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href="/w/index.php?title=Industrialisation&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <p><b>Industrialisation</b> (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>) <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences" title="American and British English spelling differences">or</a> <b>industrialization</b> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>) is the period of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">agrarian society</a> into an <a href="/wiki/Industrial_society" title="Industrial society">industrial society</a>. This involves an extensive reorganisation of an <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a> for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Industrialisation is associated with increase of <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">polluting</a> industries heavily dependent on <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>. With the increasing focus on <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_industrial_policy" title="Green industrial policy">green industrial policy</a> practices, industrialisation increasingly includes <a href="/wiki/Leapfrogging" title="Leapfrogging">technological leapfrogging</a>, with direct investment in more advanced, cleaner technologies. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bairoch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bairoch.svg/220px-Bairoch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bairoch.svg/330px-Bairoch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bairoch.svg/440px-Bairoch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744"></a><figcaption>The effect of industrialisation shown by rising income levels in the 19th century, including <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross national product">gross national product</a> at <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">purchasing power parity</a> <a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a> between 1750 and 1900 in 1990 <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">U.S. dollars</a> for the <a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a>, including Western Europe, United States, Canada and Japan, and <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> nations of Europe, Southern Asia, Africa, and Latin America<sup id="cite_ref-Bairoch1995_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bairoch1995-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yearly_CO2_Emissions_from_1750_to_1900.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Yearly_CO2_Emissions_from_1750_to_1900.png/220px-Yearly_CO2_Emissions_from_1750_to_1900.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Yearly_CO2_Emissions_from_1750_to_1900.png/330px-Yearly_CO2_Emissions_from_1750_to_1900.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Yearly_CO2_Emissions_from_1750_to_1900.png/440px-Yearly_CO2_Emissions_from_1750_to_1900.png 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="599"></a><figcaption>The effect of industrialisation is also shown by rising levels of CO2 emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kemna_Lokomotiven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kemna_Lokomotiven.jpg/220px-Kemna_Lokomotiven.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kemna_Lokomotiven.jpg/330px-Kemna_Lokomotiven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Kemna_Lokomotiven.jpg/440px-Kemna_Lokomotiven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="968"></a><figcaption>Industrialisation also means the mechanisation of traditionally manual economic sectors such as agriculture.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Industrialisation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Industrialisation.jpg/220px-Industrialisation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Industrialisation.jpg/330px-Industrialisation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Industrialisation.jpg/440px-Industrialisation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="415"></a><figcaption>Factories, refineries, mines, and <a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">agribusiness</a> are all elements of industrialisation.</figcaption></figure> <p>The reorganisation of the economy has many <a href="/wiki/Unintended_consequences" title="Unintended consequences">unintended consequences</a> both economically and socially. As industrial workers' incomes rise, markets for consumer goods and services of all kinds tend to expand and provide a further stimulus to industrial <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>. Moreover, family structures tend to shift as extended families tend to no longer live together in one household, location or place. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Social_consequences"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Social consequences</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Urbanisation"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Urbanisation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Exploitation"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Exploitation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Changes_in_family_structure"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Changes in family structure</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Industrialisation_in_East_Asia"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Industrialisation in East Asia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Current_situation"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Current situation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Industrialisation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_industrialisation" title="History of industrialisation">History of industrialisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-industrialization" title="Proto-industrialization">Proto-industrialisation</a></div> <p>The first transformation from an agricultural to an industrial economy is known as the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> and took place from the mid-18th to early 19th century. It began in Great Britain, spreading to Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, and France and eventually to other areas in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and North America.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Characteristics of this early industrialisation were technological progress, a shift from rural work to industrial labour, and financial investments in new industrial structures.<sup id="cite_ref-springer.com_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-springer.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later commentators have called this the First Industrial Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "<a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a>" labels the later changes that came about in the mid-19th century after the refinement of the <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a>, the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a>, the harnessing of <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electricity</a> and the construction of canals, railways, and electric-power lines. The invention of the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly line</a> gave this phase a boost. Coal mines, steelworks, and textile factories replaced homes as the place of work.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> had become one of the most recently industrialised regions of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is considerable literature on the factors facilitating industrial modernisation and enterprise development.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Social_consequences">Social consequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Industrialisation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Social consequences" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Der_Streik%22_von_Robert_Koehler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%22Der_Streik%22_von_Robert_Koehler.jpg/220px-%22Der_Streik%22_von_Robert_Koehler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4411" data-file-height="2731"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%22Der_Streik%22_von_Robert_Koehler.jpg/220px-%22Der_Streik%22_von_Robert_Koehler.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%22Der_Streik%22_von_Robert_Koehler.jpg/330px-%22Der_Streik%22_von_Robert_Koehler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%22Der_Streik%22_von_Robert_Koehler.jpg/440px-%22Der_Streik%22_von_Robert_Koehler.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>An 1886 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koehler" title="Robert Koehler">Robert Koehler</a> depicting agitated workers facing a factory owner in a <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> was accompanied by significant changes in the social structure, the main change being a transition from farm work to factory-related activities.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has resulted in the concept of <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Social class</a>, i.e., hierarchical social status defined by an individual's economic power. It has changed the family system as most people moved into cities, with <a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">extended family</a> living apart becoming more common. The movement into more dense urban areas from less dense agricultural areas has consequently increased the transmission of diseases. The place of women in society has shifted from primary caregivers to breadwinners, thus reducing the number of children per household. Furthermore, industrialisation contributed to increased cases of <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labour</a> and thereafter education systems.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanisation">Urbanisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Industrialisation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Urbanisation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">Urbanisation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guangzhou_dusk_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Guangzhou_dusk_panorama.jpg/220px-Guangzhou_dusk_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4241" data-file-height="2031"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 105px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Guangzhou_dusk_panorama.jpg/220px-Guangzhou_dusk_panorama.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="105" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Guangzhou_dusk_panorama.jpg/330px-Guangzhou_dusk_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Guangzhou_dusk_panorama.jpg/440px-Guangzhou_dusk_panorama.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A panorama of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> at dusk</figcaption></figure> <p>As the Industrial Revolution was a shift from the agrarian society, people migrated from villages in search of jobs to places where factories were established. This shifting of rural people led to urbanisation and an increase in the population of towns. The concentration of labour in factories has increased urbanisation and the size of settlements, to serve and house the factory workers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploitation">Exploitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Industrialisation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exploitation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">Exploitation of natural resources</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploitation colonialism">Exploitation colonialism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes_in_family_structure">Changes in family structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Industrialisation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Changes in family structure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_-%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%91%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_-%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%91%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg/220px-%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_-%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%91%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1987" data-file-height="1558"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 173px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_-%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%91%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg/220px-%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_-%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%91%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="173" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_-%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%91%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg/330px-%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_-%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%91%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_-%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%91%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg/440px-%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_-%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D1%91%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Child coal miners in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, late 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Family structure changes with industrialisation. Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a> noted that in pre-industrial societies there is an <a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">extended family</a> structure spanning many generations who probably remained in the same location for generations. In industrialised societies the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a>, consisting of only parents and their growing children, predominates. Families and children reaching adulthood are more mobile and tend to relocate to where jobs exist. Extended family bonds become more tenuous.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most important criticisms of industrialisation is that it caused children to stay away from home for many hours and to use them as cheap workers in factories.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Industrialisation_in_East_Asia">Industrialisation in East Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Industrialisation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Industrialisation in East Asia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Between the early 1960s and 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">Four Asian Tigers</a> underwent rapid industrialisation and maintained exceptionally high growth rates.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Current_situation">Current situation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Industrialisation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Current situation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Confusing plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-confusing" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">confusing or unclear</a> to readers</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarify the article</a>. There might be a discussion about this on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Industrialisation" title="Talk:Industrialisation">the talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gdp-and-labour-force-by-sector.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gdp-and-labour-force-by-sector.png/220px-Gdp-and-labour-force-by-sector.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 194px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gdp-and-labour-force-by-sector.png/220px-Gdp-and-labour-force-by-sector.png" data-width="220" data-height="194" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gdp-and-labour-force-by-sector.png/330px-Gdp-and-labour-force-by-sector.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gdp-and-labour-force-by-sector.png/440px-Gdp-and-labour-force-by-sector.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>2006 <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> by sector and labour force by occupation with the green, red, and blue components of the colours of the countries representing the percentages for the agriculture, industry, and services sectors, respectively</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrialisation&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/International_development" title="International development">international development</a> community (<a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)</a>, many United Nations departments, <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">ILO</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> endorses development policies like water purification or <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary education</a> and <a href="/wiki/South-South_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="South-South Cooperation">co-operation amongst third world communities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some members of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic communities">economic communities</a> do not consider contemporary industrialisation policies as being adequate to the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">global south</a> (Third World countries) or beneficial in the longer term, with the perception that they may only create <a href="/wiki/Inefficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Inefficiency">inefficient</a> local industries unable to compete in the <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free-trade</a> dominated political order which industrialisation has fostered.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a> may represent more visceral reactions to industrial growth. Nevertheless, repeated examples in history of apparently successful industrialisation (Britain, Soviet Union, South Korea, China, etc.) may make conventional industrialisation seem like an attractive or even natural path forward, especially as populations grow, <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerist</a> expectations rise and agricultural opportunities diminish. </p><p>The relationships among <a href="/wiki/International_Development#International_Economic_Inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="International Development">economic growth, employment, and poverty reduction</a> are complex, and higher <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a> can sometimes lead to static or even lower <a href="/wiki/Employment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Employment rate">employment</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Jobless_recovery" title="Jobless recovery">jobless recovery</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ODI2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are differences across <a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">sectors</a>, whereby manufacturing is less able than the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary sector">tertiary sector</a> to accommodate both increased productivity and employment opportunities; more than 40% of the world's employees are "<a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">working poor</a>", whose incomes fail to keep themselves and their families above the $2-a-day <a href="/wiki/Poverty_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty line">poverty line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI2_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Deindustrialisation">deindustrialisation</a>, as in the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> countries' transition to market economies, and the <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture sector">agriculture sector</a> is often the key sector in absorbing the resultant unemployment.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI2_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Industrialisation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deindustrialization" title="Deindustrialization">Deindustrialisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_labour" title="Division of labour">Division of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea_of_Progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Idea of Progress">Idea of Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">Mass production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanization" title="Mechanization">Mechanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">Newly industrialised country</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Industrialisation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bairoch1995-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bairoch1995_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBairoch1995" class="citation book cs1">Bairoch, Paul (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LaF_cCknJScC&pg=PA95"><i>Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03463-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03463-8"><bdi>978-0-226-03463-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927104231/https://books.google.com/books?id=LaF_cCknJScC&pg=PA95">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics+and+World+History%3A+Myths+and+Paradoxes&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-226-03463-8&rft.aulast=Bairoch&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLaF_cCknJScC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrialisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-co2-emissions-per-country?time=1750..1900&country=~OWID_WRL">"Annual CO₂ emissions"</a>. <i>Our World in Data</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240331224348/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-co2-emissions-per-country?time=1750..1900&country=~OWID_WRL">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Annual+CO%E2%82%82+emissions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fannual-co2-emissions-per-country%3Ftime%3D1750..1900%26country%3D~OWID_WRL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrialisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'SullivanSheffrin2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_O%27Sullivan_(economist)" title="Arthur O'Sullivan (economist)">O'Sullivan, Arthur</a>; Sheffrin, Steven M. (2003). <i>Economics: Principles in Action</i>. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 472. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-063085-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-063085-3"><bdi>0-13-063085-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50237774">50237774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics%3A+Principles+in+Action&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=472&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50237774&rft.isbn=0-13-063085-3&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.au=Sheffrin%2C+Steven+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrialisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Griffin, Emma, A Short History of the British Industrial Revolution. In 1850 over 50 percent of the British lived and worked in cities. London: Palgrave (2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-springer.com-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-springer.com_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampath2016" class="citation book cs1">Sampath, Padmashree Gehl (2016). "Sustainable Industrialization in Africa: Toward a New Development Agenda". <i>Sustainable Industrialization in Africa</i>. Springer. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-137-56112-1_1">10.1007/978-1-137-56112-1_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-57360-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-57360-8"><bdi>978-1-349-57360-8</bdi></a>. <q>Contemporary notions of industrialization can be traced back to the experience of Great Britain, Western Europe and North America during the 19th and early 20th centuries (Nzau, 2010). The literature that reviews the experiences of these countries seems to agree that, although the early-industrializing countries started at different stages of growth, they followed more or less a similar format of change that led to their transformation. Marked by the shift from a subsistence/agrarian economy to more industrialised/mechanised modes of production, hallmarks of industrialization include technological advance, widespread investments into industrial infrastructure, and a dynamic movement of labor from agriculture into manufacturing (Lewis, 1978; Todaro, 1989; Rapley, 1994).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sustainable+Industrialization+in+Africa%3A+Toward+a+New+Development+Agenda&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Industrialization+in+Africa&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-137-56112-1_1&rft.isbn=978-1-349-57360-8&rft.aulast=Sampath&rft.aufirst=Padmashree+Gehl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrialisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollard, Sidney: Peaceful Conquest. The Industrialisation of Europe 1760–1970, Oxford 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buchheim, Christoph: Industrielle Revolutionen. Langfristige Wirtschaftsentwicklung in Großbritannien, Europa und in Übersee, München 1994, S. 11-104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Eric: The European Miracle: Environments, Economics and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and Asia, 3. ed. Cambridge 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henning, Friedrich-Wilhelm: Die Industrialisierung in Deutschland 1800 bis 1914, 9. Aufl., Paderborn/München/Wien/Zürich 1995, S. 15-279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Industry & Enterprise: A International Survey of Modernisation & Development</i>, ISM/Google Books, revised 2nd edition, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906321-27-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-906321-27-0">978-0-906321-27-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lZS7OXZUsnMC">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160511033359/https://books.google.com/books?id=lZS7OXZUsnMC&dq=isbn:0906321271">Archived</a> 11 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis F. Abbott, <i>Theories of Industrial Modernisation & Enterprise Development: A Review</i>, ISM/Google Books, revised 2nd edition, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906321-26-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-906321-26-3">978-0-906321-26-3</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?q=theories+of+industrial+modernisation+and+enterprise+development&btnG=Search+Books">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFrevolution" class="citation web cs1">revolution, social. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com">"social effects of industrial revolution"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120317093950/https://www.google.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=social+effects+of+industrial+revolution&rft.aulast=revolution&rft.aufirst=social&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrialisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFrevolution" class="citation web cs1">revolution, social. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abhiipedia.abhinamu.com">"social effect of industrial revolution"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=social+effect+of+industrial+revolution&rft.aulast=revolution&rft.aufirst=social&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabhiipedia.abhinamu.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrialisation" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Diamond, Jared (2012). The World Until Yesterday. ISBN 9780670024810</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diamond%2C+Jared+%282012%29.+The+World+Until+Yesterday.+ISBN+9780670024810.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrialisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Ahmady, Kameel 2021:<a href="/wiki/Traces_of_Exploitation_in_the_World_of_Childhood" title="Traces of Exploitation in the World of Childhood">Traces of Exploitation in the World of Childhood</a> (A Comprehensive Research on Forms, Causes and Consequences of Child Labour in Iran). Avaye Buf, Denmark. p 41</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahmady%2C+Kameel+2021%3ATraces+of+Exploitation+in+the+World+of+Childhood+%28A+Comprehensive+Research+on+Forms%2C+Causes+and+Consequences+of+Child+Labour+in+Iran%29.+Avaye+Buf%2C+Denmark.+p+41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrialisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blacksacademy.net/content/3236.html">The effect of industrialisation on the family, Talcott Parsons, the isolated nuclear family</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101120221546/http://blacksacademy.net/content/3236.html">Archived</a> 20 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Black's Academy. Educational Database. Accessed April 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Prügl, Elisabeth (1999). The Global Construction of Gender - Home based work in Political Economy of 20th Century. 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Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2015</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hugh+Cunningham%3B+Pier+Paolo+Viazzo%2C+eds.+%281996%29.+Child+Labour+in+Historical+Perspective%3A+1800-1985+%28PDF%29.+UNICEF.+ISBN+978-88-85401-27-3.+Archived+from+the+original+%28PDF%29+on+23+November+2015.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrialisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/economics/four-asian-tigers/">"Four Asian Tigers"</a>. <i>Corporate Finance Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Corporate+Finance+Institute&rft.atitle=Four+Asian+Tigers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorporatefinanceinstitute.com%2Fresources%2Feconomics%2Ffour-asian-tigers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrialisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChild" class="citation web cs1">Child, development. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/about/history/files/Child-Nation-M-Black-Ch08-p191-214-development-whole-child.pdf">"development and the whole child"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117215550/https://www.unicef.org/about/history/files/Child-Nation-M-Black-Ch08-p191-214-development-whole-child.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=development+and+the+whole+child&rft.aulast=Child&rft.aufirst=development&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Ffiles%2FChild-Nation-M-Black-Ch08-p191-214-development-whole-child.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrialisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/">https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070504153515/http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/">Archived</a> 4 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Un.org (20 May 2008). Retrieved on 2013-07-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODI2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODI2_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI2_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODI2_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Claire Melamed, Renate Hartwig and Ursula Grant 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5752&title=jobs-growth-poverty-employment">Jobs, growth and poverty: what do we know, what don't we know, what should we know?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520045610/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5752&title=jobs-growth-poverty-employment">Archived</a> 20 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> London: <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Development Institute">Overseas Development Institute</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Industrialisation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmady2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kameel_Ahmady" title="Kameel Ahmady">Ahmady, Kameel</a> (2021). <i><a href="/wiki/Traces_of_Exploitation_in_the_World_of_Childhood" title="Traces of Exploitation in the World of Childhood">Traces of Exploitation in the World of Childhood</a> (A Comprehensive Research on Forms, Causes and Consequences of Child Labour in Iran)</i>. Denmark: Avaye Buf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788793926646" title="Special:BookSources/9788793926646"><bdi>9788793926646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traces+of+Exploitation+in+the+World+of+Childhood+%28A+Comprehensive+Research+on+Forms%2C+Causes+and+Consequences+of+Child+Labour+in+Iran%29&rft.place=Denmark&rft.pub=Avaye+Buf&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9788793926646&rft.aulast=Ahmady&rft.aufirst=Kameel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrialisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler_Jr.1993" class="citation book cs1">Chandler Jr., Alfred D. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visiblehandmanag00chan"><i>The Visible Hand: The Management Revolution in American Business</i></a></span>. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674940529" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674940529"><bdi>978-0674940529</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Visible+Hand%3A+The+Management+Revolution+in+American+Business&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0674940529&rft.aulast=Chandler+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Alfred+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvisiblehandmanag00chan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrialisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hewitt, T., Johnson, H. and Wield, D. (Eds) (1992) <i>industrialisation and Development</i>, Oxford University Press: Oxford.</li> <li>Hobsbawm, Eric (1962): <i>The Age of Revolution.</i> Abacus.</li> <li>Kemp, Tom (1993) <i>Historical Patterns of Industrialisation</i>, Longman: London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-09547-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-09547-6">0-582-09547-6</a></li> <li>Kiely, R (1998) <i>industrialisation and Development: A comparative analysis</i>, UCL Press:London.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandes1969" class="citation book cs1">Landes, David. S. (1969). <i>The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present</i>. Cambridge, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-09418-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-09418-6"><bdi>0-521-09418-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unbound+Prometheus%3A+Technological+Change+and+Industrial+Development+in+Western+Europe+from+1750+to+the+Present&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Press+Syndicate+of+the+University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-521-09418-6&rft.aulast=Landes&rft.aufirst=David.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrialisation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pomeranz, Ken (2001)<i>The Great Divergence: China, Europe and the Making of the Modern World Economy</i> (Princeton Economic History of the Western World) by (Princeton University Press; New Ed edition, 2001)</li> <li>Tilly, Richard H.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2010101103"><i>Industrialization as an Historical Process</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/European_History_Online" title="European History Online">European History Online</a>, Main: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_European_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of European History">Institute of European History</a>, 2010, retrieved: 29 February 2011.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Industrialisation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon 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data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrialisation&oldid=1246653085">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Industrialisation&oldid=1246653085</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Industrialisation&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Alisperic" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1726817297"> <span>Last edited on 20 September 2024, at 07:28</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="تحول صناعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تحول صناعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializaci%C3%B3n" title="Industrialización – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Industrialización" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99nayel%C9%99%C5%9Fdirm%C9%99" title="Sənayeləşdirmə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sənayeləşdirmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang-gia%CC%8Dp-h%C3%B2a" title="Kang-gia̍p-hòa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kang-gia̍p-hòa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Індустрыялізацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Індустрыялізацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Індустрыялізацыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Індустрыялізацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индустриализация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Индустриализация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrijalizacija" title="Industrijalizacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Industrijalizacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialitzaci%C3%B3" title="Industrialització – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Industrialització" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializace" title="Industrializace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Industrializace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisering" title="Industrialisering – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Industrialisering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisierung" title="Industrialisierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Industrialisierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialiseerimine" title="Industrialiseerimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Industrialiseerimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Βιομηχανοποίηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιομηχανοποίηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializaci%C3%B3n" title="Industrialización – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Industrialización" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrii%C4%9Do" title="Industriiĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Industriiĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializazio" title="Industrializazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Industrializazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="صنعتی‌سازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صنعتی‌سازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ddna%C3%B0arsamfelagi%C3%B0" title="Ídnaðarsamfelagið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ídnaðarsamfelagið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Industrialisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yndustrialisaasje" title="Yndustrialisaasje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Yndustrialisaasje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializaci%C3%B3n" title="Industrialización – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Industrialización" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%97%85%ED%99%94" title="산업화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산업화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Արդյունաբերացում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արդյունաբերացում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="औद्योगीकरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="औद्योगीकरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrijalizacija" title="Industrijalizacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Industrijalizacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisasi" title="Industrialisasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Industrialisasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Industrialisation" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B0nv%C3%A6%C3%B0ing" title="Iðnvæðing – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Iðnvæðing" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializzazione" title="Industrializzazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Industrializzazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A9" title="תיעוש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תיעוש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индустриализация – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Индустриализация" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AE%C5%9Fesaz%C3%AEb%C3%BBn" title="Pîşesazîbûn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pîşesazîbûn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializatio" title="Industrializatio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Industrializatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializ%C4%81cija" title="Industrializācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Industrializācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializacija" title="Industrializacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Industrializacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Индустријализација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Индустријализација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengindustrian" title="Pengindustrian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengindustrian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B6_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Аж үйлдвэржилт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Аж үйлдвэржилт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisatie" title="Industrialisatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Industrialisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96" title="工業化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="工業化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisering" title="Industrialisering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Industrialisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisering" title="Industrialisering – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Industrialisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_o%CA%BBsish" title="Industrial oʻsish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Industrial oʻsish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%8A_%DA%A9%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%84" title="صنعتي کېدل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="صنعتي کېدل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializacja" title="Industrializacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Industrializacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializa%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Industrialização – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Industrialização" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializare" title="Industrializare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Industrializare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индустриализация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индустриализация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Industrialisation" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializimi" title="Industrializimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Industrializimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="කාර්මීකරණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කාර්මීකරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Industrialisation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrializacija" title="Industrializacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Industrializacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrijalizacija" title="Industrijalizacija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Industrijalizacija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrijalizacija" title="Industrijalizacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Industrijalizacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teollistuminen" title="Teollistuminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Teollistuminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrialisering" title="Industrialisering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Industrialisering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industriyalisasyon" title="Industriyalisasyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Industriyalisasyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="தொழில்மயமாதல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொழில்மயமாதல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4n%C3%A4%C4%9F%C3%A4tl%C3%A4%C5%9Fter%C3%BC" title="Sänäğätläşterü – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Sänäğätläşterü" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3" title="పారిశ్రామికీకరణ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పారిశ్రామికీకరణ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="อุตสาหกรรมวิวัฒน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุตสาหกรรมวิวัฒน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D3%A3" title="Санъатисозӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Санъатисозӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanayile%C5%9Fme" title="Sanayileşme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sanayileşme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Індустріалізація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індустріалізація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="صنعت کاری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صنعت کاری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87p_h%C3%B3a" title="Công nghiệp hóa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công nghiệp hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%8C%96" title="工业化 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="工业化" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96" title="工業化 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="工業化" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96" title="工業化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="工業化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 September 2024, at 07:28<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li 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