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November 2024.</div></div></div></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about an economic system. 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> Capitalism is an <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic system</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">private ownership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> and their operation for <a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">profit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The defining characteristics of capitalism include private property, <a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">capital accumulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Competitive_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitive market">competitive markets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Price_system" title="Price system">price systems</a>, recognition of <a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">property rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-interest" title="Self-interest">self-interest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">meritocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Work_ethic" title="Work ethic">work ethic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consumer_sovereignty" title="Consumer sovereignty">consumer sovereignty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_efficiency" title="Economic efficiency">economic efficiency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Profit_motive" title="Profit motive">profit motive</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Financial_market_infrastructure" title="Financial market infrastructure">financial infrastructure of money and investment</a> that makes possible <a href="/wiki/Credit" title="Credit">credit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">debt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">entrepreneurship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_exchange" title="Voluntary exchange">voluntary exchange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wage_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wage labor">wage labor</a>, production of <a href="/wiki/Commodities" class="mw-redirect" title="Commodities">commodities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">services</a>, and a strong emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-harris-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>, decision-making and investments are determined by owners of wealth, property, or ability to maneuver capital or production ability in <a href="/wiki/Capital_market" title="Capital market">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">financial markets</a>—whereas prices and the distribution of goods and services are mainly determined by competition in goods and services markets.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Economists, historians, political economists, and sociologists have adopted different perspectives in their analyses of capitalism and have recognized various forms of it in practice. These include <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-faire capitalism">laissez-faire</a> or <a href="/wiki/Free-market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market capitalism">free-market capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">welfare capitalism</a>. Different <a href="/wiki/Forms_of_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Forms of capitalism">forms of capitalism</a> feature varying degrees of <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public ownership">public ownership</a>,<a href="#cite_note-gregorystuart-13">[13]</a> obstacles to free competition, and state-sanctioned <a href="/wiki/Social_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Social policies">social policies</a>. The degree of <a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">competition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">markets</a> and the role of <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">intervention</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_economics" title="Regulatory economics">regulation</a>, as well as the scope of state ownership, vary across different models of capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-Modern_Economics_1986,_p._54-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The extent to which different markets are free and the rules defining private property are matters of politics and policy. Most of the existing capitalist economies are <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed economies">mixed economies</a> that combine elements of free markets with state intervention and in some cases <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">economic planning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stilwell-16">[16]</a> Capitalism in its modern form emerged from <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">agrarianism</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilist</a> practices by European countries between the 16th and 18th centuries. The Industrial Revolution of the 18th century established <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalism as a dominant mode of production</a>, characterized by <a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">factory work</a> and a complex <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labour" title="Division of labour">division of labor</a>. Through the process of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, capitalism spread across the world in the 19th and 20th centuries, especially before World War I and after the end of the Cold War. During the 19th century, capitalism was largely unregulated by the state, but became more regulated in the post–<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> period through <a href="/wiki/Keynesianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesianism">Keynesianism</a>, followed by a return of more unregulated capitalism starting in the 1980s through <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>. The existence of market economies has been observed under many <a href="/wiki/Forms_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Forms of government">forms of government</a> and across a vast array of <a href="/wiki/Historical_periods" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical periods">historical periods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geographical_location" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical location">geographical locations</a>, and cultural contexts. The modern industrial capitalist societies that exist today developed in Western Europe as a result of the Industrial Revolution. The accumulation of capital is the primary mechanism through which capitalist economies promote <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>. However, it is a characteristic of such economies that they experience a <a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">business cycle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> followed by recessions.<a href="#cite_note-HP-17">[17]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Definition">2 Definition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#History">3 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Agrarianism">3.1 Agrarianism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Mercantilism">3.2 Mercantilism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Industrial_Revolution">3.3 Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Modernity">3.4 Modernity</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Relationship_to_democracy">3.4.1 Relationship to democracy</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Characteristics">4 Characteristics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Market">4.1 Market</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Wage_labor">4.2 Wage labor</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Profit_motive">4.3 Profit motive</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Private_property">4.4 Private property</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Market_competition">4.5 Market competition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Economic_growth">4.6 Economic growth</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#As_a_mode_of_production">4.7 As a mode of production</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Role_of_government">4.8 Role of government</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Supply_and_demand">5 Supply and demand</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Supply_schedule">5.1 Supply schedule</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Demand_schedule">5.2 Demand schedule</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Equilibrium">5.3 Equilibrium</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Partial_equilibrium">5.4 Partial equilibrium</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#History_2">5.5 History</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Types">6 Types</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Advanced">6.1 Advanced</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Corporate">6.2 Corporate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Finance">6.3 Finance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Free_market">6.4 Free market</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Mercantile">6.5 Mercantile</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Social">6.6 Social</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#State">6.7 State</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Welfare">6.8 Welfare</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Eco-capitalism">6.9 Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Sustainable_capitalism">6.10 Sustainable capitalism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Capital_accumulation">7 Capital accumulation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Wage_labor_2">8 Wage labor</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Criticism">9 Criticism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The term "capitalist", meaning an owner of <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>, appears earlier than the term "capitalism" and dates to the mid-17th century. "Capitalism" is derived from capital, which evolved from capitale, a late <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word based on caput, meaning "head"—which is also the origin of "<a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">chattel</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>" in the sense of movable property (only much later to refer only to livestock). Capitale emerged in the 12th to 13th centuries to refer to funds, stock of merchandise, sum of money or money carrying interest.<a href="#cite_note-Braudel-1979-18">[18]</a>: 232 <a href="#cite_note-OED-93-19">[19]</a> By 1283, it was used in the sense of the capital assets of a trading firm and was often interchanged with other words—wealth, money, funds, goods, assets, property and so on.<a href="#cite_note-Braudel-1979-18">[18]</a>: 233 The Hollantse (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: holländische) Mercurius uses "capitalists" in 1633 and 1654 to refer to owners of capital.<a href="#cite_note-Braudel-1979-18">[18]</a>: 234 In French, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavier" title="Étienne Clavier">Étienne Clavier</a> referred to capitalistes in 1788,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> four years before its first recorded English usage by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Young_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Young (writer)">Arthur Young</a> in his work Travels in France (1792).<a href="#cite_note-OED-93-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Political_Economy_and_Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Political Economy and Taxation">Principles of Political Economy and Taxation</a> (1817), <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a> referred to "the capitalist" many times.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> English poet <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a> used "capitalist" in his work Table Talk (1823).<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> used the term in his first work, <a href="/wiki/What_is_Property%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="What is Property?">What is Property?</a> (1840), to refer to the owners of capital. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a> used the term in his 1845 work <a href="/wiki/Sybil_(novel)" title="Sybil (novel)">Sybil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OED-93-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> used "capitalist" in his <a href="/wiki/Report_on_Manufactures" title="Report on Manufactures">Report of Manufactures</a> presented to the United States Congress in 1791. The initial use of the term "capitalism" in its modern sense is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a> in 1850 ("What I call 'capitalism' that is to say the appropriation of capital by some to the exclusion of others") and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in 1861 ("Economic and social regime in which capital, the source of income, does not generally belong to those who make it work through their labor").<a href="#cite_note-Braudel-1979-18">[18]</a>: 237 <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> frequently referred to the "<a href="/wiki/Capital_(Marxism)" title="Capital (Marxism)">capital</a>" and to the "capitalist mode of production" in <a href="/wiki/Capital:_Critique_of_Political_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital: Critique of Political Economy">Das Kapital</a> (1867).<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[25]</a> Marx did not use the form capitalism but instead used <a href="/wiki/Capital_(Marxism)" title="Capital (Marxism)">capital</a>, capitalist and capitalist mode of production, which appear frequently.<a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Due to the word being coined by socialist critics of capitalism, economist and historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hessen" title="Robert Hessen">Robert Hessen</a> stated that the term "capitalism" itself is a term of disparagement and a misnomer for <a href="/wiki/Individualism#Economic_individualism" title="Individualism">economic individualism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Harcourt" title="Bernard Harcourt">Bernard Harcourt</a> agrees with the statement that the term is a misnomer, adding that it misleadingly suggests that there is such a thing as "<a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>" that inherently functions in certain ways and is governed by stable economic laws of its own.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>, the term "capitalism" first appears, according to the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (OED), in 1854, in the novel <a href="/wiki/The_Newcomes" title="The Newcomes">The Newcomes</a> by novelist <a href="/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray" title="William Makepeace Thackeray">William Makepeace Thackeray</a>, where the word meant "having ownership of capital".<a href="#cite_note-OED-94-29">[29]</a> Also according to the OED, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Adolph_Douai" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Adolph Douai">Carl Adolph Douai</a>, a <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German American</a> <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a>, used the term "private capitalism" in 1863. Other terms sometimes used for capitalism are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Capitalist mode of production</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li> <li>Free enterprise<a href="#cite_note-rogetfreeenterprise-32">[32]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li> <li>Free enterprise economy<a href="#cite_note-britannica-33">[33]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a><a href="#cite_note-rogetfreeenterprise-32">[32]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li> <li>Free market economy<a href="#cite_note-britannica-33">[33]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a><a href="#cite_note-Barrons-34">[34]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li> <li>Profits system<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li> <li>Self-regulating market<a href="#cite_note-rogetfreeenterprise-32">[32]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> There is no universally agreed upon definition of capitalism; it is unclear whether or not capitalism characterizes an entire society, a specific type of social order, or crucial components or elements of a society.<a href="#cite_note-wolf-37">[37]</a> Societies officially founded in opposition to capitalism (such as the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>) have sometimes been argued to actually exhibit characteristics of capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a> describes usage of the term "capitalism" by many authors as "mainly rhetorical, functioning less as an actual concept than as a gesture toward the need for a concept".<a href="#cite_note-harris-8">[8]</a> Scholars who are uncritical of capitalism rarely actually use the term "capitalism".<a href="#cite_note-delacroix-39">[39]</a> Some doubt that the term "capitalism" possesses valid scientific dignity,<a href="#cite_note-wolf-37">[37]</a> and it is generally not discussed in <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">mainstream economics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-harris-8">[8]</a> with economist <a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Daron Acemoglu</a> suggesting that the term "capitalism" should be abandoned entirely.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Consequently, understanding of the concept of capitalism tends to be heavily influenced by opponents of capitalism and by the followers and critics of Karl Marx.<a href="#cite_note-delacroix-39">[39]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">History of capitalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacopo_Pontormo_055.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Jacopo_Pontormo_055.jpg/180px-Jacopo_Pontormo_055.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="242" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2721"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 242px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Jacopo_Pontormo_055.jpg/180px-Jacopo_Pontormo_055.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="242" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Jacopo_Pontormo_055.jpg/270px-Jacopo_Pontormo_055.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Jacopo_Pontormo_055.jpg/360px-Jacopo_Pontormo_055.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cosimo_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo de' Medici">Cosimo de' Medici</a> (pictured in a 16th-century portrait by <a href="/wiki/Pontormo" title="Pontormo">Pontormo</a>) built an international financial empire and was one of the first <a href="/wiki/Medici_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici bank">Medici bankers</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augsburg_-_Markt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Augsburg_-_Markt.jpg/180px-Augsburg_-_Markt.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="109" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4370" data-file-height="2657"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 109px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Augsburg_-_Markt.jpg/180px-Augsburg_-_Markt.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="109" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Augsburg_-_Markt.jpg/270px-Augsburg_-_Markt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Augsburg_-_Markt.jpg/360px-Augsburg_-_Markt.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, the centre of early capitalism<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></figcaption></figure> Capitalism, in its modern form, can be traced to the emergence of agrarian capitalism and mercantilism in the early <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, in city-states like <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">Capital</a> has existed incipiently on a small scale for centuries<a href="#cite_note-WarburtonDavid-43">[43]</a> in the form of merchant, renting and lending activities and occasionally as small-scale industry with some wage labor. Simple <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodity</a> exchange and consequently simple commodity production, which is the initial basis for the growth of capital from trade, have a very long history. During the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> promulgated capitalist economic policies such as free trade and banking. Their use of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Arabic_numerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Arabic numerals">Indo-Arabic numerals</a> facilitated <a href="/wiki/Bookkeeping" title="Bookkeeping">bookkeeping</a>. These innovations migrated to Europe through trade partners in cities such as Venice and Pisa. Italian <a href="/wiki/Mathematicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematicians">mathematicians</a> traveled the Mediterranean talking to Arab traders and returned to popularize the use of Indo-Arabic numerals in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Koehler,_Benedikt-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Agrarianism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The economic foundations of the feudal agricultural system began to shift substantially in 16th-century England as the <a href="/wiki/Manorial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Manorial system">manorial system</a> had broken down and land began to become concentrated in the hands of fewer landlords with increasingly large estates. Instead of a <a href="/wiki/Serf" class="mw-redirect" title="Serf">serf</a>-based system of labor, workers were increasingly employed as part of a broader and expanding money-based economy. The system put pressure on both landlords and tenants to increase the productivity of agriculture to make profit; the weakened coercive power of the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> to extract peasant <a href="/wiki/Excess_supply" title="Excess supply">surpluses</a> encouraged them to try better methods, and the tenants also had incentive to improve their methods in order to flourish in a competitive <a href="/wiki/Labor_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor economics">labor market</a>. Terms of rent for land were becoming subject to economic market forces rather than to the previous stagnant system of custom and feudal obligation.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mercantilism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorrain.seaport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lorrain.seaport.jpg/220px-Lorrain.seaport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1089" data-file-height="818"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lorrain.seaport.jpg/220px-Lorrain.seaport.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lorrain.seaport.jpg/330px-Lorrain.seaport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lorrain.seaport.jpg/440px-Lorrain.seaport.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A painting of a French seaport from 1638 at the height of <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Clive.jpg/220px-Clive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1870"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Clive.jpg/220px-Clive.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Clive.jpg/330px-Clive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Clive.jpg/440px-Clive.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Robert Clive</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a> which began the British rule in <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a></figcaption></figure> The economic doctrine prevailing from the 16th to the 18th centuries is commonly called <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GSGB-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burnham-48">[48]</a> This period, the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, was associated with the geographic exploration of foreign lands by merchant traders, especially from England and the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>. Mercantilism was a system of trade for profit, although commodities were still largely produced by non-capitalist methods.<a href="#cite_note-Scott-49">[49]</a> Most scholars consider the era of merchant capitalism and mercantilism as the origin of modern capitalism,<a href="#cite_note-Burnham-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_2006-50">[50]</a> although <a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a> argued that the hallmark of capitalism is the establishment of generalized markets for what he called the "fictitious commodities", i.e. land, labor and money. Accordingly, he argued that "not until 1834 was a competitive labor market established in England, hence industrial capitalism as a social system cannot be said to have existed before that date".<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> England began a large-scale and integrative approach to mercantilism during the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan Era">Elizabethan Era</a> (1558–1603). A systematic and coherent explanation of balance of trade was made public through <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mun" title="Thomas Mun">Thomas Mun</a>'s argument England's Treasure by Forraign Trade, or the Balance of our Forraign Trade is The Rule of Our Treasure. It was written in the 1620s and published in 1664.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> European <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">merchants</a>, backed by state controls, subsidies and <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopolies</a>, made most of their profits by buying and selling goods. In the words of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>, the purpose of mercantilism was "the opening and well-balancing of trade; the cherishing of manufacturers; the banishing of idleness; the repressing of waste and excess by sumptuary laws; the improvement and husbanding of the soil; the regulation of prices...".<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> After the period of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-industrialization" title="Proto-industrialization">proto-industrialization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>, after massive contributions from the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Bengal">Mughal Bengal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Prakash-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-ray-55">[55]</a> inaugurated an expansive era of commerce and trade.<a href="#cite_note-Banaji-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-britannica2-57">[57]</a> These companies were characterized by their <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionary</a> powers given to them by nation-states.<a href="#cite_note-Banaji-56">[56]</a> During this era, merchants, who had traded under the previous stage of mercantilism, invested capital in the East India Companies and other colonies, seeking a <a href="/wiki/Return_on_investment" title="Return on investment">return on investment</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_Revolution">Industrial Revolution</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Industrial Revolution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg/220px-Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="760"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg/220px-Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg/330px-Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg/440px-Maquina_vapor_Watt_ETSIIM.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Watt_steam_engine" title="Watt steam engine">Watt steam engine</a>, fuelled primarily by <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, propelled the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></figcaption></figure> In the mid-18th century a group of economic theorists, led by <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> (1711–1776)<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> (1723–1790), challenged fundamental mercantilist doctrines—such as the belief that the world's wealth remained constant and that a state could only increase its wealth at the expense of another state. During the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialists">industrialists</a> replaced merchants as a dominant factor in the capitalist system and effected the decline of the traditional handicraft skills of <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisans</a>, guilds and <a href="/wiki/Journeyman" title="Journeyman">journeymen</a>. Industrial capitalism marked the development of the <a href="/wiki/Factory_system" title="Factory system">factory system</a> of manufacturing, characterized by a complex <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Division of labor">division of labor</a> between and within work process and the routine of work tasks; and eventually established the domination of the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist mode of production</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Industrial Britain eventually abandoned the <a href="/wiki/Protectionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectionist">protectionist</a> policy formerly prescribed by mercantilism. In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Richard Cobden</a> (1804–1865) and <a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">John Bright</a> (1811–1889), who based their beliefs on the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester capitalism">Manchester School</a>, initiated a movement to lower <a href="/wiki/Tariffs" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariffs">tariffs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-laissezf-61">[61]</a> In the 1840s Britain adopted a less protectionist policy, with the 1846 repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a> and the 1849 repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation Acts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Britain reduced tariffs and <a href="/wiki/Import_quota" title="Import quota">quotas</a>, in line with David Ricardo's advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modernity">Modernity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modernity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McKinley_Prosperity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/McKinley_Prosperity.jpg/170px-McKinley_Prosperity.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2786" data-file-height="4267"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 260px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/McKinley_Prosperity.jpg/170px-McKinley_Prosperity.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="260" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/McKinley_Prosperity.jpg/255px-McKinley_Prosperity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/McKinley_Prosperity.jpg/340px-McKinley_Prosperity.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> formed the financial basis of the international economy from 1870 to 1914.</figcaption></figure> Broader processes of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> carried capitalism across the world. By the beginning of the nineteenth century, a series of loosely connected market systems had come together as a relatively integrated global system, in turn intensifying processes of economic and other globalization.<a href="#cite_note-SAGE_Publications-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Late in the 20th century, capitalism overcame a challenge by <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">centrally-planned economies</a> and is now the encompassing system worldwide,<a href="#cite_note-britannica-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> as its dominant form in the industrialized Western world. <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">Industrialization</a> allowed cheap production of household items using <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a>, while rapid <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> created sustained demand for commodities. The <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> of the 18th-century decisively shaped globalization.<a href="#cite_note-SAGE_Publications-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium Wars</a> (1839–60) and the completion of the British conquest of India by 1858, vast populations of Asia became consumers of European exports. Europeans colonized areas of sub-Saharan Africa and the Pacific islands. Colonisation by Europeans, notably of sub-Saharan Africa, yielded valuable natural resources such as <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamonds">diamonds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> and helped fuel trade and investment between the European imperial powers, their colonies and the United States: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea, the various products of the whole earth, and reasonably expect their early delivery upon his doorstep. Militarism and imperialism of racial and cultural rivalries were little more than the amusements of his daily newspaper. What an extraordinary episode in the economic progress of man was that age which came to an end in August 1914.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></blockquote> From the 1870s to the early 1920s, the global financial system was mainly tied to the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The United Kingdom first formally adopted this standard in 1821. Soon to follow were <a href="/wiki/United_Province_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="United Province of Canada">Canada</a> in 1853, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland</a> in 1865, the United States and Germany (<a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a>) in 1873. New technologies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_telegraph_cable" title="Transatlantic telegraph cable">transatlantic cable</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">radiotelephone</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway">railways</a> allowed goods and information to move around the world to an unprecedented degree.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In the United States, the term "capitalist" primarily referred to powerful businessmen<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> until the 1920s due to widespread societal skepticism and criticism of capitalism and its most ardent supporters. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NY_stock_exchange_traders_floor_LC-U9-10548-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/NY_stock_exchange_traders_floor_LC-U9-10548-6.jpg/220px-NY_stock_exchange_traders_floor_LC-U9-10548-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4537" data-file-height="3004"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/NY_stock_exchange_traders_floor_LC-U9-10548-6.jpg/220px-NY_stock_exchange_traders_floor_LC-U9-10548-6.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/NY_stock_exchange_traders_floor_LC-U9-10548-6.jpg/330px-NY_stock_exchange_traders_floor_LC-U9-10548-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/NY_stock_exchange_traders_floor_LC-U9-10548-6.jpg/440px-NY_stock_exchange_traders_floor_LC-U9-10548-6.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The New York <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a> <a href="/wiki/Trading_room" title="Trading room">traders' floor</a> (1963)</figcaption></figure> Contemporary capitalist societies developed in the West from 1950 to the present and this type of system continues throughout the world—relevant examples started in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_1950s" class="mw-redirect" title="United States in the 1950s">United States after the 1950s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses" title="Trente Glorieuses">France after the 1960s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_miracle" title="Spanish miracle">Spain after the 1970s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Poland after 2015</a>, and others. At this stage most capitalist markets are considered[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] developed and characterized by developed private and public markets for equity and debt, a high <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> (as characterized by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>), large institutional investors and a well-funded <a href="/wiki/Banking_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking system">banking system</a>. A significant <a href="/wiki/Managerial_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Managerial class">managerial class</a> has emerged[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] and decides on a significant proportion of investments and other decisions. A different future than that envisioned by Marx has started to emerge—explored and described by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Anthony Crosland</a> in the United Kingdom in his 1956 book <a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_Socialism" title="The Future of Socialism">The Future of Socialism</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> and by <a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a> in North America in his 1958 book <a href="/wiki/The_Affluent_Society" title="The Affluent Society">The Affluent Society</a>,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> 90 years after Marx's research on the state of capitalism in 1867.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">postwar boom</a> ended in the late 1960s and early 1970s and the economic situation grew worse with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">stagflation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a>, a modification of <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a> that is more compatible with laissez-faire analyses, gained increasing prominence in the capitalist world, especially under the years in office of <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in the United States (1981–1989) and of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> in the United Kingdom (1979–1990). Public and political interest began shifting away from the so-called <a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">collectivist</a> concerns of Keynes's managed capitalism to a focus on individual <a href="/wiki/Choice" title="Choice">choice</a>, called "remarketized capitalism".<a href="#cite_note-Fulcher,_James_2004-78">[78]</a> The end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> allowed for capitalism to become a truly global system in a way not seen since before <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. The development of the <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> global economy would have been impossible without the fall of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Harvard Kennedy School economist Dani Rodrik distinguishes between three historical variants of capitalism:<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <ul><li>Capitalism 1.0 during the 19th century entailed largely unregulated markets with a minimal role for the state (aside from national defense, and protecting property rights);</li> <li>Capitalism 2.0 during the post-World War II years entailed Keynesianism, a substantial role for the state in regulating markets, and strong welfare states;</li> <li>Capitalism 2.1 entailed a combination of unregulated markets, globalization, and various national obligations by states.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relationship_to_democracy">Relationship to democracy</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Relationship to democracy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The relationship between <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and capitalism is a contentious area in theory and in popular political movements.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The extension of adult-male <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> in 19th-century Britain occurred along with the development of industrial capitalism and <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a> became widespread at the same time as capitalism, leading capitalists to posit a causal or mutual relationship between them. However, according to some authors in the 20th-century, capitalism also accompanied a variety of political formations quite distinct from liberal democracies, including <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> regimes, <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchies</a> and <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">single-party states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burnham-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">Democratic peace theory</a> asserts that democracies seldom fight other democracies, but others suggest this may be because of political similarity or stability, rather than because they are "democratic" or "capitalist". Critics argue that though economic growth under capitalism has led to democracy, it may not do so in the future as <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> régimes have been able to manage economic growth using some of capitalism's competitive principles<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> without making concessions to greater <a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">political freedom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Political scientists <a href="/wiki/Torben_Iversen" title="Torben Iversen">Torben Iversen</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Soskice" title="David Soskice">David Soskice</a> see democracy and capitalism as mutually supportive.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dahl" title="Robert Dahl">Robert Dahl</a> argued in On Democracy that capitalism was beneficial for democracy because economic growth and a large middle class were good for democracy.<a href="#cite_note-:0a-88">[88]</a> He also argued that a market economy provided a substitute for government control of the economy, which reduces the risks of tyranny and authoritarianism.<a href="#cite_note-:0a-88">[88]</a> In his book <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a> (1944), <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> (1899–1992) asserted that the free-market understanding of <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a> as present in capitalism is a requisite of <a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">political freedom</a>. He argued that the market mechanism is the only way of deciding what to produce and how to distribute the items without using coercion. <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> also promoted this view.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Friedman claimed that centralized economic operations are always accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political repression</a>. In his view, transactions in a market economy are voluntary and the wide diversity that voluntary activity permits is a fundamental threat to repressive <a href="/wiki/Political_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Political leader">political leaders</a> and greatly diminishes their power to coerce. Some of Friedman's views were shared by <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>, who believed that capitalism was vital for freedom to survive and thrive.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, an American <a href="/wiki/Think-tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Think-tank">think-tank</a> that conducts international research on, and advocates for, democracy, political freedom and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, has argued that "there is a high and statistically significant correlation between the level of political freedom <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">as measured by Freedom House</a> and economic freedom <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of Economic Freedom">as measured by the Wall Street Journal/Heritage Foundation survey</a>".<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century" title="Capital in the Twenty-First Century">Capital in the Twenty-First Century</a> (2013), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_School_of_Economics" title="Paris School of Economics">Paris School of Economics</a> asserted that inequality is the inevitable consequence of economic growth in a capitalist economy and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Wealth_concentration" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth concentration">concentration of wealth</a> can destabilize democratic societies and undermine the ideals of social justice upon which they are built.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> States with capitalistic economic systems have thrived under political regimes deemed to be authoritarian or oppressive. <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> has a successful open market economy as a result of its competitive, business-friendly climate and robust rule of law. Nonetheless, it often comes under fire for its style of government which, though democratic and consistently one of the least corrupt,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> operates largely under a one-party rule. Furthermore, it does not vigorously defend freedom of expression as evidenced by its government-regulated <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Singapore" title="Censorship in Singapore">press</a>, and its penchant for upholding laws protecting ethnic and religious harmony, judicial dignity and personal reputation. The private (capitalist) sector in the People's Republic of China has grown exponentially and thrived since its inception, despite having an authoritarian government. <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile_(1973%E2%80%931990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–1990)">rule in Chile</a> led to economic growth and high levels of inequality<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> by using authoritarian means to create a safe environment for investment and capitalism. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a>'s authoritarian reign and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">extirpation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">Communist Party of Indonesia</a> allowed for the expansion of capitalism in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The term "capitalism" in its modern sense is often attributed to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scott-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In his <a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a>, Marx analyzed the "<a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist mode of production</a>" using a method of understanding today known as <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>. However, Marx himself rarely used the term "capitalism" while it was used twice in the more political interpretations of his work, primarily authored by his collaborator <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>. In the 20th century, defenders of the capitalist system often replaced the term "capitalism" with phrases such as free enterprise and private enterprise and replaced "capitalist" with <a href="/wiki/Rentier_capitalism" title="Rentier capitalism">rentier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Investor" title="Investor">investor</a> in reaction to the negative connotations associated with capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-Williams_1983_51-99">[99]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Characteristics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Academic_perspectives_on_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic perspectives on capitalism">Academic perspectives on capitalism</a></div> In general, capitalism as an economic system and mode of production can be summarized by the following:<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a>:<a href="#cite_note-ch32-101">[101]</a> production for profit and accumulation as the implicit purpose of all or most of production, constriction or elimination of production formerly carried out on a common social or private household basis.<a href="#cite_note-xxx31-102">[102]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_(economics)" title="Production (economics)">Commodity production</a>: production for exchange on a market; to maximize <a href="/wiki/Exchange-value" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange-value">exchange-value</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Use-value" class="mw-redirect" title="Use-value">use-value</a>.</li> <li>Exchange of goods or services, can be enabled by <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contracts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-y015-103">[103]</a> Exchange of services can be in form of <a href="/wiki/Wage_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wage labor">wage labor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Steinfeld_2009_3-104">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">Private ownership</a> of the means of production:<a href="#cite_note-Modern_Economics_1986,_p._54-14">[14]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investment</a> of money to make a profit.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></li> <li>The use of the <a href="/wiki/Price_mechanism" title="Price mechanism">price mechanism</a> to allocate resources between competing uses.<a href="#cite_note-Modern_Economics_1986,_p._54-14">[14]</a></li> <li>Economically efficient use of the <a href="/wiki/Factors_of_production" title="Factors of production">factors of production</a> and raw materials due to maximization of value added in the production process.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a></li> <li>Freedom of capitalists to act in their self-interest in managing their business and investments.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></li> <li>Capital suppliance by "the single owner of a firm, or by <a href="/wiki/Shareholder" title="Shareholder">shareholders</a> in the case of a <a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">joint-stock company</a>."<a href="#cite_note-:1-109">[109]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market">Market</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Market" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> forms of capitalism, markets are used most extensively with minimal or no regulation over the pricing mechanism. In mixed economies, which are almost universal today,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> markets continue to play a dominant role, but they are regulated to some extent by the state in order to correct <a href="/wiki/Market_failure" title="Market failure">market failures</a>, promote <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a>, conserve <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a>, fund <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">defense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety">public safety</a> or other rationale. In <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalist</a> systems, markets are relied upon the least, with the state relying heavily on <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned enterprises">state-owned enterprises</a> or indirect economic planning to accumulate capital. Competition arises when more than one producer is trying to sell the same or similar products to the same buyers. Adherents of the capitalist theory believe that competition leads to innovation and more affordable prices. <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopolies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cartels" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartels">cartels</a> can develop, especially if there is no competition. A monopoly occurs when a firm has exclusivity over a market. Hence, the firm can engage in <a href="/wiki/Rent_seeking" class="mw-redirect" title="Rent seeking">rent seeking</a> behaviors such as limiting output and raising prices because it has no fear of competition. Governments have implemented legislation for the purpose of preventing the creation of monopolies and cartels. In 1890, the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act_of_1890" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890">Sherman Antitrust Act</a> became the first legislation passed by the United States Congress to limit monopolies.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wage_labor">Wage labor</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wage labor" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wage_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wage labor">Wage labor</a></div> Wage labor, usually referred to as paid work, paid employment, or paid labor, refers to the <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socioeconomic</a> relationship between a <a href="/wiki/Workforce" title="Workforce">worker</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">employer</a> in which the worker sells their labor power under a formal or informal <a href="/wiki/Employment_contract" title="Employment contract">employment contract</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Steinfeld_2009_3-104">[104]</a> These transactions usually occur in a <a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">labor market</a> where <a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">wages</a> or <a href="/wiki/Salary" title="Salary">salaries</a> are <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market-determined</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In exchange for the money paid as wages (usual for short-term work-contracts) or salaries (in permanent employment contracts), the work product generally becomes the <a href="/wiki/Work_for_hire" title="Work for hire">undifferentiated property</a> of the employer. A wage laborer is a person whose primary means of income is from the selling of their labor in this way.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Profit_motive">Profit motive</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Profit motive" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Profit_motive" title="Profit motive">Profit motive</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Profit_motive" title="Profit motive">profit motive</a>, in the theory of capitalism, is the desire to earn income in the form of profit. Stated differently, the reason for a business's existence is to turn a profit.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The profit motive functions according to <a href="/wiki/Rational_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational choice theory">rational choice theory</a>, or the theory that individuals tend to pursue what is in their own best interests. Accordingly, businesses seek to benefit themselves and/or their shareholders by maximizing profit. In capitalist theoretics, the profit motive is said to ensure that resources are being allocated efficiently. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_economist" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian economist">Austrian economist</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hazlitt" title="Henry Hazlitt">Henry Hazlitt</a> explains: "If there is no profit in making an article, it is a sign that the labor and capital devoted to its production are misdirected: the value of the resources that must be used up in making the article is greater than the value of the article itself".<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Socialist theorists note that, unlike mercantilists, capitalists accumulate their profits while expecting their profit rates to remain the same. This causes problems as earnings in the rest of society do not increase in the same proportion.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_property">Private property</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Private property" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></div> The relationship between the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>, its formal mechanisms, and capitalist societies has been debated in many fields of social and political theory, with active discussion since the 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_(economist)" title="Hernando de Soto (economist)">Hernando de Soto</a> is a contemporary Peruvian economist who has argued that an important characteristic of capitalism is the functioning state protection of property rights in a formal property system where ownership and transactions are clearly recorded.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> According to de Soto, this is the process by which physical assets are transformed into capital, which in turn may be used in many more ways and much more efficiently in the market economy. A number of Marxian economists have argued that the <a href="/wiki/Inclosure_act" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclosure act">inclosure acts</a> in England and similar legislation elsewhere were an integral part of capitalist <a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive accumulation">primitive accumulation</a> and that specific legal frameworks of private land ownership have been integral to the development of capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Private property rights are not absolute, as in many countries the state has the power to seize private property, typically for public use, under the powers of <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">eminent domain</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market_competition">Market competition</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Market competition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">Competition (economics)</a></div> In capitalist economics, market competition is the rivalry among sellers trying to achieve such goals as increasing profits, market share and sales volume by varying the elements of the <a href="/wiki/Marketing_mix" title="Marketing mix">marketing mix</a>: price, product, distribution and promotion. Merriam-Webster defines competition in business as "the effort of two or more parties acting independently to secure the business of a third party by offering the most favourable terms".<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> It was described by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a> (1776) and later economists as allocating productive <a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">resources</a> to their most highly valued uses<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> and encouraging <a href="/wiki/X-efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="X-efficiency">efficiency</a>. Smith and other <a href="/wiki/Classical_economist" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical economist">classical economists</a> before <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot">Antoine Augustine Cournot</a> were referring to price and non-price rivalry among producers to sell their goods on best terms by bidding of buyers, not necessarily to a large number of sellers nor to a market in final <a href="/wiki/Economic_equilibrium" title="Economic equilibrium">equilibrium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Competition is widespread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Market_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Market process">market process</a>. It is a condition where "buyers tend to compete with other buyers, and sellers tend to compete with other sellers".<a href="#cite_note-ewot2014-123">[123]</a> In offering goods for exchange, buyers competitively bid to purchase specific quantities of specific goods which are available, or might be available if sellers were to choose to offer such goods. Similarly, sellers bid against other sellers in offering goods on the market, competing for the attention and exchange resources of buyers. Competition results from <a href="/wiki/Scarcity" title="Scarcity">scarcity</a>, as it is not possible to satisfy all conceivable human wants, and occurs as people try to meet the criteria being used to determine allocation.<a href="#cite_note-ewot2014-123">[123]</a>: 105 In the works of Adam Smith, the idea of capitalism is made possible through competition which creates growth. Although capitalism had not entered mainstream economics at the time of Smith, it is vital to the construction of his ideal society. One of the foundational blocks of capitalism is competition. Smith believed that a prosperous society is one where "everyone should be free to enter and leave the market and change trades as often as he pleases."<a href="#cite_note-W.W._Norton-124">[124]</a> He believed that the freedom to act in one's self-interest is essential for the success of a capitalist society. In response to the idea that if all participants focus on their own goals, society's well-being will be water under the bridge, Smith maintains that despite the concerns of intellectuals, "global trends will hardly be altered if they refrain from pursuing their personal ends."<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> He insisted that the actions of a few participants cannot alter the course of society. Instead, Smith maintained that they should focus on personal progress instead and that this will result in overall growth to the whole. Competition between participants, "who are all endeavoring to justle one another out of employment, obliges every man to endeavor to execute his work" through competition towards growth.<a href="#cite_note-W.W._Norton-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_growth">Economic growth</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economic growth" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Economic growth</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (January 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Economic growth</a> is a characteristic tendency of capitalist economies.<a href="#cite_note-joff-126">[126]</a> However, capitalist economies may experience fluctuations in growth that cannot be accounted for by demographic or technological changes. These fluctuations, which involve sustained periods of economic growth and recession, are referred to as business cycles in macroeconomics. Economic growth is measured as growth in investment, economic output, and economic consumption per capita. Changes in hours of employment on their own are not considered as a factor of economic growth.<a href="#cite_note-HP-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_mode_of_production">As a mode of production</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: As a mode of production" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a></div> The capitalist mode of production refers to the systems of organising production and distribution within capitalist <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">societies</a>. Private money-making in various forms (renting, banking, merchant trade, production for profit and so on) preceded the development of the capitalist mode of production as such. The term capitalist mode of production is defined by <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private ownership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>, extraction of <a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">surplus value</a> by the owning class for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">capital accumulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">wage-based labor</a> and, at least as far as <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodities</a> are concerned, being <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market-based</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Capitalism in the form of money-making activity has existed in the shape of merchants and money-lenders who acted as intermediaries between consumers and producers engaging in <a href="/wiki/Simple_commodity_production" title="Simple commodity production">simple commodity production</a> (hence the reference to "<a href="/wiki/Merchant_capitalism" title="Merchant capitalism">merchant capitalism</a>") since the beginnings of civilisation. What is specific about the "capitalist mode of production" is that most of the inputs and outputs of production are supplied through the market (i.e. they are commodities) and essentially all production is in this mode.<a href="#cite_note-Modern_Economics_1986,_p._54-14">[14]</a> By contrast, in flourishing feudalism most or all of the factors of production, including labor, are owned by the feudal ruling class outright and the products may also be consumed without a market of any kind, it is production for use within the feudal social unit and for limited trade.<a href="#cite_note-ch32-101">[101]</a> This has the important consequence that, under capitalism, the whole organisation of the production process is reshaped and re-organised to conform with economic <a href="/wiki/Bounded_rationality" title="Bounded rationality">rationality as bounded</a> by capitalism, which is expressed in price relationships between inputs and outputs (wages, non-labor factor costs, sales and profits) rather than the larger rational context faced by society overall—that is, the whole process is organised and re-shaped in order to conform to "commercial logic". Essentially, capital accumulation comes to define economic rationality in capitalist production.<a href="#cite_note-xxx31-102">[102]</a> A society, region or <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> is capitalist if the predominant source of incomes and products being distributed is capitalist activity, but even so this does not yet mean necessarily that the capitalist mode of production is dominant in that society.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economies</a> rely on the nation they are in to provide some goods or services, while the free market produces and maintains the rest.<a href="#cite_note-:1-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_government">Role of government</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Role of government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Government agencies regulate the standards of service in many industries, such as airlines and broadcasting, as well as financing a wide range of programs. In addition, the government regulates the flow of capital and uses financial tools such as the interest rate to control such factors as inflation and unemployment.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Supply_and_demand">Supply and demand</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Supply and demand" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">Supply and demand</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supply-and-demand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Supply-and-demand.svg/250px-Supply-and-demand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 250px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Supply-and-demand.svg/250px-Supply-and-demand.svg.png" data-width="250" data-height="250" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Supply-and-demand.svg/375px-Supply-and-demand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Supply-and-demand.svg/500px-Supply-and-demand.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The economic model of supply and demand states that the price P of a product is determined by a balance between production at each price (supply S) and the desires of those with <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power" title="Purchasing power">purchasing power</a> at each price (demand D): the diagram shows a positive shift in demand from D1 to D2, resulting in an increase in price (P) and quantity sold (Q) of the product.</figcaption></figure> In capitalist economic structures, supply and demand is an <a href="/wiki/Economic_model" title="Economic model">economic model</a> of <a href="/wiki/Price_determination" class="mw-redirect" title="Price determination">price determination</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">market</a>. It postulates that in a <a href="/wiki/Perfect_competition" title="Perfect competition">perfectly competitive market</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Unit_price" title="Unit price">unit price</a> for a particular <a href="/wiki/Good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good (economics)">good</a> will vary until it settles at a point where the quantity demanded by consumers (at the current price) will equal the quantity supplied by producers (at the current price), resulting in an <a href="/wiki/Economic_equilibrium" title="Economic equilibrium">economic equilibrium</a> for price and <a href="/wiki/Output_(economics)" title="Output (economics)">quantity</a>. The "basic laws" of <a href="/wiki/Supply_(economics)" title="Supply (economics)">supply</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demand" title="Demand">demand</a>, as described by David Besanko and Ronald Braeutigam, are the following four:<a href="#cite_note-besanko-and-braeutigam-2010-130">[130]</a>: 37 <ol><li>If demand increases (demand curve shifts to the right) and supply remains unchanged, then a shortage occurs, leading to a higher equilibrium price.</li> <li>If demand decreases (demand curve shifts to the left) and supply remains unchanged, then a surplus occurs, leading to a lower equilibrium price.</li> <li>If demand remains unchanged and supply increases (supply curve shifts to the right), then a surplus occurs, leading to a lower equilibrium price.</li> <li>If demand remains unchanged and supply decreases (supply curve shifts to the left), then a shortage occurs, leading to a higher equilibrium price.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supply_schedule">Supply schedule</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Supply schedule" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A supply schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied.<a href="#cite_note-Boundless_Economics_2017-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demand_schedule">Demand schedule</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Demand schedule" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A demand schedule, depicted graphically as the <a href="/wiki/Demand_curve" title="Demand curve">demand curve</a>, represents the amount of some <a href="/wiki/Good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good (economics)">goods</a> that buyers are willing and able to purchase at various prices, assuming all determinants of demand other than the price of the good in question, such as income, tastes and preferences, the price of <a href="/wiki/Substitute_good" title="Substitute good">substitute goods</a> and the price of <a href="/wiki/Complementary_good" title="Complementary good">complementary goods</a>, remain the same. According to the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_demand" title="Law of demand">law of demand</a>, the demand curve is almost always represented as downward sloping, meaning that as price decreases, consumers will buy more of the good.<a href="#cite_note-axes-132">[132]</a> Just like the supply curves reflect <a href="/wiki/Marginal_cost" title="Marginal cost">marginal cost</a> curves, demand curves are determined by <a href="/wiki/Marginal_utility" title="Marginal utility">marginal utility</a> curves.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equilibrium">Equilibrium</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Equilibrium" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economic_equilibrium" title="Economic equilibrium">Economic equilibrium</a></div> In the context of supply and demand, economic equilibrium refers to a state where economic forces such as <a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">supply and demand</a> are balanced and in the absence of external influences the (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/equilibrium" class="extiw" title="wikt:equilibrium">equilibrium</a>) values of economic variables will not change. For example, in the standard text-book model of <a href="/wiki/Perfect_competition" title="Perfect competition">perfect competition</a> equilibrium occurs at the point at which quantity demanded and quantity supplied are equal.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Market equilibrium, in this case, refers to a condition where a market price is established through competition such that the amount of goods or services sought by <a href="/wiki/Law_of_supply_and_demand" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of supply and demand">buyers</a> is equal to the amount of goods or services produced by <a href="/wiki/Law_of_supply_and_demand" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of supply and demand">sellers</a>. This price is often called the competitive price or <a href="/wiki/Market_clearing" title="Market clearing">market clearing</a> price and will tend not to change unless demand or supply changes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partial_equilibrium">Partial equilibrium</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Partial equilibrium" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Partial_equilibrium" title="Partial equilibrium">Partial equilibrium</a></div> Partial equilibrium, as the name suggests, takes into consideration only a part of the market to attain equilibrium. Jain proposes (attributed to <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George Stigler</a>): "A partial equilibrium is one which is based on only a restricted range of data, a standard example is price of a single product, the prices of all other products being held fixed during the analysis".<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> According to Hamid S. Hosseini, the "power of supply and demand" was discussed to some extent by several early Muslim scholars, such as fourteenth century <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a>, who wrote: "If desire for goods increases while its availability decreases, its price rises. On the other hand, if availability of the good increases and the desire for it decreases, the price comes down".<a href="#cite_note-Hosseini-136">[136]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AdamSmith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/AdamSmith.jpg/130px-AdamSmith.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="2173"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 194px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/AdamSmith.jpg/130px-AdamSmith.jpg" data-width="130" data-height="194" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/AdamSmith.jpg/195px-AdamSmith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/AdamSmith.jpg/260px-AdamSmith.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>'s 1691 work Some Considerations on the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising of the Value of Money<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> includes an early and clear description[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] of supply and demand and their relationship. In this description, demand is <a href="/wiki/Economic_rent" title="Economic rent">rent</a>: "The price of any commodity rises or falls by the proportion of the number of buyer and sellers" and "that which regulates the price... [of goods] is nothing else but their quantity in proportion to their rent". <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a> titled one chapter of his 1817 work <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Political_Economy_and_Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Political Economy and Taxation">Principles of Political Economy and Taxation</a> "On the Influence of Demand and Supply on Price".<a href="#cite_note-Humphrey-138">[138]</a> In Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, Ricardo more rigorously laid down the idea of the assumptions that were used to build his ideas of supply and demand. In his 1870 essay "On the Graphical Representation of Supply and Demand", <a href="/wiki/Fleeming_Jenkin" title="Fleeming Jenkin">Fleeming Jenkin</a> in the course of "introduc[ing] the diagrammatic method into the English economic literature" published the first drawing of supply and demand curves therein,<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Comparative_statics" title="Comparative statics">comparative statics</a> from a shift of supply or demand and application to the labor market.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The model was further developed and popularized by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Alfred Marshall</a> in the 1890 textbook <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Economics_(Marshall)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Economics (Marshall)">Principles of Economics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Humphrey-138">[138]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Types" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Capitalism" title="Special:EditPage/Capitalism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> There are many variants of capitalism in existence that differ according to country and region.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> They vary in their institutional makeup and by their economic policies. The common features among all the different forms of capitalism are that they are predominantly based on the private ownership of the means of production and the production of goods and services for profit; the market-based allocation of resources; and the accumulation of capital. They include advanced capitalism, corporate capitalism, finance capitalism, free-market capitalism, mercantilism, social capitalism, state capitalism and welfare capitalism. Other theoretical variants of capitalism include <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Community_capitalism" title="Community capitalism">community capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">humanistic capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-capitalism" title="Neo-capitalism">neo-capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">state monopoly capitalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Technocapitalism" title="Technocapitalism">technocapitalism</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advanced">Advanced</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Advanced" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></div> Advanced capitalism is the situation that pertains to a society in which the capitalist model has been integrated and developed deeply and extensively for a prolonged period. Various writers identify <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> as an influential early theorist of advanced capitalism, even if he did not use the term himself. In his writings, Gramsci sought to explain how capitalism had adapted to avoid the revolutionary overthrow that had seemed inevitable in the 19th century. At the heart of his explanation was the decline of raw coercion as a tool of class power, replaced by use of <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> institutions to manipulate public ideology in the capitalists' favour.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> has been a major contributor to the analysis of advanced-capitalistic societies. Habermas observed four general features that characterise advanced capitalism: <ol><li>Concentration of industrial activity in a few large firms.</li> <li>Constant reliance on the state to stabilise the economic system.</li> <li>A formally democratic government that legitimises the activities of the state and dissipates opposition to the system.</li> <li>The use of nominal wage increases to pacify the most restless segments of the work force.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate">Corporate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Corporate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate capitalism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">Crony capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">State monopoly capitalism</a></div> Corporate capitalism is a free or mixed-market capitalist economy characterized by the dominance of hierarchical, bureaucratic corporations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance">Finance</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Finance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Finance_capitalism" title="Finance capitalism">Finance capitalism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)</a></div> Finance capitalism is the subordination of processes of <a href="/wiki/Production_(economics)" title="Production (economics)">production</a> to the accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a> profits in a <a href="/wiki/Financial_system" title="Financial system">financial system</a>. In their critique of capitalism, <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a> both emphasise the role of <a href="/wiki/Financial_capital" title="Financial capital">finance capital</a> as the determining and <a href="/wiki/Ruling-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruling-class">ruling-class</a> interest in capitalist society, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Crisis of capitalism">latter stages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hilferding" title="Rudolf Hilferding">Rudolf Hilferding</a> is credited with first bringing the term finance capitalism into prominence through Finance Capital, his 1910 study of the links between German trusts, banks and monopolies—a study subsumed by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> into <a href="/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" title="Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism">Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism</a> (1917), his analysis of the imperialist relations of the great world powers.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Lenin concluded that the banks at that time operated as "the chief nerve centres of the whole capitalist system of national economy".<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> For the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> (founded in 1919), the phrase "dictatorship of finance capitalism"<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> became a regular one. <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Fernand Braudel</a> would later point to two earlier periods when finance capitalism had emerged in human history—with the Genoese in the 16th century and with the Dutch in the 17th and 18th centuries—although at those points it developed from commercial capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrighi" title="Giovanni Arrighi">Giovanni Arrighi</a> extended Braudel's analysis to suggest that a predominance of finance capitalism is a recurring, long-term phenomenon, whenever a previous phase of commercial/industrial capitalist expansion reaches a plateau.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_market">Free market</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Free market" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free-market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market capitalism">Free-market capitalism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Capitalism" title="Special:EditPage/Capitalism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Capitalism%22">"Capitalism"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Capitalism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Capitalism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Capitalism%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Capitalism%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Capitalism%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (December 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> A capitalist free-market economy is an economic system where prices for goods and services are set entirely by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">supply and demand</a> and are expected, by its adherents, to reach their point of <a href="/wiki/Economic_equilibrium" title="Economic equilibrium">equilibrium</a> without intervention by government policy. It typically entails support for highly <a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">competitive markets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">private ownership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>. Laissez-faire capitalism is a more extensive form of this free-market economy, but one in which the role of the state is limited to protecting <a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">property rights</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalist</a> theory, property rights are protected by private firms and market-generated law. According to anarcho-capitalists, this entails property rights without statutory law through market-generated tort, contract and property law, and self-sustaining private industry. <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Fernand Braudel</a> argued that free market exchange and capitalism are to some degree opposed; free market exchange involves <a href="/wiki/Perfect_information" title="Perfect information">transparent</a> public transactions and a large number of <a href="/wiki/Perfect_competition" title="Perfect competition">equal competitors</a>, while capitalism involves a small number of participants using their capital to control the market via private transactions, control of information, and limitation of competition.<a href="#cite_note-Braudel_Ranum_Ranum_Johns_Hopkins_University_1977_p._47-63-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mercantile">Mercantile</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mercantile" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcosm_of_London_Plate_049_-_Lloyd%27s_Subscription_Room_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_049_-_Lloyd%27s_Subscription_Room_edited.jpg/220px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_049_-_Lloyd%27s_Subscription_Room_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="617"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_049_-_Lloyd%27s_Subscription_Room_edited.jpg/220px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_049_-_Lloyd%27s_Subscription_Room_edited.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_049_-_Lloyd%27s_Subscription_Room_edited.jpg/330px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_049_-_Lloyd%27s_Subscription_Room_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_049_-_Lloyd%27s_Subscription_Room_edited.jpg/440px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_049_-_Lloyd%27s_Subscription_Room_edited.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The subscription room at <a href="/wiki/Lloyd%27s_of_London" title="Lloyd's of London">Lloyd's of London</a> in the early 19th century</figcaption></figure> Mercantilism is a nationalist form of early capitalism that came into existence approximately in the late 16th century. It is characterized by the intertwining of national business interests with state-interest and imperialism. Consequently, the state apparatus is used to advance national business interests abroad. An example of this is colonists living in America who were only allowed to trade with and purchase goods from their respective mother countries (e.g., United Kingdom, France and Portugal). Mercantilism was driven by the belief that the wealth of a nation is increased through a positive balance of trade with other nations—it corresponds to the phase of capitalist development sometimes called the <a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">primitive accumulation of capital</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social">Social</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Social" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></div> A social market economy is a free-market or mixed-market capitalist system, sometimes classified as a <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_market_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinated market economy">coordinated market economy</a>, where government intervention in price formation is kept to a minimum, but the state provides significant services in areas such as social security, health care, unemployment benefits and the recognition of <a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">labor rights</a> through national <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a> arrangements. This model is prominent in Western and Northern European countries as well as Japan, albeit in slightly different configurations. The vast majority of enterprises are privately owned in this economic model. <a href="/wiki/Rhine_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine capitalism">Rhine capitalism</a> is the contemporary model of capitalism and adaptation of the social market model that exists in continental Western Europe today. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State">State</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: State" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></div> State capitalism is a capitalist market economy dominated by state-owned enterprises, where the state enterprises are organized as commercial, profit-seeking businesses. The designation has been used broadly throughout the 20th century to designate a number of different economic forms, ranging from state-ownership in market economies to the command economies of the former <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>. According to Aldo Musacchio, a professor at Harvard Business School, state capitalism is a system in which governments, whether democratic or autocratic, exercise a widespread influence on the economy either through direct ownership or various subsidies. Musacchio notes a number of differences between today's state capitalism and its predecessors. In his opinion, gone are the days when governments appointed bureaucrats to run companies: the world's largest state-owned enterprises are now traded on the public markets and kept in good health by large institutional investors. Contemporary state capitalism is associated with the <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_model_of_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian model of capitalism">East Asian model of capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">dirigisme</a> and the economy of Norway.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Alternatively, <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a> defines state capitalism as "an economic system in which private capitalism is modified by a varying degree of government ownership and control".<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In Socialism: Utopian and Scientific, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> argued that state-owned enterprises would characterize the final stage of capitalism, consisting of ownership and management of large-scale production and communication by the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_state" title="Capitalist state">bourgeois state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> In his writings, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> characterized the economy of Soviet Russia as state capitalist, believing state capitalism to be an early step toward the development of socialism.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Some economists and left-wing academics including <a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Richard D. Wolff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, as well as many Marxist philosophers and revolutionaries such as <a href="/wiki/Raya_Dunayevskaya" title="Raya Dunayevskaya">Raya Dunayevskaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/C.L.R._James" class="mw-redirect" title="C.L.R. James">C.L.R. James</a>, argue that the economies of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and Eastern Bloc represented a form of state capitalism because their internal organization within enterprises and the system of wage labor remained intact.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> The term is not used by <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a> economists to describe state ownership of the means of production. The economist <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a> argued that the designation of state capitalism was a new label for the old labels of state socialism and planned economy and differed only in non-essentials from these earlier designations.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Welfare">Welfare</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Welfare" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare capitalism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></div> Welfare capitalism is capitalism that includes social welfare policies. Today, welfare capitalism is most often associated with the models of capitalism found in Central Mainland and Northern Europe such as the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhine_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine capitalism">Rhine capitalism</a>. In some cases, welfare capitalism exists within a mixed economy, but welfare states can and do exist independently of policies common to mixed economies such as <a href="/wiki/State_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="State interventionism">state interventionism</a> and extensive regulation. A mixed economy is a largely market-based capitalist economy consisting of both private and public ownership of the means of production and <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">economic interventionism</a> through macroeconomic policies intended to correct <a href="/wiki/Market_failure" title="Market failure">market failures</a>, reduce unemployment and keep inflation low. The degree of intervention in markets varies among different countries. Some mixed economies such as France under <a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">dirigisme</a> also featured a degree of <a href="/wiki/Indicative_planning" title="Indicative planning">indirect economic planning</a> over a largely capitalist-based economy. Most modern capitalist economies are defined as mixed economies to some degree<ins>,</ins> however French economist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a> state that capitalist economies might shift to a much more laissez-faire approach in the near future.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Eco-capitalism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a>, also known as "environmental capitalism" or (sometimes<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a>) "green capitalism", is the view that <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> exists in nature as "<a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">natural capital</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> that have <a href="/wiki/Ecological_yield" title="Ecological yield">ecological yield</a>) on which all <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a> depends. Therefore, governments should use <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">market-based</a> <a href="/wiki/Policy_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy instruments">policy-instruments</a> (such as a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">carbon tax</a>) to resolve <a href="/wiki/Environmental_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental problem">environmental problems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The term "Blue Greens" is often applied to those who espouse eco-capitalism. Eco-capitalism can be thought of as the right-wing equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Red Greens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainable_capitalism">Sustainable capitalism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sustainable capitalism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_capitalism" title="Sustainable capitalism">Sustainable capitalism</a> is a conceptual form of capitalism based upon <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainable</a> practices that seek to preserve humanity and the planet, while reducing <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">externalities</a> and bearing a resemblance of capitalist <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">economic policy</a>. A capitalistic economy must expand to survive and find new markets to support this expansion.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Capitalist systems are often destructive to the environment as well as certain individuals without access to proper representation. However, sustainability provides quite the opposite; it implies not only a continuation, but a <a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">replenishing of resources</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Sustainability is often thought of to be related to <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a>, and sustainable capitalism applies sustainable principles to economic governance and social aspects of capitalism as well. The importance of sustainable capitalism has been more recently recognized, but the concept is not new. Changes to the current economic model would have heavy social environmental and economic implications and require the efforts of individuals, as well as compliance of local, state and federal governments. Controversy surrounds the concept as it requires an increase in sustainable practices and a marked decrease in current consumptive behaviors.<a href="#cite_note-:2-171">[171]</a> This is a concept of capitalism described in <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Blood" class="mw-redirect" title="David Blood">David Blood</a>'s manifesto for the <a href="/wiki/Generation_Investment_Management" title="Generation Investment Management">Generation Investment Management</a> to describe a long-term political, economic and social structure which would mitigate current threats to the planet and society.<a href="#cite_note-genfound-172">[172]</a> According to their manifesto, sustainable capitalism would integrate the environmental, social and governance (<a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social_and_corporate_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental, social and corporate governance">ESG</a>) aspects into risk assessment in attempt to limit externalities.<a href="#cite_note-:0b-173">[173]</a> Most of the ideas they list are related to economic changes, and social aspects, but strikingly few are explicitly related to any environmental policy change.<a href="#cite_note-genfound-172">[172]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Capital_accumulation">Capital accumulation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Capital accumulation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></div> The accumulation of capital is the process of "making money" or growing an initial sum of money through investment in production. Capitalism is based on the accumulation of capital, whereby <a href="/wiki/Financial_capital" title="Financial capital">financial capital</a> is invested in order to make a profit and then reinvested into further production in a continuous process of accumulation. In Marxian economic theory, this dynamic is called the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_value" title="Law of value">law of value</a>. Capital accumulation forms the basis of capitalism, where economic activity is structured around the accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>, defined as investment in order to realize a financial profit.<a href="#cite_note-Economist_definition-174">[174]</a> In this context, "capital" is defined as money or a financial asset invested for the purpose of making more money (whether in the form of profit, rent, interest, royalties, capital gain or some other kind of return).<a href="#cite_note-MIA_definition-175">[175]</a> In mainstream <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">accounting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian economics</a>, capital accumulation is often equated with <a href="/wiki/Investment_(macroeconomics)" title="Investment (macroeconomics)">investment</a> of profit income or savings, especially in <a href="/wiki/Real_vs._nominal_in_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Real vs. nominal in economics">real</a> capital goods. The concentration and centralisation of capital are two of the results of such accumulation. In modern <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">econometrics</a>, the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Capital_formation" title="Capital formation">capital formation</a>" is often used in preference to "accumulation", though the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">United Nations Conference on Trade and Development</a> (UNCTAD) refers nowadays to "accumulation". The term "accumulation" is occasionally used in <a href="/wiki/National_accounts" title="National accounts">national accounts</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Wage_labor_2">Wage labor</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Wage labor" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Worker_9.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Worker_9.JPG/220px-Worker_9.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="927"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Worker_9.JPG/220px-Worker_9.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Worker_9.JPG/330px-Worker_9.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Worker_9.JPG/440px-Worker_9.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An industrial worker among heavy steel machine parts (Kinex Bearings, <a href="/wiki/Byt%C4%8Da" title="Bytča">Bytča</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1995–2000)</figcaption></figure> Wage labor refers to the sale of <a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">labor</a> under a formal or informal <a href="/wiki/Employment_contract" title="Employment contract">employment contract</a> to an <a href="/wiki/Employer" class="mw-redirect" title="Employer">employer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Steinfeld_2009_3-104">[104]</a> These transactions usually occur in a <a href="/wiki/Labour_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour market">labor market</a> where <a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">wages</a> are market determined.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> In Marxist economics, these owners of the means of production and suppliers of capital are generally called capitalists. The description of the role of the capitalist has shifted, first referring to a useless intermediary between producers, then to an employer of producers, and finally to the owners of the means of production.<a href="#cite_note-Williams_1983_51-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Labor_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor (economics)">Labor</a> includes all physical and mental human resources, including entrepreneurial capacity and management skills, which are required to produce products and services. <a href="/wiki/Production_(economics)" title="Production (economics)">Production</a> is the act of making goods or services by applying <a href="/wiki/Labor_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor power">labor power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Criticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-capitalism_color%E2%80%94_Restored.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Anti-capitalism_color%E2%80%94_Restored.png/220px-Anti-capitalism_color%E2%80%94_Restored.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2382" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 277px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Anti-capitalism_color%E2%80%94_Restored.png/220px-Anti-capitalism_color%E2%80%94_Restored.png" data-width="220" data-height="277" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Anti-capitalism_color%E2%80%94_Restored.png/330px-Anti-capitalism_color%E2%80%94_Restored.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Anti-capitalism_color%E2%80%94_Restored.png/440px-Anti-capitalism_color%E2%80%94_Restored.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> poster "<a href="/wiki/Pyramid_of_Capitalist_System" title="Pyramid of Capitalist System">Pyramid of Capitalist System</a>" (1911)</figcaption></figure> Criticism of capitalism comes from various political and philosophical approaches, including <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> viewpoints.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> Of those who oppose it or want to modify it, some believe that capitalism should be removed through <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a> while others believe that it should be changed slowly through <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">political reforms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Cambridge_History_of_Communism_p.-181">[181]</a> Prominent critiques of capitalism allege that it is inherently <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitative</a>,<a href="#cite_note-competition-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-stanfordexploitation-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">alienating</a>,<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Unstable" class="mw-redirect" title="Unstable">unstable</a>,<a href="#cite_note-onfreetrade-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-isrcrisis-187">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Unsustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsustainable">unsustainable</a>,<a href="#cite_note-extinction-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_efficiency" title="Economic efficiency">economically inefficient</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-isrwaste-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-part6-193">[193]</a>—and that it creates massive <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a>,<a href="#cite_note-King_2021-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodifies</a> people,<a href="#cite_note-openDemocracy-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-Renegade_Inc_2019-197">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">degrades the environment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-extinction-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> is <a href="/wiki/Undemocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Undemocratic">undemocratic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Merkel_pp._109%E2%80%93128-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reich_2009-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> embeds <a href="/wiki/Uneven_and_combined_development" title="Uneven and combined development">uneven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Underdevelopment" title="Underdevelopment">underdevelopment</a> between nation states,<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> and leads to an erosion of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> because of its <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/incentivize" class="extiw" title="wikt:incentivize">incentivization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialist">imperialist</a> expansion and <a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Other critics argue that such inequities are not due to the ethic-neutral construct of the economic system commonly known as capitalism, but to the ethics of those who shape and execute the system. For example, some contend that Milton Friedman's (human) ethic of 'maximizing shareholder value' creates a harmful form of capitalism,<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> while a <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fuller" title="Millard Fuller">Millard Fuller</a> or John Bogle (human) ethic of 'enough' creates a sustainable form.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Equitable ethics and unified ethical decision-making is theorized to create a less damaging form of capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inheritance</a> has been argued to not be a fundamental part of capitalism,<a href="#cite_note-x107-215">[215]</a> instead part of <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-e543-216">[216]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_economic_thought" title="Ancient economic thought">Ancient economic thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailout_Capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailout Capitalism">Bailout Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Capitalism (disambiguation)">Capitalism (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Christian views on poverty and wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatocracy" title="Corporatocracy">Corporatocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">Crony capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_in_September_2008" title="Global financial crisis in September 2008">Global financial crisis in September 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_capitalism" title="Late capitalism">Late capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Livre_noir_du_capitalisme" title="Le Livre noir du capitalisme">Le Livre noir du capitalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_capitalism" title="Peak capitalism">Peak capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Fordism" title="Post-Fordism">Post-Fordism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_capitalism" title="Racial capitalism">Racial capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">Rent-seeking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">State monopoly capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism" title="Surveillance capitalism">Surveillance capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZimbalistShermanBrown1988" class="citation book cs1">Zimbalist, Andrew; Sherman, Howard J.; Brown, Stuart (October 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comparingeconomi0000zimb_q8i6/page/6">Comparing Economic Systems: A Political-Economic Approach</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harcourt_College_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harcourt College Publishing (page does not exist)">Harcourt College Publishing</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comparingeconomi0000zimb_q8i6/page/6">6–7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-512403-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-512403-5"><bdi>978-0-15-512403-5</bdi></a>. <q>Pure capitalism is defined as a system wherein all of the means of production (physical capital) are privately owned and run by the capitalist class for a profit, while most other people are workers who work for a salary or wage (and who do not own the capital or the product).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparing+Economic+Systems%3A+A+Political-Economic+Approach&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Harcourt+College+Publishing&rft.date=1988-10&rft.isbn=978-0-15-512403-5&rft.aulast=Zimbalist&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Sherman%2C+Howard+J.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomparingeconomi0000zimb_q8i6%2Fpage%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosserRosser2003" class="citation book cs1">Rosser, Mariana V.; Rosser, J Barkley (23 July 2003). Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-18234-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-18234-8"><bdi>978-0-262-18234-8</bdi></a>. <q>In capitalist economies, land and produced means of production (the capital stock) are owned by private individuals or groups of private individuals organized as firms.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Economics+in+a+Transforming+World+Economy&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003-07-23&rft.isbn=978-0-262-18234-8&rft.aulast=Rosser&rft.aufirst=Mariana+V.&rft.au=Rosser%2C+J+Barkley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenks" class="citation book cs1">Jenks, Chris. Core Sociological Dichotomies. London; Thousand Oaks, CA; New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publishing</a>. p. 383. <q>Capitalism, as a mode of production, is an economic system of manufacture and exchange which is geared toward the production and sale of commodities within a market for profit, where the manufacture of commodities consists of the use of the formally free labor of workers in exchange for a wage to create commodities in which the manufacturer extracts surplus value from the labor of the workers in terms of the difference between the wages paid to the worker and the value of the commodity produced by him/her to generate that profit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Core+Sociological+Dichotomies&rft.place=London%3B+Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA%3B+New+Delhi&rft.pages=383&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishing&rft.aulast=Jenks&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilpin2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gilpin" title="Robert Gilpin">Gilpin, Robert</a> (2018). The Challenge of Global Capitalism : The World Economy in the 21st Century. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18647-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18647-4"><bdi>978-0-691-18647-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1076397003">1076397003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Challenge+of+Global+Capitalism+%3A+The+World+Economy+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1076397003&rft.isbn=978-0-691-18647-4&rft.aulast=Gilpin&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternberg2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sternberg, Elaine (2015). "Defining Capitalism". <a href="/wiki/Economic_Affairs_(journal)" title="Economic Affairs (journal)">Economic Affairs</a>. 35 (3): 380–396. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fecaf.12141">10.1111/ecaf.12141</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0265-0665">0265-0665</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219373247">219373247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Affairs&rft.atitle=Defining+Capitalism&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=380-396&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219373247%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0265-0665&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fecaf.12141&rft.aulast=Sternberg&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilbroner2018" class="citation journal cs1">Heilbroner, Robert L. (2018). "Capitalism". The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics: 1378–1389. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F978-1-349-95189-5_154">10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_154</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-95188-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-95188-8"><bdi>978-1-349-95188-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Capitalism&rft.pages=1378-1389&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F978-1-349-95189-5_154&rft.isbn=978-1-349-95188-8&rft.aulast=Heilbroner&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson2015" class="citation book cs1">Hodgson, Geoffrey M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/C/bo18523749.html">Conceptualizing Capitalism: Institutions, Evolution, Future</a>. 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The Global Economy and its Economic Systems. <a href="/w/index.php?title=South-Western_College_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South-Western College Publishing (page does not exist)">South-Western College Publishing</a>. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-05535-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-05535-0"><bdi>978-1-285-05535-0</bdi></a>. <q>Capitalism is characterized by private ownership of the factors of production. Decision making is decentralized and rests with the owners of the factors of production. Their decision making is coordinated by the market, which provides the necessary information. 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The Global Economy and its Economic Systems. <a href="/w/index.php?title=South-Western_College_Publishing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South-Western College Publishing (page does not exist)">South-Western College Publishing</a>. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-05535-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-05535-0"><bdi>978-1-285-05535-0</bdi></a>. <q>Real-world capitalist systems are mixed, some having higher shares of public ownership than others. The mix changes when privatization or nationalization occurs. 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Retrieved 27 August 2016 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Marxist+Economic+Theory&rft.pub=Resistance+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-876646-30-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPf9Jd1sIMJ0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burnham-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burnham_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burnham_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burnham_48-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnham2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Burnham" title="Peter Burnham">Burnham, Peter</a> (2003). Capitalism: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism%3A+The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scott-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scott_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2005" class="citation book cs1">Scott, John (2005). Industrialism: A Dictionary of Sociology. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrialism%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Sociology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_2006-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_2006_50-0">^</a> Encyclopædia Britannica (2006) </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolanyi1944" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi, Karl</a> (1944). The Great Transformation. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Transformation&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Polanyi&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnnekinkRommelse2011" class="citation book cs1">Onnekink, David; Rommelse, Gijs (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M1QdbzdTimsC&pg=PA257">Ideology and Foreign Policy in Early Modern Europe (1650–1750)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-1914-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-1914-3"><bdi>978-1-4094-1914-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319130220/http://books.google.com/books?id=M1QdbzdTimsC&pg=PA257">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideology+and+Foreign+Policy+in+Early+Modern+Europe+%281650%E2%80%931750%29&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-1914-3&rft.aulast=Onnekink&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Rommelse%2C+Gijs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM1QdbzdTimsC%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1961" class="citation book cs1">Clark, George (1961). The Seventeenth Century. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seventeenth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prakash-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Prakash_54-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Om_Prakash_(historian)" title="Om Prakash (historian)">Om Prakash</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3447600139/WHIC?u=seat24826&xid=6b597320">Empire, Mughal</a>", History of World Trade Since 1450, edited by <a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">John J. McCusker</a>, vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 237–240, World History in Context. Retrieved 3 August 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-ray-55"><a href="#cite_ref-ray_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2011" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Indrajit (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57">Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757–1857)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 57, 90, 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82552-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82552-1"><bdi>978-1-136-82552-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529021839/https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bengal+Industries+and+the+British+Industrial+Revolution+%281757%E2%80%931857%29&rft.pages=57%2C+90%2C+174&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-136-82552-1&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Indrajit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCHOrAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banaji-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Banaji_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banaji_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanaji2007" class="citation journal cs1">Banaji, Jairus (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180329015002/http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/15983/1/Islam%20and%20capitalism.pdf">"Islam, the Mediterranean and the rise of capitalism"</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_Historical_Materialism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal Historical Materialism (page does not exist)">Journal Historical Materialism</a>. 15: 47–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156920607X171591">10.1163/156920607X171591</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/15983/1/Islam%20and%20capitalism.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 March 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+Historical+Materialism&rft.atitle=Islam%2C+the+Mediterranean+and+the+rise+of+capitalism&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=47-74&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156920607X171591&rft.aulast=Banaji&rft.aufirst=Jairus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F15983%2F1%2FIslam%2520and%2520capitalism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica2-57"><a href="#cite_ref-britannica2_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/178493/economic-system/61117/Market-systems#toc242146">Economic system:: Market systems</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090524075921/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/178493/economic-system/61117/Market-systems#toc242146">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+system%3A%3A+Market+systems&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F178493%2Feconomic-system%2F61117%2FMarket-systems%23toc242146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Watt steam engine image located in the lobby of the Superior Technical School of Industrial Engineers of the <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Madrid" title="Technical University of Madrid">UPM</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] (<a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume1752" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume, David</a> (1752). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/McGillLibrary-125702-2590">Political Discourses</a>. Edinburgh: A. Kincaid & A. Donaldson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Discourses&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=A.+Kincaid+%26+A.+Donaldson&rft.date=1752&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMcGillLibrary-125702-2590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnham1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Burnham" title="Peter Burnham">Burnham, Peter</a> (1996). "Capitalism". In McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8JkyAwAAQBAJ">The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics</a>. Oxford Quick Reference (3 ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (published 2009). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-101827-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-101827-5"><bdi>978-0-19-101827-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727163404/https://books.google.com/books?id=8JkyAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2019. <q>Industrial capitalism, which Marx dates from the last third of the eighteenth century, finally establishes the domination of the capitalist mode of production.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Capitalism&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Politics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Quick+Reference&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-101827-5&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8JkyAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-laissezf-61"><a href="#cite_ref-laissezf_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202050426/http://www.bartleby.com/65/la/laissezf.html">"Laissez-faire"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/65/la/laissezf.html">the original</a> on 2 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laissez-faire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F65%2Fla%2Flaissezf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnham1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Burnham" title="Peter Burnham">Burnham, Peter</a> (1996). "Capitalism". In McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8JkyAwAAQBAJ">The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics</a>. Oxford Quick Reference (3 ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> (published 2009). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-101827-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-101827-5"><bdi>978-0-19-101827-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727163404/https://books.google.com/books?id=8JkyAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 14 September 2019. <q>For most analysts, mid- to late-nineteenth century Britain is seen as the apotheosis of the laissez-faire phase of capitalism. This phase took off in Britain in the 1840s with the repeal of the Corn Laws, and the Navigation Acts, and the passing of the Banking Act.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Capitalism&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Politics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Quick+Reference&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-101827-5&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8JkyAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAGE_Publications-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SAGE_Publications_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAGE_Publications_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesGills2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a>; Gills, Barry (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4199690">Globalization and Economy, Vol. 1: Global Markets and Capitalism</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. p. xxxiii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+Economy%2C+Vol.+1%3A+Global+Markets+and+Capitalism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=xxxiii&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Gills%2C+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4199690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s-space.snu.ac.kr/bitstream/10371/93716/1/04_Osariyekemwen%20Igiebor.pdf">"Impact of Global Capitalism on the Environment of Developing Economies"</a> (PDF). Impact of Global Capitalism on the Environment of Developing Economies: The Case of Nigeria: 84. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200320071239/http://s-space.snu.ac.kr/bitstream/10371/93716/1/04_Osariyekemwen%20Igiebor.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Impact+of+Global+Capitalism+on+the+Environment+of+Developing+Economies%3A+The+Case+of+Nigeria&rft.atitle=Impact+of+Global+Capitalism+on+the+Environment+of+Developing+Economies&rft.pages=84&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fs-space.snu.ac.kr%2Fbitstream%2F10371%2F93716%2F1%2F04_Osariyekemwen%2520Igiebor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2004" class="citation book cs1">James, Fulcher (2004). Capitalism, A Very Short Introduction. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280218-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280218-7"><bdi>978-0-19-280218-7</bdi></a>. <q>In one respect there can, however, be little doubt that capitalism has gone global and that is in the elimination of alternative systems</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism%2C+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280218-7&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Fulcher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasThompson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Martin; Thompson, Andrew (1 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2013.828643">"Empire and Globalisation: from 'High Imperialism' to Decolonisation"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Killing+Season%3A+A+History+of+the+Indonesian+Massacres%2C+1965%E2%80%9366&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-8886-3&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F11135.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/27454?rskey=ZVI1hr&result=2&isAdvanced=false">""capitalism, n.2". OED Online"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923063611/https://www.oed.com/start;jsessionid=A9CBE07460C68ED291D7D6CDCE84A1B1?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F27454%3Frskey%3DZVI1hr%26result%3D2%26isAdvanced%3Dfalse">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2020. 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Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society, revised edition. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keywordsvocabula00willrich/page/51">51</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520469-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520469-8"><bdi>978-0-19-520469-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Capitalism&rft.btitle=Keywords%3A+A+vocabulary+of+culture+and+society%2C+revised+edition&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-19-520469-8&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkeywordsvocabula00willrich%2Fpage%2F51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft3n39n8x3&chunk.id=d0e1212&toc.id=&brand=ucpress">"Althusser and the Renewal of Marxist Social Theory"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094835/http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft3n39n8x3&chunk.id=d0e1212&toc.id=&brand=ucpress">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015. 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"Thirty Two". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch32.htm">Economic Manuscripts: Capital Vol. I</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150221104326/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch32.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thirty+Two&rft.btitle=Economic+Manuscripts%3A+Capital+Vol.+I&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1867-c1%2Fch32.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-xxx31-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-xxx31_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-xxx31_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150406094810/http://www.dsp.org.au/node/31">"The contradictions of capitalism – Democratic Socialist Perspective"</a>. dsp.org.au. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsp.org.au/node/31">the original</a> on 6 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+contradictions+of+capitalism+%E2%80%93+Democratic+Socialist+Perspective&rft.pub=dsp.org.au&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsp.org.au%2Fnode%2F31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-y015-103"><a href="#cite_ref-y015_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2012" class="citation book cs1">Goldberg, Victor P. (21 November 2012). "Contracts". The Oxford Handbook of Capitalism. Oxford University Press. pp. 250–274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195391176.013.0010">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195391176.013.0010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539117-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539117-6"><bdi>978-0-19-539117-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contracts&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Capitalism&rft.pages=250-274&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-11-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780195391176.013.0010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539117-6&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Victor+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinfeld_2009_3-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steinfeld_2009_3_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steinfeld_2009_3_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steinfeld_2009_3_104-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinfeld2009">Steinfeld 2009</a>, p. 3: "All labor contracts were/are designed legally to bind a worker in one way or another to fulfill the labor obligations the worker has undertaken. That is one of the principal purposes of labor contracts." </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> James Fulcher, Capitalism A Very Short Introduction, "the investment of money in order to make a profit, the essential feature of capitalism", p. 14, Oxford, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280218-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280218-7">978-0-19-280218-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReisman1998" class="citation book cs1">Reisman, George (1998). Capitalism: A complete understanding of the nature and value of human economic life. 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Jameson Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-915463-73-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-915463-73-2"><bdi>978-0-915463-73-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism%3A+A+complete+understanding+of+the+nature+and+value+of+human+economic+life&rft.pub=Jameson+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-915463-73-2&rft.aulast=Reisman&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_109-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2006" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Edmund, ed. (2006). The Desk Encyclopedia of World History. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 111–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7394-7809-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7394-7809-7"><bdi>978-0-7394-7809-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Desk+Encyclopedia+of+World+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=111-112&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> James Fulcher, Capitalism A Very Short Introduction, "...in the wake of the 1970 crisis, the neoliberal model of capitalism became intellectually and ideologically dominant", p. 58, Oxford, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280218-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280218-7">978-0-19-280218-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/monopoly.asp">"Monopoly"</a>. 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V&S Publishers. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5057-032-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5057-032-6"><bdi>978-93-5057-032-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=W&rft.btitle=Concise+Dictionary+of+Economics&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=V%26S+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-93-5057-032-6&rft.au=Editorial+Board&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuska1997" class="citation book cs1">Duska, Ronald F. (1997). "The Why's of Business Revisited". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dANmdJHsqu0C">Contemporary Reflections on Business Ethics</a>. Issues in Business Ethics. Vol. 23. Dordrecht: Springer Science & Business Media (published 2007). p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4984-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4984-2"><bdi>978-1-4020-4984-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 July 2019. <q>In microeconomics courses, profit maximization is frequently given as the goal of the firm. ... In microeconomics, profit maximization functions largely as a theoretical goal, with economists using it to prove how firms behave rationally to increase profit. Unfortunately, it ignores many real-world complexities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Why%27s+of+Business+Revisited&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Reflections+on+Business+Ethics&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.series=Issues+in+Business+Ethics&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-4984-2&rft.aulast=Duska&rft.aufirst=Ronald+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdANmdJHsqu0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Hazlitt, Henry. "The Function of Profits". Economics in One Lesson. Ludwig Von Mises Institute. 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Retrieved 27 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boundless+Economics&rft.atitle=Supply&rft.date=2017-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourses.lumenlearning.com%2Fboundless-economics%2Fchapter%2Fsupply%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-axes-132"><a href="#cite_ref-axes_132-0">^</a> Unlike most <a href="/wiki/Graph_of_a_function" title="Graph of a function">graphs</a>, supply & demand curves are plotted with the independent variable (price) on the vertical axis and the dependent variable (quantity supplied or demanded) on the horizontal axis. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amosweb.com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpd&c=dsp&k=marginal+utility+and+demand">"Marginal Utility and Demand"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061106121422/http://www.amosweb.com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpd&c=dsp&k=marginal+utility+and+demand">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2006. Retrieved 9 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marginal+Utility+and+Demand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amosweb.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fawb_nav.pl%3Fs%3Dwpd%26c%3Ddsp%26k%3Dmarginal%2Butility%2Band%2Bdemand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarian1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hal_Varian" title="Hal Varian">Varian, Hal R.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/microeconomicana00vari_0">Microeconomic Analysis</a> (Third ed.). New York: Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-95735-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-95735-8"><bdi>978-0-393-95735-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microeconomic+Analysis&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-393-95735-8&rft.aulast=Varian&rft.aufirst=Hal+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmicroeconomicana00vari_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2006" class="citation book cs1">Jain, T.R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUUoFwco2Z8C">Microeconomics and Basic Mathematics</a>. New Delhi: VK Publications. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87140-89-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87140-89-4"><bdi>978-81-87140-89-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microeconomics+and+Basic+Mathematics&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=VK+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-87140-89-4&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=T.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUUoFwco2Z8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Hosseini-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Hosseini_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosseini2003" class="citation book cs1">Hosseini, Hamid S. (2003). "Contributions of Medieval Muslim Scholars to the History of Economics and their Impact: A Refutation of the Schumpeterian Great Gap". In Biddle, Jeff E.; Davis, Jon B.; Samuels, Warren J. (eds.). A Companion to the History of Economic Thought. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell. pp. 28–45 [28 & 38]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470999059.ch3">10.1002/9780470999059.ch3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22573-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22573-7"><bdi>978-0-631-22573-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contributions+of+Medieval+Muslim+Scholars+to+the+History+of+Economics+and+their+Impact%3A+A+Refutation+of+the+Schumpeterian+Great+Gap&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+History+of+Economic+Thought&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=28-45+28+%26+38&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470999059.ch3&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22573-7&rft.aulast=Hosseini&rft.aufirst=Hamid+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> (citing Hamid S. Hosseini, 1995. "Understanding the Market Mechanism Before Adam Smith: Economic Thought in Medieval Islam," History of Political Economy, Vol. 27, No. 3, 539–561). </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> John Locke (1691) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/locke/contents.htm">Some Considerations on the consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising of the Value of Money</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324135856/https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/locke/contents.htm">Archived</a> 24 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Humphrey-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Humphrey_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humphrey_138-1">b</a> Thomas M. Humphrey, 1992. "Marshallian Cross Diagrams and Their Uses before Alfred Marshall", Economic Review, Mar/Apr, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic_review/1992/pdf/er780201.pdf">3–23</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019100824/http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic_review/1992/pdf/er780201.pdf">Archived</a> 19 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> A.D. Brownlie and M.F. Lloyd Prichard, 1963. "Professor Fleeming Jenkin, 1833–1885 Pioneer in Engineering and Political Economy", Oxford Economic Papers, 15(3), p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Fleeming Jenkin, 1870. "The Graphical Representation of the Laws of Supply and Demand, and their Application to Labour", in Alexander Grant, ed., Recess Studies, Edinburgh. Ch. VI, pp. 151–185. Edinburgh. Scroll to chapter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NC5BAAAAIAAJ">link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200716052536/https://books.google.com/books?id=NC5BAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> 16 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallSoskice2001" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Peter A.; Soskice, David (20 September 2001). Varieties Of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage. Oxford University Press, U.S.A. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-924775-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-924775-7"><bdi>0-19-924775-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varieties+Of+Capitalism%3A+The+Institutional+Foundations+of+Comparative+Advantage&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+U.S.A.&rft.date=2001-09-20&rft.isbn=0-19-924775-7&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Peter+A.&rft.au=Soskice%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Lears, T.J. Jackson (1985) "The Concept of Cultural Hegemony" </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Holub, Renate (2005) Antonio Gramsci: Beyond Marxism and Postmodernism </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Boggs" title="Carl Boggs">Boggs, Carl</a> (2012) Ecology and Revolution: Global Crisis and the Political Challenge </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Habermas, 1988: 37, 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" title="Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism">Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc/ch03.htm">ibid. Finance Capital and the Finance Oligarchy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402214909/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc/ch03.htm">Archived</a> 2 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFosterMcChesney2009" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Bellamy_Foster" title="John Bellamy Foster">Foster, John Bellamy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._McChesney" title="Robert W. McChesney">McChesney, Robert W.</a> (1 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monthlyreview.org/2009/10/01/monopoly-finance-capital-and-the-paradox-of-accumulation/">"Monopoly-Finance Capital and the Paradox of Accumulation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828081218/http://monthlyreview.org/2009/10/01/monopoly-finance-capital-and-the-paradox-of-accumulation/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Review&rft.atitle=Monopoly-Finance+Capital+and+the+Paradox+of+Accumulation&rft.date=2009-10-01&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=John+Bellamy&rft.au=McChesney%2C+Robert+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonthlyreview.org%2F2009%2F10%2F01%2Fmonopoly-finance-capital-and-the-paradox-of-accumulation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Frederic Jameson, 'Culture and Finance Capital', in The Jameson Reader (2005) p. 257 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Quoted in E.H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution 2 (1971) p. 137 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Quoted in F.A Voight, Unto Caesar (1938) p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> C. J.Calhoun/G. Derluguian, Business as Usual (2011) p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Jameson, pp. 259–260 </li> <li id="cite_note-Braudel_Ranum_Ranum_Johns_Hopkins_University_1977_p._47-63-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Braudel_Ranum_Ranum_Johns_Hopkins_University_1977_p._47-63_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraudelRanumRanum1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Braudel, F.</a>; Ranum, P.M.; Ranum, P.P. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1eVdAAAAIAAJ">Afterthoughts on Material Civilization and Capitalism</a>. Johns Hopkins symposia in comparative history. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. pp. 47–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-1901-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-1901-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-1901-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afterthoughts+on+Material+Civilization+and+Capitalism&rft.series=Johns+Hopkins+symposia+in+comparative+history&rft.pages=47-63&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-1901-8&rft.aulast=Braudel&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Ranum%2C+P.M.&rft.au=Ranum%2C+P.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1eVdAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusacchio" class="citation news cs1">Musacchio, Aldo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/debate/days/view/802">"Economist Debates: State capitalism: Statements"</a>. The Economist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716050641/http://economist.com/debate/days/view/802">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Economist+Debates%3A+State+capitalism%3A+Statements&rft.aulast=Musacchio&rft.aufirst=Aldo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fdebate%2Fdays%2Fview%2F802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/state%20capitalism">State capitalism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150703131303/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/state%20capitalism">Archived</a> 3 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. 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Wolff</a> (27 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/31567-socialism-means-abolishing-the-distinction-between-bosses-and-employees">Socialism Means Abolishing the Distinction Between Bosses and Employees</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180311070639/http://www.truth-out.org/news/item/31567-socialism-means-abolishing-the-distinction-between-bosses-and-employees">Archived</a> 11 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Truthout" title="Truthout">Truthout</a>. Retrieved 9 July 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunayevskaya1941" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raya_Dunayevskaya" title="Raya Dunayevskaya">Dunayevskaya, Raya</a> (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207212742/https://www.marxists.org/archive/dunayevskaya/works/1941/ussr-capitalist.htm">"The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a Capitalist Society"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/dunayevskaya/works/1941/ussr-capitalist.htm">the original</a> on 7 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=The+Union+of+Soviet+Socialist+Republics+is+a+Capitalist+Society&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Dunayevskaya&rft.aufirst=Raya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fdunayevskaya%2Fworks%2F1941%2Fussr-capitalist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesDunayevskayaBoggs1950" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/C.L.R._James" class="mw-redirect" title="C.L.R. James">James, C.L.R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Raya_Dunayevskaya" title="Raya Dunayevskaya">Dunayevskaya, Raya</a>; <a href="/wiki/Grace_Lee_Boggs" title="Grace Lee Boggs">Boggs, Grace Lee</a> (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619014753/https://libcom.org/files/State%20capitalism%20and%20world%20revolution%20-%20CLR%20James.pdf">"State Capitalism and World Revolution"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/files/State%20capitalism%20and%20world%20revolution%20-%20CLR%20James.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Capitalism+and+World+Revolution&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=C.L.R.&rft.au=Dunayevskaya%2C+Raya&rft.au=Boggs%2C+Grace+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Ffiles%2FState%2520capitalism%2520and%2520world%2520revolution%2520-%2520CLR%2520James.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Mises1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Von_Mises" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig Von Mises">Von Mises, Ludwig</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialismeconomi00vonm">Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis</a>. Indianapolis: LibertyClassics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913966-63-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-913966-63-1"><bdi>978-0-913966-63-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 May 2007. <q>The socialist movement takes great pains to circulate frequently new labels for its ideally constructed state. Each worn-out label is replaced by another which raises hopes of an ultimate solution of the insoluble basic problem of Socialism—until it becomes obvious that nothing has been changed but the name. The most recent slogan is 'State Capitalism.' It is not commonly realized that this covers nothing more than what used to be called Planned Economy and State Socialism, and that State Capitalism, Planned Economy, and State Socialism diverge only in non-essentials from the "classic" ideal of egalitarian Socialism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialism%3A+An+Economic+and+Sociological+Analysis&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=LibertyClassics&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-913966-63-1&rft.aulast=Von+Mises&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialismeconomi00vonm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiketty2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Piketty, Thomas (2013). "Repenser l'impôt progressif sur le revenu" [To rethink income tax progressivity]. Le capital au XXIe siècle (in French). Éditions du Seuil. pp. 799, 800. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-02-108228-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-02-108228-9"><bdi>978-2-02-108228-9</bdi></a>. <q>Si cette régressivité fiscale au sommet de la hiérarchie sociale devait se confirmer et s'amplifier à l'avenir, [...] il est bien évident qu'une telle sécession fiscale des plus riches [avec les autres classes] est potentiellement extrêmement dommageable pour le consentement fiscal dans son ensemble [qui] s'en trouve amoindri [...]. Il est vital pour l'État social moderne que le système fiscal qui le sous-tend conserve un minimum de progressivité.</q> [If tax regressivity on top of the social hierarchy may settle in and escalate in the future, it is obvious that such a tax secession between the richest and the other classes will be highly harmful towards the agreement over the taxation system which will weaken. It is essential for the modern social system that the taxation system preserve a sort of tax progressivity.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Repenser+l%27imp%C3%B4t+progressif+sur+le+revenu&rft.btitle=Le+capital+au+XXIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.pages=799%2C+800&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Seuil&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-2-02-108228-9&rft.aulast=Piketty&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalch2019" class="citation news cs1">Balch, Oliver (24 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/24/b-corps-captalism-for-an-environmentally-endangered-age">"Green capitalism sometimes also referring to sustainable businesses"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Green+capitalism+sometimes+also+referring+to+sustainable+businesses&rft.date=2019-11-24&rft.aulast=Balch&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fnov%2F24%2Fb-corps-captalism-for-an-environmentally-endangered-age&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/eco-capitalism">"Definition of Eco-Capitalism"</a>. collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved 27 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collinsdictionary.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Eco-Capitalism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Feco-capitalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://roadtoparis.info/top-list/rise-green-capitalism/">"The rise of green capitalism"</a>. roadtoparis.info. Retrieved 27 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=roadtoparis.info&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+green+capitalism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froadtoparis.info%2Ftop-list%2Frise-green-capitalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitraGadhokSalhotraAgarwal2011" class="citation book cs1">Mitra, Basavadatta; Gadhok, Saagar; Salhotra, Shivam; Agarwal, Sakshi (2011). "The convergence of sustainable capitalism". 2011 IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. pp. 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIPCC.2011.6087226">10.1109/IPCC.2011.6087226</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61284-779-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61284-779-5"><bdi>978-1-61284-779-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31292223">31292223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+convergence+of+sustainable+capitalism&rft.btitle=2011+IEEE+International+Professional+Communication+Conference&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31292223%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIPCC.2011.6087226&rft.isbn=978-1-61284-779-5&rft.aulast=Mitra&rft.aufirst=Basavadatta&rft.au=Gadhok%2C+Saagar&rft.au=Salhotra%2C+Shivam&rft.au=Agarwal%2C+Sakshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweickart2009" class="citation journal cs1">Schweickart, David (1 January 2009). "Is Sustainable Capitalism an Oxymoron?". Perspectives on Global Development and Technology. 8 (2–3): 559–580. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156914909X424033">10.1163/156914909X424033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Global+Development+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Is+Sustainable+Capitalism+an+Oxymoron%3F&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=559-580&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156914909X424033&rft.aulast=Schweickart&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-171"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE.2013" class="citation book cs1">E., Harrison, Neil (1 January 2013). Sustainable Capitalism and the Pursuit of Well-Being. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-306-21804-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-306-21804-7"><bdi>978-1-306-21804-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/866837827">866837827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Capitalism+and+the+Pursuit+of+Well-Being.&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F866837827&rft.isbn=978-1-306-21804-7&rft.aulast=E.&rft.aufirst=Harrison%2C+Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-genfound-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-genfound_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-genfound_172-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoreBlood" class="citation web cs1">Gore, Al; Blood, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140124005644/https://www.genfound.org/media/pdf-wsj-manifesto-sustainable-capitalism-14-12-11.pdf">"A Manifesto for Sustainable Capitalism"</a> (PDF). Generation Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genfound.org/media/pdf-wsj-manifesto-sustainable-capitalism-14-12-11.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 January 2014. Retrieved 24 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Generation+Foundation&rft.atitle=A+Manifesto+for+Sustainable+Capitalism&rft.aulast=Gore&rft.aufirst=Al&rft.au=Blood%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genfound.org%2Fmedia%2Fpdf-wsj-manifesto-sustainable-capitalism-14-12-11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0b-173"><a href="#cite_ref-:0b_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.generationim.com/media/pdf-generation-sustainable-capitalism-v1.pdf">"Sustainable Capitalism"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.generationim.com/media/pdf-generation-sustainable-capitalism-v1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Capitalism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.generationim.com%2Fmedia%2Fpdf-generation-sustainable-capitalism-v1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economist_definition-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Economist_definition_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/economics-a-to-z/c#node-21529870">"Economics A–Z: Capital"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Economist.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Economist.com">The Economist</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807235225/http://www.economist.com/economics-a-to-z/c#node-21529870">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Economics+A%E2%80%93Z%3A+Capital&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Feconomics-a-to-z%2Fc%23node-21529870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MIA_definition-175"><a href="#cite_ref-MIA_definition_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marxists.org/glossary/terms/c/a.htm#capital">"Encyclopedia of Marxism – Glossary of terms: Capital"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150618083941/https://www.marxists.org/glossary/terms/c/a.htm#capital">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+of+Marxism+%E2%80%93+Glossary+of+terms%3A+Capital&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarxists.org%2Fglossary%2Fterms%2Fc%2Fa.htm%23capital&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeakinWilkinson2005">Deakin & Wilkinson 2005</a>. <a href="#CITEREFMarx1990">Marx 1990</a>, p. 1005, defines wage labour succinctly as "the labour of the worker who sells his own labour-power." </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Ragan, Christopher T.S.; Lipsey, Richard G. Microeconomics. 12th Canadian ed. Toronto, Pearson Education, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-31491-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-31491-8">978-0-321-31491-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Robbins, Richard H. Global problems and the culture of capitalism. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-52487-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-52487-7">978-0-205-52487-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTormey2004" class="citation book cs1">Tormey, Simon (2004). Anticapitalism. One World Publications. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-250-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-250-2"><bdi>978-1-78074-250-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anticapitalism&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=One+World+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-250-2&rft.aulast=Tormey&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"16.1C: The Marxist Critique of Capitalism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialsci.libretexts.org/@go/page/8462">Book: Sociology (Boundless)</a>. LibreTexts. 16 December 2020. Retrieved 21 October 2021. <q>Revolutionary socialists believe that capitalism can only be overcome through revolution. Social democrats believe that structural change can come slowly through political reforms to capitalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=16.1C%3A+The+Marxist+Critique+of+Capitalism&rft.btitle=Book%3A+Sociology+%28Boundless%29&rft.pub=LibreTexts&rft.date=2020-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialsci.libretexts.org%2F%40go%2Fpage%2F8462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Cambridge_History_of_Communism_p.-181"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Cambridge_History_of_Communism_p._181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonsSmith2017" class="citation book cs1">Pons, Silvio; Smith, Stephen A., eds. (21 September 2017). The Cambridge History of Communism. 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The Journal of Developing Areas. 7 (4): 699–710. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-037X">0022-037X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Developing+Areas&rft.atitle=The+Marxian+Theory+of+Underdevelopment%3A+A+Review+Article&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=699-710&rft.date=1973&rft.issn=0022-037X&rft.aulast=Warke&rft.aufirst=Thomas+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4190085%23%3A~%3Atext%3Dit%2520is%2520Lenin%2520who%2520laid%2Cmodern%2520Marxian%2520theory%2520of%2520underdevelopment.%26text%3Dand%2520tends%2520to%2520perpetuate%2520the%2Cmasses%2520in%2520the%2520backward%2520country.%26text%3Dworld%2520production%2520and%2520trade%2520and%2Cdualisms%2520within%2520under%252D%2520developed%2520economies.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartins2022" class="citation journal cs1">Martins, Carlos Eduardo (January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0094582X211052029">"The Longue Durée of the Marxist Theory of Dependency and the Twenty-First Century"</a>. 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Philosophy & Public Affairs. 15 (2). Wiley: 122–155. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-3915">0048-3915</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2265382">2265382</a>. Retrieved 17 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+%26+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=Is+Inheritance+Justified%3F&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=122-155&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2265382%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0048-3915&rft.aulast=Haslett&rft.aufirst=D.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2265382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-e543-216"><a href="#cite_ref-e543_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez-González2006" class="citation journal cs1">Pérez-González, Francisco (1 November 2006). "Inherited Control and Firm Performance". 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COMPAS Working Paper No. 66. Oxford: University of Oxford. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/files/Publications/working_papers/WP_2009/WP0966%20Steinfeld.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Coercion%2FConsent+in+Labor&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Steinfeld&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.compas.ox.ac.uk%2Ffileadmin%2Ffiles%2FPublications%2Fworking_papers%2FWP_2009%2FWP0966%2520Steinfeld.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Wolf" title="Eric Wolf">Wolf, Eric R.</a> (1982). <a href="/wiki/Europe_and_the_People_Without_History" title="Europe and the People Without History">Europe and the People Without History</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04459-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04459-3"><bdi>978-0-520-04459-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+and+the+People+Without+History&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04459-3&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Eric+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Meiksins_Wood" title="Ellen Meiksins Wood">Wood, Ellen Meiksins</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FZPyKjVguVoC">The Origin of Capitalism: A Longer View</a>. London: Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-392-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-392-5"><bdi>978-1-85984-392-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151128060418/https://books.google.com/books?id=FZPyKjVguVoC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2015. Retrieved 27 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Capitalism%3A+A+Longer+View&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-392-5&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Ellen+Meiksins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFZPyKjVguVoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1997" class="citation book cs1">Young, John (1997). Peasant Revolution in Ethiopia: The Tigray People's Liberation Front, 1975–1991. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02606-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02606-2"><bdi>978-0-521-02606-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peasant+Revolution+in+Ethiopia%3A+The+Tigray+People%27s+Liberation+Front%2C+1975%E2%80%931991&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-02606-2&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Alperovitz, Gar</a> (2011). America Beyond Capitalism: Reclaiming Our Wealth, Our Liberty, and Our Democracy, 2nd Edition. Democracy Collaborative Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9847857-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9847857-0-1">0-9847857-0-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltvaterCristHarawayHartley2016" class="citation book cs1">Altvater, Elmar; Crist, Eileen; <a href="/wiki/Donna_Haraway" title="Donna Haraway">Haraway, Donna</a>; Hartley, Daniel; Parenti, Christian; McBrien, Justin; Moore, Jason (2016). Anthropocene or Capitalocene? Nature, History, and the Crisis of Capitalism. PM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62963-148-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62963-148-6"><bdi>978-1-62963-148-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropocene+or+Capitalocene%3F+Nature%2C+History%2C+and+the+Crisis+of+Capitalism&rft.pub=PM+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-62963-148-6&rft.aulast=Altvater&rft.aufirst=Elmar&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Haraway%2C+Donna&rft.au=Hartley%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Parenti%2C+Christian&rft.au=McBrien%2C+Justin&rft.au=Moore%2C+Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Ascher, Ivan. Portfolio Society: On the Capitalist Mode of Prediction. Zone Books, 2016. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1935408741" title="Special:BookSources/978-1935408741">978-1935408741</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Baptist" title="Edward E. Baptist">Baptist, Edward E.</a> The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism. New York, <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-00296-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-00296-X">0-465-00296-X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbrook2006" class="citation book cs1">Barbrook, Richard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180801045453/http://www.theclassofthenew.net/">The Class of the New</a> (paperback ed.). London: OpenMute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9550664-7-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9550664-7-4"><bdi>978-0-9550664-7-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theclassofthenew.net">the original</a> on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Class+of+the+New&rft.place=London&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=OpenMute&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9550664-7-4&rft.aulast=Barbrook&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theclassofthenew.net&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlockSomers2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_L._Block" title="Fred L. Block">Block, Fred</a>; Somers, Margaret R. (2014). The Power of Market Fundamentalism: Karl Polyani's Critique. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05071-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05071-6"><bdi>978-0-674-05071-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Market+Fundamentalism%3A+Karl+Polyani%27s+Critique&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05071-6&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft.au=Somers%2C+Margaret+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoldizzoni2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Boldizzoni" title="Francesco Boldizzoni">Boldizzoni, Francesco</a> (2020). Foretelling the End of Capitalism: Intellectual Misadventures since Karl Marx. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-91932-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-91932-7"><bdi>978-0-674-91932-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foretelling+the+End+of+Capitalism%3A+Intellectual+Misadventures+since+Karl+Marx&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-674-91932-7&rft.aulast=Boldizzoni&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Braudel, Fernand</a>. Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century, 3 volumes.</li> <li>Callinicos, Alex. "Wage Labour and State Capitalism – A reply to Peter Binns and Mike Haynes", International Socialism, 2nd series, 12, Spring 1979.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaseDeaton2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Case" title="Anne Case">Case, Anne</a>; <a href="/wiki/Angus_Deaton" title="Angus Deaton">Deaton, Angus</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691190785/deaths-of-despair-and-the-future-of-capitalism">Deaths of Despair and the Future of Capitalism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19078-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19078-5"><bdi>978-0-691-19078-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200307062358/https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691190785/deaths-of-despair-and-the-future-of-capitalism">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deaths+of+Despair+and+the+Future+of+Capitalism&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-691-19078-5&rft.aulast=Case&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Deaton%2C+Angus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fbooks%2Fhardcover%2F9780691190785%2Fdeaths-of-despair-and-the-future-of-capitalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Farl, Erich. "The Genealogy of State Capitalism". In: International London, vol. 2, no. 1, 1973.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher, Mark</a> (2009). <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_Realism" title="Capitalist Realism">Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative?</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hunt Publishing">John Hunt Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84694-317-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84694-317-1"><bdi>978-1-84694-317-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalist+Realism%3A+Is+There+No+Alternative%3F&rft.pub=John+Hunt+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84694-317-1&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gough, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newleftreview.org/?view=558">State Expenditure in Advanced Capitalism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207145856/http://www.newleftreview.org/?view=558">Archived</a> 7 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> New Left Review.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas, J.</a> [1973] <a href="/wiki/Legitimation_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimation Crisis">Legitimation Crisis</a> (eng. translation by T. McCarthy). Boston, Beacon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3WFy6vsyLNEC">From Google books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151120102451/https://books.google.com/books?id=3WFy6vsyLNEC">Archived</a> 20 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090714123532/http://www.cf.ac.uk/socsi/undergraduate/introsoc/legitcri.html">excerpt</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">Harvey, David</a> (2014). Seventeen Contradictions and the End of Capitalism. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936026-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936026-0"><bdi>978-0-19-936026-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seventeen+Contradictions+and+the+End+of+Capitalism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-936026-0&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Hyman" title="Louis Hyman">Hyman, Louis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Baptist" title="Edward E. Baptist">Edward E. Baptist</a> (2014). American Capitalism: A Reader. Simon & Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-8431-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-8431-1">978-1-4767-8431-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngham2008" class="citation book cs1">Ingham, Geoffrey (2008). Capitalism: With a New Postscript on the Financial Crisis and Its Aftermath. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Polity Press">Polity Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745636481" title="Special:BookSources/9780745636481"><bdi>9780745636481</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism%3A+With+a+New+Postscript+on+the+Financial+Crisis+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780745636481&rft.aulast=Ingham&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesPatomäki2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a>; Patomäki, Heikki (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4211923">Globalization and Economy, Vol. 2: Global Finance and the New Global Economy</a>. London: SAGE Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923063542/https://www.academia.edu/4211923/Globalization_and_Economy_Vol_2_Global_Finance_and_the_New_Global_Economy_2007_">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+Economy%2C+Vol.+2%3A+Global+Finance+and+the+New+Global+Economy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Patom%C3%A4ki%2C+Heikki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4211923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesPalen2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a>; Palen, Ronen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4251331">Globalization and Economy, Vol. 3: Global Economic Regimes and Institutions</a>. London: Sage Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923063542/https://www.academia.edu/4251331/Globalization_and_Economy_Vol_3_Global_Economic_Regimes_and_Institutions_2007_">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+Economy%2C+Vol.+3%3A+Global+Economic+Regimes+and+Institutions&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Palen%2C+Ronen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4251331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesO'Brien2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a>; O'Brien, Robert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4303461">Globalization and Economy, Vol. 4: Globalizing Labour</a>. London: Sage Publications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923063543/https://www.academia.edu/4303461/Globalization_and_Economy_Vol_4_Globalizing_Labour_2007_">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+Economy%2C+Vol.+4%3A+Globalizing+Labour&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4303461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Jameson, Fredric (1991). <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism,_or,_the_Cultural_Logic_of_Late_Capitalism" title="Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism">Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKocka2016" class="citation book cs1">Kocka, Jürgen (2016). Capitalism: A Short History. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691165226" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691165226"><bdi>978-0691165226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism%3A+A+Short+History&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0691165226&rft.aulast=Kocka&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kotler, Philip (2015). Confronting Capitalism: Real Solutions for a Troubled Economic System. AMACOM. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814436455" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814436455">978-0814436455</a></li> <li>Mandel, Ernest (1999). Late Capitalism. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1859842027" title="Special:BookSources/978-1859842027">978-1859842027</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMander2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Mander" title="Jerry Mander">Mander, Jerry</a> (2012). The Capitalism Papers: Fatal Flaws of an Obsolete System. Counterpoint. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61902-158-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61902-158-7"><bdi>978-1-61902-158-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Capitalism+Papers%3A+Fatal+Flaws+of+an+Obsolete+System&rft.pub=Counterpoint&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61902-158-7&rft.aulast=Mander&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Marcel van der Linden, Western Marxism and the Soviet Union. New York, Brill Publishers, 2007.</li> <li>Mayfield, Anthony. "Economics", in his On the Brink: Resource Depletion, Debt Collapse, and Super-technology ([Vancouver, B.C., Canada]: On the Brink Publishing, 2013), pp. 50–104.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusacchioLazzarini2014" class="citation book cs1">Musacchio, Aldo; Lazzarini, Sergio G. (2014). Reinventing State Capitalism: Leviathan in Business, Brazil and Beyond. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72968-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72968-1"><bdi>978-0-674-72968-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinventing+State+Capitalism%3A+Leviathan+in+Business%2C+Brazil+and+Beyond&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-674-72968-1&rft.aulast=Musacchio&rft.aufirst=Aldo&rft.au=Lazzarini%2C+Sergio+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewitz2006" class="citation book cs1">Newitz, Annalee (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/Pretend-Were-Dead/">Pretend We're Dead: Capitalist Monsters in American Pop Culture</a>. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3745-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3745-4"><bdi>978-0-8223-3745-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026234517/https://www.dukeupress.edu/Pretend-Were-Dead/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pretend+We%27re+Dead%3A+Capitalist+Monsters+in+American+Pop+Culture&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3745-4&rft.aulast=Newitz&rft.aufirst=Annalee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dukeupress.edu%2FPretend-Were-Dead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNitzanBichler2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Nitzan" title="Jonathan Nitzan">Nitzan, Jonathan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Shimshon_Bichler" title="Shimshon Bichler">Bichler, Shimshon</a> (2009). Capital as Power: A Study of Order and Creorder. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-49680-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-49680-3"><bdi>978-0-415-49680-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+as+Power%3A+A+Study+of+Order+and+Creorder&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-49680-3&rft.aulast=Nitzan&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Bichler%2C+Shimshon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Panitch, Leo, and Sam Gindin (2012). The Making of Global Capitalism: the Political Economy of American Empire. London, Verso. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-742-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-742-9">978-1-84467-742-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiketty2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Piketty, Thomas</a> (2014). <a href="/wiki/Capital_in_the_Twenty-First_Century" title="Capital in the Twenty-First Century">Capital in the Twenty-First Century</a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Belknap_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Belknap Press">Belknap Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-43000-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-43000-6"><bdi>978-0-674-43000-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-674-43000-6&rft.aulast=Piketty&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiketty2020" class="citation book cs1">Piketty, Thomas (2020). <a href="/wiki/Capital_and_Ideology" title="Capital and Ideology">Capital and Ideology</a>. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-98082-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-98082-2"><bdi>978-0-674-98082-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+and+Ideology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-674-98082-2&rft.aulast=Piketty&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi, Karl</a> (2001). <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(book)" title="The Great Transformation (book)">The Great Transformation</a>: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>; 2nd ed. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-5643-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8070-5643-X">0-8070-5643-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReisman1998" class="citation book cs1">Reisman, George (1998). Capitalism: A complete understanding of the nature and value of human economic life. Jameson Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-915463-73-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-915463-73-2"><bdi>978-0-915463-73-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism%3A+A+complete+understanding+of+the+nature+and+value+of+human+economic+life&rft.pub=Jameson+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-915463-73-2&rft.aulast=Reisman&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_W._Richards" title="Jay W. Richards">Richards, Jay W.</a> (2009). Money, Greed, and God: Why Capitalism is the Solution and Not the Problem. New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperOne" title="HarperOne">HarperOne</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-137561-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-137561-3">978-0-06-137561-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Craig_Roberts" title="Paul Craig Roberts">Roberts, Paul Craig</a> (2013). The Failure of Laissez-faire Capitalism: towards a New Economics for a Full World. Atlanta, Ga.: Clarity Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9860362-5-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9860362-5-5">978-0-9860362-5-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I._Robinson" title="William I. Robinson">Robinson, William I.</a> Global Capitalism and the Crisis of Humanity. Cambridge University Press, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-107-69111-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-107-69111-7">1-107-69111-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchram2015" class="citation book cs1">Schram, Sanford F. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-return-of-ordinary-capitalism-9780190253011?cc=us&">The Return of Ordinary Capitalism: Neoliberalism, Precarity, Occupy</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-025302-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-025302-8"><bdi>978-0-19-025302-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923063546/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-return-of-ordinary-capitalism-9780190253011?cc=us&lang=en&">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Return+of+Ordinary+Capitalism%3A+Neoliberalism%2C+Precarity%2C+Occupy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-025302-8&rft.aulast=Schram&rft.aufirst=Sanford+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fthe-return-of-ordinary-capitalism-9780190253011%3Fcc%3Dus%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hoevet, Ocean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120603131601/http://homepage.newschool.edu/~AShaikh/pal2.pdf">"Capital as a Social Relation"</a> (New Palgrave article)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart, Werner</a> (1916) Der moderne Kapitalismus. Historisch-systematische Darstellung des gesamteuropäischen Wirtschaftslebens von seinen Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. Final edn. 1916, repr. 1969, paperback edn. (3 vols. in 6): 1987 Munich: dtv. (Also in Spanish; no English translation yet.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonenscher2022" class="citation book cs1">Sonenscher, Michael (2022). Capitalism: The Story behind the Word. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691237206" title="Special:BookSources/9780691237206"><bdi>9780691237206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism%3A+The+Story+behind+the+Word&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780691237206&rft.aulast=Sonenscher&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Tarnoff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ben Tarnoff (page does not exist)">Tarnoff, Ben</a>, "Better, Faster, Stronger" (review of <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tinnell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Tinnell (page does not exist)">John Tinnell</a>, The Philosopher of Palo Alto: Mark Weisner, Xerox PARC, and the Original Internet of Things, University of Chicago Press, 347 pp.; and <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Harris" title="Malcolm Harris">Malcolm Harris</a>, Palo Alto: A History of California, Capitalism, and the World, Little, Brown, 708 pp.), <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, vol. LXX, no. 14 (21 September 2023), pp. 38–40. "[Palo Alto is] a place where the [United States'] contradictions are sharpened to their finest points, above all the defining and enduring contradictions between <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic principle</a> and antidemocratic practice. There is nothing as American as celebrating <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">equality</a> while subverting it. Or as <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">Californian</a>." (p. 40.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallerstein1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Wallerstein, Immanuel</a> (1983). Historical Capitalism. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-761-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-761-8"><bdi>978-0-86091-761-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Capitalism&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-86091-761-8&rft.aulast=Wallerstein&rft.aufirst=Immanuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff, Richard D.</a> (2012). Democracy at Work: A Cure for Capitalism. <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Books" title="Haymarket Books">Haymarket Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-247-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-247-6"><bdi>978-1-60846-247-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+at+Work%3A+A+Cure+for+Capitalism&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-60846-247-6&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Meiksins_Wood" title="Ellen Meiksins Wood">Wood, Ellen Meiksins</a> (2002). The Origin of Capitalism: A Longer View. <a href="/wiki/Verso" class="mw-redirect" title="Verso">Verso</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-392-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-392-5"><bdi>978-1-85984-392-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Capitalism%3A+A+Longer+View&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-392-5&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Ellen+Meiksins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACapitalism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button 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"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Capitalism" class="extiw" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Capitalism">Capitalism</a>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" 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</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00545kv">Capitalism</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/capitalism">Capitalism</a> at <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Online.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/features/capitalism-and-its-discontents.html">Selected Titles on Capitalism and Its Discontents</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180123134446/http://www.hup.harvard.edu/features/capitalism-and-its-discontents.html">Archived</a> 23 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Capitalism <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Capitalism">Resources in your library</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em 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class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div></section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&oldid=1260216650">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&oldid=1260216650</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 29 November 2024, at 15:15 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kapitalisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalismus" title="Kapitalismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kapitalismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C7%A2htwealdes_endebyrdness" title="Ǣhtwealdes endebyrdness – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ǣhtwealdes endebyrdness" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="رأسمالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رأسمالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismo" title="Capitalismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Capitalismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%AB%DC%A1%DC%A0%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܪܝܫܡܠܘܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܪܝܫܡܠܘܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="পুঁজিবাদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পুঁজিবাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismu" title="Capitalismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Capitalismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismo" title="Capitalismo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Capitalismo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalizm" title="Kapitalizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kapitalizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="کاپیتالیسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کاپیتالیسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="পুঁজিবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পুঁজিবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu-p%C3%BAn-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Chu-pún-chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chu-pún-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Капитализм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Капитализм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Капіталізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Капіталізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Капіталізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Капіталізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="पूँजीवाद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पूँजीवाद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalismo" title="Kapitalismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kapitalismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Капитализъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Капитализъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalizam" title="Kapitalizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kapitalizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevalaouriezh" title="Kevalaouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kevalaouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D_%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хүрэнгэтэ журам – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хүрэнгэтэ журам" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalisme" title="Capitalisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Capitalisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalismus" title="Kapitalismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kapitalismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfalafiaeth" title="Cyfalafiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyfalafiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kapitalisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="راسمالية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="راسمالية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalismus" title="Kapitalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kapitalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalism" title="Kapitalism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kapitalism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Καπιταλισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καπιταλισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismo" title="Capitalismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Capitalismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalismo" title="Kapitalismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kapitalismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismu" title="Capitalismu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Capitalismu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalismo" title="Kapitalismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kapitalismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سرمایه‌داری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرمایه‌داری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjiwaad" title="Punjiwaad – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Punjiwaad" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalisma" title="Kapitalisma – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kapitalisma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalisme" title="Capitalisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Capitalisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kapitalisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalisim" title="Capitalisim – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Capitalisim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caipitleachas" title="Caipitleachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Caipitleachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpachas" title="Calpachas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Calpachas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismo" title="Capitalismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Capitalismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="資本主義 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="資本主義" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A6" title="મૂડીવાદ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મૂડીવાદ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%82-p%C3%BAn_ch%C3%BA-ngi" title="Chṳ̂-pún chú-ngi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chṳ̂-pún chú-ngi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%B3%B8%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="자본주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자본주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jari-hujja" title="Jari-hujja – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jari-hujja" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Կապիտալիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կապիտալիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="पूंजीवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पूंजीवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalizam" title="Kapitalizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kapitalizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalismo" title="Kapitalismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kapitalismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalismo" title="Kapitalismo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kapitalismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kapitalisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubuhlohlesakhe" title="Ubuhlohlesakhe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ubuhlohlesakhe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kap%C3%ADtalismi" title="Kapítalismi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kapítalismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismo" title="Capitalismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Capitalismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="קפיטליזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קפיטליזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kapitalisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitaalism" title="Kapitaalism – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kapitaalism" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF" title="ಬಂಡವಾಳಶಾಹಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಂಡವಾಳಶಾಹಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Капитализм – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Капитализм" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="კაპიტალიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კაპიტალიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalizm" title="Kapitalizm – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kapitalizm" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Капитализм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Капитализм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubepari" title="Ubepari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ubepari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalism" title="Kapitalism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kapitalism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kap%C3%AEtal%C3%AEzm" title="Kapîtalîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kapîtalîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Капитализм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Капитализм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B6%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1" title="ລັດທິທຶນນິຍົມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລັດທິທຶນນິຍົມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismus" title="Capitalismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Capitalismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapit%C4%81lisms" title="Kapitālisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kapitālisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalismus" title="Kapitalismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kapitalismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalizmas" title="Kapitalizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kapitalizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kapitalisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalism%C9%9B" title="Kapitalismɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kapitalismɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalisme" title="Capitalisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Capitalisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Capitalism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalizmus" title="Kapitalizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kapitalizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Капитализам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Капитализам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalisma" title="Kapitalisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kapitalisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="മുതലാളിത്തം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുതലാളിത്തം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80" title="भांडवलशाही – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भांडवलशाही" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="კაპიტალიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კაპიტალიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="راسماليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="راسماليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kapitalisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kapitalisme" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%B9%B3%CC%86-bu%C5%8Dng-ci%C5%8D-ngi%C3%AA" title="Cṳ̆-buōng-ciō-ngiê – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cṳ̆-buōng-ciō-ngiê" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismo" title="Capitalismo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Capitalismo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Капитализм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Капитализм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92" title="အရင်းရှင်ဝါဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အရင်းရှင်ဝါဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kapitalisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kapitalisme" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="पूँजीवाद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पूँजीवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="पूँजीवाद – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पूँजीवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="資本主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="資本主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Капитализм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Капитализм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kapitalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kapitalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalisme" title="Capitalisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Capitalisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilbeetummaa" title="Dilbeetummaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dilbeetummaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalizm" title="Kapitalizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kapitalizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%82%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਪੂੰਜੀਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੂੰਜੀਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85" title="سرمایہ داری نظام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سرمایہ داری نظام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalismo" title="Kapitalismo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Kapitalismo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="پانگولي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پانگولي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiapitalizam" title="Kiapitalizam – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kiapitalizam" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Capitalism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalismus" title="Kapitalismus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kapitalismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalizm" title="Kapitalizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kapitalizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismo" title="Capitalismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Capitalismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Capitalism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalismu" title="Kapitalismu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kapitalismu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Капіталізм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Капіталізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Капитализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Капитализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Капитализм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Капитализм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤᱵᱟᱫᱽ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱩᱸᱡᱤᱵᱟᱫᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caipitalism" title="Caipitalism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Caipitalism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalizmi" title="Kapitalizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kapitalizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalismu" title="Capitalismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Capitalismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="ධනවාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ධනවාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Capitalism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85" title="سرمائيدارانہ نظام – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سرمائيدارانہ نظام" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalizmus" title="Kapitalizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kapitalizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalizem" title="Kapitalizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kapitalizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanteynta" title="Hanteynta – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hanteynta" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سەرمایەداری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەرمایەداری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Капитализам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Капитализам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalizam" title="Kapitalizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kapitalizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalismi" title="Kapitalismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kapitalismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalism" title="Kapitalism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kapitalism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalismo" title="Kapitalismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kapitalismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="முதலாளித்துவம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முதலாளித்துவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Капитализм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Капитализм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%82" title="పెట్టుబడిదారీ విధానం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పెట్టుబడిదారీ విధానం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ทุนนิยม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทุนนิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Капитализм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Капитализм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalizm" title="Kapitalizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kapitalizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Капіталізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Капіталізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85" title="سرمایہ داری نظام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سرمایہ داری نظام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capita%C5%82ixmo" title="Capitałixmo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Capitałixmo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalizm" title="Kapitalizm – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kapitalizm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_t%C6%B0_b%E1%BA%A3n" title="Chủ nghĩa tư bản – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa tư bản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalism" title="Kapitalism – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kapitalism" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalismo" title="Kapitalismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kapitalismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="資本主義 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="資本主義" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="קאפיטאליזם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאפיטאליזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="資本主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="資本主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalizm" title="Kapitalizm – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kapitalizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kap%C4%97tal%C4%97zmos" title="Kapėtalėzmos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kapėtalėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="资本主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="资本主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepuncian" title="Kepuncian – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kepuncian" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitalisme" title="Kapitalisme – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Kapitalisme" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 November 2024, at 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7c4dcdbb87-bzjxk","wgBackendResponseTime":340,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.781","walltime":"4.531","ppvisitednodes":{"value":23020,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":820972,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":79135,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":66,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":906402,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3737.276 1 -total"," 41.66% 1556.878 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.29% 833.067 128 Template:Cite_book"," 8.96% 335.025 5 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.02% 224.857 16 Template:Fix"," 5.89% 220.132 38 Template:Cite_journal"," 4.91% 183.559 35 Template:Cite_web"," 4.58% 171.253 10 Template:Page_needed"," 4.39% 164.102 1 Template:Capitalism_sidebar"," 4.29% 160.444 26 Template:Delink"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.348","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20798267,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbeles2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAcemoglu2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAltvaterCristHarawayHartley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrews2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAntonioBonanno2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBacher2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalch2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanaji2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarbrook2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnes2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartel2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeamish2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBehringer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellamy2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerend2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBesankoBraeutigam2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlakeley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlaug2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlockSomers2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBogle2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoldizzoni2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBordoEichengreenIrwin1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraudel1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraudelRanumRanum1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrenner1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBronk2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurnham1996\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBurnham2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarsel1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaseDeaton2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColin_Leys2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrosland1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahl2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniel_Margrain2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_George1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeakinWilkinson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelacroix2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunayevskaya1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuska1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFE.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEasterling\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEditorial_Board2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEichengreen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEichengreenEsteves2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElkins2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopedia_of_Marxism_at_marxism.org\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngels\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFEpstein\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarid2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzhugh1857\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFletcherRippleNewsomeBarnard2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFosterMcChesney2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFulcher2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFuller1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalbraith1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGelles2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerstle2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhodseeOrenstein2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilpin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoreBlood\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraeber2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraeber2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregoryStuart2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHallSoskice2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallgrimsdottirBenoit2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrisDelanty2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaslett1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayek1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeilbroner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHernando_de_Soto\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeyneBoettkePrychitko2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHickel2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodgson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodrickPrescott1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHosseini2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowardKing2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHume1752\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuntLautzenheiser2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngham2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIversenSoskice2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJain2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamesDunayevskayaBoggs1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamesGills2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJamesO\u0026#039;Brien2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamesPalen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamesPatomäki2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenks\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoff2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaratnycky2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarl_Marx\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnowlton_\u0026amp;_Hedges2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKocka2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoehler2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLashUrry2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLippit2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandel2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMander2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartins2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarx\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarx1847\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarx1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMattei2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCraw2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerkel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMesquita2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilner2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitraGadhokSalhotraAgarwal2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMusacchio\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMusacchioLazzarini2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN.F.R._Crafts1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewitz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNitzanBichler2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObrinsky,_Mark1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlusogaErichsen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnnekinkRommelse2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatnaik1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeckVaradarajan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiketty2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiketty2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPiketty2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolanyi1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPonsSmith2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPryor2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPérez-González2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRea\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReich2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReisman1998\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodrik2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoediger2007a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoediger2007b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosserRosser2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaunders1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchram2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweickart2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShiller2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShutt2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSiegleWeinsteinHalperin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlobodian2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSonenscher2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinfeld2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSternberg2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStigler2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStilwell2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStout2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomasThompson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTormey2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarian1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVon_Mises1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallerstein1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarburton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarke1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarsh2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWerhane1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolf1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolf2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolff2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWright2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimbalistShermanBrown1988\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Abbr\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Aspects of capitalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"By whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Capitalism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 128,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 38,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 35,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Cols\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Capitalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1922 Poster\"] = 1,\n [\"Economic systems sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Economics sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 4,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 17,\n [\"In Our Time\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Liberalism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 20,\n [\"Marxist \u0026 Communist phraseology\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Neoliberalism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 10,\n [\"Political ideologies\"] = 1,\n [\"Political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 1,\n [\"Primary source inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Request quotation\"] = 2,\n [\"Rp\"] = 6,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 16,\n [\"Western culture\"] = 1,\n [\"When\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","380","15.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","260","10.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","9.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","100","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","3.2"],["recursiveClone 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