D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/channel/solar-system/comets-asteroids/dn13224-comet-samples-are-surprisingly-asteroidlike.html">"Comet samples are surprisingly asteroid-like"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. 24 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Comet+samples+are+surprisingly+asteroid-like&rft.date=2008-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Fchannel%2Fsolar-system%2Fcomets-asteroids%2Fdn13224-comet-samples-are-surprisingly-asteroidlike.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2022</span>. <q>All other objects (These currently include most of the Solar System asteroids, most Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs), comets, and other small bodies.), except satellites, orbiting the Sun shall be referred to collectively as "Small Solar System Bodies".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolution+B5+Definition+of+a+Planet+in+the+Solar+System&rft.pub=The+Minor+Planet+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fstatic%2Fresolutions%2FResolution_GA26-5-6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iau.org/public/themes/pluto/">"Pluto"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=HADII+Abstracts&rft.place=Denver%2C+CO&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhad.aas.org%2Fmeetings%2F2013bAbstracts.html%23HADII&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolin2013" class="citation news cs1">Nolin, Robert (8 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20141130155012/http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/broward/fl-asteroid-word-origin-20131008,0,501498,full.story">"Local expert reveals who really coined the word 'asteroid'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Sun-Sentinel</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sun-Sentinel&rft.atitle=Local+expert+reveals+who+really+coined+the+word+%27asteroid%27&rft.date=2013-10-08&rft.aulast=Nolin&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sun-sentinel.com%2Fnews%2Fbroward%2Ffl-asteroid-word-origin-20131008%2C0%2C501498%2Cfull.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall2011" class="citation web cs1">Wall, Mike (10 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/10593-post-william-herschel-coin-term-asteroid.html">"Who really invented the word 'Asteroid' for space rocks?"</a>. <i>Space.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Bottke">Bottke, William F.</a>; Cellino, Alberto; Paolicchi, Paolo; <a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Binzel" title="Richard P. Binzel">Binzel, Richard P.</a>, eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JwHTyO6IHh8C&pg=PA670"><i>Asteroids III</i></a>. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JwHTyO6IHh8C&pg=PA670">670</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-4651-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-4651-0"><bdi>978-0-8165-4651-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>Since no formal definitions of comets and asteroids exist...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asteroids+III&rft.place=Tucson&rft.pages=670&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-4651-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJwHTyO6IHh8C%26pg%3DPA670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2011" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Alan W. (2011). 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The Planetary Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092440/http://planetary.org/explore/topics/asteroids_and_comets/ceres.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asteroid+1+Ceres&rft.pub=The+Planetary+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Fexplore%2Ftopics%2Fasteroids_and_comets%2Fceres.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-satellites-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-satellites_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-satellites_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFaddenSkillmanMemarsadeghi2018" class="citation journal cs1">McFadden, Lucy A.; Skillman, David R.; Memarsadeghi, N (December 2018). "Dawn mission's search for satellites of Ceres: Intact protoplanets don't have satellites". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>316</b>: 191–204. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Icar..316..191M">2018Icar..316..191M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2018.02.017">10.1016/j.icarus.2018.02.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125181684">125181684</a>. <q>Examination of the physical properties of the 41 largest and most massive main belt asteroids suggests that large asteroids without satellites are intact and their interiors have internal strength. This is consistent with results from the Dawn mission at both Vesta and Ceres. Ceres' volatile-rich composition also is a likely contributor to both the absence of satellites at Ceres and of Ceres meteorites at Earth. 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M.; Park, S.-Y.; Porter, S. E. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstream/handle/10945/30321/AIAA-3743-490.pdf">"Gravitational Effects of Earth in Optimizing Delta-V for Deflecting Earth-Crossing Asteroids"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets</i>. <b>38</b> (5): 759–764. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.462.7487">10.1.1.462.7487</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2514%2F2.3743">10.2514/2.3743</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10945%2F30321">10945/30321</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123431410">123431410</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstream/handle/10945/30321/AIAA-3743-490.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Spacecraft+and+Rockets&rft.atitle=Gravitational+Effects+of+Earth+in+Optimizing+Delta-V+for+Deflecting+Earth-Crossing+Asteroids&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=759-764&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10945%2F30321&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A123431410%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.462.7487%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2514%2F2.3743&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rft.au=Park%2C+S.-Y.&rft.au=Porter%2C+S.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcalhoun.nps.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10945%2F30321%2FAIAA-3743-490.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Portree-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Portree_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_S._F._Portree" class="citation magazine cs1">David S. F. Portree. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2012/03/mit-saves-the-world-project-icarus-1967/">"MIT Saves the World: Project Icarus (1967)"</a>. <i>Wired</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=MIT+Saves+the+World%3A+Project+Icarus+%281967%29&rft.au=David+S.+F.+Portree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2012%2F03%2Fmit-saves-the-world-project-icarus-1967%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteroid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzadmaneshRoshanianHassanalian2023" class="citation journal cs1">Azadmanesh, M.; Roshanian, J.; Hassanalian, M. (2023). "On the importance of studying asteroids: A comprehensive review". <i><a href="/wiki/Progress_in_Aerospace_Sciences" title="Progress in Aerospace Sciences">Progress in Aerospace Sciences</a></i>. <b>142</b>: 100957. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.paerosci.2023.100957">10.1016/j.paerosci.2023.100957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Aerospace+Sciences&rft.atitle=On+the+importance+of+studying+asteroids%3A+A+comprehensive+review&rft.volume=142&rft.pages=100957&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.paerosci.2023.100957&rft.aulast=Azadmanesh&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Roshanian%2C+J.&rft.au=Hassanalian%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteroid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadescu2013" class="citation book cs1">Badescu, Viorel, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-39244-3"><i>Asteroids : prospective energy and material resources</i></a>. Berlin: Springer. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013aste.book.....B">2013aste.book.....B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-39244-3">10.1007/978-3-642-39244-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-39244-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-39244-3"><bdi>978-3-642-39244-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asteroids+%3A+prospective+energy+and+material+resources&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-39244-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013aste.book.....B&rft.isbn=978-3-642-39244-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-642-39244-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteroid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes-Svarney2003" class="citation book cs1">Barnes-Svarney, Patricia L. (2003). <i>Asteroid : Earth destroyer or New Frontier?</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0885-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0885-5"><bdi>978-0-7382-0885-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asteroid+%3A+Earth+destroyer+or+New+Frontier%3F&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7382-0885-5&rft.aulast=Barnes-Svarney&rft.aufirst=Patricia+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteroid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinzelGehrelsMatthews1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Binzel" title="Richard P. Binzel">Binzel, Richard P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tom_Gehrels" title="Tom Gehrels">Gehrels, Tom</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mildred_Shapley_Matthew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mildred Shapley Matthew (page does not exist)">Matthews, Mildred Shapley</a>, eds. (1989). <i>Asteroids II</i>. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-1123-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-1123-5"><bdi>978-0-8165-1123-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asteroids+II&rft.place=Tucson&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-1123-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteroid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBottkeCellinoPaolicchiBinzel2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_F._Bottke" title="William F. Bottke">Bottke, William F.</a>; Cellino, Alberto; Paolicchi, Paolo; <a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Binzel" title="Richard P. Binzel">Binzel, Richard P.</a>, eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JwHTyO6IHh8C"><i>Asteroids III</i></a>. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-4651-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-4651-0"><bdi>978-0-8165-4651-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asteroids+III&rft.place=Tucson&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-4651-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJwHTyO6IHh8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteroid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowal1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Kowal" title="Charles T. Kowal">Kowal, Charles T.</a> (1996). <i>Asteroids : their nature and utilization</i> (2nd ed.). Chichester, England: J. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-96039-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-96039-3"><bdi>978-0-471-96039-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asteroids+%3A+their+nature+and+utilization&rft.place=Chichester%2C+England&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=J.+Wiley&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-471-96039-3&rft.aulast=Kowal&rft.aufirst=Charles+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteroid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzgerSykesSternRunyon2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_T._Metzger" title="Philip T. Metzger">Metzger, Philip T.</a>; Sykes, Mark V.; Stern, Alan; Runyon, Kirby (February 2019). "The Reclassification of Asteroids from Planets to Non-Planets". <i>Icarus</i>. <b>319</b>: 21–32. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1805.04115">1805.04115</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Icar..319...21M">2019Icar..319...21M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2018.08.026">10.1016/j.icarus.2018.08.026</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119206487">119206487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=The+Reclassification+of+Asteroids+from+Planets+to+Non-Planets&rft.volume=319&rft.pages=21-32&rft.date=2019-02&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1805.04115&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119206487%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2018.08.026&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Icar..319...21M&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Philip+T.&rft.au=Sykes%2C+Mark+V.&rft.au=Stern%2C+Alan&rft.au=Runyon%2C+Kirby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteroid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelDeMeoBottke2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Michel" title="Patrick Michel">Michel, Patrick</a>; DeMeo, Francesca E.; <a href="/wiki/William_F._Bottke" title="William F. Bottke">Bottke, William F.</a>, eds. (2015). <i>Asteroids IV</i>. Houston: Lunar and Planetary Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-3218-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-3218-6"><bdi>978-0-8165-3218-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asteroids+IV&rft.place=Houston&rft.pub=Lunar+and+Planetary+Institute&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-3218-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteroid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeebles2000" class="citation book cs1">Peebles, Curtis (2000). <i>Asteroids: A History</i>. Washington,DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-389-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-389-7"><bdi>978-1-56098-389-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asteroids%3A+A+History&rft.place=Washington%2CDC&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-56098-389-7&rft.aulast=Peebles&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteroid" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Asteroids" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Asteroids">Asteroids</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/asteroid" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/asteroid">asteroid</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorplanetcenter.org/iau/lists/MPNames.html">"Alphabetical list of minor planet names"</a>. Minor Planet Center. International Astronomical Union.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alphabetical+list+of+minor+planet+names&rft.pub=International+Astronomical+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorplanetcenter.org%2Fiau%2Flists%2FMPNames.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteroid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Archive/Archive-Asteroids.html">"Asteroid articles in Planetary Science Research Discoveries"</a>. Planetary Science. University of Hawaii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asteroid+articles+in+Planetary+Science+Research+Discoveries&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psrd.hawaii.edu%2FArchive%2FArchive-Asteroids.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteroid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroidwatch/">"JPL Asteroid Watch site"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JPL+Asteroid+Watch+site&rft.pub=Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fasteroidwatch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteroid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/asteroid-and-comet-watch">NASA Asteroid and Comet Watch site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSkPNMjRRio"><span class="plainlinks">Asteroid size comparisons (video; 2:40)</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asteroids" title="Template:Asteroids"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asteroids" title="Template talk:Asteroids"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asteroids" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asteroids"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asteroids" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asteroids</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exceptional_asteroids" title="List of exceptional asteroids">Notable asteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_asteroid_physical_characteristics" title="Standard asteroid physical characteristics">Physical characteristics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_method" title="Dynamic method">dynamic method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Impact avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Tracking" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_keyhole" title="Gravitational keyhole">Gravitational keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_minor_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Earth-crossing minor planets">Earth-crosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth">Close approaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_asteroid" title="Binary asteroid">Binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_binary_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Contact binary (small Solar System body)">contact</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">Active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_pair" title="Asteroid pair">Asteroid pair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palomar%E2%80%93Leiden_survey" title="Palomar–Leiden survey">Palomar–Leiden survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_binary_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Contact binary (small Solar System body)">Contact binary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Distribution_within_the_Solar_System">Distribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_ND15" title="2013 ND15">Venus trojan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_trojan" title="Earth trojan">Earth trojans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Mars trojans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter trojans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_trojan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranus trojan">Uranus trojans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune trojans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Interior to Earth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanoid" title="Vulcanoid">Vulcanoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mercury-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mercury-crossing minor planets">Mercury-crossers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Venus-crossing minor planets">Venus-crossers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aten_asteroid" title="Aten asteroid">Aten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amor_asteroid" title="Amor asteroid">Amor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_asteroid" title="Apollo asteroid">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atira_asteroid" title="Atira asteroid">Atira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_minor_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Earth-crossing minor planets">Earth-crossers</a></li></ul></li> <li>Between Earth and the main belt <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mars-crossing minor planets">Mars crossers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_gap" title="Kirkwood gap">Kirkwood gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">Active asteroids</a></li></ul></li> <li>Outer Solar System, does not include <a href="/wiki/Distant_minor_planet" title="Distant minor planet">distant minor planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter-crossers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saturn-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Saturn-crossing minor planets">Saturn-crossers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uranus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Uranus-crossing minor planets">Uranus-crossers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neptune-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Neptune-crossing minor planets">Neptune-crossers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoasteroid" title="Exoasteroid">Exoasteroids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Orbital_classification">Orbital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor-planet_groups" title="List of minor-planet groups">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">Family</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Asteroid_groups_and_families" title="Category:Asteroid groups and families">(list)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_spectral_types" title="Asteroid spectral types">Spectral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_spectral_types#Tholen_classification" title="Asteroid spectral types">Tholen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-type_asteroid#C-group_(Tholen)" title="C-type asteroid">C-group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B-type_asteroid" title="B-type asteroid">B-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-type_asteroid" title="F-type asteroid">F-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-type_asteroid" title="G-type asteroid">G-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-type_asteroid" title="C-type asteroid">C-type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-type_asteroid" title="S-type asteroid">S-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-type_asteroid" title="X-type asteroid">X-group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M-type_asteroid" title="M-type asteroid">M-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-type_asteroid" title="E-type asteroid">E-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-type_asteroid" title="P-type asteroid">P-type</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>small classes</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-type_asteroid" title="A-type asteroid">A-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-type_asteroid" title="D-type asteroid">D-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-type_asteroid" title="J-type asteroid">J-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-type_asteroid" title="T-type asteroid">T-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-type_asteroid" title="Q-type asteroid">Q-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-type_asteroid" title="R-type asteroid">R-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-type_asteroid" title="V-type asteroid">V-type</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_spectral_types#SMASS_classification" title="Asteroid spectral types">SMASS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-type_asteroid#C-group_(SMASS)" title="C-type asteroid">C-group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B-type_asteroid" title="B-type asteroid">B-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-type_asteroid" title="C-type asteroid">C-type</a></li> <li>Cg</li> <li>Ch</li> <li>Cgh</li> <li>Cb</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-type_asteroid" title="S-type asteroid">S-group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-type_asteroid" title="A-type asteroid">A-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-type_asteroid" title="Q-type asteroid">Q-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-type_asteroid" title="R-type asteroid">R-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-type_asteroid" title="K-type asteroid">K-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-type_asteroid" title="L-type asteroid">L-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-type_asteroid" title="S-type asteroid">S-type</a></li> <li>Sa</li> <li>Sq</li> <li>Sr</li> <li>Sk</li> <li>Sl</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-type_asteroid" title="X-type asteroid">X-group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-type_asteroid" title="X-type asteroid">X-type</a></li> <li>Xe</li> <li>Xc</li> <li>Xk</li></ul></li> <li><i>small types</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T-type_asteroid" title="T-type asteroid">T-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-type_asteroid" title="D-type asteroid">D-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-type_asteroid#Ld-type_asteroids" title="L-type asteroid">Ld-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-type_asteroid" title="O-type asteroid">O-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-type_asteroid" title="V-type asteroid">V-type</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Exploration">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets_and_comets_visited_by_spacecraft" title="List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft">Asteroids visited by spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_capture" title="Asteroid capture">Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the asteroids">Colonization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_asteroids" title="Category:Lists of asteroids">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_near-Earth_asteroids_by_distance_from_Sun" title="List of near-Earth asteroids by distance from Sun">Near-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">Minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_minor_planet" title="Lost minor planet">Lost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid-discovering_observatories" title="List of asteroid-discovering observatories">Discovering observatories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_minor_planets" title="List of missions to minor planets">Space missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_Day" title="Asteroid Day">Asteroid Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroids_in_fiction" title="Asteroids in fiction">Asteroids in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroids_in_astrology" class="mw-redirect" title="List of asteroids in astrology">Asteroids in astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occultation#Occultations_by_smaller_bodies" title="Occultation">occultation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Minor planet</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asteroids" title="Category:Asteroids">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Asteroids" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Asteroids" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Asteroids</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ceres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ceres" title="Template:Ceres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ceres" title="Template talk:Ceres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ceres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ceres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Atmosphere" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Ceres" title="Geology of Ceres">Geology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Geography<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Ceres" title="List of geological features on Ceres">Features</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Craters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achita_(crater)" title="Achita (crater)">Achita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coniraya_(crater)" title="Coniraya (crater)">Coniraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dantu_(crater)" title="Dantu (crater)">Dantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezinu_(crater)" title="Ezinu (crater)">Ezinu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fejokoo_(crater)" title="Fejokoo (crater)">Fejokoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haulani_(crater)" title="Haulani (crater)">Haulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerwan_(crater)" title="Kerwan (crater)">Kerwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawish_(crater)" title="Nawish (crater)">Nawish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occator_(crater)" title="Occator (crater)">Occator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxo_(crater)" title="Oxo (crater)">Oxo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintana_(crater)" title="Sintana (crater)">Sintana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupo_(crater)" title="Tupo (crater)">Tupo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urvara_(crater)" title="Urvara (crater)">Urvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalode_(crater)" title="Yalode (crater)">Yalode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Montes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahuna_Mons" title="Ahuna Mons">Ahuna Mons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bright_spots_on_Ceres" title="Bright spots on Ceres">Bright spots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asteroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_planet" title="Definition of planet">Definition of planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarf planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IAU_definition_of_planet" title="IAU definition of planet">2006 definition of planet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Discovery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnaba_Oriani" title="Barnaba Oriani">Barnaba Oriani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Wollaston_(astronomer)" title="Francis Wollaston (astronomer)">Francis Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_von_Zach" title="Franz Xaver von Zach">Franz Xaver von Zach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Piazzi" title="Giuseppe Piazzi">Giuseppe Piazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Matthias_Olbers" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers">Heinrich Olbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Lalande" title="Jérôme Lalande">Jérôme Lalande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Elert_Bode" title="Johann Elert Bode">Johann Elert Bode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Mayer" title="Tobias Mayer">Tobias Mayer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Possible trojans and<br />co-orbitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(185105)_2006_SV23" class="mw-redirect" title="(185105) 2006 SV23">(185105) 2006 SV<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">23</span></span></a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1372_Haremari" title="1372 Haremari">1372 Haremari</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/(76146)_2000_EU16" title="(76146) 2000 EU16">(76146) 2000 EU<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">16</span></span></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i> mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_Polar_Lander" title="Ceres Polar Lander">Ceres Polar Lander</a> (proposed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calathus_Mission" title="Calathus Mission">Calathus Mission</a> (proposed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Ceres" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of Ceres">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_in_astrology#Ceres" title="Planets in astrology">In astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_planets" title="List of former planets">Solar System bodies formerly considered to be planets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="4_Vesta" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:4_Vesta" title="Template:4 Vesta"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:4_Vesta" title="Template talk:4 Vesta"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:4_Vesta" title="Special:EditPage/Template:4 Vesta"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="4_Vesta" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">4 Vesta</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta#Geology" title="4 Vesta">Geology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Geography<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_geological_features_on_Vesta" title="List of geological features on Vesta">features</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Craters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_(crater)" title="Claudia (crater)">Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheasilvia" title="Rheasilvia">Rheasilvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpeia_(crater)" title="Tarpeia (crater)">Tarpeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneneia_(crater)" title="Veneneia (crater)">Veneneia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibidia_(crater)" title="Vibidia (crater)">Vibidia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Troughs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divalia_Fossae" title="Divalia Fossae">Divalia Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturnalia_Fossae" title="Saturnalia Fossae">Saturnalia Fossae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feralia_Planitia" title="Feralia Planitia">Feralia Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestalia_Terra" title="Vestalia Terra">Vestalia Terra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dawn_vesta_image_071711.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image of Vesta by the Dawn orbiter"><img alt="Image of Vesta by the Dawn orbiter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Dawn_vesta_image_071711.jpg/150px-Dawn_vesta_image_071711.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Dawn_vesta_image_071711.jpg/225px-Dawn_vesta_image_071711.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Dawn_vesta_image_071711.jpg/300px-Dawn_vesta_image_071711.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Discovery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Matthias_Olbers" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers">Heinrich Olbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_family" title="Vesta family">Vesta family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet#Former_dwarf_planets" title="Dwarf planet">Former dwarf planets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta#Exploration" title="4 Vesta">AGORA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta#Exploration" title="4 Vesta">MAOSEP</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">In mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Comets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Comets" title="Template:Comets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comets" title="Template talk:Comets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Comets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_nucleus" title="Comet nucleus">Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coma_(cometary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coma (cometary)">Coma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_tail" title="Comet tail">Tails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antitail" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitail">Antitail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_dust" title="Comet dust">Comet dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">Meteor shower</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyakutake_Color.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake)"><img alt="Comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hyakutake_Color.jpg/100px-Hyakutake_Color.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hyakutake_Color.jpg/150px-Hyakutake_Color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hyakutake_Color.jpg/200px-Hyakutake_Color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_(32755885495).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/100px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/150px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/200px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Comet#Orbital_characteristics" title="Comet">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_periodic_comets" title="List of periodic comets">Periodic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_numbered_comets" title="List of numbered comets">Numbered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_comet" title="Lost comet">Lost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_long-period_comets" title="List of long-period comets">Long period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Halley-type_comets" title="List of Halley-type comets">Halley-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter-family_comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter-family comet">Jupiter-family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Encke-type_comets" title="Category:Encke-type comets">Encke-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">Main-belt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-periodic_comets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of non-periodic comets">Non-periodic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_near-parabolic_comets" title="List of near-parabolic comets">Near-parabolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hyperbolic_comets" title="List of hyperbolic comets">Hyperbolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comets_with_no_meaningful_orbit" title="List of comets with no meaningful orbit">Unknown-orbit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_comet" title="Great comet">Great Comet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungrazing_comet" title="Sungrazing comet">Sungrazing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kreutz_sungrazer" title="Kreutz sungrazer">Kreutz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_comet" title="Extinct comet">Extinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exocomet" title="Exocomet">Exocomet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_object" title="Interstellar object">Interstellar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_comets" title="Naming of comets">Naming of comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observational_history_of_comets" title="Observational history of comets">Observational history of comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(minor_planet)#Similarities_to_comets" class="mw-redirect" title="Centaur (minor planet)">Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Discoverers_of_comets" title="Category:Discoverers of comets">Comet discoverers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comets_discovered_by_the_LINEAR_project" title="List of comets discovered by the LINEAR project">LINEAR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_atmosphere" title="Extraterrestrial atmosphere">Extraterrestrial atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System body</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asteroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_comets" title="List of missions to comets">List of missions to comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comets_visited_by_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="List of comets visited by spacecraft">List of comets visited by spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Latest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2024_S1_(ATLAS)" title="C/2024 S1 (ATLAS)">C/2024 S1 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_P1_(Nishimura)" title="C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)">C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_H2_(Lemmon)" title="C/2023 H2 (Lemmon)">C/2023 H2 (Lemmon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_E1_(ATLAS)" title="C/2023 E1 (ATLAS)">C/2023 E1 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_A3_(Tsuchinshan%E2%80%93ATLAS)" title="C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS)">C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2022_E3_(ZTF)" title="C/2022 E3 (ZTF)">C/2022 E3 (ZTF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_O3_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2021 O3 (PanSTARRS)">C/2021 O3 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_J1_(Maury-Attard)" title="C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard)">C/2021 J1 (Maury-Attard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_A1_(Leonard)" title="C/2021 A1 (Leonard)">C/2021 A1 (Leonard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2020_F8_(SWAN)" title="C/2020 F8 (SWAN)">C/2020 F8 (SWAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2020_F5_(MASTER)" title="C/2020 F5 (MASTER)">C/2020 F5 (MASTER)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_NEOWISE" title="Comet NEOWISE">C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_Y4_(ATLAS)" title="C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)">C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_Y1_(ATLAS)" title="C/2019 Y1 (ATLAS)">C/2019 Y1 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_U6_(Lemmon)" title="C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)">C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2I/Borisov" title="2I/Borisov">2I/Borisov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P/2019_LD2_(ATLAS)" title="P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS)">P/2019 LD2 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_Y1_(Iwamoto)" title="C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)">C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_C2_(Lemmon)" title="C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)">C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2017_U7" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2017 U7">C/2017 U7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2017_K2_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)">C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2016_U1_(NEOWISE)" title="C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE)">C/2016 U1 (NEOWISE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_V2_(Johnson)" title="C/2015 V2 (Johnson)">C/2015 V2 (Johnson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_G2_(MASTER)" title="C/2015 G2 (MASTER)">C/2015 G2 (MASTER)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_ER61_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)">C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_UN271_(Bernardinelli%E2%80%93Bernstein)" title="C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli–Bernstein)">C/2014 UN<sub>271</sub> (Bernardinelli–Bernstein)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q2_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)">C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q1_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)">C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Culture and<br />speculation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter_comet" title="Antimatter comet">Antimatter comet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comets_in_fiction" title="Comets in fiction">Comets in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_vintages" title="Comet vintages">Comet vintages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Lists_of_comets_(more)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Lists of comets</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_comets" title="Category:Lists of comets">more</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_numbered_comets" title="List of numbered comets">Periodic<br />comets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Until 1985<br />(all)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">1P/Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Encke" title="Comet Encke">2P/Encke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biela%27s_Comet" title="Biela's Comet">3D/Biela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4P/Faye" title="4P/Faye">4P/Faye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5D/Brorsen" title="5D/Brorsen">5D/Brorsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6P/d%27Arrest" title="6P/d'Arrest">6P/d'Arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7P/Pons%E2%80%93Winnecke" title="7P/Pons–Winnecke">7P/Pons–Winnecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8P/Tuttle" title="8P/Tuttle">8P/Tuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">9P/Tempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10P/Tempel" title="10P/Tempel">10P/Tempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11P/Tempel%E2%80%93Swift%E2%80%93LINEAR" title="11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR">11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12P/Pons%E2%80%93Brooks" title="12P/Pons–Brooks">12P/Pons–Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13P/Olbers" title="13P/Olbers">13P/Olbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14P/Wolf" title="14P/Wolf">14P/Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15P/Finlay" title="15P/Finlay">15P/Finlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16P/Brooks" title="16P/Brooks">16P/Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Holmes" title="Comet Holmes">17P/Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18D/Perrine%E2%80%93Mrkos" title="18D/Perrine–Mrkos">18D/Perrine–Mrkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19P/Borrelly" title="19P/Borrelly">19P/Borrelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20D/Westphal" title="20D/Westphal">20D/Westphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21P/Giacobini%E2%80%93Zinner" title="21P/Giacobini–Zinner">21P/Giacobini–Zinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22P/Kopff" title="22P/Kopff">22P/Kopff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23P/Brorsen%E2%80%93Metcalf" title="23P/Brorsen–Metcalf">23P/Brorsen–Metcalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24P/Schaumasse" title="24P/Schaumasse">24P/Schaumasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25D/Neujmin" title="25D/Neujmin">25D/Neujmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/26P/Grigg%E2%80%93Skjellerup" title="26P/Grigg–Skjellerup">26P/Grigg–Skjellerup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27P/Crommelin" title="27P/Crommelin">27P/Crommelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28P/Neujmin" title="28P/Neujmin">28P/Neujmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29P/Schwassmann%E2%80%93Wachmann" title="29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann">29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30P/Reinmuth" title="30P/Reinmuth">30P/Reinmuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31P/Schwassmann%E2%80%93Wachmann" title="31P/Schwassmann–Wachmann">31P/Schwassmann–Wachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32P/Comas_Sol%C3%A0" title="32P/Comas Solà">32P/Comas Solà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/33P/Daniel" title="33P/Daniel">33P/Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/34D/Gale" title="34D/Gale">34D/Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/35P/Herschel%E2%80%93Rigollet" title="35P/Herschel–Rigollet">35P/Herschel–Rigollet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/36P/Whipple" title="36P/Whipple">36P/Whipple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/37P/Forbes" title="37P/Forbes">37P/Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/38P/Stephan%E2%80%93Oterma" title="38P/Stephan–Oterma">38P/Stephan–Oterma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/39P/Oterma" title="39P/Oterma">39P/Oterma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/40P/V%C3%A4is%C3%A4l%C3%A4" title="40P/Väisälä">40P/Väisälä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/41P/Tuttle%E2%80%93Giacobini%E2%80%93Kres%C3%A1k" title="41P/Tuttle–Giacobini–Kresák">41P/Tuttle–Giacobini–Kresák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/42P/Neujmin" title="42P/Neujmin">42P/Neujmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/43P/Wolf%E2%80%93Harrington" title="43P/Wolf–Harrington">43P/Wolf–Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/44P/Reinmuth" title="44P/Reinmuth">44P/Reinmuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/45P/Honda%E2%80%93Mrkos%E2%80%93Pajdu%C5%A1%C3%A1kov%C3%A1" title="45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková">45P/Honda–Mrkos–Pajdušáková</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/46P/Wirtanen" title="46P/Wirtanen">46P/Wirtanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/47P/Ashbrook%E2%80%93Jackson" title="47P/Ashbrook–Jackson">47P/Ashbrook–Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/48P/Johnson" title="48P/Johnson">48P/Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/49P/Arend%E2%80%93Rigaux" title="49P/Arend–Rigaux">49P/Arend–Rigaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50P/Arend" title="50P/Arend">50P/Arend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/51P/Harrington" title="51P/Harrington">51P/Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/52P/Harrington%E2%80%93Abell" title="52P/Harrington–Abell">52P/Harrington–Abell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/53P/Van_Biesbroeck" title="53P/Van Biesbroeck">53P/Van Biesbroeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/54P/de_Vico%E2%80%93Swift%E2%80%93NEAT" title="54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT">54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/55P/Tempel%E2%80%93Tuttle" title="55P/Tempel–Tuttle">55P/Tempel–Tuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/56P/Slaughter%E2%80%93Burnham" title="56P/Slaughter–Burnham">56P/Slaughter–Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/57P/du_Toit%E2%80%93Neujmin%E2%80%93Delporte" title="57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte">57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/58P/Jackson%E2%80%93Neujmin" title="58P/Jackson–Neujmin">58P/Jackson–Neujmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/59P/Kearns%E2%80%93Kwee" title="59P/Kearns–Kwee">59P/Kearns–Kwee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/60P/Tsuchinshan" title="60P/Tsuchinshan">60P/Tsuchinshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/61P/Shajn%E2%80%93Schaldach" title="61P/Shajn–Schaldach">61P/Shajn–Schaldach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/62P/Tsuchinshan" title="62P/Tsuchinshan">62P/Tsuchinshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/63P/Wild" title="63P/Wild">63P/Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/64P/Swift%E2%80%93Gehrels" title="64P/Swift–Gehrels">64P/Swift–Gehrels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/65P/Gunn" title="65P/Gunn">65P/Gunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/66P/du_Toit" title="66P/du Toit">66P/du Toit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko">67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/68P/Klemola" title="68P/Klemola">68P/Klemola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/69P/Taylor" title="69P/Taylor">69P/Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70P/Kojima" title="70P/Kojima">70P/Kojima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/71P/Clark" title="71P/Clark">71P/Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/72P/Denning%E2%80%93Fujikawa" title="72P/Denning–Fujikawa">72P/Denning–Fujikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/73P/Schwassmann%E2%80%93Wachmann" title="73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann">73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/74P/Smirnova%E2%80%93Chernykh" title="74P/Smirnova–Chernykh">74P/Smirnova–Chernykh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/75D/Kohoutek" title="75D/Kohoutek">75D/Kohoutek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/76P/West%E2%80%93Kohoutek%E2%80%93Ikemura" title="76P/West–Kohoutek–Ikemura">76P/West–Kohoutek–Ikemura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/77P/Longmore" title="77P/Longmore">77P/Longmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/78P/Gehrels" title="78P/Gehrels">78P/Gehrels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/79P/du_Toit%E2%80%93Hartley" title="79P/du Toit–Hartley">79P/du Toit–Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/80P/Peters%E2%80%93Hartley" title="80P/Peters–Hartley">80P/Peters–Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/81P/Wild" title="81P/Wild">81P/Wild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/82P/Gehrels" title="82P/Gehrels">82P/Gehrels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/83D/Russell" title="83D/Russell">83D/Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/84P/Giclas" title="84P/Giclas">84P/Giclas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/85D/Boethin" title="85D/Boethin">85D/Boethin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">After 1985<br />(notable)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/88P/Howell" title="88P/Howell">88P/Howell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/92P/Sanguin" title="92P/Sanguin">92P/Sanguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/96P/Machholz" title="96P/Machholz">96P/Machholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/97P/Metcalf%E2%80%93Brewington" title="97P/Metcalf–Brewington">97P/Metcalf–Brewington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/103P/Hartley" title="103P/Hartley">103P/Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4015_Wilson%E2%80%93Harrington" title="4015 Wilson–Harrington">107P/Wilson–Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/108P/Ciffr%C3%A9o" title="108P/Ciffréo">108P/Ciffréo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Swift%E2%80%93Tuttle" title="Comet Swift–Tuttle">109P/Swift–Tuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/122P/de_Vico" title="122P/de Vico">122P/de Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/126P/IRAS" title="126P/IRAS">126P/IRAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/141P/Machholz" title="141P/Machholz">141P/Machholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/144P/Kushida" title="144P/Kushida">144P/Kushida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/147P/Kushida%E2%80%93Muramatsu" title="147P/Kushida–Muramatsu">147P/Kushida–Muramatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/153P/Ikeya%E2%80%93Zhang" title="153P/Ikeya–Zhang">153P/Ikeya–Zhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/156P/Russell%E2%80%93LINEAR" title="156P/Russell–LINEAR">156P/Russell–LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/161P/Hartley%E2%80%93IRAS" title="161P/Hartley–IRAS">161P/Hartley–IRAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/162P/Siding_Spring" title="162P/Siding Spring">162P/Siding Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/168P/Hergenrother" title="168P/Hergenrother">168P/Hergenrother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/169P/NEAT" title="169P/NEAT">169P/NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/177P/Barnard" title="177P/Barnard">177P/Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/178P/Hug%E2%80%93Bell" title="178P/Hug–Bell">178P/Hug–Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/205P/Giacobini" title="205P/Giacobini">205P/Giacobini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/209P/LINEAR" title="209P/LINEAR">209P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/238P/Read" title="238P/Read">238P/Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/246P/NEAT" title="246P/NEAT">246P/NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/249P/LINEAR" title="249P/LINEAR">249P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/252P/LINEAR" title="252P/LINEAR">252P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/255P/Levy" title="255P/Levy">255P/Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/273P/Pons%E2%80%93Gambart" title="273P/Pons–Gambart">273P/Pons–Gambart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/289P/Blanpain" title="289P/Blanpain">289P/Blanpain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/311P/PanSTARRS" title="311P/PanSTARRS">311P/PanSTARRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/322P/SOHO" title="322P/SOHO">322P/SOHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/323P/SOHO" title="323P/SOHO">323P/SOHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/332P/Ikeya%E2%80%93Murakami" title="332P/Ikeya–Murakami">332P/Ikeya–Murakami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/333P/LINEAR" title="333P/LINEAR">333P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/354P/LINEAR" title="354P/LINEAR">354P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(457175)_2008_GO98" title="(457175) 2008 GO98">362P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/460P/PanSTARRS" title="460P/PanSTARRS">460P/PanSTARRS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Terminology">Comet-like<br />asteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/596_Scheila" title="596 Scheila">596 Scheila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron" title="2060 Chiron">2060 Chiron</a> (95P)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4015_Wilson%E2%80%93Harrington" title="4015 Wilson–Harrington">4015 Wilson–Harrington</a> (107P)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7968_Elst%E2%80%93Pizarro" title="7968 Elst–Pizarro">7968 Elst–Pizarro</a> (133P)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/165P/LINEAR" title="165P/LINEAR">165P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/166P/NEAT" title="166P/NEAT">166P/NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/167P/CINEOS" title="167P/CINEOS">167P/CINEOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/60558_Echeclus" title="60558 Echeclus">60558 Echeclus</a> (174P)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/118401_LINEAR" title="118401 LINEAR">118401 LINEAR</a> (176P)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/238P/Read" title="238P/Read">238P/Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/259P/Garradd" title="259P/Garradd">259P/Garradd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/311P/PanSTARRS" title="311P/PanSTARRS">311P/PanSTARRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/324P/La_Sagra" title="324P/La Sagra">324P/La Sagra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/331P/Gibbs" title="331P/Gibbs">331P/Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/354P/LINEAR" title="354P/LINEAR">354P/LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/358P/PANSTARRS" class="mw-redirect" title="358P/PANSTARRS">358P/PANSTARRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P/2013_R3_(Catalina-PANSTARRS)" class="mw-redirect" title="P/2013 R3 (Catalina-PANSTARRS)">P/2013 R3 (Catalina-PANSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(300163)_2006_VW139" title="(300163) 2006 VW139">(300163) 2006 VW139</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Lost_comet" title="Lost comet">Lost</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Recovered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9P/Tempel" class="mw-redirect" title="9P/Tempel">9P/Tempel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11P/Tempel%E2%80%93Swift%E2%80%93LINEAR" title="11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR">11P/Tempel–Swift–LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15P/Finlay" title="15P/Finlay">15P/Finlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Holmes" title="Comet Holmes">17P/Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27P/Crommelin" title="27P/Crommelin">27P/Crommelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/54P/de_Vico%E2%80%93Swift%E2%80%93NEAT" title="54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT">54P/de Vico–Swift–NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/55P/Tempel%E2%80%93Tuttle" title="55P/Tempel–Tuttle">55P/Tempel–Tuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/57P/du_Toit%E2%80%93Neujmin%E2%80%93Delporte" title="57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte">57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/69P/Taylor" title="69P/Taylor">69P/Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/72P/Denning%E2%80%93Fujikawa" title="72P/Denning–Fujikawa">72P/Denning–Fujikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/80P/Peters%E2%80%93Hartley" title="80P/Peters–Hartley">80P/Peters–Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/97P/Metcalf%E2%80%93Brewington" title="97P/Metcalf–Brewington">97P/Metcalf–Brewington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4015_Wilson%E2%80%93Harrington" title="4015 Wilson–Harrington">107P/Wilson–Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/113P/Spitaler" title="113P/Spitaler">113P/Spitaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/122P/de_Vico" title="122P/de Vico">122P/de Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/157P/Tritton" title="157P/Tritton">157P/Tritton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/205P/Giacobini" title="205P/Giacobini">205P/Giacobini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/206P/Barnard%E2%80%93Boattini" title="206P/Barnard–Boattini">206P/Barnard–Boattini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/226P/Pigott%E2%80%93LINEAR%E2%80%93Kowalski" title="226P/Pigott–LINEAR–Kowalski">226P/Pigott–LINEAR–Kowalski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/271P/van_Houten%E2%80%93Lemmon" title="271P/van Houten–Lemmon">271P/van Houten–Lemmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/289P/Blanpain" title="289P/Blanpain">289P/Blanpain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Destroyed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biela%27s_Comet" title="Biela's Comet">3D/Biela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">D/1993 F2 (Shoemaker–Levy 9)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Not found</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lexell%27s_Comet" title="Lexell's Comet">D/1770 L1 (Lexell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5D/Brorsen" title="5D/Brorsen">5D/Brorsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18D/Perrine%E2%80%93Mrkos" title="18D/Perrine–Mrkos">18D/Perrine–Mrkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20D/Westphal" title="20D/Westphal">20D/Westphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25D/Neujmin" title="25D/Neujmin">25D/Neujmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/34D/Gale" title="34D/Gale">34D/Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/75D/Kohoutek" title="75D/Kohoutek">75D/Kohoutek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/83D/Russell" title="83D/Russell">83D/Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/85D/Boethin" title="85D/Boethin">85D/Boethin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets_and_comets_visited_by_spacecraft#List_of_comets_visited_by_spacecraft" title="List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft">Visited by<br />spacecraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21P/Giacobini%E2%80%93Zinner" title="21P/Giacobini–Zinner">21P/Giacobini–Zinner</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">1P/Halley</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/26P/Grigg%E2%80%93Skjellerup" title="26P/Grigg–Skjellerup">26P/Grigg–Skjellerup</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/19P/Borrelly" title="19P/Borrelly">19P/Borrelly</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/81P/Wild" title="81P/Wild">81P/Wild</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempel_1" title="Tempel 1">9P/Tempel</a> (2005, 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_McNaught" title="Comet McNaught">C/2006 P1</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/103P/Hartley" title="103P/Hartley">103P/Hartley</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/67P/Churyumov%E2%80%93Gerasimenko" title="67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko">67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_near-parabolic_comets" title="List of near-parabolic comets">Near-Parabolic<br />comets<br />(notable)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Until 1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Comet" title="Caesar's Comet">C/-43 K1 (Caesar's Comet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X/1106_C1" title="X/1106 C1">X/1106 C1 (Great Comet of 1106)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1264" title="Great Comet of 1264">C/1264 N1 (Great Comet of 1264)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1402" title="Great Comet of 1402">C/1402 D1 (Great Comet of 1402)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1472" title="Great Comet of 1472">C/1471 Y1 (Great Comet of 1472)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1577" title="Great Comet of 1577">C/1577 V1 (Great Comet of 1577)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1652_Y1" title="C/1652 Y1">C/1652 Y1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1680" title="Great Comet of 1680">C/1680 V1 (Great Comet of 1680, Kirsch's Comet, Newton's Comet)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1702_H1" title="C/1702 H1">C/1702 H1 (Comet of 1702)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_of_1729" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet of 1729">C/1729 P1 (Comet of 1729, Comet Sarabat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1744" title="Great Comet of 1744">C/1743 X1 (Great Comet of 1744, Comet Klinkenberg-Chéseaux)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1760_A1" title="C/1760 A1">C/1760 A1 (Great Comet of 1760)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1769_P1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1769 P1">C/1769 P1 (Great Comet of 1769)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1807_R1" title="C/1807 R1">C/1807 R1 (Great Comet of 1807)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1811" title="Great Comet of 1811">C/1811 F1 (Great Comet of 1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1819" title="Great Comet of 1819">C/1819 N1 (Great Comet of 1819)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1823" title="Great Comet of 1823">C/1823 Y1 (Great Comet of 1823)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1843" title="Great Comet of 1843">C/1843 D1 (Great March Comet of 1843)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1847_T1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1847 T1">C/1847 T1 (Miss Mitchell's Comet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Donati" title="Comet Donati">C/1858 L1 (Comet Donati)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1861_G1_(Thatcher)" title="C/1861 G1 (Thatcher)">C/1861 G1 (Comet Thatcher)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1861_J1" title="C/1861 J1">C/1861 J1 (Great Comet of 1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1865_B1" title="C/1865 B1">C/1865 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1865)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X/1872_X1" title="X/1872 X1">X/1872 X1 (Pogson's Comet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1874_H1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1874 H1">C/1874 H1 (Comet Coggia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1881_K1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1881 K1">C/1881 K1 (Comet Tebbutt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1882" title="Great Comet of 1882">C/1882 R1 (Great Comet of 1882)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Southern_Comet_of_1887" title="Great Southern Comet of 1887">C/1887 B1 (Great Southern Comet of 1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Comet_of_1901" title="Great Comet of 1901">C/1901 G1 (Great Comet of 1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_January_Comet_of_1910" title="Great January Comet of 1910">C/1910 A1 (Great January Comet of 1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1911_O1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1911 O1">C/1911 O1 (Brooks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1911_S3" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1911 S3">C/1911 S3 (Beljawsky)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Skjellerup%E2%80%93Maristany" title="Comet Skjellerup–Maristany">C/1927 X1 (Skjellerup–Maristany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1931_P1_(Ryves)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1931 P1 (Ryves)">C/1931 P1 (Ryves)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1941_B2_(de_Kock-Paraskevopoulos)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos)">C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1947_X1_(Southern_Comet)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet)">C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1948_V1" title="C/1948 V1">C/1948 V1 (Eclipse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Arend%E2%80%93Roland" title="Comet Arend–Roland">C/1956 R1 (Arend–Roland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1957_P1_(Mrkos)" title="C/1957 P1 (Mrkos)">C/1957 P1 (Mrkos)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C/1961_O1_(Wilson-Hubbard)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard) (page does not exist)">C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1961_O1_(Wilson-Hubbard)" class="extiw" title="de:C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Humason" title="Comet Humason">C/1961 R1 (Humason)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1962_C1_(Seki-Lines)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines)">C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1963_A1_(Ikeya)" title="C/1963 A1 (Ikeya)">C/1963 A1 (Ikeya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Pereyra" title="Comet Pereyra">C/1963 R1 (Pereyra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1964_N1_(Ikeya)" title="C/1964 N1 (Ikeya)">C/1964 N1 (Ikeya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Ikeya%E2%80%93Seki" title="Comet Ikeya–Seki">C/1965 S1 (Ikeya-Seki)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C/1969_T1_(Tago-Sato-Kosaka)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka) (page does not exist)">C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1969_T1_(Tago-Sato-Kosaka)" class="extiw" title="de:C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Bennett" title="Comet Bennett">C/1969 Y1 (Bennett)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_White%E2%80%93Ortiz%E2%80%93Bolelli" title="Comet White–Ortiz–Bolelli">C/1970 K1 (White–Ortiz–Bolelli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Kohoutek" title="Comet Kohoutek">C/1973 E1 (Kohoutek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_West" title="Comet West">C/1975 V1 (West)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1980_E1_(Bowell)" title="C/1980 E1 (Bowell)">C/1980 E1 (Bowell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_IRAS%E2%80%93Araki%E2%80%93Alcock" title="Comet IRAS–Araki–Alcock">C/1983 H1 (IRAS–Araki–Alcock)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1989_W1_(Aarseth-Brewington)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1989 W1 (Aarseth-Brewington)">C/1989 W1 (Aarseth-Brewington)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1989_X1_(Austin)" title="C/1989 X1 (Austin)">C/1989 X1 (Austin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Skorichenko%E2%80%93George" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Skorichenko–George">C/1989 Y1 (Skorichenko–George)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">After 1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/1990_K1_(Levy)" title="C/1990 K1 (Levy)">C/1990 K1 (Levy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1992_J1_(Spacewatch)" title="C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch)">C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch–Rabinowitz)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_McNaught%E2%80%93Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet McNaught–Russell">C/1993 Y1 (McNaught–Russell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" title="Comet Hale–Bopp">C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hyakutake" title="Comet Hyakutake">C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Zhu%E2%80%93Balam" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Zhu–Balam">C/1997 L1 (Zhu–Balam)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Stonehouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Stonehouse">C/1998 H1 (Stonehouse)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C/1998_J1_(SOHO)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C/1998 J1 (SOHO) (page does not exist)">C/1998 J1 (SOHO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1999_F1_(Catalina)" title="C/1999 F1 (Catalina)">C/1999 F1 (Catalina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1999_S4_(LINEAR)" title="C/1999 S4 (LINEAR)">C/1999 S4 (LINEAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2000_WM1_(LINEAR)" title="C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR)">C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2001_A2_(LINEAR)" title="C/2001 A2 (LINEAR)">C/2001 A2 (LINEAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2001_OG108" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2001 OG108">C/2001 OG108 (LONEOS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2001_Q4_(NEAT)" title="C/2001 Q4 (NEAT)">C/2001 Q4 (NEAT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2002_T7" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2002 T7">C/2002 T7 (LINEAR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2002_V1_(NEAT)" title="C/2002 V1 (NEAT)">C/2002 V1 (NEAT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2004_F4_(Bradfield)" title="C/2004 F4 (Bradfield)">C/2004 F4 (Bradfield)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Machholz" title="Comet Machholz">C/2004 Q2 (Machholz)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Pojma%C5%84ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Pojmański">C/2006 A1 (Pojmański)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2006_M4_(SWAN)" title="C/2006 M4 (SWAN)">C/2006 M4 (SWAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_McNaught" title="Comet McNaught">C/2006 P1 (McNaught)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_E2_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy)">C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_F1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2007 F1">C/2007 F1 (LONEOS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Lulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Lulin">C/2007 N3 (Lulin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_Q3_(Siding_Spring)" title="C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring)">C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_W1_(Boattini)" title="C/2007 W1 (Boattini)">C/2007 W1 (Boattini)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Yi%E2%80%93SWAN" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Yi–SWAN">C/2009 F6 (Yi–SWAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2009_R1_(McNaught)" title="C/2009 R1 (McNaught)">C/2009 R1 (McNaught)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2010_X1_(Elenin)" title="C/2010 X1 (Elenin)">C/2010 X1 (Elenin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2011_L4" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2011 L4">C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2011_W3_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy)">C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_E2_(SWAN)" title="C/2012 E2 (SWAN)">C/2012 E2 (SWAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_F6_(Lemmon)" title="C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)">C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_K1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2012 K1">C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_ISON" title="Comet ISON">C/2012 S1 (ISON)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_A1_(Siding_Spring)" title="C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)">C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_R1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2013 R1">C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_US10_(Catalina)" title="C/2013 US10 (Catalina)">C/2013 US10 (Catalina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_V5_(Oukaimeden)" title="C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden)">C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_E2_(Jacques)" title="C/2014 E2 (Jacques)">C/2014 E2 (Jacques)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q1_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)">C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q2_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)">C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_ER61_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)">C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_V2_(Johnson)" title="C/2015 V2 (Johnson)">C/2015 V2 (Johnson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2017_K2_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)">C/2017 K2 (PanSTARRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBOumuamua" title="ʻOumuamua">1I/2017 U1 ʻOumuamua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_Y1_(Iwamoto)" title="C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)">C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2I/Borisov" title="2I/Borisov">2I/Borisov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_U6_(Lemmon)" title="C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)">C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_Y4_(ATLAS)" title="C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)">C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2020_F3_(NEOWISE)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE)">C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2020_F8_(SWAN)" title="C/2020 F8 (SWAN)">C/2020 F8 (SWAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_A1_(Leonard)" title="C/2021 A1 (Leonard)">C/2021 A1 (Leonard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2022_E3_(ZTF)" title="C/2022 E3 (ZTF)">C/2022 E3 (ZTF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_A3_(Tsuchinshan%E2%80%93ATLAS)" title="C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS)">C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_P1_(Nishimura)" title="C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)">C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">After 1910<br />(by name)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/1989_W1_(Aarseth-Brewington)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1989 W1 (Aarseth-Brewington)">Aarseth-Brewington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Arend%E2%80%93Roland" title="Comet Arend–Roland">Arend–Roland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1989_X1_(Austin)" title="C/1989 X1 (Austin)">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1911_S3" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1911 S3">Beljawsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Bennett" title="Comet Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_W1_(Boattini)" title="C/2007 W1 (Boattini)">Boattini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2I/Borisov" title="2I/Borisov">Borisov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1980_E1_(Bowell)" title="C/1980 E1 (Bowell)">Bowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2004_F4_(Bradfield)" title="C/2004 F4 (Bradfield)">Bradfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1911_O1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1911 O1">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalina_Sky_Survey" title="Catalina Sky Survey">Catalina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/1999_F1_(Catalina)" title="C/1999 F1 (Catalina)">C/1999 F1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_US10" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2013 US10">C/2013 US10</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1941_B2_(de_Kock-Paraskevopoulos)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1941 B2 (de Kock-Paraskevopoulos)">de Kock–Paraskevopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1948_V1" title="C/1948 V1">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2010_X1_(Elenin)" title="C/2010 X1 (Elenin)">Elenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" title="Comet Hale–Bopp">Hale-Bopp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Humason" title="Comet Humason">Humason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hyakutake" title="Comet Hyakutake">Hyakutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaoru_Ikeya" title="Kaoru Ikeya">Ikeya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/1963_A1_(Ikeya)" title="C/1963 A1 (Ikeya)">C/1963 A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1964_N1_(Ikeya)" title="C/1964 N1 (Ikeya)">C/1964 N1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Ikeya%E2%80%93Seki" title="Comet Ikeya–Seki">Ikeya-Seki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_IRAS%E2%80%93Araki%E2%80%93Alcock" title="Comet IRAS–Araki–Alcock">IRAS–Araki–Alcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_ISON" title="Comet ISON">ISON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_Y1_(Iwamoto)" title="C/2018 Y1 (Iwamoto)">Iwamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_E2_(Jacques)" title="C/2014 E2 (Jacques)">Jacques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_V2_(Johnson)" title="C/2015 V2 (Johnson)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Kohoutek" title="Comet Kohoutek">Kohoutek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lemmon_Observatory" title="Mount Lemmon Observatory">Lemmon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_F6_(Lemmon)" title="C/2012 F6 (Lemmon)">C/2012 F6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2018_C2_(Lemmon)" title="C/2018 C2 (Lemmon)">C/2018 C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2019_U6_(Lemmon)" title="C/2019 U6 (Lemmon)">C/2019 U6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2021_A1_(Leonard)" title="C/2021 A1 (Leonard)">Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1990_K1_(Levy)" title="C/1990 K1 (Levy)">Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Near-Earth_Asteroid_Research" title="Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research">LINEAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/1999_S4_(LINEAR)" title="C/1999 S4 (LINEAR)">C/1999 S4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2000_WM1_(LINEAR)" title="C/2000 WM1 (LINEAR)">C/2000 WM1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2001_A2_(LINEAR)" title="C/2001 A2 (LINEAR)">C/2001 A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2002_T7" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2002 T7">C/2002 T7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Observatory_Near-Earth-Object_Search" title="Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search">LONEOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2001_OG108" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2001 OG108">C/2001 OG108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_F1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2007 F1">C/2007 F1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Lovejoy" title="Terry Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_E2_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2007 E2 (Lovejoy)">C/2007 E2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2011_W3_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy)">C/2011 W3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_R1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2013 R1">C/2013 R1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q2_(Lovejoy)" title="C/2014 Q2 (Lovejoy)">C/2014 Q2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Lulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Lulin">Lulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Machholz" title="Comet Machholz">Machholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._McNaught" title="Robert H. McNaught">McNaught</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_McNaught" title="Comet McNaught">C/2006 P1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2009_R1_(McNaught)" title="C/2009 R1 (McNaught)">C/2009 R1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_McNaught%E2%80%93Russell" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet McNaught–Russell">McNaught–Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1957_P1_(Mrkos)" title="C/1957 P1 (Mrkos)">Mrkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Tracking" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking">NEAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2001_Q4_(NEAT)" title="C/2001 Q4 (NEAT)">C/2001 Q4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2002_V1_(NEAT)" title="C/2002 V1 (NEAT)">C/2002 V1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_NEOWISE" title="Comet NEOWISE">NEOWISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_P1_(Nishimura)" title="C/2023 P1 (Nishimura)">Nishimura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_V5_(Oukaimeden)" title="C/2013 V5 (Oukaimeden)">Oukaimeden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBOumuamua" title="ʻOumuamua">ʻOumuamua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-STARRS" title="Pan-STARRS">Pan-STARRS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2011_L4" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2011 L4">C/2011 L4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_K1" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2012 K1">C/2012 K1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/311P/PanSTARRS" title="311P/PanSTARRS">311P/PanSTARRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2014_Q1_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)">C/2014 Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2015_ER61_(PanSTARRS)" title="C/2015 ER61 (PanSTARRS)">C/2015 ER61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2017_K2" class="mw-redirect" title="C/2017 K2">C/2017 K2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Pereyra" title="Comet Pereyra">Pereyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Pojma%C5%84ski" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Pojmański">Pojmański</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryves_Comet" title="Ryves Comet">Ryves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1962_C1_(Seki-Lines)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1962 C1 (Seki-Lines)">Seki–Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siding_Spring_Observatory" title="Siding Spring Observatory">Siding Spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2007_Q3_(Siding_Spring)" title="C/2007 Q3 (Siding Spring)">C/2007 Q3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2013_A1_(Siding_Spring)" title="C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)">C/2013 A1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Skjellerup%E2%80%93Maristany" title="Comet Skjellerup–Maristany">Skjellerup–Maristany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Skorichenko%E2%80%93George" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Skorichenko–George">Skorichenko–George</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C/1998_J1_(SOHO)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C/1998 J1 (SOHO) (page does not exist)">SOHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1947_X1_(Southern_Comet)" class="mw-redirect" title="C/1947 X1 (Southern Comet)">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/1992_J1_(Spacewatch)" title="C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch)">Spacewatch–Rabinowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Stonehouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Stonehouse">Stonehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory#Instruments" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SWAN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C/2006_M4_(SWAN)" title="C/2006 M4 (SWAN)">C/2006 M4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2012_E2_(SWAN)" title="C/2012 E2 (SWAN)">C/2012 E2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2020_F8_(SWAN)" title="C/2020 F8 (SWAN)">C/2020 F8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C/1969_T1_(Tago-Sato-Kosaka)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka) (page does not exist)">Tago-Sato-Kosaka</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1969_T1_(Tago-Sato-Kosaka)" class="extiw" title="de:C/1969 T1 (Tago-Sato-Kosaka)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2023_A3_(Tsuchinshan%E2%80%93ATLAS)" title="C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan–ATLAS)">Tsuchinshan–ATLAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_West" title="Comet West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_White%E2%80%93Ortiz%E2%80%93Bolelli" title="Comet White–Ortiz–Bolelli">White–Ortiz–Bolelli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C/1961_O1_(Wilson-Hubbard)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard) (page does not exist)">Wilson–Hubbard</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1961_O1_(Wilson-Hubbard)" class="extiw" title="de:C/1961 O1 (Wilson-Hubbard)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Yi%E2%80%93SWAN" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Yi–SWAN">Yi–SWAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Zhu%E2%80%93Balam" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Zhu–Balam">Zhu–Balam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/2022_E3_(ZTF)" title="C/2022 E3 (ZTF)">ZTF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Comets" title="Category:Comets">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solar_System" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System" title="Template:Solar System"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System" title="Template talk:Solar System"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solar_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="The Sun, the planets, their moons, and several trans-Neptunian objects" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Solar_System_Template_2.png" decoding="async" width="666" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="36" usemap="#ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136" /></span><map name="ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136"><area href="/wiki/Sun" shape="rect" coords="0,0,90,35" alt="The Sun" title="The Sun" /><area href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" shape="circle" coords="112,18,6" alt="Mercury" title="Mercury" /><area href="/wiki/Venus" shape="circle" coords="153,18,8" alt="Venus" title="Venus" /><area href="/wiki/Moon" shape="circle" coords="204,10,4" alt="The Moon" title="The Moon" /><area href="/wiki/Earth" shape="circle" coords="195,18,8" alt="Earth" title="Earth" /><area href="/wiki/Mars" shape="circle" coords="233,18,8" alt="Mars" title="Mars" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" shape="circle" coords="241,13,3" alt="Phobos and Deimos" title="Phobos and Deimos" /><area href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="271,18,5" alt="Ceres" title="Ceres" /><area href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" shape="rect" coords="256,0,288,35" alt="The main asteroid belt" title="The main asteroid belt" /><area href="/wiki/Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="316,19,15" alt="Jupiter" title="Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="329,6,6" alt="Moons of Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" shape="rect" coords="298,18,335,20" alt="Rings of Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Saturn" shape="circle" coords="372,18,12" alt="Saturn" title="Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" shape="circle" coords="381,7,6" alt="Moons of Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" shape="rect" coords="353,5,389,31" alt="Rings of Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Uranus" shape="circle" coords="418,18,12" alt="Uranus" title="Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" shape="circle" coords="427,10,6" alt="Moons of Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" shape="rect" coords="408,4,429,34" alt="Rings of Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Neptune" shape="circle" coords="462,18,12" alt="Neptune" title="Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" shape="circle" coords="471,10,5" alt="Moons of Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" shape="rect" coords="441,9,485,28" alt="Rings of Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Pluto" shape="circle" coords="504,18,12" alt="Pluto" title="Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" shape="circle" coords="510,13,8" alt="Moons of Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Haumea" shape="circle" coords="534,18,12" alt="Haumea" title="Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" shape="circle" coords="540,13,8" alt="Moons of Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Makemake" shape="circle" coords="567,18,12" alt="Makemake" title="Makemake" /><area href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" shape="circle" coords="571,13,8" alt="S/2015 (136472) 1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1" /><area href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" shape="rect" coords="490,0,580,35" alt="The Kuiper Belt" title="The Kuiper Belt" /><area href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="596,18,12" alt="Eris" title="Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" shape="circle" coords="602,13,8" alt="Dysnomia" title="Dysnomia" /><area href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" shape="rect" coords="581,0,610,35" alt="The Scattered Disc" title="The Scattered Disc" /><area href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" shape="rect" coords="623,0,640,35" alt="The Hills Cloud" title="The Hills Cloud" /><area href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" shape="rect" coords="641,0,666,35" alt="The Oort Cloud" title="The Oort Cloud" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Planets,dwarfs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Earth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth" title="Claimed moons of Earth">other near-Earth objects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter#List" title="Moons of Jupiter">all 95</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas" title="Mimas">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn#List" title="Moons of Saturn">all 146</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Uranus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus#List" title="Moons of Uranus">all 28</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Neptune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune#List" title="Moons of Neptune">all 16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(moon)" title="Nix (moon)">Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(moon)" title="Hydra (moon)">Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(moon)" title="Kerberos (moon)">Kerberos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx_(moon)" title="Styx (moon)">Styx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">Haumea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)" title="Hiʻiaka (moon)">Hiʻiaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaka_(moon)" title="Namaka (moon)">Namaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">Weywot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">S/2015 (136472) 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Xiangliu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Rings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Earth" title="Rings of Earth">Earth</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Saturnian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Rhea" title="Rings of Rhea">Rhean</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Chariklo" title="Rings of Chariklo">Charikloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron#Rings" title="2060 Chiron">Chironean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Uranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Neptunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea#Ring" title="Haumea">Haumean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar#Rings" title="Quaoar">Quaoarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small<br />Solar<br />System<br />bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocloid" title="Damocloid">Damocloids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Minor planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names" title="Meanings of minor-planet names">names and meanings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">moons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li>Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mercury-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mercury-crossing minor planets">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Venus-crossing minor planets">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_asteroids" title="List of Earth-crossing asteroids">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mars-crossing minor planets">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saturn-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Saturn-crossing minor planets">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uranus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Uranus-crossing minor planets">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neptune-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Neptune-crossing minor planets">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_ND15" title="2013 ND15">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_trojan" title="Earth trojan">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojan_moons" title="Co-orbital configuration">Saturn Moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_trojans" title="Uranus trojans">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">Hygiea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_1%E2%80%931000" title="List of minor planets: 1–1000">first 1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">PHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exceptional_asteroids" title="List of exceptional asteroids">exceptional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_gap" title="Kirkwood gap">Kirkwood gap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune trojans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">Cubewanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">Plutinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hypothetical_Solar_System_objects" title="List of hypothetical Solar System objects">Hypothetical <br />objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five-planet_Nice_model" title="Five-planet Nice model">Fifth giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Phaeton (hypothetical planet)">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_V" title="Planet V">Planet V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Planet_X" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planet X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsatellite" title="Subsatellite">Subsatellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Tyche (hypothetical planet)">Tyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Vulcan (hypothetical planet)">Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanoid" title="Vulcanoid">Vulcanoids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_exploration" title="Outline of space exploration">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System" title="Discovery and exploration of the Solar System">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_models_of_the_Solar_System" title="Historical models of the Solar System">historical models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">programs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mercury" title="Exploration of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Moon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Exploration" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Exploration">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_comets" title="List of missions to comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn" title="Exploration of Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus" title="Exploration of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Neptune" title="Exploration of Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_space_exploration" title="Deep space exploration">Deep space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation,<br />evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk#Excretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Excretion disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">Circumstellar disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatlicue_(star)" title="Coatlicue (star)">Coatlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust" title="Exozodiacal dust">Exozodiacal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials" title="Extraterrestrial materials">Extraterrestrial materials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_line_(astrophysics)" title="Frost line (astrophysics)">Frost/Ice/Snow line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">Interplanetary dust cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium/space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">Interstellar cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space#Interstellar_space" title="Outer space">Interstellar space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_cliff" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper cliff">Kuiper cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets" title="Nebular hypothesis">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision#Formation_of_planets" title="Stellar collision">Merging stars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit" title="Roche limit">Roche limit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit#Roche_limit,_Hill_sphere_and_radius_of_the_planet" title="Roche limit">vs. Hill sphere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">Rubble pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">Possible dwarf planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">Gravitationally rounded objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">Minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_model" title="Solar System model">Solar System models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects" title="List of Solar System objects">Solar System objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">by discovery date</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Interstellar and circumstellar molecules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlet" title="Moonlet">Moonlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">Syzygy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">Tidal locking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;padding:0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Solar_System" title="Outline of the Solar System">Outline of the Solar System</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Local_Interstellar_Cloud" title="Local Interstellar Cloud">Local Interstellar Cloud</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Gould_Belt" title="Gould Belt">Gould Belt</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Orion_Arm" title="Orion Arm">Orion Arm</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Satellite_galaxies_of_the_Milky_Way" title="Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way">Milky Way subgroup</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group">Local Group</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Local_Sheet" title="Local Sheet">Local Sheet</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Virgo_Supercluster" title="Virgo Supercluster">Virgo Supercluster</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Laniakea_Supercluster" title="Laniakea Supercluster">Laniakea Supercluster</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Local_Hole" title="Local Hole">Local Hole</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">Observable universe</a> <span style="font-size:120%">→</span> <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Each arrow (<span style="font-size:120%">→</span>) may be read as "within" or "part of".</span> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Small_Solar_System_bodies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Small_Solar_System_bodies" title="Template:Small Solar System bodies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Small_Solar_System_bodies" title="Template talk:Small Solar System bodies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Small_Solar_System_bodies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Small Solar System bodies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Small_Solar_System_bodies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Minor planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_designation" title="Minor-planet designation">Designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor-planet_groups" title="List of minor-planet groups">Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names" title="Meanings of minor-planet names">Meanings of names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asteroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">Active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten_asteroid" title="Aten asteroid">Aten asteroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter trojan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_spectral_types" title="Asteroid spectral types">Spectral types</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Distant_minor_planet" title="Distant minor planet">Distant minor planet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune trojan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocloid" title="Damocloid">Damocloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_comet" title="Extinct comet">Extinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_comet" title="Great comet">Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Halley-type_comets" title="List of Halley-type comets">Halley-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hyperbolic_comets" title="List of hyperbolic comets">Hyperbolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_long-period_comets" title="List of long-period comets">Long-period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_comet" title="Lost comet">Lost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_near-parabolic_comets" title="List of near-parabolic comets">Near-parabolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_periodic_comets" title="List of periodic comets">Periodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungrazing_comet" title="Sungrazing comet">Sungrazing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_minor_planets_and_comets" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asteroid_spacecraft" title="Template:Asteroid spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asteroid_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Asteroid spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asteroid_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asteroid spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_minor_planets_and_comets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_minor_planets" title="List of missions to minor planets">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minor planets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets_and_comets_visited_by_spacecraft" title="List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft">List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_extraterrestrial_surfaces" title="List of artificial objects on extraterrestrial surfaces">List of artificial objects on extraterrestrial surfaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i> (multiple flybys)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-APEX</a> (orbiter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#Mission_extension" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2♯</a> (lander)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)"><i>Lucy</i></a> (multiple flybys)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)"><i>Psyche</i></a> (orbiter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)"><i>Hera</i></a> (orbiter) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(international_space_cooperation)" title="AIDA (international space cooperation)">AIDA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/90px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/135px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/180px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="8000" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eros,_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg/90px-Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg/135px-Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg/180px-Eros%2C_Vesta_and_Ceres_size_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:243_ida_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/90px-243_ida_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/135px-243_ida_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/243_ida_crop.jpg/180px-243_ida_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="399" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_(32755885495).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/90px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/135px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png/180px-67P_Churyumov-Gerasimenko_-_Rosetta_%2832755885495%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_(spacecraft)" title="Clementine (spacecraft)">Clementine</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CONTOUR" title="CONTOUR">CONTOUR</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EPOXI" title="EPOXI">EPOXI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halley_Armada" title="Halley Armada">Halley Armada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giotto_(spacecraft)" title="Giotto (spacecraft)">Giotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakigake" title="Sakigake">Sakigake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisei_(spacecraft)" title="Suisei (spacecraft)">Suisei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">International Cometary Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LICIACube" title="LICIACube">LICIACube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">NEA Scout</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_6,_7,_8,_and_9#Pioneer_7" title="Pioneer 6, 7, 8, and 9">Pioneer 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Rosetta (spacecraft)">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MINERVA_(spacecraft)" title="MINERVA (spacecraft)">MINERVA</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">Rover-1A / HIBOU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">Rover-1B / OWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">Rover-2</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Impactors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">DART</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(international_space_cooperation)" title="AIDA (international space cooperation)">AIDA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sample return</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-2" title="Tianwen-2">Tianwen-2</a> (multiple flybys and sample return, 2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESTINY%2B" title="DESTINY+">DESTINY+</a> (multiple flybys, 2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a> (multiple flybys and orbiter, 2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a> (flyby, 2029)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shensuo_(spacecraft)" title="Shensuo (spacecraft)">Shensuo</a></i> (flybys, 2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTER_(spacecraft)" title="ASTER (spacecraft)">ASTER</a> (orbiter, 2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramses_(spacecraft)" title="Ramses (spacecraft)">Ramses</a> (2029)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Probe_(spacecraft)" title="Interstellar Probe (spacecraft)">Interstellar Probe</a></i> (flyby, 2030–2042)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Cancelled or <br />not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AGORA_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="AGORA mission">AGORA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(international_space_cooperation)#History" title="AIDA (international space cooperation)">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_Redirect_Mission" title="Asteroid Redirect Mission">Asteroid Redirect Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_(spacecraft)" title="Athena (spacecraft)">Athena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAESAR_(spacecraft)" title="CAESAR (spacecraft)">CAESAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalia_(spacecraft)" title="Castalia (spacecraft)">Castalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaurus_(spacecraft_mission)" title="Centaurus (spacecraft mission)">Centaurus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(spacecraft)" title="Chimera (spacecraft)">Chimera</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_2" title="Clementine 2">Clementine 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Hopper" title="Comet Hopper">Comet Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Nucleus_Dust_and_Organics_Return" title="Comet Nucleus Dust and Organics Return">CONDOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Rendezvous,_Sample_Acquisition,_Investigation,_and_Return" title="Comet Rendezvous, Sample Acquisition, Investigation, and Return">CORSAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Rendezvous_Asteroid_Flyby" title="Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby">CRAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Quijote_(spacecraft)" title="Don Quijote (spacecraft)">Don Quijote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER_(spacecraft)" title="HAMMER (spacecraft)">HAMMER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa_Mk2" title="Hayabusa Mk2">Hayabusa Mk2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_(spacecraft)" title="Janus (spacecraft)">Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAOSEP" class="mw-redirect" title="MAOSEP">MAOSEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MANTIS_(spacecraft)" title="MANTIS (spacecraft)">MANTIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(spacecraft)" title="Marco Polo (spacecraft)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_2" title="New Horizons 2">New Horizons 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OKEANOS" title="OKEANOS">OKEANOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_capture" title="Asteroid capture">Asteroid capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Asteroid mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the asteroids">Colonization of asteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Exploration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_trans-Neptunian_objects" title="Colonization of trans-Neptunian objects">Colonization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li>Probes are listed in chronological order of launch. <sup>†</sup> indicates mission failures.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Planetary_defense" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Planetary_defense" title="Template:Planetary defense"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Planetary_defense" title="Template talk:Planetary defense"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Planetary_defense" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Planetary defense"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Planetary_defense" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Planetary defense</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asteroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolide" title="Bolide">Bolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth-grazing_fireball" title="Earth-grazing fireball">Earth-grazing fireball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_air_burst" title="Meteor air burst">Meteor air burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_procession" title="Meteor procession">Meteor procession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">Meteor shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">Meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Defense</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_laser_ablation" title="Asteroid laser ablation">Asteroid laser ablation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_tractor" title="Gravity tractor">Gravity tractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion-beam_shepherd" title="Ion-beam shepherd">Ion-beam shepherd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth">Asteroid close approaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_minor_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Earth-crossing minor planets">Earth-crossing minor planets</a></li> <li>Damage scales <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palermo_Technical_Impact_Hazard_Scale" title="Palermo Technical Impact Hazard Scale">Palermo scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torino_scale" title="Torino scale">Torino scale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Space probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER_(spacecraft)" title="HAMMER (spacecraft)">HAMMER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDA_(mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDA (mission)">AIDA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test"><i>DART</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halley_Armada" title="Halley Armada">Halley Armada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">NEA Scout</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">NEO</a> tracking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_Terrestrial-impact_Last_Alert_System" title="Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System">ATLAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalina_Sky_Survey" title="Catalina Sky Survey">Catalina Sky Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Near-Earth_Asteroid_Research" title="Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research">LINEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Observatory_Near-Earth-Object_Search" title="Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search">LONEOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Tracking" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking">NEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEODyS" title="NEODyS">NEODyS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEO_Surveyor" title="NEO Surveyor">NEO Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Object_Surveillance_Satellite" title="Near Earth Object Surveillance Satellite">NEOSSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Optical_Ground_Station" title="ESA Optical Ground Station">OGS Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbit@home" title="Orbit@home">Orbit@home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-STARRS" title="Pan-STARRS">Pan-STARRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Schmidt_CCD_Asteroid_Program" title="Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program">SCAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_Space_Telescope" title="Sentinel Space Telescope">Sentinel Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentry_(monitoring_system)" title="Sentry (monitoring system)">Sentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacewatch" title="Spacewatch">Spacewatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B612_Foundation" title="B612 Foundation">B612 Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Spaceguard_Association" title="Japan Spaceguard Association">Japan Spaceguard Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoritical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteoritical Society">Meteoritical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance#Ongoing_projects" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">NEOShield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceguard" title="Spaceguard">Spaceguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spaceguard_Foundation" title="The Spaceguard Foundation">The Spaceguard Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme" title="Space Situational Awareness Programme">Space Situational Awareness Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Defense_Coordination_Office" title="Planetary Defense Coordination Office">Planetary Defense Coordination Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Potential threats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/(29075)_1950_DA" title="(29075) 1950 DA">1950 DA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101955_Bennu" title="101955 Bennu">101955 Bennu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_RF12" title="2010 RF12">2010 RF<sub>12</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/99942_Apophis" title="99942 Apophis">99942 Apophis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Impact_events" title="Category:Impact events">Impact events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_meteoroids" title="Category:Fiction about meteoroids">Fiction about meteoroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_impact_events" title="Category:Fiction about impact events">Fiction about impact events</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen 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