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class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch–German communist left">Dutch–German communist left</a>)</span></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a>, a Russian communist faction led by Leon Trotsky in the 1920s.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Left Communists" redirects here. For the historical left-communist groups, see <a href="/wiki/Left_Communists_(Soviet_Russia)" title="Left Communists (Soviet Russia)">Left Communists (Soviet Russia)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left_Communists_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Left Communists (Weimar Republic)">Left Communists (Weimar Republic)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Left_communism" title="Special:EditPage/Left communism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <p><b>Left communism</b>, or the <b>communist left</b>, is a position held by the <a href="/wiki/Left_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left wing">left wing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, which criticises the political ideas and practices espoused by <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Democracy">social democrats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Left communists assert positions which they regard as more authentically <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> than the views of Marxism–Leninism espoused by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> after its <a href="/wiki/Bolshevization" title="Bolshevization">Bolshevization</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and during its <a href="/wiki/2nd_World_Congress_of_the_Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd World Congress of the Comintern">second congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Non-Leninist_Marxism_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Non-Leninist_Marxism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been two primary currents of left communism since <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, namely the Italian left and the Dutch–German left. The Italian left tends to follow <a href="/wiki/Bordigism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordigism">Bordigism</a> and considers itself to be "more <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a> than Lenin"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, but denounces Marxism–Leninism as a form of <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> <a href="/wiki/Opportunism" title="Opportunism">opportunism</a> materialized in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">Soviet Union under Stalin</a>. The Dutch–German left split from <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> prior to Stalin's rule and supports a firmly <a href="/wiki/Council_communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Council communist">council communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxist">libertarian Marxist</a> viewpoint as opposed to the Italian left which emphasised the need for an international revolutionary party.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian current of left communism was historically represented by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Italy">Communist Party of Italy</a> but today is embodied in the <a href="/wiki/Internationalist_Communist_Party_(Italy)" title="Internationalist Communist Party (Italy)">Internationalist Communist Party of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Party" title="International Communist Party">International Communist Party</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Current" title="International Communist Current">International Communist Current</a>. The Dutch–German current of left communism was historically represented by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Workers' Party of Germany">Communist Workers' Party of Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Workers%27_Union_of_Germany" title="General Workers' Union of Germany">General Workers' Union of Germany</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_International" title="Communist Workers' International">Communist Workers' International</a>. </p><p>Left communism differs from most other forms of Marxism in believing that communists should not participate in democratic elections, and some argue against participating in trade unions. However, many left communists split over their criticism of the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>. <a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communists</a> criticised the Bolsheviks for use of the party form and emphasised a more autonomous organisation of the working class, without political parties. </p><p>Although she was murdered in 1919 before left communism became a distinct tendency, <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a> has been heavily influential for most left communists, both politically and theoretically. Proponents of left communism have included <a href="/wiki/Herman_Gorter" title="Herman Gorter">Herman Gorter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Otto Rühle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Karl Korsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Amadeo Bordiga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mattick" title="Paul Mattick">Paul Mattick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Non-Leninist_Marxism_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Non-Leninist_Marxism-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other proponents of left communism have included <a href="/wiki/Onorato_Damen" title="Onorato Damen">Onorato Damen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Camatte" title="Jacques Camatte">Jacques Camatte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a>. Later prominent theorists are shared with other tendencies such as <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a>, a founding theorist of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">autonomist tendency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Negri_1991_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Negri_1991-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_history_and_overview"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early history and overview</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Russian_left_communism"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Russian left communism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Dutch%E2%80%93German_left_communism_until_1933"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Dutch–German left communism until 1933</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Left_communism_and_the_Communist_International"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Left communism and the Communist International</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#1939%E2%80%931945"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">1939–1945</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#1952%E2%80%931968"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">1952–1968</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Since_1968"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Since 1968</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Early_history_and_overview">Early history and overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Left_communism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history and overview" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Two major traditions can be observed within left communism, namely the <a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Dutch–German current</a> and the Italian current.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political positions those traditions share are opposition to <a href="/wiki/Common_front" title="Common front">popular fronts</a>, to many kinds of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and national <a href="/wiki/Liberation_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation movements">liberation movements</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentarianism</a>. </p><p>The historical origins of left communism come from <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most left communists are supportive of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in Russia, but retain a critical view of its development. However, some in the Dutch–German current would in later years come to reject the idea that the revolution had a <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">socialist</a> nature, arguing that it had simply carried out the tasks of the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_revolution" title="Bourgeois revolution">bourgeois revolution</a> by creating a <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalist</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-Fox_-_Ante_Ciliga_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox_-_Ante_Ciliga-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Left communism first came into focus as a distinct movement around 1918. Its essential features were a stress on the need to build a <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist party</a> or <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">workers' council</a> entirely separate from the <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">centrist</a> elements who "betrayed the proletariat", opposition to all but the most restricted participation in <a href="/wiki/Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections">elections</a> and an emphasis on militancy. Apart from this, there was little in common between the two wings. Only the Italians accepted the need for electoral work at all for a very short period of time which they later vehemently opposed, attracting criticism from <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/%22Left-Wing%22_Communism:_An_Infantile_Disorder" title='"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder'>"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-marxists1920_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marxists1920-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Russian_left_communism">Russian left communism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Left_communism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Russian left communism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Left Bolshevism emerged in 1907 as the <a href="/wiki/Vpered" title="Vpered">Vpered group</a> challenged <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s perceived <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> and parliamentarianism. The group included <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Alexander Bogdanov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lunacharsky" title="Anatoly Lunacharsky">Anatoly Lunacharsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Pokrovsky" title="Mikhail Pokrovsky">Mikhail Pokrovsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Aleksinsky" title="Grigory Aleksinsky">Grigory Aleksinsky</a>, Stanislav Volski and <a href="/wiki/Martyn_Liadov" title="Martyn Liadov">Martyn Liadov</a>. The <i>Otzovists</i>, or Recallists, advocated the recall of <a href="/wiki/RSDLP" class="mw-redirect" title="RSDLP">RSDLP</a> representatives from the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma_(Russian_Empire)#Third_Duma" title="State Duma (Russian Empire)">Third Duma</a>. Bogdanov and his allies accused Lenin and his partisans of promoting <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> through "<a href="/wiki/Parliamentarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentarism">parliamentarism</a> at any price".<sup id="cite_ref-Sochor_(1988)_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sochor_(1988)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p><p>The faction largely died out by the end of 1918, as its leaders accepted that much of their program was unrealistic under the circumstances of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> and as the policies of <a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War Communism</a> satisfied their demands for a radical transformation of the economy. The <a href="/wiki/Military_Opposition" title="Military Opposition">Military Opposition</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Opposition" title="Workers' Opposition">Workers' Opposition</a> inherited some characteristics and members of the Left Bolsheviks, as did <a href="/wiki/Gavril_Myasnikov" title="Gavril Myasnikov">Gavril Myasnikov</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Workers_Group_of_the_Russian_Communist_Party" title="Workers Group of the Russian Communist Party">Workers Group of the Russian Communist Party</a> during the debates on the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a> and the succession to Lenin. Most Left Bolsheviks were affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a> in the 1920s, and were expelled from the party in 1927 and later killed during <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Dutch–German_left_communism_until_1933"><span id="Dutch.E2.80.93German_left_communism_until_1933"></span>Dutch–German left communism until 1933</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Left_communism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dutch–German left communism until 1933" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Left_communism" title="Special:EditPage/Left communism">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Left+communism%22">"Left communism"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Left+communism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Left+communism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Left+communism%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Left+communism%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Left+communism%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Left_Communists_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Left Communists (Weimar Republic)">Left Communists (Weimar Republic)</a></div> <p>Left communism emerged in both countries together and was always very closely connected. Among the leading theoreticians of the more powerful German movement were <a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herman_Gorter" title="Herman Gorter">Herman Gorter</a> and German activists found refuge in the Netherlands after the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazis</a> came to power in 1933. The critique of <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformism</a> can be traced back before World War I since in the Netherlands a revolutionary wing of social democracy had broken from the reformist party even before the war and had built links with German activists. By 1915, the <a href="/wiki/Antinational_Socialist_Party" title="Antinational Socialist Party">Antinational Socialist Party</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Pfemfert" title="Franz Pfemfert">Franz Pfemfert</a> and was linked to <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Aktion" title="Die Aktion">Die Aktion</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution">German Revolution</a> in 1918, a leftist mood could be found among sections of the communist parties of both countries. In Germany, this led directly to the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers_Party_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Workers Party of Germany">Communist Workers Party of Germany</a> (KAPD) after its leading figures were expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> (KPD) by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Levi" title="Paul Levi">Paul Levi</a>. This development was mirrored in the Netherlands and on a smaller scale in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, where the left communist movement was to mimic that of Germany. </p><p>When it was founded, the KAPD included some tens of thousands of revolutionaries. However, it had broken up and practically dissolved within a few years. This was because it was founded on the basis of revolutionary optimism and a purism that rejected what became known as frontism. <a href="/wiki/Common_front" title="Common front">Frontism</a> entailed working in the same organisations as reformist workers. Such work was seen by the KAPD as unhelpful at a time when the revolution was thought to be an imminent event and not merely a goal to be aimed at. This led the members of the KAPD to reject working in the traditional <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> in favour of forming their own <a href="/wiki/General_Workers%27_Union_of_Germany" title="General Workers' Union of Germany">revolutionary unions</a>. These <i>unionen</i>, so called to distinguish them from the official trade unions, had 80,000 members in 1920 and peaked in 1921 with 200,000 members, after which they declined rapidly. They were also organisationally divided from the beginning, with those unionen linked to the KAPD forming the <a href="/wiki/General_Workers%27_Union_of_Germany" title="General Workers' Union of Germany">General Workers' Union of Germany</a> (AAUD) and those in <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> around <a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Otto Rühle</a> who opposed the conception of a party in favour of a unitary class organisation being organised as the <a href="/wiki/General_Workers%27_Union_%E2%80%93_Unified_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="General Workers' Union – Unified Organization">General Workers' Union – Unified Organization</a> (AAUE). </p><p>The KAPD was unable to reach even its founding congress prior to suffering its first split when the so-called National Bolshevik tendency around <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Wolffheim" title="Fritz Wolffheim">Fritz Wolffheim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Laufenberg" title="Heinrich Laufenberg">Heinrich Laufenberg</a> appeared (this tendency has no connection with <a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">modern political tendencies in Russia which use the same name</a>). More seriously, the KAPD lost most of its support very rapidly as it failed to develop lasting structures. This also contributed to internecine quarrels and the party actually split into two competing tendencies known as the Essen and Berlin tendencies to the historians of the left. The recently established <a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Workers International">Communist Workers International</a> (KAI) split on exactly the same lines as did the tiny <a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers_Party_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Workers Party of Bulgaria">Communist Workers Party of Bulgaria</a>. The only other affiliates of the KAI were the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers_Party_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Workers Party (UK)">Communist Workers Party of Britain</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers_Party_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Workers Party of the Netherlands">Communist Workers Party of the Netherlands</a> (KAPN) in the Netherlands and a group in Russia. The AAUD split on the same lines and it rapidly ceased to exist as a real tendency within the factories. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Left_communism_and_the_Communist_International">Left communism and the Communist International</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Left_communism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Left communism and the Communist International" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Left_communism" title="Special:EditPage/Left communism">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Left+communism%22">"Left communism"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Left+communism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Left+communism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Left+communism%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Left+communism%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Left+communism%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Left communists generally supported the Bolshevik <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">seizure of power in October 1917</a> and entertained enormous hopes in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a>, or Comintern. In fact, they controlled the first body formed by the Comintern to coordinate its activities in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, the Amsterdam Bureau. However, this was little more than a very brief interlude and the Amsterdam Bureau never functioned as a leadership body for Western Europe as was originally intended. The Vienna Bureau of the Comintern may also be classified as left communist, but its personnel were not to evolve into either of the two historic currents that made up left communism. Rather, the Vienna Bureau adopted the <a href="/wiki/Ultra-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-left">ultra-left</a> ideas of the earliest period in the history of the Comintern. </p><p>Left communists supported the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, but did not accept the methods of the Bolsheviks. Many of the Dutch–German tradition adopted <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>'s criticism as outlined in her posthumously published essay entitled <i>The Russian Revolution</i>. The Italian left communists did not at the time accept any of these criticisms and both currents would evolve. </p><p>To a considerable degree, Lenin's well known <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Left-Wing_Communism:_An_Infantile_Disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-Wing Communism: An Infantile Disorder">Left-Wing Communism: An Infantile Disorder</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-marxists1920_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marxists1920-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an attack on the ideas of the emerging left communist currents. His main aim was to polemicise with currents moving towards pure revolutionary tactics by showing them that they could remain based on firmly revolutionary principles while utilising a variety of tactics. Therefore, Lenin defended the use of parliamentarism and working within the official trade unions. </p><p>As the <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a> occurred at a time when the debate on tactics was still raging within the Comintern, it has been wrongly seen as being left communist by some commentators. In fact, the left communist currents had no connection with the rebellion, although they did rally to its support when they learned of it. In later years, the German–Dutch tradition in particular would come to see the suppression of the revolt as the historic turning point in the evolution of the Russian state after October 1917. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="1939–1945"><span id="1939.E2.80.931945"></span>1939–1945</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Left_communism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1939–1945" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Left_communism" title="Special:EditPage/Left communism">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Left+communism%22">"Left communism"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Left+communism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Left+communism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Left+communism%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Left+communism%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Left+communism%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many small currents to the left of the mass communist parties collapsed at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the left communists were initially silent too. Despite having foreseen the war more clearly than some other factions, when it began they were overwhelmed. Many were persecuted by either German Nazism or Italian fascism. Leading militants of the communist left such as Mitchell, who was Jewish, were to die in the <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Buchenwald">Buchenwald</a> concentration camp. </p><p>Meanwhile, the final <a href="/wiki/Council_communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Council communist">council communist</a> groups in Germany had disappeared in the maelstrom and the International Communist Group (GIK) in the Netherlands was moribund. The former <a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">centrist</a> group led by <a href="/wiki/Henk_Sneevliet" title="Henk Sneevliet">Henk Sneevliet</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (Netherlands)">Revolutionary Socialist Workers Party, RSAP</a>) transformed itself into the <a href="/wiki/Marx%E2%80%93Lenin%E2%80%93Luxemburg_Front" title="Marx–Lenin–Luxemburg Front">Marx–Lenin–Luxemburg Front</a>. In April 1942, its leadership was arrested by the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> and killed. The remaining activists then split into two camps as some turned to Trotskyism forming the Committee of Revolutionary Marxists (CRM) while the majority formed the CommunistenBond-Spartacus. The latter group turned to <a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">council communism</a> and was joined by most members of the GIK. </p><p>In 1941, the Italian fraction was reorganised in France and along with the new French Nucleus of the Communist Left came into conflict with the ideas which the fraction had propagated from 1936, namely of the social disappearance of the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> and localised wars and so on. These ideas continued to be defended by Vercesi in Brussels. Gradually, the left fractions adopted positions drawn from German left communism. They abandoned the conception that the Russian state remained in some way proletarian and also dropped Vercesi's conception of localised wars in favour of ideas on <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> inspired by <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>. Vercesi's participation in a <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> committee was also fiercely contested. </p><p>The strike at FIAT in October 1942 had a huge impact on the Italian fraction, which was deepened by the fall of Mussolini's regime in July 1943. The Italian fraction now saw a pre-revolutionary situation opening in Italy and prepared to participate in the coming revolution. In 1943 the <a href="/wiki/Internationalist_Communist_Party_(Italy)" title="Internationalist Communist Party (Italy)">Internationalist Communist Party</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Onorato_Damen" title="Onorato Damen">Onorato Damen</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luciano_Stefanini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luciano Stefanini (page does not exist)">Luciano Stefanini</a>, amongst others. By 1945 the party had 5,000 members all over Italy with some supporters in France, Belgium and the US.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It published a <i>Manifesto of the Communist Left to the European Proletariat</i>, which called upon workers to put class war before national war.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, revived by Marco in Marseilles, the Italian fraction now worked closely with the new French fraction, which was formally founded in Paris in December 1944. However, in May 1945 the Italian fraction, many of whose members had already returned to Italy, voted to dissolve itself so that its militants could integrate themselves as individuals into the <a href="/wiki/Internationalist_Communist_Party_(Italy)" title="Internationalist Communist Party (Italy)">Internationalist Communist Party</a>. The conference at which this decision was made also refused to recognise the French fraction and expelled Marco from their group. </p><p>This led to a split in the French fraction and the formation of the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="GCF"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Gauche Communiste de France</span></span> (GCF) by the French fraction led by Marco. The history of the GCF belongs to the post-war period. Meanwhile, the former members of the French fraction who sympathised with Vercesi and the Internationalist Communist Party formed a new French fraction which published the journal <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'Etincelle</i></span> and was joined at the end of 1945 by the old minority of the fraction who had joined <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'Union Communiste</i></span> in the 1930s. </p><p>One other development during the war years merits mention at this point. A small grouping of German and Austrian militants came close to left communist positions in these years. Best known as the Revolutionary Communist Organisation, these young militants were exiles from <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> living in France at the start of World War II and were members of the Trotskyist movement but they had opposed the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a> in 1938 on the grounds that it was premature. They were refused full delegates' credentials and only admitted to the founding conference of the Youth International on the following day. They then joined <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Oehler" title="Hugo Oehler">Hugo Oehler</a>'s International Contact Commission for the Fourth (Communist) International and in 1939 were publishing <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Der Marxist</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>. </p><p>With the beginning of the war, they took the name Revolutionary Communists of Germany (RKD) and came to define Russia as state capitalist in agreement with Ante Ciliga's book <i>The Russian Enigma</i>. At this point, they adopted a revolutionary defeatist position on the war and condemned Trotskyism for its critical defence of Russia (which was seen by Trotskyists as a <a href="/wiki/Degenerated_workers%27_state" title="Degenerated workers' state">degenerated workers' state</a>). After the fall of France, they renewed contact with militants in the Trotskyist milieu in Southern France and recruited some of them into the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Communistes Revolutionnaires</i></span> (CR) in 1942. This group became known as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Fraternisation Proletarienne</i></span> in 1943 and then <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">L'Organisation Communiste Revolutionnaire</i></span> in 1944. The CR and RKD were autonomous and clandestine, but worked closely together with shared politics. As the war ran its course, they evolved in a councilist direction while also identifying more and more with Luxemburg's work. They also worked with the French Fraction of the Communist Left and seem to have disintegrated at the end of the war. This disintegration was sped no doubt by the capture of leading militant Karl Fischer, who was sent to the Buchenwald concentration camp where he was to participate in writing the <i>Declaration of the Internationalist Communists of Buchenwald</i> when the camp was liberated. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="1952–1968"><span id="1952.E2.80.931968"></span>1952–1968</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Left_communism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1952–1968" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Left_communism_in_China" title="Left communism in China">Left communism in China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shengwulian" title="Shengwulian">Shengwulian</a></div> <p>The year 1952 signalled the end of mass influence on the part of Italian left communism as its sole remaining representative, the Internationalist Communist Party, split in two sections: the group led by Bordiga took the name <a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Party" title="International Communist Party">International Communist Party</a>, while the group around Damen retained the name <a href="/wiki/Internationalist_Communist_Party_(Italy)" title="Internationalist Communist Party (Italy)">Internationalist Communist Party</a>. The Gauche Communiste de France (GCF) dissolved in the same year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Left communists entered a period of almost constant decline from this point onwards, although they were somewhat rejuvenated by the <a href="/wiki/May_1968_events_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 events in France">events of 1968</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Examples of left communism ideological currents existed in China during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Proletarian_Cultural_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution">Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution</a> (GPCR). For example, the Hunan rebel group the <a href="/wiki/Shengwulian" title="Shengwulian">Shengwulian</a> argued for "smashing" the existing state apparatus and establishing a "People's Commune of China" based on the democratic ideals of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Since_1968">Since 1968</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Left_communism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Since 1968" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p>The uprisings of May 1968 led to a large resurgence of interest in left communist ideas in France where various groups were formed and published journals regularly until the late 1980s when the interest started to fade.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tendency called <a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">communization</a> was invented in the early 1970s by French left communists, synthesizing different currents of left communism. It remains influential in libertarian marxist and left communist circles today.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside of France, various small left communist groups emerged, predominantly in the leading capitalist countries.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1970s and early 1980s the <a href="/wiki/Internationalist_Communist_Party_(Italy)" title="Internationalist Communist Party (Italy)">Internationalist Communist Party</a> initiated a series of conferences of the communist left to engage those new elements, also attended by the <a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Current" title="International Communist Current">International Communist Current</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of these, in 1983 the International Bureau for the Revolutionary Party (later renamed as the Internationalist Communist Tendency) was established by the <a href="/wiki/Internationalist_Communist_Party_(Italy)" title="Internationalist Communist Party (Italy)">Internationalist Communist Party</a> and the British <a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers_Organisation_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Workers Organisation (UK)">Communist Workers Organisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prominent post-1968 proponents of left communism have included <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mattick" title="Paul Mattick">Paul Mattick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Rubel" title="Maximilien Rubel">Maximilien Rubel</a>. Prominent <a href="/wiki/List_of_left_communist_internationals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of left communist internationals">left communist groups existing today</a> include the <a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Party" title="International Communist Party">International Communist Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Current" title="International Communist Current">International Communist Current</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationalist_Communist_Tendency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internationalist Communist Tendency (page does not exist)">Internationalist Communist Tendency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the left communist groups in the direct lineage of the Italian and Dutch traditions, a number of groups with similar positions have flourished since 1968, such as the <a href="/wiki/Workerism" title="Workerism">workerist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autonomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomist">autonomist</a> movements in Italy; Kolinko, Kurasje, Wildcat;<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subversion and Aufheben in England; <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Théorie Communiste, Echanges et Mouvements and Démocratie Communiste</i></span> in France; TPTG<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Blaumachen<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Greece; Kamunist Kranti in India; and Collective Action Notes and Loren Goldner in the United States. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBordiga1926" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga, Amadeo</a> (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/bordiga/works/1926/comintern.htm"><i>The Communist Left in the Third International</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Communist+Left+in+the+Third+International&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Bordiga&rft.aufirst=Amadeo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fbordiga%2Fworks%2F1926%2Fcomintern.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft+communism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Non-Leninist_Marxism-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Non-Leninist_Marxism_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Non-Leninist_Marxism_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorterPannekoekPankhurstRühle2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herman_Gorter" title="Herman Gorter">Gorter, Hermann</a>; <a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek, Antonie</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst, Sylvia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Rühle, Otto</a> (2007). <i>Non-Leninist Marxism: Writings on the Workers Councils</i>. St. Petersburg, Florida: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_and_Black_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red and Black Publishers (page does not exist)">Red and Black Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9791813-6-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9791813-6-8"><bdi>978-0-9791813-6-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Non-Leninist+Marxism%3A+Writings+on+the+Workers+Councils&rft.place=St.+Petersburg%2C+Florida&rft.pub=Red+and+Black+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9791813-6-8&rft.aulast=Gorter&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Pannekoek%2C+Antonie&rft.au=Pankhurst%2C+Sylvia&rft.au=R%C3%BChle%2C+Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft+communism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordiga" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga, Amadeo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/bordiga/works/1952/stalin.htm"><i>Dialogue with Stalin</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Basingstoke, England: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_MacMillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Palgrave MacMillan">Palgrave MacMillan</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-10367-6">10.1007/978-1-349-10367-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-10369-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-10369-0"><bdi>978-1-349-10369-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bolshevik+Party+in+Conflict%3A+The+Left+Communist+Opposition+of+1918&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+England&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-10367-6&rft.isbn=978-1-349-10369-0&rft.aulast=Kowalski&rft.aufirst=Ronald+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft+communism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourrinet" class="citation web cs1">Bourrinet, Philippe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120144207/https://libcom.org/history/bordigist-current-1919-1999-philippe-bourrinet">"The Bordigist Current (1919-1999)"</a>. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Autonomedia" title="Autonomedia">Autonomedia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marx+beyond+Marx%3A+Lessons+on+the+Grundrisse&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Autonomedia&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Negri&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft+communism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmeaton2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Smeaton, A. (1 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leftcom.org/en/articles/2003-08-01/background-on-the-italian-communist-left-bordiga-and-bordigism">"Background on the Italian Communist Left, Bordiga and Bordigism"</a>. <i>Internationalist Communist</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internationalism&rft.atitle=1968+in+Germany+%28Part+1%29%3A+Behind+the+protest+movement+%E2%80%93+the+search+for+a+new+society&rft.date=2008-05-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.internationalism.org%2Ficconline%2F2008%2Fjune%2FGermany-1968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft+communism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourrinet2000" class="citation book cs1">Bourrinet, Philippe (2000). <i>The "Bordigist" Current (1912-1952)</i>. pp. 332–333.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22Bordigist%22+Current+%281912-1952%29&rft.pages=332-333&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bourrinet&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft+communism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leftcom.org/en/about-us">"Internationalist Communist Tendency"</a>. January 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internationalist+Communist+Tendency&rft.date=2000-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leftcom.org%2Fen%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft+communism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourseiller2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Bourseiller" title="Christophe Bourseiller">Bourseiller, Christophe</a> (2003). <i>Histoire générale de l'Ultra-Gauche</i> [<i>General history of the Ultra-Left</i>] (in French). Paris: Editions Denoël. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2207251632" title="Special:BookSources/2207251632"><bdi>2207251632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+de+l%27Ultra-Gauche&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Editions+Deno%C3%ABl&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=2207251632&rft.aulast=Bourseiller&rft.aufirst=Christophe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft+communism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildcat-www.de/">"Wildcat"</a>. Wildcat-www.de. 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wildcat&rft.pub=Wildcat-www.de&rft.date=2013-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildcat-www.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft+communism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tapaidiatisgalarias.org">"Ta paidiá tis galarías" <bdi lang="el">Τα παιδιά της γαλαρίας</bdi></a> [The children of the gallery] (in Greek). Tapaidiatisgalarias.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ta+paidi%C3%A1+tis+galar%C3%ADas+%CE%A4%CE%B1+%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC+%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82+%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82&rft.pub=Tapaidiatisgalarias.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tapaidiatisgalarias.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft+communism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blaumachen.gr">"Blaumachen – journal"</a>. Blaumachen.gr<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blaumachen+%E2%80%93+journal&rft.pub=Blaumachen.gr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blaumachen.gr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft+communism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Left_communism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><i>Non-Leninist Marxism: Writings on the Workers Councils</i> (2007) (includes texts by <a href="/wiki/Herman_Gorter" title="Herman Gorter">Herman Gorter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Otto Rühle</a>). St. Petersburg, Florida: Red and Black Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9791813-6-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9791813-6-8">978-0-9791813-6-8</a>.</li> <li><i>Alexandra Kollontai: Selected Writing</i>. Allison & Busby, 1984.</li> <li>Pannekoek, Anton. <i>Workers Councils</i>. AK Press, 2003. Introduction by <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li>The International Communist Current, itself a left communist grouping, has produced a series of studies of what it views as its own antecedents. In particular, the book on the Dutch–German current, which is by Philippe Bourrinet (who later left the ICC), contains an exhaustive bibliography. <ul><li><i>The Italian Communist Left 1926–1945</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1897980132" title="Special:BookSources/1897980132">1897980132</a>).</li> <li><i>The Dutch-German Communist Left</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1899438378" title="Special:BookSources/1899438378">1899438378</a>).</li> <li><i>The Russian Communist Left, 1918–1930</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1897980108" title="Special:BookSources/1897980108">1897980108</a>).</li> <li><i>The British Communist Left, 1914–1945</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1897980116" title="Special:BookSources/1897980116">1897980116</a>).</li></ul></li> <li>Also of interest is volume 5 number 4 of Spring 1995 of the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_History" title="Revolutionary History">Revolutionary History</a></i>. "Through Fascism, War and Revolution: Trotskyism and Left Communism in Italy".</li> <li>In addition, there is a good deal of material published on the Internet in various languages. A useful starting point is the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/subject/left-wing/index.htm">Left Communism collection</a> published on the <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شيوعية يسارية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شيوعية يسارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Левы камунізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Левы камунізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8F%D0%B2_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Ляв комунизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ляв комунизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunisme_d%27esquerra" title="Comunisme d'esquerra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comunisme d'esquerra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venstrekommunisme" title="Venstrekommunisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Venstrekommunisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasakpoolne_kommunism" title="Vasakpoolne kommunism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vasakpoolne kommunism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αριστερός κομμουνισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αριστερός κομμουνισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izquierda_comunista" title="Izquierda comunista – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Izquierda comunista" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85_%DA%86%D9%BE" title="کمونیسم چپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمونیسم چپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauche_communiste" title="Gauche communiste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gauche communiste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%8C%ED%8C%8C%EA%B3%B5%EC%82%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="좌파공산주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="좌파공산주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunisme_kiri" title="Komunisme kiri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komunisme kiri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinistra_comunista" title="Sinistra comunista – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sinistra comunista" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linkscommunisme" title="Linkscommunisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Linkscommunisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="左翼共産主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="左翼共産主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venstrekommunisme" title="Venstrekommunisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Venstrekommunisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewicowy_komunizm" title="Lewicowy komunizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lewicowy komunizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquerda_comunista" title="Esquerda comunista – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Esquerda comunista" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Левый коммунизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Левый коммунизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Left communism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_komunizem" title="Levi komunizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Levi komunizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasemmistokommunismi" title="Vasemmistokommunismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vasemmistokommunismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4nsterkommunism" title="Vänsterkommunism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vänsterkommunism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_kom%C3%BCnizm" title="Sol komünizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sol komünizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Лівий комунізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лівий комунізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_c%E1%BB%99ng_s%E1%BA%A3n_c%C3%A1nh_t%E1%BA%A3" title="Chủ nghĩa cộng sản cánh tả – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa cộng sản cánh tả" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="左翼共产主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="左翼共产主义" 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