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The State and Revolution - Wikipedia

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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><i><b>The State and the Revolution: The Marxist Doctrine of the State and the Tasks of the Proletariat in the Revolution</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Государство и революция. Учение марксизма о государстве и задачи пролетариата в революции</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Gosudarstvo i revolyutsiya. Ucheniye marksizma o gosudarstve i zadachi proletariata v revolyutsii</i></span>) is a book written by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> and published in 1917 which describes his views on the role of the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">state</a> in society, the necessity of <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a>, and the theoretic inadequacies of <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> in achieving <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a> to establish the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a>. </p><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">The State and Revolution <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+State+and+Revolution&amp;rft.author=%5B%5BVladimir+Lenin%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=1917&amp;rft.place=%5B%5BRussian+Provisional+Government%7CRussian+Republic%5D%5D"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenin_Stato_e_rivoluzione.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lenin_Stato_e_rivoluzione.jpg/220px-Lenin_Stato_e_rivoluzione.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lenin_Stato_e_rivoluzione.jpg/330px-Lenin_Stato_e_rivoluzione.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Lenin_Stato_e_rivoluzione.jpg 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="558"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cover of a Russian first edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Государство и революция</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data">Nonfiction</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1917</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Synopsis"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Synopsis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Editions_in_English"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Editions in English</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_State_and_Revolution&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Lenin began the composition of an early draft of <i>The State and Revolution</i> while in exile in Switzerland in 1916, under the title "Marxism on the State".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker1975311_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker1975311-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">Soviets</a>", legislative bodies of workers and peasants, were the <i>de facto</i> governments of <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a> and many smaller cities. The Russian public was deeply upset with the continuation of Russia's involvement in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the continued economic difficulties that it brought on. On November 7, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets" title="Congress of Soviets">Congress of Soviets</a> officially elected a coalition of <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Revolutionaries">Socialist Revolutionaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a> to govern. Through the <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Russia)" title="Red Guards (Russia)">Red Guards</a>, paramilitary organizations of revolutionary workers, sailors, and soldiers, the Soviet government was able to storm the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a> and officially abolish the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Government of Russia">Provisional Government</a>. The revolution was not uniformly accepted among all Russians; resistance and disruption would occur routinely leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. A particular issue that Lenin covers in <i>The State and Revolution</i> was the right of nations to secession ("the right to self-determination"); during the composition of this book, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Social Democratic Party of Georgia">Mensheviks of Georgia</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Declaration_of_Independence,_1918" title="Georgian Declaration of Independence, 1918">declared independence</a> soon after the Revolution, forming the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a>. </p><p>By November 25, the <a href="/wiki/1917_Russian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election">1917 Constitutional Assembly</a> was elected with a majority of positions going to the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a>, which had made a right-ward turn after the revolution with most of the Left-SRs joining the Bolshevik party. In one of the most controversial actions of the early Soviet government, the constitutional convention was dissolved on January 20, 1918. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Synopsis">Synopsis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_State_and_Revolution&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Synopsis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p><i>The State and Revolution</i> is considered to be Lenin's most important work on the state and has been called by <a href="/wiki/Lucio_Colletti" title="Lucio Colletti">Lucio Colletti</a> "Lenin's greatest contribution to political theory".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Marxologist <a href="/wiki/David_McLellan_(political_scientist)" title="David McLellan (political scientist)">David McLellan</a>, "the book had its origin in Lenin's argument with <a href="/wiki/Bukharin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukharin">Bukharin</a> in the summer of 1916 over the existence of the state after a proletarian revolution. Bukharin had emphasised the 'withering' aspect, whereas Lenin insisted on the necessity of the state machinery to <a href="/wiki/Expropriate" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriate">expropriate</a> the expropriators. In fact, it was Lenin who changed his mind, and many of the ideas of State and Revolution, composed in the summer of 1917 – particularly the anti-statist theme – were those of Bukharin".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLellan197998_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLellan197998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lenin's direct and simple definition of the State is that "the State is a special organisation of force: it is an organisation of violence for the suppression of some Social class."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLellan197998_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLellan197998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence his denigration even of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a>, which was influenced by what Lenin saw as the recent increase of <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucratic</a> and military influences:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLellan197998_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLellan197998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To decide once every few years which member of the ruling class is to repress and crush the people through parliament – this is the real essence of bourgeois parliamentarism, not only in parliamentary-constitutional monarchies, but also in the most democratic republics.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Vladimir Lenin, <i>The State and the Revolution</i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Citing <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, Lenin investigates theoretical questions about the existence of the State after the proletarian revolution, addressing the arguments of <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">anti-authoritarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchists">anarchists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democrats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformists</a>, in describing the progressive stages of societal change — the revolution, establishing “the lower stage of communist society” (the socialist commune), and the “higher stage of communist society” that will yield a stable society where personal freedom might be fully expressed. </p><p>Lenin especially defends Marx's theory of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> generally; to wit, when old revolutionaries die, the bourgeoisie are not content with labelling them “<a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_state" title="Enemy of the state">enemies of the state</a>”, because that would attract <a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">political radicals</a>, so they attack the revolutionaries’ theoretic writings by ascribing to them an (anti-revolutionary) social-democratic mediocrity contrary to “the revolutionary nature of Marx”; such bourgeois intellectuals are the “<a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">revisionists</a>” who transform a human being into an abstraction: </p> <blockquote><p>During the lifetime of great revolutionaries, the oppressing classes constantly hounded them, received their theories with the most savage malice, the most furious hatred, and the most unscrupulous campaigns of lies and slander. After their deaths, attempts are made to convert them into harmless <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a>, to canonize them, so to say, and to hallow their names, to a certain extent, for the ‘consolation’ of the oppressed classes, and with the object of duping the latter, while, at the same time, robbing the <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolutionary</a> theory of its substance, blunting its revolutionary edge, and vulgarizing it. Today, the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> and the opportunists within the labour movement concur in this doctoring of Marxism. They omit, obscure, or distort the revolutionary side of this theory, its revolutionary soul. They push to the foreground and extol what is, or seems, acceptable to the bourgeoisie. All the social-chauvinists are now ‘Marxists’ (don’t laugh!). And more and more frequently, German bourgeois scholars, only yesterday specialists in the annihilation of Marxism, are speaking of the ‘national-German’ Marx, who, they claim, educated the labour unions, which are so splendidly organised for the purpose of waging a predatory war!<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><i>The State and Revolution</i> describes the inherent nature of the State as a tool for class oppression, the creation of a social class's desire to control the other social classes when politico-economic disputes cannot otherwise be peacefully resolved; whether a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, the State remains the social-control means of the ruling class. Even in a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">democratic capitalist</a> republic, the ruling class never relinquish political power, maintaining it via the “behind-the-scenes” control of <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> — an excellent deception that maintains the idealistic concepts of “freedom and democracy”; hence, <a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">communist revolution</a> is the sole remedy for such <a href="/wiki/Demagogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demagogy">demagogy</a>: </p> <ol><li>The anarchists propose the State's immediate abolishment; Lenin counter-proposes that such idealism is pragmatically impossible, because the proletariat would need to crush the bourgeois resistance through a mechanism, and that is the state.</li> <li>Were the State immediately abolished, without the “conditions leading to the arising of the State” being abolished as well, a new State would appear, and the socialist revolution would have been for naught.</li></ol> <p>In the event, the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a> would establish a communal State (per the 1871 <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> model), then gradually suppress the dissenting <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>, in achieving the <a href="/wiki/Withering_away_of_the_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Withering away of the State">withering away of the State</a> as its institutions begin to “lose their political character”. </p><p>Thus, following Marx's conclusions on the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a>, which Lenin took as his model.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLellan197998_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLellan197998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenin declared that the task of the Revolution was to smash the State. Although for a period under communism, "there remains for a time not only bourgeois right but even the bourgeois State without the bourgeoisie,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLellan197998_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLellan197998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenin believed that after a successful proletarian revolution the state had not only begun to wither, but was in an advanced condition of decomposition. But Lenin also called the state "the armed and ruling proletariat" so McLellan asks whether this, too withers? Yes, according to McLellan, "in so far as it was in any way a power separate from and opposed to, the masses"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLellan197999_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLellan197999-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenin had little to say of the institutional form of this transition period. There was a strong emphasis on the dictatorship of the proletariat: "A Marxist is solely someone who extends the recognition of the class struggle to the recognition of the dictatorship of the proletariat. This is what constitutes the most profound distinction between the Marxist and the ordinary <a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">petty</a> (as well as big) bourgeois. This is the touchstone on which the real understanding and recognition of Marxism is to be tested."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Editions_in_English">Editions in English</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_State_and_Revolution&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Editions in English" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul><li>Lenin, Vladimir. <i>State and Revolution</i>. Aziloth Books, London. 2017. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1614271925" title="Special:BookSources/978-1614271925">978-1614271925</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ibid, ed. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Robert Service</a>, <i>State and Revolution</i>. Penguin Books, London. 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140184358" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140184358">978-0140184358</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ed. Christman, Henry M. <i>Essential Works of Lenin: What is to be Done and other Writings.</i> Bantam Books, New York, 1966. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486253336" title="Special:BookSources/9780486253336">9780486253336</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker1975" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Robert C, ed. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leninanthology00leni"><i>The Lenin Anthology</i></a>. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-09236-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-09236-3"><bdi>978-0-393-09236-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643594933">643594933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Lenin+Anthology&amp;rft.pub=Norton&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643594933&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-393-09236-3&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleninanthology00leni&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+State+and+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_State_and_Revolution&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Footnotes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker1975311-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker1975311_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucker1975">Tucker 1975</a>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColletti1972" class="citation book cs1">Colletti, Lucio (1972). <i>From Rousseau to Lenin: Studies in Ideology and Society</i>. NLB. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-902308-71-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-902308-71-8"><bdi>978-0-902308-71-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=From+Rousseau+to+Lenin%3A+Studies+in+Ideology+and+Society&amp;rft.pages=224&amp;rft.pub=NLB&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-902308-71-8&amp;rft.aulast=Colletti&amp;rft.aufirst=Lucio&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+State+and+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLellan197998-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLellan197998_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLellan197998_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLellan197998_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLellan197998_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLellan197998_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLellan1979">McLellan 1979</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1973" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Stephen F. (1973). <i>Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography, 1888-1938</i>. Vintage Books. pp. 25ff, 39ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-71261-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-71261-1"><bdi>978-0-394-71261-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bukharin+and+the+Bolshevik+Revolution%3A+A+Political+Biography%2C+1888-1938&amp;rft.pages=25ff%2C+39ff&amp;rft.pub=Vintage+Books&amp;rft.date=1973&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-394-71261-1&amp;rft.aulast=Cohen&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen+F.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+State+and+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. Lenin Selected Works (Moscow, 1960), vol. 2, p.320</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenin's Selected Works, p.338</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenin, V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/ch01.htm"><i>The State and Revolution</i></a>, Ch. 1 (1917)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenin, Selected Works, vol.2, p.381</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLellan197999-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLellan197999_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLellan1979">McLellan 1979</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenin, Selected Works, vol. 2, p.328</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenin1993" class="citation book cs1">Lenin, Vladimir (1993). <i>State and Revolution</i>. London: Peinguin Books. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140184358" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140184358"><bdi>978-0140184358</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=State+and+Revolution&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pages=192&amp;rft.pub=Peinguin+Books&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.isbn=978-0140184358&amp;rft.aulast=Lenin&amp;rft.aufirst=Vladimir&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+State+and+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV_I_LeninService1992" class="citation book cs1">V I Lenin; Service, Robert (1992). Service, Robert (ed.). <i>State and Revolution</i>. London: Penguin Books. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140184358" title="Special:BookSources/9780140184358"><bdi>9780140184358</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=State+and+Revolution&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pages=192&amp;rft.pub=Penguin+Books&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.isbn=9780140184358&amp;rft.au=V+I+Lenin&amp;rft.au=Service%2C+Robert&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+State+and+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_State_and_Revolution&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLellan1979" class="citation book cs1">McLellan, David (1979). <i>Marxism after Marx: an introduction</i>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-18155-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-18155-3"><bdi>978-0-333-18155-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Marxism+after+Marx%3A+an+introduction&amp;rft.pub=Macmillan&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-333-18155-3&amp;rft.aulast=McLellan&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+State+and+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_State_and_Revolution&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_Zizek" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavoj Zizek">Zizek, Slavoj</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_After_the_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="The Day After the Revolution">The Day After the Revolution</a></i> (originally titled: <i>Lenin 2017</i>). Verso. 2017.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser, Louis</a>. <i>Lenin and Philosophy: and other essays by Louis Althusser</i>. Monthly Review Press. New York, 2017.</li> <li>Becker, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liberationschool.org/the-state-and-revolution-changed-history/">How "The State and Revolution" Changed History</a>. Liberation School, 2018.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1987" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, Alfred B. (1987). "Rereading Lenin's State and Revolution". <i>Slavic Review</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2498617">10.2307/2498617</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2498617">2498617</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&amp;rft.atitle=Rereading+Lenin%27s+State+and+Revolution&amp;rft.volume=46&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1-19&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2498617&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2498617%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Evans&amp;rft.aufirst=Alfred+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+State+and+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarfield1971" class="citation journal cs1">Barfield, Rodney (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2493442">"Lenin's Utopianism: State and Revolution"</a>. <i>Slavic Review</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 45–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2493442">10.2307/2493442</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2493442">2493442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&amp;rft.atitle=Lenin%27s+Utopianism%3A+State+and+Revolution&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=45-56&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2493442&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2493442%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Barfield&amp;rft.aufirst=Rodney&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2493442&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+State+and+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2007" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Robert V. (2007). <i>The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10649-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10649-7"><bdi>978-0-300-10649-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1npvv1">j.ctt1npvv1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Communism+in+Russia&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1npvv1%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-300-10649-7&amp;rft.aulast=Daniels&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+State+and+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1989" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Rustam (1989). "Restoring Revolutionary Theory: Towards an Understanding of Lenin's 'The State and Revolution'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>24</b> (43): 2431–2433. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4395530">4395530</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&amp;rft.atitle=Restoring+Revolutionary+Theory%3A+Towards+an+Understanding+of+Lenin%27s+%27The+State+and+Revolution%27&amp;rft.volume=24&amp;rft.issue=43&amp;rft.pages=2431-2433&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4395530%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Singh&amp;rft.aufirst=Rustam&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+State+and+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrausz2015" class="citation book cs1">Krausz, Tamás (2015). <i>Reconstructing Lenin: An Intellectual Biography</i>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-450-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-450-5"><bdi>978-1-58367-450-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt130hjw9">j.ctt130hjw9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Reconstructing+Lenin%3A+An+Intellectual+Biography&amp;rft.pub=NYU+Press&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt130hjw9%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-58367-450-5&amp;rft.aulast=Krausz&amp;rft.aufirst=Tam%C3%A1s&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+State+and+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels1953" class="citation journal cs1">Daniels, Robert V. (1953). "The State and Revolution: A Case Study in the Genesis and Transformation of Communist Ideology". <i>American Slavic and East European Review</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 22–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3004254">10.2307/3004254</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3004254">3004254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Slavic+and+East+European+Review&amp;rft.atitle=The+State+and+Revolution%3A+A+Case+Study+in+the+Genesis+and+Transformation+of+Communist+Ideology&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=22-43&amp;rft.date=1953&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3004254&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3004254%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Daniels&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+State+and+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownshend1999" class="citation journal cs1">Townshend, Jules (1999). "Lenin's 'The State and Revolution': An Innocent Reading". <i>Science &amp; Society</i>. <b>63</b> (1): 63–82. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40403770">40403770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+%26+Society&amp;rft.atitle=Lenin%27s+%27The+State+and+Revolution%27%3A+An+Innocent+Reading&amp;rft.volume=63&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=63-82&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40403770%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft.aulast=Townshend&amp;rft.aufirst=Jules&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+State+and+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1985" class="citation journal cs1">Levine, Norman (1985). "Lenin's Utopianism". <i>Studies in Soviet Thought</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 95–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01043754">10.1007/BF01043754</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20100033">20100033</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144891961">144891961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Soviet+Thought&amp;rft.atitle=Lenin%27s+Utopianism&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=95-107&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144891961%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20100033%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01043754&amp;rft.aulast=Levine&amp;rft.aufirst=Norman&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+State+and+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_State_and_Revolution&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin_bibliography" title="Vladimir Lenin bibliography">Vladimir Lenin bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who,_whom%3F" title="Who, whom?">Who, whom?</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=He_who_does_not_work_shall_not_eat&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="He who does not work shall not eat (page does not exist)">He who does not work shall not eat</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_State_and_Revolution&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">&nbsp;</span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The State and Revolution"><i>The State and Revolution</i></a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/">The State and Revolution</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magister.msk.ru/library/lenin/lenin007.htm">Original Russian text</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialistworker.org/2008/07/22/state-and-revolution">Summary and significance</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Estat_i_la_Revoluci%C3%B3" title="L&#039;Estat i la Revolució – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="L&#039;Estat i la Revolució" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staat_und_Revolution" title="Staat und Revolution – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Staat und Revolution" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Estado_y_la_revoluci%C3%B3n" title="El Estado y la revolución – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="El Estado y la revolución" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ctato_kaj_Revolucio" title="Ŝtato kaj Revolucio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝtato kaj Revolucio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27%C3%89tat_et_la_R%C3%A9volution" title="L&#039;État et la Révolution – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="L&#039;État et la Révolution" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%84stwo_a_rewolucja" title="Państwo a rewolucja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Państwo a rewolucja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Estado_e_a_Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="O Estado e a Revolução – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="O Estado e a Revolução" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statul_%C8%99i_revolu%C8%9Bia" title="Statul și revoluția – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Statul și revoluția" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Государство и революция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Государство и революция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEava_in_revolucija" title="Država in revolucija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Država in revolucija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtio_ja_vallankumous" title="Valtio ja vallankumous – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valtio ja vallankumous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staten_och_revolutionen" title="Staten och revolutionen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Staten och revolutionen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D2%9B%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Давлат ва инқилоб – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Давлат ва инқилоб" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devlet_ve_Devrim" title="Devlet ve Devrim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Devlet ve Devrim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Держава і революція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Держава і революція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E4%B8%8E%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="国家与革命 – Chinese" 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