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navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Leninism</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Leninism" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Leninism" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about political theory developed originally by Lenin. For the political theory and state ideology developed by Joseph Stalin, see <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>. For Trotsky's ideology, see <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>.</div> Leninism (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Ленинизм, Leninizm) is a political <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> developed by Russian <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> that proposes the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat#Vladimir_Lenin" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a> led by a revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">vanguard party</a> as the political prelude to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>. Lenin's ideological contributions to the Marxist ideology relate to his theories on the <a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" title="Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism">imperialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">the state</a>, and revolution.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The function of the Leninist vanguard party is to provide the working classes with the <a href="/wiki/Political_consciousness" title="Political consciousness">political consciousness</a> (education and organisation) and revolutionary leadership necessary to depose <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_pp._476-2">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Lenin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Vladimir_Lenin.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Lenin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Vladimir_Lenin.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Lenin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Vladimir_Lenin.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Lenin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="1945"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, whose policies and politics allowed the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">vanguard party</a> to realise the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in Russia in 1917</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> Leninist revolutionary leadership is based upon <a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (1848), identifying the <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist party</a> as "the most advanced and resolute section of the working class parties of every country; that section which pushes forward all others." As the vanguard party, the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> viewed history through the theoretical framework of <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">dialectical materialism</a>, which sanctioned political commitment to the successful overthrow of capitalism, and then to instituting <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>; and, as the revolutionary national government, to realise the socio-economic transition by all means.<a href="#cite_note-Leninism,_p._265-3">[3]</a> In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in 1917, Leninism was the dominant version of Marxism in Russia. In establishing the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">socialist mode of production</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> – with the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Decree_on_Land" title="Decree on Land">Decree on Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">war communism</a> (1918–1921) and the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a> (1921–1928) – the revolutionary régime suppressed most political opposition, including Marxists who opposed Lenin's actions, the <a href="/wiki/Anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchists">anarchists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a>, factions of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left Socialist-Revolutionaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TheColumbia-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1922), which included the fight against the <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Entente intervention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_uprisings_against_the_Bolsheviks" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks">left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks</a> and widespread <a href="/wiki/Tambov_Rebellion" title="Tambov Rebellion">peasant rebellions</a> was an external and internal war which transformed Bolshevik Russia into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic">Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic</a> (RSFSR), the core and largest republic that founded the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</a> (USSR).<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> As revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">praxis</a>, Leninism originally was neither a proper philosophy nor a discrete political theory. Leninism comprises politico-economic developments of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">orthodox Marxism</a> and Lenin's interpretations of Marxism, which function as a <a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">pragmatic</a> synthesis for practical application to the actual conditions (political, social, economic) of the post-<a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">emancipation</a> agrarian society of Imperial Russia in the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_pp._476-2">[2]</a> As a political-science term, Lenin's theory of <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a> entered common usage at the fifth congress of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> (1924), when <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a> applied the term Leninism to denote "vanguard-party revolution."<a href="#cite_note-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_pp._476-2">[2]</a> Leninism was accepted as part of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Russian Communist Party (b)</a>'s vocabulary and doctrine around 1922, and in January 1923, despite objections from Lenin, it entered the public vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Historical_background">1 Historical background</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Imperialism">1.1 Imperialism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Leninist_praxis">2 Leninist praxis</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Vanguard_party">2.1 Vanguard party</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Democratic_centralism">2.1.1 Democratic centralism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Proletarian_revolution">2.1.2 Proletarian revolution</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat">2.2 Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Economics">2.3 Economics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#National_self-determination">2.4 National self-determination</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Socialist_culture">2.5 Socialist culture</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Leninism_after_1924">3 Leninism after 1924</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Stalinism_and_Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism">3.1 Stalinism and Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Trotskyism">3.2 Trotskyism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Legacy">4 Legacy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Debated_influence_on_Stalinism">4.1 Debated influence on Stalinism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Left-wing_criticism">4.2 Left-wing criticism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References">6 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Further_reading">7 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> wrote the <a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifesto of the Communist Party">Manifesto of the Communist Party</a> (1848), in which they called for the political unification of the European <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working classes</a> in order to achieve <a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">communist revolution</a>; and proposed that because the socio-economic organisation of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> was of a higher form than that of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, a workers' revolution first would occur in the industrialised countries. In Germany, Marxist <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> was the political perspective of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a>, inspiring Russian Marxists, such as Lenin.<a href="#cite_note-lih1-7">[7]</a> In the early 20th century, the socio-economic backwardness of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a> (1721–1917) — characterized by <a href="/wiki/Uneven_and_combined_development" title="Uneven and combined development">combined and uneven economic development</a> — facilitated rapid and intensive industrialisation, which produced a united, working-class <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> in a predominantly agrarian society. Moreover, because industrialisation was financed chiefly with foreign capital, Imperial Russia did not possess a revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> with political and economic influence upon the workers and the peasants, as had been the case in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> (1789–1799) in the 18th century. Although Russia's <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> was agrarian and <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">semi-feudal</a>, the task of democratic revolution fell to the urban, industrial working class as the only <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> capable of effecting <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a> and democratisation, in view that the Russian <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> would suppress any revolution. In the <a href="/wiki/April_Theses" title="April Theses">April Theses</a> (1917), the political strategy of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> (7–8 November 1917), Lenin proposed that the Russian revolution was not an isolated national event but a fundamentally international event—the first socialist revolution in the world. Lenin's practical application of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a> to the social, political, and economic conditions of agrarian Russia motivated and impelled the "revolutionary nationalism of the poor" to depose the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> of the three-hundred-year dynasty of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">House of Romanov</a> (1613–1917), as <a href="/wiki/Tsarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarism">tsars</a> of Russia.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperialism">Imperialism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Imperialism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" title="Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism">Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism</a> (1916), Lenin's economic analyses indicated that capitalism would transform into a <a href="/wiki/Global_financial_system" title="Global financial system">global financial system</a>, by which industrialised countries exported <a href="/wiki/Financial_capital" title="Financial capital">financial capital</a> to their <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonies</a> and so realise the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation of the labour</a> of the natives and the exploitation of the natural resources of their countries. Such <a href="/wiki/Superprofit" title="Superprofit">superexploitation</a> allows wealthy countries to maintain a domestic <a href="/wiki/Labour_aristocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour aristocracy">labour aristocracy</a> with a slightly higher standard of living than most workers, ensuring peaceful labour–capital relations in the capitalist homeland. Therefore, a <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a> of workers and peasants could not occur in capitalist countries whilst the imperialist global-finance system remained in place. The first proletarian revolution would have to occur in an underdeveloped country, such as Imperial Russia, the politically weakest country in the capitalist global-finance system in the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-tomasic-9">[9]</a> In the United States of Europe Slogan (1915), Lenin wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>—Uneven economic and political development is an absolute law of capitalism. Hence the victory of socialism is possible, first in several, or even in one capitalist country taken separately. The victorious proletariat of that country, having expropriated the capitalists and organised its own socialist production, would stand up against the rest of the world, the capitalist world.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Collected Works, vol. 18, p. 232<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92._%D0%98._%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC,_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0_(1917).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92._%D0%98._%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%2C_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0_%281917%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92._%D0%98._%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%2C_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0_%281917%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="827"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 328px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92._%D0%98._%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%2C_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0_%281917%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92._%D0%98._%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%2C_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0_%281917%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="328" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92._%D0%98._%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%2C_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0_%281917%29.jpg/330px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92._%D0%98._%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%2C_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0_%281917%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92._%D0%98._%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%2C_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0_%281917%29.jpg/440px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92._%D0%98._%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%2C_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0_%281917%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>First edition Russian cover of Lenin's 1917 book <a href="/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" title="Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism">Imperialism, the Newest Stage of Capitalism</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/%22Left-Wing%22_Communism:_An_Infantile_Disorder" title='"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder'>"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder</a> (1920), Lenin wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The more powerful enemy can be vanquished only by exerting the utmost effort, and by the most thorough, careful, attentive, skillful and obligatory use of any, even the smallest, rift between the enemies, any conflict of interests among the bourgeoisie of the various countries and among the various groups or types of bourgeoisie within the various countries, and also by taking advantage of any, even the smallest, opportunity of winning a mass ally, even though this ally is temporary, vacillating, unstable, unreliable and conditional. Those who do not understand this reveal a failure to understand even the smallest grain of Marxism, of modern <a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">scientific socialism</a> in general. Those who have not proved in practice, over a fairly considerable period of time and in fairly varied political situations, their ability to apply this truth in practice have not yet learned to help the revolutionary class in its struggle to emancipate all toiling humanity from the exploiters. And this applies equally to the period before and after the proletariat has won political power.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Collected Works, vol. 31, p. 23<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></cite></div></blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Leninist_praxis">Leninist praxis</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Leninist praxis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vanguard_party">Vanguard party</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vanguard party" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></div> In Chapter II, "Proletarians and Communists", of <a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (1848), Marx and Engels present the communist party as the political vanguard solely qualified to lead the proletariat in revolution: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Communists, therefore, are, on the one hand, practically the most advanced and resolute section of the working-class parties of every country, that section which pushes forward all others; on the other hand, theoretically, they have over the great mass of the proletariat the advantage of clearly understanding the lines of march, the conditions, and the ultimate general results of the proletarian movement. The immediate aim of the Communists is the same as that of all other proletarian parties: Formation of the proletariat into a class, overthrow of the bourgeois supremacy, conquest of political power by the proletariat.</blockquote> The revolutionary purpose of the Leninist <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">vanguard party</a> is to establish the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>'s support. The communist party would lead the popular deposition of the <a href="/wiki/Tsarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarism">Tsarist</a> government and then transfer government power to the working class; that change of the ruling class—from the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>—makes establishing <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> possible.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In <a href="/wiki/What_Is_To_Be_Done%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="What Is To Be Done?">What Is To Be Done?</a> (1902), Lenin said that a revolutionary vanguard party, recruited from the working class, should lead the political campaign because only in that way would the proletariat successfully realise their revolution; unlike the economic campaign of trade-union-struggle advocated by other socialist political parties and the <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">anarcho-syndicalists</a>. Like Marx, Lenin distinguished between the aspects of a revolution, the "economic campaign" (<a href="/wiki/Labour_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour strike">labour strikes</a> for increased wages and work concessions) that featured diffused plural leadership; and the "political campaign" (socialist changes to society), which required the decisive, revolutionary leadership of the Bolshevik vanguard party. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Democratic_centralism">Democratic centralism</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Democratic centralism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></div> Based upon the <a href="/wiki/First_International" class="mw-redirect" title="First International">First International</a> (IWA, International Workingmen's Association, 1864–1876), Lenin organised the Bolsheviks as a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratically centralised</a> vanguard party; wherein free political speech was recognised as legitimate until policy consensus; afterwards, every member of the party was expected to abide by the agreed policy. Democratic debate was Bolshevik practice, even after Lenin banned factions among the Party in 1921. Despite being a guiding political influence, Lenin did not exercise absolute power and continually debated to have his points of view accepted as a course of revolutionary action. In Freedom to Criticise and Unity of Action (1905), Lenin said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Of course, the application of this principle in practice will sometimes give rise to disputes and misunderstandings; but only on the basis of this principle can all disputes and all misunderstandings be settled honourably for the Party. ... The principle of democratic centralism and autonomy for local Party organisations implies universal and full freedom to criticise, so long as this does not disturb the unity of a definite action; it rules out all criticism which disrupts or makes difficult the unity of an action decided on by the Party.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proletarian_revolution">Proletarian revolution</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Proletarian revolution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Before the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, despite supporting moderate political reform—including <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> elected to the <a href="/wiki/Duma" title="Duma">Duma</a> when opportune—Lenin said that <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> could only be overthrown with <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a>, not with gradual reforms—from within (<a href="/wiki/Fabianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabianism">Fabianism</a>) and from without (<a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>)—which would fail because the bourgeoisie's control of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> determined the nature of political power in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> As epitomised in the slogan "For a Democratic Dictatorship of the Proletariat and Peasantry", a proletarian revolution in underdeveloped Russia required a united proletariat (peasants and industrial workers) to assume government power in the cities successfully. Moreover, owing to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle-class</a> aspirations of much of the peasantry, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> said that the proletarian leadership of the revolution would ensure truly socialist and democratic socio-economic change. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dictatorship of the proletariat" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat#Vladimir_Lenin" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27%C3%A9tat_et_la_r%C3%A9volution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/L%27%C3%A9tat_et_la_r%C3%A9volution.jpg/220px-L%27%C3%A9tat_et_la_r%C3%A9volution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="1086"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 318px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/L%27%C3%A9tat_et_la_r%C3%A9volution.jpg/220px-L%27%C3%A9tat_et_la_r%C3%A9volution.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="318" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/L%27%C3%A9tat_et_la_r%C3%A9volution.jpg/330px-L%27%C3%A9tat_et_la_r%C3%A9volution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/L%27%C3%A9tat_et_la_r%C3%A9volution.jpg/440px-L%27%C3%A9tat_et_la_r%C3%A9volution.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>1970 French edition of Lenin's 1917 book <a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">The State and Revolution</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Russia">Bolshevik Russia</a>, government by <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> was realised and effected by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a> (elected councils of workers), which Lenin said was the "democratic dictatorship of the proletariat" postulated in <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">orthodox Marxism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Isaac_Deutscher_19542-15">[15]</a> The soviets comprised representative committees from the factories and the trade unions but excluded the capitalist social class to establish a proletarian government by and for the working class and the peasants. Concerning the political disenfranchisement of the capitalist social class in Bolshevik Russia, Lenin said that "depriving the exploiters of the franchise is a purely Russian question, and not a question of the dictatorship of the proletariat, in general. ... In which countries ...democracy for the exploiters will be, in one or another form, restricted ...is a question of the specific national features of this or that capitalism."<a href="#cite_note-Leninism,_p._265-3">[3]</a> In chapter five of <a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">The State and Revolution</a> (1917), Lenin describes the dictatorship of the proletariat as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">the organisation of the vanguard of the oppressed as the ruling class for the purpose of crushing the oppressors. ... An immense expansion of democracy, which, for the first time, becomes democracy for the poor, democracy for the people, and not democracy for the rich ... and suppression by force, i.e. exclusion from democracy, for the exploiters and oppressors of the people—this is the change which democracy undergoes during the 'transition' from capitalism to communism.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></blockquote> Concerning the disenfranchisement from democracy of the capitalist social class, Lenin said: "Democracy for the vast majority of the people, and suppression by force, i.e. exclusion from democracy, of the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploiters</a> and oppressors of the people—this is the change democracy undergoes during the transition from capitalism to communism."<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The dictatorship of the proletariat was effected with soviet <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutionalism</a>, a form of government opposite to the dictatorship of capital (privately owned means of production) practised in bourgeois democracies. Under soviet constitutionalism, the Leninist vanguard party would be one of many political parties competing for election to government power.<a href="#cite_note-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_pp._476-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Isaac_Deutscher_19542-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carr,_Edward_Hallett_1929-18">[18]</a> Nevertheless, because of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1924) and the anti-Bolshevik terrorism of opposing political parties aiding the <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Armies'</a> counter-revolution, the Bolshevik government banned all other political parties, which left the Leninist vanguard party as the only political party in Russia. Lenin said that such political suppression was not philosophically inherent to the dictatorship of the proletariat.<a href="#cite_note-Moshe_1969-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carr,_Edward_Hallett_1929-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deutscher_1959-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> The Bolshevik government nationalised industry and established a foreign-trade monopoly to allow the productive coordination of the national economy and so prevent Russian national industries from competing against each other. To feed the populaces of town and country, Lenin instituted <a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">war communism</a> (1918–1921) as a necessary condition—adequate supplies of food and weapons—for fighting the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carr,_Edward_Hallett_1929-18">[18]</a> In March 1921, the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a> (NEP, 1921–1929) allowed limited local capitalism (private commerce and internal free trade) and replaced grain requisitions with an agricultural tax managed by state banks. The NEP was meant to resolve food-shortage riots by the peasantry and allowed limited private enterprise; the <a href="/wiki/Profit_motive" title="Profit motive">profit motive</a> encouraged farmers to produce the crops required to feed town and country; and to economically re-establish the urban working class, who had lost many workers to fight the <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-revolution">counter-revolutionary</a> Civil War.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The NEP nationalisation of the economy then would facilitate the industrialisation of Russia, politically strengthen the working class, and raise the standards of living for all Russians. Lenin said that the appearance of new socialist states was necessary for strengthening Russia's economy in establishing Russian socialism. Lenin's socio-economic perspective was supported by the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">the Italian insurrection</a> and general strikes of 1920, and worker wage-riots in the UK, France, and the US. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_self-determination">National self-determination</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: National self-determination" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In recognising and accepting <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> among oppressed peoples, Lenin advocated their national right to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> and so opposed Russian chauvinism because such <a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">ethnocentrism</a> was a cultural obstacle to establishing the dictatorship of the proletariat in every territory of the deposed Russian Empire (1721–1917).<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Right_of_Nations_to_Self-Determination" title="The Right of Nations to Self-Determination">The Right of Nations to Self-determination</a> (1914), Lenin said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We fight against the privileges and violence of the oppressor nation, and do not in any way condone strivings for privileges on the part of the oppressed nation. :... The bourgeois nationalism of any oppressed nation has a general democratic content that is directed against oppression, and it is this content that we unconditionally support. At the same time, we strictly distinguish it from the tendency towards national exclusiveness. ... Can a nation be free if it oppresses other nations? It cannot.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Socialist_internationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist internationalism">socialist internationalism</a> of Marxism and Bolshevism is based upon <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a> and a people's transcending nationalism, <a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">ethnocentrism</a>, and religion—the <a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">intellectual</a> obstacles to progressive <a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">class consciousness</a>—which are the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural status quo</a> that the capitalist ruling class manipulates in order to divide the working classes and the peasant classes politically. To overcome that barrier to establishing socialism, Lenin said that acknowledging nationalism, as a people's right of self-determination and right of secession, naturally would allow socialist states to transcend the political limitations of nationalism to form a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moshe_1969-19">[19]</a> In The Question of Nationalities, or 'Autonomisation' (1923), Lenin said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[N]othing holds up the development and strengthening of proletarian class solidarity so much as national injustice; "offended" nationals are not sensitive to anything, so much as to the feeling of equality, and the violation of this equality, if only through negligence or jest – to the violation of that equality by their proletarian comrades.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialist_culture">Socialist culture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Socialist culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The role of the Leninist vanguard party was to politically educate the workers and peasants to dispel the societal <a href="/wiki/False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">false consciousness</a> of religion and nationalism that constitute the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural status quo</a> taught by the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> to the proletariat to facilitate their economic <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation</a> of peasants and workers. Influenced by Lenin, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party</a> stated that the development of the socialist workers' culture should not be "hamstrung from above" and opposed the <a href="/wiki/Proletkult" title="Proletkult">Proletkult</a> (1917–1925) organisational control of the national culture.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Leninism_after_1924">Leninism after 1924</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Leninism after 1924" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stalinism_and_Marxism–Leninism">Stalinism and Marxism–Leninism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Stalinism and Marxism–Leninism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></div> In post-<a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Revolutionary</a> Russia, the <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> application of <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">socialism in one country</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">permanent world revolution</a>) were the principal philosophies of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> that claimed legitimate ideological descent from Leninism; thus, within the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a>, each ideological faction denied the <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">political legitimacy</a> of the opposing faction.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Until shortly before his death, Lenin countered Stalin's disproportionate political influence in the Communist Party and the bureaucracy of the Soviet government, partly because of abuses he had committed against the populace of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and partly because the autocratic Stalin had accumulated administrative power disproportionate to his office of <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moshe_1969-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carr,_Edward_Hallett_1979-29">[29]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The counter-action against Stalin aligned with Lenin's advocacy of the right of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> for the national and ethnic groups of the deposed <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarist Empire">Tsarist Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carr,_Edward_Hallett_1979-29">[29]</a> Lenin warned the Party that Stalin had "unlimited authority concentrated in his hands, and I am not sure whether he will always be capable of using that authority with sufficient caution" and formed a faction with <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> to remove Stalin as the General Secretary of the Communist Party.<a href="#cite_note-Deutscher_1959-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> To that end followed proposals reducing the administrative powers of party posts to reduce bureaucratic influence upon the policies of the Communist Party. Lenin advised Trotsky to emphasise Stalin's recent bureaucratic alignment in such matters (e.g. undermining the anti-bureaucratic workers' and peasants' Inspection) and argued to depose Stalin as General Secretary. Despite advice to refuse "any rotten compromise", he did not heed Lenin's advice and General Secretary Stalin retained power over the Communist Party and the bureaucracy of the Soviet government.<a href="#cite_note-Deutscher_1959-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Trotskyism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Stalinist Left">Anti-Stalinist Left</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Declaration_of_46" title="The Declaration of 46">The Declaration of 46</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Course_(Trotsky_book)" title="New Course (Trotsky book)">New Course (Trotsky book)</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Stalin_School_of_Falsification" title="The Stalin School of Falsification">The Stalin School of Falsification</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stalin:_An_Appraisal_of_the_Man_and_His_Influence" title="Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence">Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068,_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="939"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 327px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="327" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> was exiled from Russia after losing to Stalin in the factional politics of the Bolsheviks</figcaption></figure> In 1922, Lenin allied with <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> against the party's growing <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">bureaucratisation</a> and the influence of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Lenin himself never mentioned the concept of "Trotskyism" after Trotsky became a member of the Bolshevik party but the term was employed by Stalin and the troika to present Trotsky's views as factional and anathematical to Leninist thought.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> After Lenin's death (21 January 1924), Trotsky ideologically battled the influence of Stalin, who formed ruling blocs within the Russian Communist Party (with <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a>, then with <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a> and then by himself) and so determined soviet government policy from 1924 onwards. The ruling blocs continually denied Stalin's opponents the right to organise as an opposition faction within the party—thus, the reinstatement of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">free speech</a> within the Communist Party were key arguments of Trotsky's <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a> and the later <a href="/wiki/Joint_Opposition_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Opposition (Soviet Union)">Joint Opposition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Deutscher_1959-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In instituting government policy, Stalin promoted the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">socialism in one country</a> (adopted 1925),<a href="#cite_note-:0-38">[38]</a> wherein the Soviet Union would establish <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> upon Russia's economic foundations (and support socialist revolutions elsewhere).<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In a 1936 interview with journalist <a href="/wiki/Roy_W._Howard" title="Roy W. Howard">Roy W. Howard</a>, Stalin articulated his rejection of <a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">world revolution</a> and stated that “We never had such plans and intentions” and that “The export of revolution is nonsense”.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Conversely, Trotsky held that socialism in one country would economically constrain the industrial development of the Soviet Union and thus required assistance from the new socialist countries in the developed world—which was essential for maintaining soviet democracy—in 1924, much undermined by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> of White Army counter-revolution. Trotsky's theory of <a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">permanent revolution</a> proposed that socialist revolutions in underdeveloped countries would further dismantle <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> régimes and establish socialist democracies that would not pass through a capitalist stage of development and government. Hence, revolutionary workers should ally politically with peasant political organisations, not capitalist political parties. In contrast, Stalin and his allies proposed that alliances with capitalist political parties were essential to realising a revolution where communists were too few.<a href="#cite_note-:0-38">[38]</a> Said Stalinist practice failed, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a> portion of the Chinese Revolution (1926–1928), which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>'s massacre of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>. Despite the failure, Stalin's policy of mixed-ideology political alliances nonetheless became <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a>'s policy. Until exiled from Russia in 1929, Trotsky developed and led the Left Opposition (and the later Joint Opposition) with members of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Opposition" title="Workers' Opposition">Workers' Opposition</a>, the Decembrists and (later) the Zinovievists.<a href="#cite_note-Deutscher_1959-20">[20]</a> Trotskyism predominated the politics of the Left Opposition, which demanded the restoration of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">soviet democracy</a>, the expansion of democratic centralism in the Communist Party, national industrialisation, international <a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">permanent revolution</a> and socialist internationalism. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Fitzpatrick" title="Sheila Fitzpatrick">Sheila Fitzpatrick</a>, the scholarly consensus was that Stalin appropriated the position of the Left Opposition on such matters as <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collectivisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivisation">collectivisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The Trotskyist demands countered Stalin's political dominance of the Communist Party, which was officially characterised by the "<a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of Lenin</a>", the rejection of permanent revolution, and advocated the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">socialism in one country</a>. The Stalinist economic policy vacillated between appeasing the capitalist interests of the <a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">kulak</a> in the countryside and destroying them as a social class. Initially, the Stalinists also rejected the national industrialisation of Russia but then pursued it in full, sometimes brutally. In both cases, the Left Opposition denounced the regressive nature of Stalin's policy towards the wealthy kulak social class and the brutality of forced industrialisation. Trotsky described Stalinist vacillation as a symptom of the undemocratic nature of a ruling bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> During the 1920s and the 1930s, Stalin fought and defeated the political influence of Trotsky and the Trotskyists in Russia using slander, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>, expulsions, exile (internal and external), and imprisonment. The anti-Trotsky campaign culminated in the executions (official and unofficial) of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Trials">Moscow Trials</a> (1936–1938), which were part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> of <a href="/wiki/Old_Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Bolshevik">Old Bolsheviks</a> who had led the Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Deutscher_1959-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debated_influence_on_Stalinism">Debated influence on Stalinism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Debated influence on Stalinism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Some historians such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Richard Pipes</a> consider <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> as the natural consequence of Leninism, that Stalin "faithfully implemented Lenin's domestic and foreign policy programs".<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Robert Service</a> notes that "institutionally and ideologically Lenin laid the foundations for a Stalin ... but the passage from Leninism to the worse terrors of Stalinism was not smooth and inevitable."<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Historian and Stalin biographer <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Radzinsky" title="Edvard Radzinsky">Edvard Radzinsky</a> believes that Stalin was a genuine follower of Lenin, exactly as he claimed himself.<a href="#cite_note-Radzinsky-48">[48]</a> Proponents of <a href="/wiki/Continuity_of_government" title="Continuity of government">continuity</a> cite a variety of contributory factors, in that it was Lenin, rather than Stalin, whose <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">civil war</a> measures introduced the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a> with its hostage-taking and <a href="/wiki/Internment_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Internment camps">internment camps</a>; that it was Lenin who developed the infamous <a href="/wiki/Article_58_(RSFSR_Penal_Code)" title="Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code)">Article 58</a> and who established the autocratic system within the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Russian Communist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pipes-49">[49]</a> Proponents also note that Lenin put a <a href="/wiki/Ban_on_factions_in_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ban on factions in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">ban on factions</a> within the party and introduced the <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> in 1921, a move that enabled Stalin to get rid of his rivals easily after Lenin's death and cite <a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a>, who exclaimed during the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> struggle against opponents in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>: "We stand for organized terror—this should be frankly stated."<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Some scholars have had a differing view and attributed the establishment of the one-party system in the Soviet Union to the wartime conditions imposed on Lenin's government<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> and others have highlighted the initial attempts to form a coalition government with the <a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left Socialist Revolutionaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Liebman" title="Marcel Liebman">Marcel Liebman</a>, Lenin's wartime measures such as banning opposition parties was prompted by the fact that several political parties either <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_uprisings_against_the_Bolsheviks" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks">took up arms</a> against the new <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet government</a>, or participated in sabotage, <a href="/wiki/Collaborationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborationism">collaborated</a> with the deposed <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Tsarists</a>, or made <a href="/wiki/Assassination_attempts_on_Vladimir_Lenin" title="Assassination attempts on Vladimir Lenin">assassination attempts against Lenin</a> and other Bolshevik leaders.<a href="#cite_note-Leninism_Under_Lenin-53">[53]</a> Liebman also argued that the banning of parties under Lenin did not have the same repressive character as later bans enforced under the Stalinist regime.<a href="#cite_note-Leninism_Under_Lenin-53">[53]</a> Several scholars have highlighted the socially progressive nature of Lenin's policies such as <a href="/wiki/Universal_access_to_education" title="Universal access to education">universal education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal healthcare">universal healthcare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">equal rights for women</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Conversely, Stalin's regime reversed Lenin's policies on social matters such as <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">sexual equality</a>, legal restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a>, rights of sexual minorities and <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">protective legislation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Vincent_Daniels" title="Robert Vincent Daniels">Robert Vincent Daniels</a> also viewed the Stalinist period as a counter-revolution in Soviet cultural life which revived <a href="/wiki/Soviet_patriotism" title="Soviet patriotism">patriotic propaganda</a>, the Tsarist programme of <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> and traditional, <a href="/wiki/Military_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Military ranks">military ranks</a> which had been criticized by Lenin as expressions of "Great Russian chauvinism".<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Daniels also regarded Stalinism to represent an abrupt break with the Leninist period in terms of economic policies in which a deliberated, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">scientific system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">economic planning</a> that featured former <a href="/wiki/Menshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Menshevik">Menshevik</a> <a href="/wiki/Economists" class="mw-redirect" title="Economists">economists</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gosplan" title="Gosplan">Gosplan</a> had been replaced with a hasty version of planning with unrealistic targets, bureaucratic waste, <a href="/wiki/Bottleneck_(production)" title="Bottleneck (production)">bottlenecks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shortages" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortages">shortages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenin_and_Trotsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lenin_and_Trotsky.jpg/300px-Lenin_and_Trotsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="439"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lenin_and_Trotsky.jpg/300px-Lenin_and_Trotsky.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lenin_and_Trotsky.jpg/450px-Lenin_and_Trotsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Lenin_and_Trotsky.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Russian <a href="/wiki/Peasants" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasants">peasants</a> holding <a href="/wiki/Banners" class="mw-redirect" title="Banners">banners</a> of Lenin (left), <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a> (centre) and Trotsky (right) in early <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_historians" class="mw-redirect" title="Revisionist historians">Revisionist historians</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">post–Cold War</a> and otherwise <a href="/wiki/Dissident_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissident Soviet">dissident Soviet</a> historians, including <a href="/wiki/Roy_Medvedev" title="Roy Medvedev">Roy Medvedev</a>, argue that "one could list the various measures carried out by Stalin that were actually a continuation of anti-democratic trends and measures implemented under Lenin", but that "in so many ways, Stalin acted, not in line with Lenin's clear instructions, but in defiance of them."<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] In doing so, some historians have tried to distance Stalinism from Leninism to undermine the <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> view that the negative facets of Stalin were inherent in communism from the start.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Critics include anti-Stalinist communists such as <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, who pointed out that Lenin attempted to persuade the Russian Communist Party to remove Stalin from his post as its <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Testament" title="Lenin's Testament">Lenin's Testament</a>, the document which contained this order, was suppressed after Lenin's death. Trotsky also argued that he and Lenin had intended to lift the ban on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">opposition parties</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Revolutionaries">Socialist Revolutionaries</a> as soon as the economic and social conditions of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a> had improved.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-62">[62]</a> Various historians have cited Lenin's proposal to appoint Trotsky as a <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Vice-chairman of the Soviet Union</a> as evidence that he intended Trotsky to be his successor as head of government.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In his biography of Trotsky, Polish-British historian <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Isaac Deutscher</a> says that, on being faced with the evidence, "only the blind and the deaf could be unaware of the contrast between Stalinism and Leninism."<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> According to Stalin's secretary, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Bazhanov" title="Boris Bazhanov">Boris Bazhanov</a>, Stalin was jubilant over Lenin's death while “publicly putting on the mask of grief”.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> French historian <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Broue" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Broue">Pierre Broue</a> disputed the historical assessments of the early Soviet Union by modern historians such as <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Volkogonov" title="Dmitri Volkogonov">Dmitri Volkogonov</a> in which he argued had falsely equated Leninism, <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a> to present the notion of ideological continuity and reinforce the position of <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">counter-communism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Other revisionist historians, such as <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes">Orlando Figes</a>, whilst critical of the Soviet era, acknowledge that Lenin had actively sought to counter the growing influence of Stalin through a number of actions such as his alliance with Trotsky in 1922–23, opposition to Stalin on <a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign trade">foreign trade</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_affair" title="Georgian affair">Georgian affair</a> and proposed party reforms which included the democratisation of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee">Central Committee</a> and recruitment of 50–100 ordinary workers into the lower organs of the party.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_edition_of_Krushchev%27s_%22Secret_Speech%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/First_edition_of_Krushchev%27s_%22Secret_Speech%22.jpg/180px-First_edition_of_Krushchev%27s_%22Secret_Speech%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="245" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2271" data-file-height="3089"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 245px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/First_edition_of_Krushchev%27s_%22Secret_Speech%22.jpg/180px-First_edition_of_Krushchev%27s_%22Secret_Speech%22.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="245" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/First_edition_of_Krushchev%27s_%22Secret_Speech%22.jpg/270px-First_edition_of_Krushchev%27s_%22Secret_Speech%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/First_edition_of_Krushchev%27s_%22Secret_Speech%22.jpg/360px-First_edition_of_Krushchev%27s_%22Secret_Speech%22.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>O kulcie jednostki i jego następstwach, Warsaw, March 1956, first edition of the Secret Speech, published for the inner use in the <a href="/wiki/PUWP" class="mw-redirect" title="PUWP">PUWP</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, Stalin's successor, argued that Stalin's regime differed profusely from the leadership of Lenin in his "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">Secret Speech</a>", delivered in 1956. He was critical of the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Joseph Stalin's cult of personality">cult of the individual</a> which was constructed around Stalin whereas Lenin stressed “the role of the people as the creator of history”.<a href="#cite_note-archive.org-72">[72]</a> He also emphasized that Lenin favored a <a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">collective leadership</a> which relied on personal persuasion and recommended the removal of Stalin from the position of General Secretary. Khrushchev contrasted this with the “despotism” of Stalin which require absolute submission to his position and he also highlighted that many of the people who were later annihilated as “enemies of the party", "had worked with Lenin during his life”.<a href="#cite_note-archive.org-72">[72]</a> He also contrasted the “severe methods” used by Lenin in the “most necessary cases” as a “struggle for survival” during the Civil War with the extreme methods and mass repressions used by Stalin even when the Revolution was “already victorious”.<a href="#cite_note-archive.org-72">[72]</a> In his memoirs, Khrushchev argued that Stalin's widespread purges of the "most advanced nucleus of people" among the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bolsheviks" title="Old Bolsheviks">Old Bolsheviks</a> and leading figures in the <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">scientific</a> fields had "undoubtedly" weakened the nation.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Some Marxist theoreticians have disputed the view that the Stalinist dictatorship was a natural outgrowth of the Bolsheviks' actions as most of the original central committee members from 1917 were later eliminated by Stalin.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Novack" title="George Novack">George Novack</a> stressed the initial efforts by the Bolsheviks to form a government with the <a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist_Revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Socialist Revolutionaries">Left Socialist Revolutionaries</a> and bring other parties such as the Mensheviks into political legality.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Cliff" title="Tony Cliff">Tony Cliff</a> argued the Bolshevik-Left Socialist Revolutionary coalition government dissolved the democratically elected <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Russian Constituent Assembly</a> due to a number of reasons. They cited the outdated voter-rolls which did not acknowledge the split among the Socialist Revolutionary party and the assemblies conflict with the <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets" title="All-Russian Congress of Soviets">Russian Congress of the Soviets</a> as an alternative democratic structure.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> A similar analysis is present in more recent works such as those of Graeme Gill, who argues that "[Stalinism was] not a natural flow-on of earlier developments; [it formed a] sharp break resulting from conscious decisions by leading political actors." However, Gill notes that "difficulties with the use of the term reflect problems with the concept of Stalinism itself. The major difficulty is a lack of agreement about what should constitute Stalinism."<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Revisionist historians such as <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Fitzpatrick" title="Sheila Fitzpatrick">Sheila Fitzpatrick</a> have criticized the focus on the upper levels of society and the use of Cold War concepts such as totalitarianism, obscuring the system's reality.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Russian historian <a href="/wiki/Vadim_Rogovin" title="Vadim Rogovin">Vadim Rogovin</a> stated that "Under Lenin, the freedom to express a real variety of opinions existed in the party, and in carrying out political decisions, consideration was given to the positions of not only the majority, but a minority in the party". He compared this practice with subsequent leadership blocs which violated party tradition, ignored proposals of opponents and expelled the <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Opposition</a> from the party on falsified charges which culminated with the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Trials">Moscow Trials</a> of 1936–1938. According to Rogovin, 80-90% of the members of the Central Committee elected at the <a href="/wiki/6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">Sixth</a> through to the <a href="/wiki/17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">Seventeenth Congresses</a> were physically annihilated.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Right_Opposition" title="Right Opposition">Right Opposition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a> have been held by some scholars as representing political alternatives to Stalinism despite their shared beliefs in Leninism due to their policy platforms which were at variance with Stalin. This ranged from areas related to <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural">cultural</a> matters.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Left-wing_criticism">Left-wing criticism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Left-wing criticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As a form of Marxism, revolutionary Leninism was criticised as an undemocratic interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>. In The Nationalities Question in the Russian Revolution (1918), <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a> criticised the Bolsheviks for the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">All Russian Constituent Assembly</a> (January 1918); the <a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">partitioning</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> estates to the peasant communes; and the right of self-determination of every national people of the Russias. That the strategic (geopolitical) mistakes of the Bolsheviks would create significant dangers for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bureaucratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureaucratisation">bureaucratisation</a> that would arise to administrate the large country that was Bolshevik Russia.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In defence of the expedient revolutionary practice, in <a href="/wiki/%22Left-Wing%22_Communism:_An_Infantile_Disorder" title='"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder'>"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder</a> (1920), Lenin dismissed the political and ideological complaints of the anti-Bolshevik critics, who claimed ideologically correct stances that were to the political left of Lenin. In Marxist philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">left communism</a> is a range of left-wing political perspectives among communists. Left communism criticizes the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Party">Bolshevik Party</a>'s ideology as the revolutionary vanguard. Ideologically, left communists present their perspectives and approaches as authentic <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and thus more oriented to the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> than the Leninism of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> at their <a href="/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Comintern" title="1st Congress of the Comintern">first</a> (1919) and <a href="/wiki/2nd_World_Congress_of_the_Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd World Congress of the Comintern">second</a> (1920) congresses. Proponents of left communism include <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Amadeo Bordiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Gorter" title="Herman Gorter">Herman Gorter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mattick" title="Paul Mattick">Paul Mattick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Otto Rühle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93German_communist_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch–German communist left">Dutch-German communist left</a> has been most critical of Lenin and Leninism,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> yet the <a href="/wiki/Italian_communist_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian communist left">Italian communist left</a> remained Leninist. Bordiga said: "All this work of demolishing opportunism and 'deviationism' (Lenin: <a href="/wiki/What_Is_To_Be_Done%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="What Is To Be Done?">What Is To Be Done?</a>) is today the basis of party activity. The party follows revolutionary tradition and experiences in this work during these periods of revolutionary reflux and the proliferation of opportunist theories, which had as their violent and inflexible opponents Marx, Engels, Lenin, and the Italian Left."<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In The Lenin Legend (1935), Paul Mattick said that the <a href="/wiki/Council_communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Council communist">council communist</a> tradition, begun by the Dutch-German leftists, also is critical of Leninism.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Contemporary left-communist organisations, such as the Internationalist Communist Tendency and the <a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Current" title="International Communist Current">International Communist Current</a>, view Lenin as an essential and influential theorist but remain critical of Leninism as political praxis for the <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Nonetheless, the <a href="/wiki/Bordigism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordigism">Bordigism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Party" title="International Communist Party">International Communist Party</a> abides Bordiga's strict Leninism. Ideologically aligned with the Dutch-German left, among the ideologists of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Communisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Communisation">communisation</a>, the theorist <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Dauv%C3%A9" title="Gilles Dauvé">Gilles Dauvé</a> criticised Leninism as a "by-product of <a href="/wiki/Kautskyism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kautskyism">Kautskyism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In The Soviet Union Versus Socialism (1986), <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> said that Stalinism was the logical development of Leninism and not an ideological deviation from Lenin's policies, which resulted in <a href="/wiki/Collectivisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivisation">collectivisation</a> enforced with a <a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">police state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In light of the tenets of socialism, Leninism was a right-wing deviation from Marxism.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vanguard-party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard-party">vanguard-party</a> revolution of Leninism became the ideological basis of the communist parties in the socialist political spectrum. In the People's Republic of China, the Chinese Communist Party organised itself with <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> (the Thought of Mao Zedong), <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">socialism with Chinese characteristics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In Singapore, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party" title="People's Action Party">People's Action Party</a> (PAP) featured internal democracy and initiated single-party dominance in the government and politics of Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In the event, the practical application of Maoism to the socio-economic conditions of <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> countries produced revolutionary vanguard parties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Peru_%E2%80%93_Red_Fatherland" title="Communist Party of Peru – Red Fatherland">Communist Party of Peru – Red Fatherland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/He_who_does_not_work_neither_shall_he_eat" class="mw-redirect" title="He who does not work neither shall he eat">He who does not work neither shall he eat</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Wars of national liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_socialism" title="Yellow socialism">Yellow socialism</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRockmoreLevine2018" class="citation book cs1">Rockmore, Tom; Levine, Norman (19 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0nWADwAAQBAJ&q=leninism+imperialism+party">The Palgrave Handbook of Leninist Political Philosophy</a>. Springer. pp. 313–531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-51650-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-51650-3"><bdi>978-1-137-51650-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Leninist+Political+Philosophy&rft.pages=313-531&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018-12-19&rft.isbn=978-1-137-51650-3&rft.aulast=Rockmore&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Levine%2C+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0nWADwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dleninism%2Bimperialism%2Bparty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_pp._476-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_pp._476_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_pp._476_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_pp._476_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_pp._476_2-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought (Third ed.). 1999. pp. 476–477.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Fontana+Dictionary+of+Modern+Thought&rft.pages=476-477&rft.edition=Third&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leninism,_p._265-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leninism,_p._265_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leninism,_p._265_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Leninism". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 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HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory. 7 (2): 165–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14318%2Fhau7.2.021">10.14318/hau7.2.021</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149135486">149135486</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214095806/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.14318/hau7.2.021#hau7.2.021_fn52">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2021. 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Vol. 20. Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a>. pp. 393–454. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/self-det/index.htm">the original</a> on 13 June 2021. 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In "'Last Testament' Letters to the Congress", from Lenin Collected Works, Volume 36, pp. 593–611. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111203055614/http://marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1922/dec/testamnt/index.htm">Archived</a> 3 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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UC Press E-Books Collection. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200214172318/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft009nb0bb&chunk.id=d0e2411&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e2185&brand=ucpress">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+the+Soviet+Union+Entered+World+Politics&rft.pub=UC+Press+E-Books+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft009nb0bb%26chunk.id%3Dd0e2411%26toc.depth%3D1%26toc.id%3Dd0e2185%26brand%3Ducpress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1924-2/industrialization-debate/industrialization-debate-texts/socialism-in-one-country-versus-permanent-revolution/">"Socialism in One Country versus Permanent Revolution"</a>. Seventeen Moments in Soviet History. 27 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170201025252/http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1924-2/industrialization-debate/industrialization-debate-texts/socialism-in-one-country-versus-permanent-revolution/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2017. 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Information Bulletin of the Embassy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. p. 76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speeches+Delivered+at+the+Fifth+Session+of+the+General+Assembly+of+the+United+Nations%2C+September-October%2C+1950&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Information+Bulletin+of+the+Embassy+of+the+Union+of+Soviet+Socialist+Republics&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Vyshinsky&rft.aufirst=Andrey+Yanuaryevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1VM1AQAAIAAJ%26dq%3DStalin%2Bwe%2Bever%2Bhad%2Bsuch%2Bplans%2Band%2Bintentions%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkogonov1998" class="citation book cs1">Volkogonov, Dmitriĭ Antonovich (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S5XlHA_75YwC&dq=Stalin+we+ever+had+such+plans+and+intentions&pg=PA125">Autopsy for an Empire: The Seven Leaders who Built the Soviet Regime</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-83420-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-83420-7"><bdi>978-0-684-83420-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autopsy+for+an+Empire%3A+The+Seven+Leaders+who+Built+the+Soviet+Regime&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-684-83420-7&rft.aulast=Volkogonov&rft.aufirst=Dmitri%C4%AD+Antonovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS5XlHA_75YwC%26dq%3DStalin%2Bwe%2Bever%2Bhad%2Bsuch%2Bplans%2Band%2Bintentions%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotkin2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kotkin, Stephen (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalinvoliiwaiti0000kotk/page/287/mode/1up">Stalin</a>. Vol. II, Waiting for Hitler, 1928–1941. London: Allen Lane. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9945-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9945-7"><bdi>978-0-7139-9945-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin&rft.place=London&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9945-7&rft.aulast=Kotkin&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalinvoliiwaiti0000kotk%2Fpage%2F287%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiela_Fitzpatrick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shiela Fitzpatrick (page does not exist)">Fitzpatrick, Sheila</a> (22 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v32/n08/sheila-fitzpatrick/the-old-man">"The Old Man"</a>. London Review of Books. 32 (8). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9592">0260-9592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Old+Man&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft.issn=0260-9592&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv32%2Fn08%2Fsheila-fitzpatrick%2Fthe-old-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky, L. 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Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives. <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor Books">Anchor Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-47954-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-47954-9"><bdi>0-385-47954-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+The+First+In-depth+Biography+Based+on+Explosive+New+Documents+from+Russia%27s+Secret+Archives&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-385-47954-9&rft.aulast=Radzinsky&rft.aufirst=Edvard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pipes-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Pipes_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Pipes, Richard</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/communismhistory00pipe">Communism: A History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Random House Publishing">Random House Publishing</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/communismhistory00pipe/page/n90">73</a>–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-6864-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-6864-4"><bdi>978-0-8129-6864-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism%3A+A+History&rft.pages=73-74&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-6864-4&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommunismhistory00pipe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeggett1986" class="citation book cs1">Leggett, George (1986). 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Yale University Press. p. 438. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13493-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13493-3"><bdi>978-0-300-13493-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Communism+in+Russia&rft.pages=438&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13493-3&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27JGzAoMLjoC%26dq%3DVictor%2BDanilov%2BTrotsky%26pg%3DPA438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2016" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Derek (27 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xhm_DAAAQBAJ&dq=Trotsky+chairman+rykov&pg=PA25">Molotov and Soviet Government: Sovnarkom, 1930-41</a>. Springer. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-24848-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-24848-3"><bdi>978-1-349-24848-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molotov+and+Soviet+Government%3A+Sovnarkom%2C+1930-41&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft.isbn=978-1-349-24848-3&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxhm_DAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DTrotsky%2Bchairman%2Brykov%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher1965" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetunarmed00isaa/page/134/mode/2up?q=promote+rykov+">The prophet unarmed: Trotsky, 1921-1929</a>. 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Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-097852-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-097852-3"><bdi>978-0-13-097852-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+in+the+twentieth+century&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+N.J.+%3A+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-13-097852-3&rft.aulast=Dziewanowski&rft.aufirst=M.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiaintwentiet0000dzie%2Fpage%2F162%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Deutscher, Isaac</a> (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetunarmedtr0000unse_c1b0">Trotsky: The Prophet Unarmed (1921–1929)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetunarmedtr0000unse_c1b0/page/n497">464</a>–465.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%3A+The+Prophet+Unarmed+%281921%E2%80%931929%29&rft.pages=464-465&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprophetunarmedtr0000unse_c1b0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuromiya2013" class="citation book cs1">Kuromiya, Hiroaki (16 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BRV4AAAAQBAJ&dq=Stalin+swearing+Lenin+testament&pg=PA59">Stalin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86780-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86780-7"><bdi>978-1-317-86780-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-08-16&rft.isbn=978-1-317-86780-7&rft.aulast=Kuromiya&rft.aufirst=Hiroaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBRV4AAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DStalin%2Bswearing%2BLenin%2Btestament%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroue1992" class="citation book cs1">Broue, Pierre (1992). Trotsky: a biographer's problems. In The Trotsky reappraisal. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds). <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. pp. 19, 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-0317-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%3A+a+biographer%27s+problems.+In+The+Trotsky+reappraisal.+Brotherstone%2C+Terence%3B+Dukes%2C+Paul%2C%28eds%29&rft.pages=19%2C+20&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0317-6&rft.aulast=Broue&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges1997" class="citation book cs1">Figes, Orlando (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peoplestragedyhi00fige/page/796/mode/2up">A people's tragedy : a history of the Russian Revolution</a>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking Books">Viking Books</a>. pp. 796–801. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-85916-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-85916-0"><bdi>978-0-670-85916-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+people%27s+tragedy+%3A+a+history+of+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=796-801&rft.pub=Viking+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-670-85916-0&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeoplestragedyhi00fige%2Fpage%2F796%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-archive.org-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_72-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhrushchev1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheCrimesOfTheStalinEraSpecialReportToThe20thCongressOfTheCommunistPartyOfTheSovietUnion.">The Crimes Of The Stalin Era, Special Report To The 20th Congress Of The Communist Party Of The Soviet Union</a>. pp. 1–65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crimes+Of+The+Stalin+Era%2C+Special+Report+To+The+20th+Congress+Of+The+Communist+Party+Of+The+Soviet+Union.&rft.pages=1-65&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Khrushchev&rft.aufirst=Nikita+Sergeevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheCrimesOfTheStalinEraSpecialReportToThe20thCongressOfTheCommunistPartyOfTheSovietUnion.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhrushchevKhrushchev2004" class="citation book cs1">Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich; Khrushchev, Serge_ (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uv1zv4FZhFUC&dq=stalin+weaken+soviet+union+old+bolsheviks&pg=PT170">Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penn_State_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn State Press">Penn State Press</a>. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02861-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02861-3"><bdi>978-0-271-02861-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Nikita+Khrushchev&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-271-02861-3&rft.aulast=Khrushchev&rft.aufirst=Nikita+Sergeevich&rft.au=Khrushchev%2C+Serge_&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duv1zv4FZhFUC%26dq%3Dstalin%2Bweaken%2Bsoviet%2Bunion%2Bold%2Bbolsheviks%26pg%3DPT170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2017" class="citation web cs1">Grant, Alex (1 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxist.com/top-10-lies-about-the-bolshevik-revolution-part-one.htm">"Top 10 lies about the Bolshevik Revolution"</a>. In Defence of Marxism.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=In+Defence+of+Marxism&rft.atitle=Top+10+lies+about+the+Bolshevik+Revolution&rft.date=2017-11-01&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxist.com%2Ftop-10-lies-about-the-bolshevik-revolution-part-one.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovack1971" class="citation book cs1">Novack, George (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bLMgAQAAIAAJ">Democracy and Revolution</a>. Pathfinder. pp. 307–347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-192-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-192-2"><bdi>978-0-87348-192-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+Revolution&rft.pages=307-347&rft.pub=Pathfinder&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-87348-192-2&rft.aulast=Novack&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbLMgAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCliff" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Cliff" title="Tony Cliff">Cliff, Tony</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1978/lenin3/ch03.html">"Revolution Besieged. The Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly)"</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revolution+Besieged.+The+Dissolution+of+the+Constituent+Assembly%29&rft.aulast=Cliff&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fcliff%2Fworks%2F1978%2Flenin3%2Fch03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill1998" class="citation book cs1">Gill, Graeme J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Pt35DCU580C">Stalinism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-17764-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-17764-5"><bdi>978-0-312-17764-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616092149/http://books.google.com/books?id=3Pt35DCU580C">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalinism&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-312-17764-5&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Graeme+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Pt35DCU580C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeyerFitzpatrick2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Geyer" title="Michael Geyer">Geyer, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Fitzpatrick" title="Sheila Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick, Sheila</a> (2009). Geyer, Michael; Fitzpatrick, Sheila (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3wzDPQAACAAJ">Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511802652">10.1017/CBO9780511802652</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-72397-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-72397-8"><bdi>978-0-521-72397-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206043119/https://books.google.com/books?id=3wzDPQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Totalitarianism%3A+Stalinism+and+Nazism+Compared&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511802652&rft.isbn=978-0-521-72397-8&rft.aulast=Geyer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Fitzpatrick%2C+Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3wzDPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogovin2021" class="citation book cs1">Rogovin, Vadim Z. (2021). Was There an Alternative? 1923-1927: Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years. <a href="/wiki/Mehring_Books" title="Mehring Books">Mehring Books</a>. pp. 494–495. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-96-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-96-9"><bdi>978-1-893638-96-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Was+There+an+Alternative%3F+1923-1927%3A+Trotskyism%3A+a+Look+Back+Through+the+Years&rft.pages=494-495&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-893638-96-9&rft.aulast=Rogovin&rft.aufirst=Vadim+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> "While Trotsky was strongly biased toward industrial development, there is little basis to suppose that he would have adopted Stalin’s forcible collectivization, slapdash economic planning, anti expert campaigns, or cultural know-nothingism. Neither Trotsky nor Bukharin would have pursued anything like Stalin’s pseudo-revolutionary “<a href="/wiki/Third_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Third period">third period</a>” foreign policy and his connivance in the advent of Hitler, another product of his political manoeuvring against the Bukharinists".<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2008" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Robert V. (1 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27JGzAoMLjoC">The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 396. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13493-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13493-3"><bdi>978-0-300-13493-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Communism+in+Russia&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13493-3&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27JGzAoMLjoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay1990" class="citation journal cs1">Day, Richard B. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20100543">"The Blackmail of the Single Alternative: Bukharin, Trotsky and Perestrojka"</a>. Studies in Soviet Thought. 40 (1/3): 159–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00818977">10.1007/BF00818977</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-3797">0039-3797</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20100543">20100543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Soviet+Thought&rft.atitle=The+Blackmail+of+the+Single+Alternative%3A+Bukharin%2C+Trotsky+and+Perestrojka&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1%2F3&rft.pages=159-188&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0039-3797&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20100543%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00818977&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20100543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/library/nationalities-question-in-the-russian-revolution-luxemburg">"The Nationalities Question in the Russian Revolution (Rosa Luxemburg, 1918)"</a>. Libcom.org. 11 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181019085619/http://libcom.org/library/nationalities-question-in-the-russian-revolution-luxemburg">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nationalities+Question+in+the+Russian+Revolution+%28Rosa+Luxemburg%2C+1918%29&rft.pub=Libcom.org&rft.date=2006-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Flibrary%2Fnationalities-question-in-the-russian-revolution-luxemburg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOjeili2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ojeili, Chamsy (2001). 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Retrieved 8 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Union+Versus+Socialism&rft.pub=Our+Generation&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chomsky.info%2Farticles%2F1986----.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQsceZ9skQI">Chomsky on Lenin, Trotsky, Socialism & the Soviet Union</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYongnian2009" class="citation book cs1">Yongnian, Zheng (2009). 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Burning Questions of Our Movement, 1902.</li> <li>The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism, 1913.</li> <li>The Right of Nations to Self-Determination, 1914.</li> <li>Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, 1917.</li> <li>The State and Revolution, 1917.</li> <li>The Tasks of the Proletariat in the Present Revolution (The "April Theses"), 1917.</li> <li>"Left-Wing" Childishness and the Petty Bourgois Mentality, 1918.</li> <li>Left-Wing Communism: an Infantile Disorder, 1920.</li> <li>"Last Testament" Letters to the Congress, 1923–1924.</li></ul> Histories <ul><li>Isaac Deutscher. The Prophet Armed: Trotsky 1879–1921, 1954.</li> <li>Isaac Deutscher. The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky 1921–1929, 1959.</li> <li>Moshe Lewin. Lenin's Last Struggle, 1969.</li> <li>Edward Hallett Carr. The Russian Revolution From Lenin to Stalin: 1917–1929, 1979.</li></ul> Other authors <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackledge2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Blackledge, Paul (3 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=218&issue=111">"What was Done an extended review of Lars Lih's Lenin Rediscovered"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Socialism_(magazine)" title="International Socialism (magazine)">International Socialism</a>. No. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Socialism&rft.atitle=What+was+Done+an+extended+review+of+Lars+Lih%27s+Lenin+Rediscovered&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2006-07-03&rft.aulast=Blackledge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isj.org.uk%2Findex.php4%3Fid%3D218%26issue%3D111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudgenKouvelakisŽižek2007" class="citation book cs1">Budgen, Sebastian; Kouvelakis, Stathis; <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek, Slavoj</a>, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/lenin-reloaded">Lenin Reloaded: Toward a Politics of Truth</a>. Durham: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822339410" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822339410"><bdi>978-0822339410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin+Reloaded%3A+Toward+a+Politics+of+Truth&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0822339410&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dukeupress.edu%2Flenin-reloaded&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebman1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Liebman" title="Marcel Liebman">Liebman, Marcel</a> (1980). Leninism Under Lenin. The Merlin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85036-261-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85036-261-X"><bdi>0-85036-261-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leninism+Under+Lenin&rft.pub=The+Merlin+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-85036-261-X&rft.aulast=Liebman&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedvedev1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Medvedev" title="Roy Medvedev">Medvedev, Roy</a> (1981). Leninism and Western Socialism. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86091-739-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86091-739-8"><bdi>0-86091-739-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leninism+and+Western+Socialism&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-86091-739-8&rft.aulast=Medvedev&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding1996" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Neil (1996). Leninism. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1867-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1867-9"><bdi>0-8223-1867-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leninism&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8223-1867-9&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStalin2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin, Joseph</a> (2001). Foundations of Leninism. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_Press_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University Press of the Pacific (page does not exist)">University Press of the Pacific</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89875-212-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89875-212-4"><bdi>0-89875-212-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Leninism&rft.pub=University+Press+of+the+Pacific&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-89875-212-4&rft.aulast=Stalin&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James, C.L.R.</a> (2005). Notes on Dialectics: Hegel, Marx, Lenin. <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7453-2491-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7453-2491-6"><bdi>0-7453-2491-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+on+Dialectics%3A+Hegel%2C+Marx%2C+Lenin&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7453-2491-6&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=C.L.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Wilson" title="Edmund Wilson">Wilson, Edmund</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/To_the_Finland_Station" title="To the Finland Station">To the Finland Station</a>: A Study in the Writing and Acting of History. Phoenix Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7538-1800-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7538-1800-0"><bdi>0-7538-1800-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+Finland+Station%3A+A+Study+in+the+Writing+and+Acting+of+History&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7538-1800-0&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorterPannekoekPankhurstRühle2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herman_Gorter" title="Herman Gorter">Gorter, Herman</a>; <a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek, Antonie</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst, Sylvia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Rühle, Otto</a> (2007). Non-Leninist Marxism: Writings on the Workers Councils. St Petersburg, Florida: Red and Black Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9791813-6-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9791813-6-8"><bdi>978-0-9791813-6-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Non-Leninist+Marxism%3A+Writings+on+the+Workers+Councils&rft.place=St+Petersburg%2C+Florida&rft.pub=Red+and+Black+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9791813-6-8&rft.aulast=Gorter&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft.au=Pannekoek%2C+Antonie&rft.au=Pankhurst%2C+Sylvia&rft.au=R%C3%BChle%2C+Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Blanc1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Le_Blanc_(historian)" title="Paul Le Blanc (historian)">Le Blanc, Paul</a> (1990). Lenin and the Revolutionary Party. Humanities Press International, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-03604-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-03604-1"><bdi>0-391-03604-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin+and+the+Revolutionary+Party&rft.pub=Humanities+Press+International%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-391-03604-1&rft.aulast=Le+Blanc&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregor2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._James_Gregor" title="A. James Gregor">Gregor, A. James</a> (2000). <a href="/wiki/The_Faces_of_Janus" title="The Faces of Janus">The Faces of Janus: Marxism and Fascism in the Twentieth Century</a>. New Haven, CT: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07827-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07827-7"><bdi>0-300-07827-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Faces+of+Janus%3A+Marxism+and+Fascism+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-300-07827-7&rft.aulast=Gregor&rft.aufirst=A.+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeninŽižek2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin, V. I.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek, Slavoj</a> (2017). Lenin 2017: Remembering, Repeating, and Working Through. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786631886" title="Special:BookSources/978-1786631886"><bdi>978-1786631886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin+2017%3A+Remembering%2C+Repeating%2C+and+Working+Through&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1786631886&rft.aulast=Lenin&rft.aufirst=V.+I.&rft.au=%C5%BDi%C5%BEek%2C+Slavoj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolakowski1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Kolakowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Leszek Kolakowski">Kolakowski, Leszek</a> (1978). <a href="/wiki/Main_Currents_of_Marxism" title="Main Currents of Marxism">Main Currents of Marxism</a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Main+Currents+of+Marxism&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Kolakowski&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcuse1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse, Herbert</a> (1958). <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Marxism">Soviet Marxism: An Analysis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Marxism%3A+An+Analysis&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Marcuse&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukacs1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Lukacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Lukacs">Lukacs, Georg</a> (1972). <a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness" title="History and Class Consciousness">History and Class Consciousness</a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Class+Consciousness&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Lukacs&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebestyen2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sebestyen" title="Victor Sebestyen">Sebestyen, Victor</a> (2017). Lenin: The Man, the Dictator, and the Master of Terror. <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_Books" title="Pantheon Books">Pantheon Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101871638" title="Special:BookSources/9781101871638"><bdi>9781101871638</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%3A+The+Man%2C+the+Dictator%2C+and+the+Master+of+Terror.&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781101871638&rft.aulast=Sebestyen&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkogonov1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Volkogonov" title="Dmitri Volkogonov">Volkogonov, Dmitri</a> (1994). Lenin: A New Biography. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Shukman" title="Harold Shukman">Shukman, Harold</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255123-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255123-6"><bdi>978-0-00-255123-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%3A+A+New+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-00-255123-6&rft.aulast=Volkogonov&rft.aufirst=Dmitri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Leninism <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Leninism">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Leninism&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> Works by Vladimir Lenin <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1901/witbd/">What Is To Be Done?</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc/index.htm">Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/ch01.htm#s1">The State and Revolution</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/index.htm">"The Lenin Archive"</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marx2mao.com/Lenin/FCCI19.html">"First Conference of the Communist International"</a>.</li></ul> Other thematic links <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.optushome.com.au/spainter/Liebman.html">"Marcel Liebman on Lenin and democracy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927013619/http://members.optushome.com.au/spainter/Liebman.html">Archived</a> 27 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080416210712/http://www.zmag.org/chomsky/other/intellectuals-state.html">"An excerpt on Leninism and State Capitalism from the work of Noam Chomsky"</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1904/questions-rsd/index.htm">"Organizational Questions of the Russian Social Democracy"</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Karl Korsch</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028121450/http://geocities.com/~johngray/lenphl13.htm">"Lenin's Philosophy"</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leninism.org/">"Cyber Leninism"</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leninist.biz/en/HTML">"Leninist Ebooks"</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Pannekoek" title="Anton Pannekoek">Anton Pannekoek</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/pannekoe/1938/lenin/index.htm">"Lenin as a Philosopher"</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mattick" title="Paul Mattick">Paul Mattick</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/mattick-paul/1935/lenin-legend.htm">"The Lenin Legend"</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leninism&oldid=1252336862">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leninism&oldid=1252336862</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 20 October 2024, at 22:10 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninisme" title="Leninisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Leninisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لينينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لينينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismo" title="Leninismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Leninismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismu" title="Leninismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Leninismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninizm" title="Leninizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Leninizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="লেনিনবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লেনিনবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Lenin-chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lenin-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="लेनिनवाद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लेनिनवाद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Ленинизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ленинизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninisme" title="Leninisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Leninisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Ленинизм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ленинизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismus" title="Leninismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Leninismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leniniaeth" title="Leniniaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Leniniaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninisme" title="Leninisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Leninisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismus" title="Leninismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leninismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leninism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Λενινισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λενινισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismo" title="Leninismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leninismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismo" title="Leninismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leninismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismo" title="Leninismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Leninismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="لنینیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لنینیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ninisme" title="Léninisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Léninisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismo" title="Leninismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Leninismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EB%8B%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="레닌주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레닌주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Լենինիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լենինիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="लेनिनवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लेनिनवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenjinizam" title="Lenjinizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lenjinizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninisme" title="Leninisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Leninisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismo" title="Leninismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leninismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="לניניזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לניניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ლენინიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლენინიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Ленинизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ленинизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B4_%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ລັດທິ ເລນິນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລັດທິ ເລນິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismus" title="Leninismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Leninismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BBe%C5%86inisms" title="Ļeņinisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ļeņinisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninizmas" title="Leninizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Leninizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Leninism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninizmus" title="Leninizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Leninizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ленинизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ленинизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="ലെനിനിസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലെനിനിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ლენინიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლენინიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="لينينيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لينينيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninisme" title="Leninisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Leninisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninisme" title="Leninisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leninisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="लेनिनवाद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लेनिनवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="レーニン主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レーニン主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninisme" title="Leninisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leninisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninisme" title="Leninisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Leninisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninisme" title="Leninisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Leninisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਲੈਨਿਨਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੈਨਿਨਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%85" title="لیننزم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لیننزم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="لینینیزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لینینیزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninizm" title="Leninizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leninizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismo" title="Leninismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leninismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Leninism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Ленинизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ленинизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Leninism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="ලෙනින්වාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලෙනින්වාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leninism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninizmus" title="Leninizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Leninizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninizem" title="Leninizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Leninizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="لێنینیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لێنینیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Лењинизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лењинизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismi" title="Leninismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leninismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leninism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismo" title="Leninismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Leninismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="லெனினிசம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லெனினிசம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ลัทธิเลนิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลัทธิเลนิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninizm" title="Leninizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Leninizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Ленінізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ленінізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_Lenin" title="Chủ nghĩa Lenin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa Lenin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%AF%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="列寧主義 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="列寧主義" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismo" title="Leninismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Leninismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%AF%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="列寧主義 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="列寧主義" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%AF%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="列寧主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="列寧主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="列宁主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="列宁主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 October 2024, at 22:10 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a 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