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-webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Foreign Military Intervention</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">91 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Foreign Military Intervention</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3725" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cuban_Studies">Cuban Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3725" type="text/json">{"id":3725,"name":"Cuban Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cuban_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=61777773]'), work: {"id":61777773,"title":"Colonialism in Denial: US Propaganda in the Philippine-American 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Propaganda","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Of_Propaganda?f_ri=43407"},{"id":22559,"name":"Philippine Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philippine_Studies?f_ri=43407"},{"id":26064,"name":"Philippine History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philippine_History?f_ri=43407"},{"id":28038,"name":"Independence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Independence?f_ri=43407"},{"id":30010,"name":"Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Empire?f_ri=43407"},{"id":32516,"name":"American Empire in the Pacific","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Empire_in_the_Pacific?f_ri=43407"},{"id":34989,"name":"Political propaganda and Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_propaganda_and_Literature?f_ri=43407"},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":56908,"name":"Imperialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Imperialism?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_352646" data-work_id="352646" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/352646/Colonialism_In_Denial_Us_Propaganda_In_The_Philippine_American_War">Colonialism In Denial: Us Propaganda In The Philippine-American War</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Philippine-American War (c.1899 – 1913), which led to the colonial subjugation of the Philippines by the United States for over forty years and the suppression of the first independent republic in South-East Asia, is one of America’s... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_352646" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Philippine-American War (c.1899 – 1913), which led to the colonial subjugation of the Philippines by the United States for over forty years and the suppression of the first independent republic in South-East Asia, is one of America’s forgotten wars. The historical amnesia surrounding this conflict is no accident. It is an enduring legacy of US government and military propaganda, widely disseminated by a largely supportive corporate press, which contributed in no small way to the American victory both at home and abroad. Propaganda is understood here as the deliberate falsification, distortion or tendentious portrayal of events to justify a political cause to the wider public. What I want to argue about this case, is that successful propaganda does not occur in the context of an otherwise rational and empirically verifiable public discourse. Successful war propaganda has to be reconciled with the self-respecting, symbolic self-interpretations of a national community. In the case of the United States, founded in part on a revolutionary republican imaginary but also a racialised and expansionist missionary vision of “Manifest Destiny”, this was not a simple or uncontested matter back in 1899. <br /> <br />This article provides a brief account of the American conquest of the Philippines and the attendant atrocities that accompanied the invasion. It will also explain how these brutal events were justified to the American public as hard but necessary acts of “Benevolent Assimilation”, for the benign tutelage of the Filipino. In particular, attention is paid to how propaganda was used to justify a colonial war, dehumanize the Filipino “other”, rationalize atrocities and erase alternative interpretations of events from the official record.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/352646" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d8676bb662fba99f0081da4ed455c57d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35540465,"asset_id":352646,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35540465/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="210176" href="https://qut.academia.edu/PhillipAblett">Phillip Ablett</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="210176" type="text/json">{"id":210176,"first_name":"Phillip","last_name":"Ablett","domain_name":"qut","page_name":"PhillipAblett","display_name":"Phillip Ablett","profile_url":"https://qut.academia.edu/PhillipAblett?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/210176/48538/30839196/s65_phillip.ablett.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_352646 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="352646"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 352646, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_352646", }); 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The historical amnesia surrounding this conflict is no accident. It is an enduring legacy of US government and military propaganda, widely disseminated by a largely supportive corporate press, which contributed in no small way to the American victory both at home and abroad. Propaganda is understood here as the deliberate falsification, distortion or tendentious portrayal of events to justify a political cause to the wider public. What I want to argue about this case, is that successful propaganda does not occur in the context of an otherwise rational and empirically verifiable public discourse. Successful war propaganda has to be reconciled with the self-respecting, symbolic self-interpretations of a national community. In the case of the United States, founded in part on a revolutionary republican imaginary but also a racialised and expansionist missionary vision of “Manifest Destiny”, this was not a simple or uncontested matter back in 1899. \r\n\r\nThis article provides a brief account of the American conquest of the Philippines and the attendant atrocities that accompanied the invasion. It will also explain how these brutal events were justified to the American public as hard but necessary acts of “Benevolent Assimilation”, for the benign tutelage of the Filipino. In particular, attention is paid to how propaganda was used to justify a colonial war, dehumanize the Filipino “other”, rationalize atrocities and erase alternative interpretations of events from the official record. \r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35540465,"asset_id":352646,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":210176,"first_name":"Phillip","last_name":"Ablett","domain_name":"qut","page_name":"PhillipAblett","display_name":"Phillip Ablett","profile_url":"https://qut.academia.edu/PhillipAblett?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/210176/48538/30839196/s65_phillip.ablett.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":129,"name":"American History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_History?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":133,"name":"Military 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class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Military Intervention by Powerful States (MIPS) project develops a rigorous, generalizable measure of the effectiveness of military force as a policy instrument and applies the measure to code the outcomes of all military... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_734675" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Military Intervention by Powerful States (MIPS) project develops a rigorous, generalizable measure of the effectiveness of military force as a policy instrument and applies the measure to code the outcomes of all military interventions conducted by five major powers since the termination of World War II. The MIPS dataset provides detailed data on US, British, Chinese, French, and Russian uses of military force against both state and non-state targets between 1946 and 2003. In particular, this project focuses on the political objectives strong states pursue through the use of force, the human and material cost of their military operations, and measures of intervention outcomes relative to the intervening states' objectives. The dataset also includes extensive data on factors commonly hypothesized to be associated with war outcomes, such as the nature of the target, the type of force used by the intervening state, and military aid and assistance provided to each side.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/734675" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ca8594a6b889d8af98e5812214d5463d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":4191058,"asset_id":734675,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4191058/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="95099" href="https://unc.academia.edu/PatriciaLSullivan">Patricia Sullivan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="95099" type="text/json">{"id":95099,"first_name":"Patricia","last_name":"Sullivan","domain_name":"unc","page_name":"PatriciaLSullivan","display_name":"Patricia Sullivan","profile_url":"https://unc.academia.edu/PatriciaLSullivan?f_ri=43407","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_734675 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="734675"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 734675, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_734675", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_734675 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 734675; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_734675"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_734675 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="734675"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 734675; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=734675]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_734675").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_734675").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="734675"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1198" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies">Peace and Conflict Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1198" type="text/json">{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3705" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security">International Security</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3705" type="text/json">{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3872" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Studies">War Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3872" type="text/json">{"id":3872,"name":"War Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=734675]'), work: {"id":734675,"title":"Military Intervention by Powerful States, 1945-2003","created_at":"2011-07-11T08:53:37.822-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/734675/Military_Intervention_by_Powerful_States_1945_2003?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_734675","summary":"The Military Intervention by Powerful States (MIPS) project develops a rigorous, generalizable measure of the effectiveness of military force as a policy instrument and applies the measure to code the outcomes of all military interventions conducted by five major powers since the termination of World War II. The MIPS dataset provides detailed data on US, British, Chinese, French, and Russian uses of military force against both state and non-state targets between 1946 and 2003. In particular, this project focuses on the political objectives strong states pursue through the use of force, the human and material cost of their military operations, and measures of intervention outcomes relative to the intervening states' objectives. The dataset also includes extensive data on factors commonly hypothesized to be associated with war outcomes, such as the nature of the target, the type of force used by the intervening state, and military aid and assistance provided to each side.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":4191058,"asset_id":734675,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":95099,"first_name":"Patricia","last_name":"Sullivan","domain_name":"unc","page_name":"PatriciaLSullivan","display_name":"Patricia Sullivan","profile_url":"https://unc.academia.edu/PatriciaLSullivan?f_ri=43407","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":3872,"name":"War Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":12939,"name":"Armed Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Armed_Conflict?f_ri=43407"},{"id":17412,"name":"Asymmetrical Warfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asymmetrical_Warfare?f_ri=43407"},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8230620" data-work_id="8230620" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8230620/The_Economic_Consequences_of_the_Conflict_in_Syria">The Economic Consequences of the Conflict in Syria</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Syrian economy did well in several macro-economic indices in the past decade, but suffered from growing corruption, social exclusion and the rise of a corrupt oligarchy. A lack of political liberalization and accountability... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8230620" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Syrian economy did well in several macro-economic indices in the past decade, but suffered from growing corruption, social exclusion and the rise of a corrupt oligarchy. A lack of political liberalization and accountability contributed to the Syrian uprising, which has been followed by a dramatic decline in the country’s economy as violence has intensified. Syria’s fragmentation has also given rise to warlordism and local economies based on theft and smuggling.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8230620" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3a7e56bf4e13c52329ee841e9bd7ef7e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37723784,"asset_id":8230620,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37723784/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5453802" href="https://nyu.academia.edu/EWind">Ella Wind</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5453802" type="text/json">{"id":5453802,"first_name":"Ella","last_name":"Wind","domain_name":"nyu","page_name":"EWind","display_name":"Ella Wind","profile_url":"https://nyu.academia.edu/EWind?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5453802/5894797/21637859/s65_ella.wind.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8230620 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8230620"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8230620, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8230620", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_8230620 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8230620; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_8230620"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_8230620 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="8230620"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8230620; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8230620]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8230620").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8230620").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8230620"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="802" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy">Political Economy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="802" type="text/json">{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2015" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies">Middle East Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2015" type="text/json">{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10966" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkey">Turkey</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10966" type="text/json">{"id":10966,"name":"Turkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkey?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12420" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12420" type="text/json">{"id":12420,"name":"Neoliberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalism?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8230620]'), work: {"id":8230620,"title":"The Economic Consequences of the Conflict in Syria","created_at":"2014-09-07T10:45:40.680-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8230620/The_Economic_Consequences_of_the_Conflict_in_Syria?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_8230620","summary":"The Syrian economy did well in several macro-economic indices in the past decade, but suffered from growing corruption, social exclusion and the rise of a corrupt oligarchy. A lack of political liberalization and accountability contributed to the Syrian uprising, which has been followed by a dramatic decline in the country’s economy as violence has intensified. Syria’s fragmentation has also given rise to warlordism and local economies based on theft and smuggling. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37723784,"asset_id":8230620,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5453802,"first_name":"Ella","last_name":"Wind","domain_name":"nyu","page_name":"EWind","display_name":"Ella Wind","profile_url":"https://nyu.academia.edu/EWind?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5453802/5894797/21637859/s65_ella.wind.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":802,"name":"Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Economy?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":10966,"name":"Turkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkey?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":12420,"name":"Neoliberalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neoliberalism?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":15391,"name":"Syria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syria?f_ri=43407"},{"id":40014,"name":"Black Markets","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Markets?f_ri=43407"},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":73699,"name":"Corruption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Corruption?f_ri=43407"},{"id":75988,"name":"Militias","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Militias?f_ri=43407"},{"id":713089,"name":"War Economies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Economies?f_ri=43407"},{"id":792620,"name":"Jabhat Al-Nusra","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jabhat_Al-Nusra?f_ri=43407"},{"id":1059087,"name":"Syrian Civil War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syrian_Civil_War?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7011881" data-work_id="7011881" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7011881/Playing_Poker_with_Putin_over_Ukraine">Playing Poker with Putin over Ukraine</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Executive Summary: In the weeks following the Russian annexation of the Crimean Peninsula, both the United States and European Union have issued a range of sanctions to punish the Putin administration. But a belligerent response aimed at... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7011881" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Executive Summary: In the weeks following the Russian annexation of the Crimean Peninsula, both the United States and European Union have issued a range of sanctions to punish the Putin administration. But a belligerent response aimed at “punishing Putin,” even if confined to economic measures, will probably just escalate the crisis.  Such actions increase ill will, freeze vital channels of communication, and damage the U.S. and EU economies.  <br /> Military measures, such as deploying NATO, especially U.S., ground troops on Russia’s borders, staging military exercises, and sending military aid to the unelected interim government in Kiev are even more counterproductive and dangerous.  The Crimean annexation should be a wake-up call on another level.  If the United States and NATO violate international law as they have in the Balkans, Iraq, and other locales, other states will feel entitled to do so as well.  <br /> The most important goal should be to prevent current East-West tensions from getting any worse. An especially crucial step is to help preserve Ukraine’s unity and prevent the outbreak of a civil war. That requires a decent working relationship with Moscow. There is an even worse scenario than growing disorder in Ukraine, however.  The prospect of a full blown new cold war, and perhaps even an armed clash, with Russia is all too real, if the United States and the European Union powers do not adopt more sober, realistic policies soon.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7011881" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1cbbd98997cb4add6345ae799f555922" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33672723,"asset_id":7011881,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33672723/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4196533" href="https://tufts.academia.edu/JohannaGranville">Johanna Granville</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4196533" type="text/json">{"id":4196533,"first_name":"Johanna","last_name":"Granville","domain_name":"tufts","page_name":"JohannaGranville","display_name":"Johanna Granville","profile_url":"https://tufts.academia.edu/JohannaGranville?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4196533/4296280/8516683/s65_johanna.granville.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7011881 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7011881"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7011881, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7011881", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7011881]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7011881").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7011881").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7011881"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">23</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="389" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies">Russian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="389" type="text/json">{"id":389,"name":"Russian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3661" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3661" type="text/json">{"id":3661,"name":"Sovereignty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sovereignty?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7011881]'), work: {"id":7011881,"title":"Playing Poker with Putin over Ukraine","created_at":"2014-05-11T05:28:40.459-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7011881/Playing_Poker_with_Putin_over_Ukraine?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_7011881","summary":"Executive Summary: In the weeks following the Russian annexation of the Crimean Peninsula, both the United States and European Union have issued a range of sanctions to punish the Putin administration. But a belligerent response aimed at “punishing Putin,” even if confined to economic measures, will probably just escalate the crisis. Such actions increase ill will, freeze vital channels of communication, and damage the U.S. and EU economies. \r\n\t Military measures, such as deploying NATO, especially U.S., ground troops on Russia’s borders, staging military exercises, and sending military aid to the unelected interim government in Kiev are even more counterproductive and dangerous. The Crimean annexation should be a wake-up call on another level. If the United States and NATO violate international law as they have in the Balkans, Iraq, and other locales, other states will feel entitled to do so as well. \r\n\tThe most important goal should be to prevent current East-West tensions from getting any worse. An especially crucial step is to help preserve Ukraine’s unity and prevent the outbreak of a civil war. That requires a decent working relationship with Moscow. There is an even worse scenario than growing disorder in Ukraine, however. The prospect of a full blown new cold war, and perhaps even an armed clash, with Russia is all too real, if the United States and the European Union powers do not adopt more sober, realistic policies soon.\r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33672723,"asset_id":7011881,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4196533,"first_name":"Johanna","last_name":"Granville","domain_name":"tufts","page_name":"JohannaGranville","display_name":"Johanna Granville","profile_url":"https://tufts.academia.edu/JohannaGranville?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4196533/4296280/8516683/s65_johanna.granville.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":389,"name":"Russian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":797,"name":"International 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(History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ukraine_History_?f_ri=43407"},{"id":27728,"name":"Politics of Ukraine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_of_Ukraine?f_ri=43407"},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":46989,"name":"Ukraine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ukraine?f_ri=43407"},{"id":52236,"name":"Foreign Policy of Ukraine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_of_Ukraine?f_ri=43407"},{"id":70763,"name":"EU institutions, EU foreign policy, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova, securitization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EU_institutions_EU_foreign_policy_Russia_Ukraine_Belarus_and_Moldova_securitization?f_ri=43407"},{"id":115760,"name":"Crimea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crimea?f_ri=43407"},{"id":131971,"name":"Global 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class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38329772/Malek_Russische_Milit%C3%A4rintervention_in_Syrien_11_12_2015_pdf">Malek, Russische Militärintervention in Syrien, 11-12 2015.pdf</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38329772" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="86c94a20100e6473d714b1101d4b0df2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58380737,"asset_id":38329772,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" 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class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38329772"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43407" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention">Foreign Military Intervention</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="43407" type="text/json">{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1059087" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syrian_Civil_War">Syrian Civil War</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1059087" type="text/json">{"id":1059087,"name":"Syrian Civil War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syrian_Civil_War?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1816767" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_foreign_and_security_policy">Russian foreign and security policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1816767" type="text/json">{"id":1816767,"name":"Russian foreign and security policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_foreign_and_security_policy?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38329772]'), work: {"id":38329772,"title":"Malek, Russische Militärintervention in Syrien, 11-12 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policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_foreign_and_security_policy?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_14339039" data-work_id="14339039" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14339039/The_Anglosphere_and_US_led_coalitions_of_the_willing_1950_2001_2011_">The Anglosphere and US-led coalitions of the willing, 1950-2001 (2011)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Finds that membership in the ‘Anglosphere’ positively impacts the likelihood of participation in US-led coalitions of the willing, all else constant.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14339039" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="96ede9f817d333d210f2120e722980b8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38274420,"asset_id":14339039,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38274420/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" 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data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3979" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language">English language</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3979" type="text/json">{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5723" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Alliances">Strategic Alliances</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5723" type="text/json">{"id":5723,"name":"Strategic Alliances","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Alliances?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6224" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy">American Foreign Policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6224" type="text/json">{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=14339039]'), work: {"id":14339039,"title":"The Anglosphere and US-led coalitions of the willing, 1950-2001 (2011)","created_at":"2015-07-23T12:25:49.313-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/14339039/The_Anglosphere_and_US_led_coalitions_of_the_willing_1950_2001_2011_?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_14339039","summary":"Finds that membership in the ‘Anglosphere’ positively impacts the likelihood of participation in US-led coalitions of the willing, all else constant. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38274420,"asset_id":14339039,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5642575,"first_name":"Srdjan","last_name":"Vucetic","domain_name":"uottawa","page_name":"SrdjanVucetic","display_name":"Srdjan Vucetic","profile_url":"https://uottawa.academia.edu/SrdjanVucetic?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/dc8e86c939c20c6b48fbe1b5fd57dc2a?s=65"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":5723,"name":"Strategic Alliances","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Alliances?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":10318,"name":"British Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=43407"},{"id":12054,"name":"International Cooperation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Cooperation?f_ri=43407"},{"id":13838,"name":"International Strategic Alliance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Strategic_Alliance?f_ri=43407"},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":72937,"name":"Canadian Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Canadian_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=43407"},{"id":77443,"name":"American and British foreign policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_and_British_foreign_policy?f_ri=43407"},{"id":97936,"name":"Strategic Alignment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Alignment?f_ri=43407"},{"id":112528,"name":"Australian foreign policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Australian_foreign_policy?f_ri=43407"},{"id":170414,"name":"Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":335542,"name":"International Alliances","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Alliances?f_ri=43407"},{"id":697326,"name":"Cold War Military Interventions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cold_War_Military_Interventions?f_ri=43407"},{"id":1200406,"name":"Anglosphere","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anglosphere?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_65959693" data-work_id="65959693" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65959693/Long_overdue_Biden_was_right_to_pull_US_troops_out_of_Afghanistan">Long overdue: Biden was right to pull US troops out of Afghanistan</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Former U.S. President Donald Trump and current Commander-in-Chief Joseph Biden were right to withdraw U.S. troops from Afghanistan, because it was the right thing to do for America. From Washington to Brussels, governments have... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_65959693" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Former U.S. President Donald Trump and current Commander-in-Chief Joseph Biden were right to withdraw U.S. troops from Afghanistan, because it was the right thing to do for America. <br /><br />From Washington to Brussels, governments have struggled to make sense of the chaotic events that unfolded in Afghanistan. President Biden had insisted the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan was not inevitable; the assumption then was that the Afghan government and its military leadership had the capacity and the will to hold off the advancing Taliban forces. <br /><br />As became subsequently clear, U.S. policy underestimated the impact of corruption in the country, overestimated the Afghan military’s ability to defend the country. Leadership misjudged the Taliban’s ability to win back the hearts and minds of its people in the countryside and to successfully recruit enough young men to sustain the fight against U.S. forces. The questions everyone is now asking are: What went wrong? Was America’s longest war justified? Was the withdrawal warranted, despite the manner in which it was executed? Did America achieve any of its objectives in Afghanistan? Will Afghanistan, under Taliban rule, allow Al Qaeda and other extremist groups to use the country – a crossroads of Central and South Asia – as a base for international terrorist attacks?</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/65959693" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="96f20de7243bd3cabf4ef74812dbcbdf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":77384792,"asset_id":65959693,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/77384792/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="25753378" href="https://uq.academia.edu/ChristopherZambakari">Christopher Zambakari</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="25753378" type="text/json">{"id":25753378,"first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"Zambakari","domain_name":"uq","page_name":"ChristopherZambakari","display_name":"Christopher Zambakari","profile_url":"https://uq.academia.edu/ChristopherZambakari?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25753378/7051636/14023304/s65_christopher.zambakari.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_65959693 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="65959693"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 65959693, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_65959693", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=65959693]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_65959693").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_65959693").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="65959693"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5357" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5357" type="text/json">{"id":5357,"name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afghanistan?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43407" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention">Foreign Military Intervention</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="43407" type="text/json">{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="50550" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States_Foreign_Policy">United States Foreign Policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="50550" type="text/json">{"id":50550,"name":"United States Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=65959693]'), work: {"id":65959693,"title":"Long overdue: Biden was right to pull US troops out of Afghanistan","created_at":"2021-12-25T11:19:59.369-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/65959693/Long_overdue_Biden_was_right_to_pull_US_troops_out_of_Afghanistan?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_65959693","summary":"Former U.S. President Donald Trump and current Commander-in-Chief Joseph Biden were right to withdraw U.S. troops from Afghanistan, because it was the right thing to do for America. \n\nFrom Washington to Brussels, governments have struggled to make sense of the chaotic events that unfolded in Afghanistan. President Biden had insisted the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan was not inevitable; the assumption then was that the Afghan government and its military leadership had the capacity and the will to hold off the advancing Taliban forces. \n\nAs became subsequently clear, U.S. policy underestimated the impact of corruption in the country, overestimated the Afghan military’s ability to defend the country. Leadership misjudged the Taliban’s ability to win back the hearts and minds of its people in the countryside and to successfully recruit enough young men to sustain the fight against U.S. forces. The questions everyone is now asking are: What went wrong? Was America’s longest war justified? Was the withdrawal warranted, despite the manner in which it was executed? Did America achieve any of its objectives in Afghanistan? Will Afghanistan, under Taliban rule, allow Al Qaeda and other extremist groups to use the country – a crossroads of Central and South Asia – as a base for international terrorist attacks?\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":77384792,"asset_id":65959693,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":25753378,"first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"Zambakari","domain_name":"uq","page_name":"ChristopherZambakari","display_name":"Christopher Zambakari","profile_url":"https://uq.academia.edu/ChristopherZambakari?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25753378/7051636/14023304/s65_christopher.zambakari.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5357,"name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afghanistan?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":50550,"name":"United States Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11734843" data-work_id="11734843" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11734843/Operation_Enduring_Democracy_Examining_the_Efficacy_of_Democracy_Through_War">Operation Enduring Democracy? Examining the Efficacy of 'Democracy Through War'</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This dissertation offers an empirical assessment efficacy of democratic military intervention as a foreign policy tool for external democracy promotion. After briefly defining the principal modes for external democratization, the study... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11734843" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This dissertation offers an empirical assessment efficacy of democratic military intervention as a foreign policy tool for external democracy promotion. After briefly defining the principal modes for external democratization, the study commences by categorizing the extant literature of the subject in three separate strands and proceed by critically assessing the claims of each. In view of the shortcomings of existing understandings of democratization, the dissertation proffers an alternative model based on the democratic continuum elucidated by Dahl (1989).<br />The second part of the paper examines the democratic trajectory of Afghanistan in the wake of the US-led intervention in 2001. The Afghan case suggests that Bueno de Mesquita and Down’s (2006) ‘rational-choice’ explanation for the historical shortcomings of externally imposed democracy based on the conflictual interests of the democratic interveners and the soon-to-be democratic ‘selectorate’ in the target country is substantiated, but it necessitates an additional proviso. The case study analysis concludes that while external military intervention may be effective in removing significant obstacles to democratic participation, the survival of the externally enforced democracy is contingent on internal factors over which the foreign interveners have little control.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11734843" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3be3d44e13177e7eaecab04c2e42ffda" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37167493,"asset_id":11734843,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37167493/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6420596" href="https://lse.academia.edu/OmarAlam">Omar Alam</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6420596" type="text/json">{"id":6420596,"first_name":"Omar","last_name":"Alam","domain_name":"lse","page_name":"OmarAlam","display_name":"Omar Alam","profile_url":"https://lse.academia.edu/OmarAlam?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6420596/8044091/37811838/s65_omar.alam.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11734843 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11734843"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11734843, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11734843", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11734843]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11734843").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11734843").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11734843"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3826" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NATO">NATO</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3826" type="text/json">{"id":3826,"name":"NATO","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NATO?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5091" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization">Democratization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5091" type="text/json">{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5357" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5357" type="text/json">{"id":5357,"name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afghanistan?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28151" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rational_Choice_Theory">Rational Choice Theory</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="28151" type="text/json">{"id":28151,"name":"Rational Choice Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rational_Choice_Theory?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11734843]'), work: {"id":11734843,"title":"Operation Enduring Democracy? Examining the Efficacy of 'Democracy Through War'","created_at":"2015-03-31T02:48:58.958-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11734843/Operation_Enduring_Democracy_Examining_the_Efficacy_of_Democracy_Through_War?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_11734843","summary":"\nThis dissertation offers an empirical assessment efficacy of democratic military intervention as a foreign policy tool for external democracy promotion. After briefly defining the principal modes for external democratization, the study commences by categorizing the extant literature of the subject in three separate strands and proceed by critically assessing the claims of each. In view of the shortcomings of existing understandings of democratization, the dissertation proffers an alternative model based on the democratic continuum elucidated by Dahl (1989).\nThe second part of the paper examines the democratic trajectory of Afghanistan in the wake of the US-led intervention in 2001. The Afghan case suggests that Bueno de Mesquita and Down’s (2006) ‘rational-choice’ explanation for the historical shortcomings of externally imposed democracy based on the conflictual interests of the democratic interveners and the soon-to-be democratic ‘selectorate’ in the target country is substantiated, but it necessitates an additional proviso. The case study analysis concludes that while external military intervention may be effective in removing significant obstacles to democratic participation, the survival of the externally enforced democracy is contingent on internal factors over which the foreign interveners have little control.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37167493,"asset_id":11734843,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6420596,"first_name":"Omar","last_name":"Alam","domain_name":"lse","page_name":"OmarAlam","display_name":"Omar Alam","profile_url":"https://lse.academia.edu/OmarAlam?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6420596/8044091/37811838/s65_omar.alam.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3826,"name":"NATO","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NATO?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":5357,"name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afghanistan?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":28151,"name":"Rational Choice Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rational_Choice_Theory?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":30456,"name":"War on Terror","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_on_Terror?f_ri=43407"},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":56845,"name":"Comparative Politics, Democratization, Authoritarian Regimes, Regime Change, Concept Analysis, Measurement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Politics_Democratization_Authoritarian_Regimes_Regime_Change_Concept_Analysis_Measu?f_ri=43407"},{"id":75168,"name":"Rational Choice Institutionalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rational_Choice_Institutionalism?f_ri=43407"},{"id":112489,"name":"Operation Enduring Freedom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Operation_Enduring_Freedom?f_ri=43407"},{"id":143756,"name":"Western Military interventions in the third world","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Western_Military_interventions_in_the_third_world?f_ri=43407"},{"id":170414,"name":"Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":1422091,"name":"Robert A. 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They should enter a full assessment of the emergence of the war. His observations, quotations and considerations are,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9109409" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The facts, juxtapositions and arguments proposed by Kudelia are by themselves certainly of interest and well-presented. They should enter a full assessment of the emergence of the war. His observations, quotations and considerations are, by as such, valuable, relevant and correct. Yet, the summary picture that Kudelia paints in his text is unfinished. Though mentioning Russian “external prodding,” it overemphasizes existing tensions in the Donbas, and could thus misdirect readers unfamiliar with current Ukrainian history.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9109409" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="51e1721b1391610c64923b91659ed582" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35402565,"asset_id":9109409,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35402565/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="25359" href="https://ukma.academia.edu/AndreasUmland">Andreas Umland</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="25359" type="text/json">{"id":25359,"first_name":"Andreas","last_name":"Umland","domain_name":"ukma","page_name":"AndreasUmland","display_name":"Andreas Umland","profile_url":"https://ukma.academia.edu/AndreasUmland?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25359/8207/35842203/s65_andreas.umland.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9109409 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9109409"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9109409, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9109409", }); 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History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ukrainian_History?f_ri=43407"},{"id":63322,"name":"Russian-Ukrainian Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian-Ukrainian_Relations?f_ri=43407"},{"id":70763,"name":"EU institutions, EU foreign policy, Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova, securitization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EU_institutions_EU_foreign_policy_Russia_Ukraine_Belarus_and_Moldova_securitization?f_ri=43407"},{"id":76229,"name":"Putin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Putin?f_ri=43407"},{"id":93650,"name":"Putin's foreign policies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Putins_foreign_policies?f_ri=43407"},{"id":169102,"name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vladimir_Putin?f_ri=43407"},{"id":430676,"name":"Military Intervention to Prevent Genocide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Intervention_to_Prevent_Genocide?f_ri=43407"},{"id":973038,"name":"Democratization In Ukraine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization_In_Ukraine?f_ri=43407"},{"id":985507,"name":"Hybrid War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hybrid_War?f_ri=43407"},{"id":1328172,"name":"Hybrid Warfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hybrid_Warfare?f_ri=43407"},{"id":1557500,"name":"Donbass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Donbass?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_25436012" data-work_id="25436012" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25436012/Humanitarian_Intervention_A_Threat_to_World_Peace">Humanitarian Intervention: A Threat to World Peace</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25436012" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="459a6529af46004e69aad1fc3deeee53" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45753425,"asset_id":25436012,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button 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Saengworanit","profile_url":"https://chula.academia.edu/BenSaengworanit?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46050681/12872934/14267876/s65_ben.saengworanit.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25436012 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25436012"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25436012, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25436012", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_25436012 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25436012; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_25436012"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_25436012 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="25436012"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 25436012; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25436012]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25436012").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25436012").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25436012"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1198" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies">Peace and Conflict Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1198" type="text/json">{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9817" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanitarian_Intervention">Humanitarian Intervention</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9817" type="text/json">{"id":9817,"name":"Humanitarian Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanitarian_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43407" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention">Foreign Military Intervention</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="43407" type="text/json">{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="143756" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Western_Military_interventions_in_the_third_world">Western Military interventions in the third world</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="143756" type="text/json">{"id":143756,"name":"Western Military interventions in the third world","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Western_Military_interventions_in_the_third_world?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25436012]'), work: {"id":25436012,"title":"Humanitarian Intervention: A Threat to World Peace","created_at":"2016-05-18T13:12:42.227-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25436012/Humanitarian_Intervention_A_Threat_to_World_Peace?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_25436012","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45753425,"asset_id":25436012,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":46050681,"first_name":"Natchsasi","last_name":"Saengworanit","domain_name":"chula","page_name":"BenSaengworanit","display_name":"Natchsasi Saengworanit","profile_url":"https://chula.academia.edu/BenSaengworanit?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46050681/12872934/14267876/s65_ben.saengworanit.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":9817,"name":"Humanitarian Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanitarian_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":143756,"name":"Western Military interventions in the third world","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Western_Military_interventions_in_the_third_world?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":170414,"name":"Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":264310,"name":"World Peace","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Peace?f_ri=43407"},{"id":430676,"name":"Military Intervention to Prevent Genocide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Intervention_to_Prevent_Genocide?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_68903849" data-work_id="68903849" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68903849/Evaluating_the_Pitfalls_of_External_Statebuilding_in_Post_2003_Iraq_2003_2021">Evaluating the Pitfalls of External Statebuilding in Post-2003 Iraq (2003-2021</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Peacebuilding and transitional justice are viewed as integral components of statebuilding in post-conflict spaces. This Special Issue critically evaluates statebuilding and peacebuilding in Iraq through macro and micro-level analyses of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_68903849" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Peacebuilding and transitional justice are viewed as integral components of statebuilding in post-conflict spaces. This Special Issue critically evaluates statebuilding and peacebuilding in Iraq through macro and micro-level analyses of Iraq's political development following foreign-imposed regime change. In line with the articles in the Special Issue, this introduction critically examines Iraq's post-2003 trajectory as an outcome of the failure of securitized statebuilding and the absence of legitimacy in externally-imposed democratization. It concludes by highlighting the impact of expedient and exogenous statebuilding on transitional justice and post-conflict peacebuilding.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/68903849" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e56bd37d112dc4762684ea897fd50465" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":79210240,"asset_id":68903849,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79210240/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="257131" href="https://bu.academia.edu/ShamiranMako">Shamiran Mako</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="257131" type="text/json">{"id":257131,"first_name":"Shamiran","last_name":"Mako","domain_name":"bu","page_name":"ShamiranMako","display_name":"Shamiran Mako","profile_url":"https://bu.academia.edu/ShamiranMako?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/257131/304383/38959012/s65_shamiran.mako.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_68903849 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="68903849"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 68903849, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_68903849", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=68903849]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_68903849").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_68903849").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="68903849"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5091" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization">Democratization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5091" type="text/json">{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11589" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraq">Iraq</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11589" type="text/json">{"id":11589,"name":"Iraq","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraq?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16211" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Conflict">Ethnic Conflict</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16211" type="text/json">{"id":16211,"name":"Ethnic Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Conflict?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26151" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liberal_Peacebuilding">Liberal Peacebuilding</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="26151" type="text/json">{"id":26151,"name":"Liberal Peacebuilding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liberal_Peacebuilding?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=68903849]'), work: {"id":68903849,"title":"Evaluating the Pitfalls of External Statebuilding in Post-2003 Iraq (2003-2021","created_at":"2022-01-20T17:55:07.920-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/68903849/Evaluating_the_Pitfalls_of_External_Statebuilding_in_Post_2003_Iraq_2003_2021?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_68903849","summary":"Peacebuilding and transitional justice are viewed as integral components of statebuilding in post-conflict spaces. This Special Issue critically evaluates statebuilding and peacebuilding in Iraq through macro and micro-level analyses of Iraq's political development following foreign-imposed regime change. In line with the articles in the Special Issue, this introduction critically examines Iraq's post-2003 trajectory as an outcome of the failure of securitized statebuilding and the absence of legitimacy in externally-imposed democratization. It concludes by highlighting the impact of expedient and exogenous statebuilding on transitional justice and post-conflict peacebuilding.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79210240,"asset_id":68903849,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":257131,"first_name":"Shamiran","last_name":"Mako","domain_name":"bu","page_name":"ShamiranMako","display_name":"Shamiran Mako","profile_url":"https://bu.academia.edu/ShamiranMako?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/257131/304383/38959012/s65_shamiran.mako.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":11589,"name":"Iraq","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraq?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":16211,"name":"Ethnic Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Conflict?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":26151,"name":"Liberal Peacebuilding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liberal_Peacebuilding?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":45578,"name":"Peacebuilding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peacebuilding?f_ri=43407"},{"id":74580,"name":"Iraq War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraq_War?f_ri=43407"},{"id":97792,"name":"Statebuilding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statebuilding?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35409709" data-work_id="35409709" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35409709/Fabio_De_Ninno_Fascist_Naval_Missions_Ideology_Commerce_and_Strategy_in_Mussolinis_Navy_1933_1940_in_Donald_Stoker_and_Michael_T_McMaster_eds_Naval_advising_and_Assistance_History_Challenges_and_Analyses_Helion_Solihull_2017_pp_175_200">Fabio De Ninno, Fascist Naval Missions: Ideology, Commerce, and Strategy in Mussolini's Navy, 1933-1940, in Donald Stoker and Michael T. McMaster (eds.), Naval advising and Assistance. History, Challenges, and Analyses, Helion, Solihull 2017, pp. 175-200.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This essay is part of the work: Donald Stoker and Michael T. McMaster, Naval advising and Assistance. History, Challenges, and Analyses. This collection of essays for the first time offers a global outlook on the phenomenon of the Naval... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35409709" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This essay is part of the work: Donald Stoker and Michael T. McMaster, Naval advising and Assistance. History, Challenges, and Analyses. <br /><br />This collection of essays for the first time offers a global outlook on the phenomenon of the Naval Advising, in other words, the dispatch of a mission by a navy to another country to prepare and train the local navy. Naval missions are an important signal of the foreign policy and the political-military interests of a nation in another or in a region. The volume ranges from the Egypt of Ismail Pasha up to the Soviet Missions in China and the German Democratic Republic.<br />My essay is dedicated to the Fascist Naval missions in Persia, China and Spain, analysed with a comparative outlook to observe how the foreign policy of the regime used also this instrument for its commercial and prestige objectives in China and its expansionist policy in the Middle East and the Mediterranean.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35409709" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="57141953b43173a72a984342fcb2ce7a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55270177,"asset_id":35409709,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55270177/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26306775" href="https://unisi.academia.edu/FabioDeNinno">Fabio De Ninno</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26306775" type="text/json">{"id":26306775,"first_name":"Fabio","last_name":"De Ninno","domain_name":"unisi","page_name":"FabioDeNinno","display_name":"Fabio De Ninno","profile_url":"https://unisi.academia.edu/FabioDeNinno?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26306775/7261888/38502831/s65_fabio.de_ninno.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35409709 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35409709"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35409709, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35409709", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35409709]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35409709").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35409709").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35409709"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2603" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_History">Middle East History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2603" type="text/json">{"id":2603,"name":"Middle East History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_History?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4409" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naval_History">Naval History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4409" type="text/json">{"id":4409,"name":"Naval History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naval_History?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5781" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fascism">Fascism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5781" type="text/json">{"id":5781,"name":"Fascism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fascism?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35409709]'), work: {"id":35409709,"title":"Fabio De Ninno, Fascist Naval Missions: Ideology, Commerce, and Strategy in Mussolini's Navy, 1933-1940, in Donald Stoker and Michael T. McMaster (eds.), Naval advising and Assistance. History, Challenges, and Analyses, Helion, Solihull 2017, pp. 175-200.","created_at":"2017-12-12T05:15:37.903-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35409709/Fabio_De_Ninno_Fascist_Naval_Missions_Ideology_Commerce_and_Strategy_in_Mussolinis_Navy_1933_1940_in_Donald_Stoker_and_Michael_T_McMaster_eds_Naval_advising_and_Assistance_History_Challenges_and_Analyses_Helion_Solihull_2017_pp_175_200?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_35409709","summary":"This essay is part of the work: Donald Stoker and Michael T. McMaster, Naval advising and Assistance. History, Challenges, and Analyses. \n\nThis collection of essays for the first time offers a global outlook on the phenomenon of the Naval Advising, in other words, the dispatch of a mission by a navy to another country to prepare and train the local navy. Naval missions are an important signal of the foreign policy and the political-military interests of a nation in another or in a region. The volume ranges from the Egypt of Ismail Pasha up to the Soviet Missions in China and the German Democratic Republic.\nMy essay is dedicated to the Fascist Naval missions in Persia, China and Spain, analysed with a comparative outlook to observe how the foreign policy of the regime used also this instrument for its commercial and prestige objectives in China and its expansionist policy in the Middle East and the Mediterranean.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55270177,"asset_id":35409709,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26306775,"first_name":"Fabio","last_name":"De Ninno","domain_name":"unisi","page_name":"FabioDeNinno","display_name":"Fabio De Ninno","profile_url":"https://unisi.academia.edu/FabioDeNinno?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26306775/7261888/38502831/s65_fabio.de_ninno.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":2603,"name":"Middle East History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_History?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":4409,"name":"Naval History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naval_History?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":5781,"name":"Fascism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fascism?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":20333,"name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spanish_Civil_War?f_ri=43407"},{"id":24550,"name":"Contemporary China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_China?f_ri=43407"},{"id":39077,"name":"Naval History (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Naval_History_History_?f_ri=43407"},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":702448,"name":"Military Advising","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Advising?f_ri=43407"},{"id":846858,"name":"Italian Navy in WWII","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Italian_Navy_in_WWII?f_ri=43407"},{"id":1182211,"name":"China and Italy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China_and_Italy?f_ri=43407"},{"id":2169224,"name":"Fascist Italy - foreign policy \u0026 war","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fascist_Italy_-_foreign_policy_and_war?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_27197014" data-work_id="27197014" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27197014/Yemen_A_Forgotten_War">Yemen: A Forgotten War</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Syrian Civil War, currently in its sixth year, has monopolised the attention of the world's mass media. However, another war (no less vicious than the sectarian conflict in Syria) rages in the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula. A... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27197014" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Syrian Civil War, currently in its sixth year, has monopolised the attention of the world's mass media. However, another war (no less vicious than the sectarian conflict in Syria) rages in the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula. A Saudi-led coalition of peripheral Sunni powers battles against the Shia Houthis and their Iranian backers in yet another manifestation of the Sunni-Shia divide in the Middle East and the rift between Southern and Northern Yemen.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27197014" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a674c087b90743089f3bd47a5b5e5600" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47449825,"asset_id":27197014,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47449825/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1773086" href="https://rabdanacademy.academia.edu/SpyridonPlakoudas">Spyridon Plakoudas</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1773086" type="text/json">{"id":1773086,"first_name":"Spyridon","last_name":"Plakoudas","domain_name":"rabdanacademy","page_name":"SpyridonPlakoudas","display_name":"Spyridon Plakoudas","profile_url":"https://rabdanacademy.academia.edu/SpyridonPlakoudas?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1773086/3243198/13535980/s65_spyridon.plakoudas.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27197014 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27197014"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27197014, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27197014", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27197014]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_27197014").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_27197014").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="27197014"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">27</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1660" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism">Terrorism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1660" type="text/json">{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2015" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies">Middle East Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2015" type="text/json">{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2990" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2990" type="text/json">{"id":2990,"name":"Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3705" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security">International Security</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3705" type="text/json">{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=27197014]'), work: {"id":27197014,"title":"Yemen: A Forgotten War","created_at":"2016-07-23T03:16:56.528-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/27197014/Yemen_A_Forgotten_War?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_27197014","summary":"The Syrian Civil War, currently in its sixth year, has monopolised the attention of the world's mass media. However, another war (no less vicious than the sectarian conflict in Syria) rages in the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula. A Saudi-led coalition of peripheral Sunni powers battles against the Shia Houthis and their Iranian backers in yet another manifestation of the Sunni-Shia divide in the Middle East and the rift between Southern and Northern Yemen.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47449825,"asset_id":27197014,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1773086,"first_name":"Spyridon","last_name":"Plakoudas","domain_name":"rabdanacademy","page_name":"SpyridonPlakoudas","display_name":"Spyridon Plakoudas","profile_url":"https://rabdanacademy.academia.edu/SpyridonPlakoudas?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1773086/3243198/13535980/s65_spyridon.plakoudas.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East 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Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Politics?f_ri=43407"},{"id":21111,"name":"Saudi Arabia, Yemen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Saudi_Arabia_Yemen?f_ri=43407"},{"id":25025,"name":"Religious Extremism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Extremism?f_ri=43407"},{"id":28981,"name":"Ethnic Conflict and Civil War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Conflict_and_Civil_War?f_ri=43407"},{"id":33008,"name":"Sectarianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sectarianism?f_ri=43407"},{"id":36589,"name":"Yemen (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yemen_History_?f_ri=43407"},{"id":41658,"name":"Foreign Policy of Saudi Arabia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_of_Saudi_Arabia?f_ri=43407"},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":58640,"name":"Barack 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u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43407" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention">Foreign Military Intervention</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="43407" type="text/json">{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="74580" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraq_War">Iraq War</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="74580" type="text/json">{"id":74580,"name":"Iraq War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraq_War?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="137744" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_in_Libya">Conflict in Libya</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="137744" type="text/json">{"id":137744,"name":"Conflict in Libya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_in_Libya?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="218428" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Libya_-_Revolution_2011">Libya - Revolution 2011</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="218428" type="text/json">{"id":218428,"name":"Libya - Revolution 2011","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Libya_-_Revolution_2011?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11514009]'), work: {"id":11514009,"title":"Comparing and Contrasting Military Interventions in Politics in Syria, Libya, and Iraq 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in Libya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_in_Libya?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":218428,"name":"Libya - Revolution 2011","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Libya_-_Revolution_2011?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":575764,"name":"Syrian Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syrian_Conflict?f_ri=43407"},{"id":1231865,"name":"Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19553519" data-work_id="19553519" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19553519/Misguided_Intervention_in_Mali_Conceptualising_the_Context">Misguided Intervention in Mali: Conceptualising the Context</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">A critique of the security-development nexus as a conceptual framework for humanitarian intervention through an analysis of the foreign intervention in Mali 2012-2013.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19553519" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="07e427e4fd05467718f6ddaf11110e02" rel="nofollow" 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$(".js-view-count-work_19553519").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19553519"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2015" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies">Middle East Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2015" type="text/json">{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2835" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Studies">Refugee Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2835" type="text/json">{"id":2835,"name":"Refugee Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5523" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Studies">Security Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5523" type="text/json">{"id":5523,"name":"Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9547" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minority_Studies">Minority Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9547" type="text/json">{"id":9547,"name":"Minority Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minority_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19553519]'), work: {"id":19553519,"title":"Misguided Intervention in Mali: Conceptualising the 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","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40693570,"asset_id":19553519,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5536072,"first_name":"Dané","last_name":"Smith","domain_name":"soas","page_name":"DanéSmith","display_name":"Dané Smith","profile_url":"https://soas.academia.edu/Dan%C3%A9Smith?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5536072/2426223/10735936/s65_dan_.smith.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":2835,"name":"Refugee Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":5523,"name":"Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":9547,"name":"Minority Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minority_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":9822,"name":"Education Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Education_Policy?f_ri=43407"},{"id":14730,"name":"Migration Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migration_Studies?f_ri=43407"},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8230655" data-work_id="8230655" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8230655/_The_Fragmented_State_of_the_Syrian_Opposition_in_Beyond_the_Arab_Spring_The_Evolving_Ruling_Bargain_in_the_Middle_East">"The Fragmented State of the Syrian Opposition" in Beyond the Arab Spring: The Evolving Ruling Bargain in the Middle East</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">An analysis of the causes behind the fragmentation of the Syrian opposition from 2011 to 2015.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8230655" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="456e7ac409748385bd8341f1b8ac51c0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":83949642,"asset_id":8230655,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83949642/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5453802" href="https://nyu.academia.edu/EWind">Ella Wind</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5453802" type="text/json">{"id":5453802,"first_name":"Ella","last_name":"Wind","domain_name":"nyu","page_name":"EWind","display_name":"Ella Wind","profile_url":"https://nyu.academia.edu/EWind?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5453802/5894797/21637859/s65_ella.wind.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8230655 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8230655"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8230655, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8230655", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8230655]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8230655").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8230655").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8230655"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="201" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology">Political Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="201" type="text/json">{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15391" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syria">Syria</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="15391" type="text/json">{"id":15391,"name":"Syria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syria?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43407" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention">Foreign Military Intervention</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="43407" type="text/json">{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="110480" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Uprising">Public Uprising</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="110480" type="text/json">{"id":110480,"name":"Public Uprising","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Uprising?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8230655]'), work: {"id":8230655,"title":"\"The Fragmented State of the Syrian Opposition\" in Beyond the Arab Spring: The Evolving Ruling Bargain in the Middle East","created_at":"2014-09-07T10:49:41.070-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8230655/_The_Fragmented_State_of_the_Syrian_Opposition_in_Beyond_the_Arab_Spring_The_Evolving_Ruling_Bargain_in_the_Middle_East?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_8230655","summary":"An analysis of the causes behind the fragmentation of the Syrian opposition from 2011 to 2015. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":83949642,"asset_id":8230655,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5453802,"first_name":"Ella","last_name":"Wind","domain_name":"nyu","page_name":"EWind","display_name":"Ella Wind","profile_url":"https://nyu.academia.edu/EWind?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5453802/5894797/21637859/s65_ella.wind.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":15391,"name":"Syria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syria?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":110480,"name":"Public Uprising","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Uprising?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":167091,"name":"Political Oppositions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Oppositions?f_ri=43407"},{"id":169938,"name":"Arab Spring (Arab Revolts)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arab_Spring_Arab_Revolts_?f_ri=43407"},{"id":172754,"name":"Syria, foreign policy, Bashar al-Assad","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syria_foreign_policy_Bashar_al-Assad?f_ri=43407"},{"id":233505,"name":"Bashar al-Assad","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bashar_al-Assad?f_ri=43407"},{"id":494651,"name":"Arab Spring, Syrian uprising","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arab_Spring_Syrian_uprising?f_ri=43407"},{"id":596683,"name":"Free Syrian Army","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Free_Syrian_Army?f_ri=43407"},{"id":1059087,"name":"Syrian Civil War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syrian_Civil_War?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10600567" data-work_id="10600567" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10600567/Krivokapic_Boris_RAZLOZI_I_POSLEDICE_NATO_AGRESIJE_NA_JUGOSLAVIJU_15_GODINA_POSLE_1999_2014_Novi_hladni_rat_Beograd_2014_353_371">Krivokapic Boris: RAZLOZI I POSLEDICE NATO AGRESIJE NA JUGOSLAVIJU - 15 GODINA POSLE (1999-2014), "Novi 'hladni rat", Beograd 2014, 353-371</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10600567" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2feac4a7062dc8c0c76fdb469ff32151" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36553017,"asset_id":10600567,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36553017/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="12034224" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BKrivokapic">Boris Krivokapic</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="12034224" type="text/json">{"id":12034224,"first_name":"Boris","last_name":"Krivokapic","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BKrivokapic","display_name":"Boris Krivokapic","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BKrivokapic?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12034224/3458713/4064889/s65_boris.krivokapic.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10600567 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10600567"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10600567, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10600567", }); 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Critical reflections on the legacy of British military intervention in Sierra Leone</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The estimated ratio of civilian to military deaths in intrastate conflict numbered 9 in 10 at the end of the 20 th Century. This implies a salient need for humanitarian intervention in order to alleviate human suffering. However, military... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28739604" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The estimated ratio of civilian to military deaths in intrastate conflict numbered 9 in 10 at the end of the 20 th Century. This implies a salient need for humanitarian intervention in order to alleviate human suffering. However, military intervention for humanitarian purposes, a manifestation of the Responsibility to Protect, remains a contentious issue within security studies as much debate surrounds the legitimacy of an international body holding sovereign states accountable for abuses of its citizens. The decade long conflict in Sierra Leone is often cited as one of the most brutal in recent history and the subsequent British military intervention hailed as a success story by the international community. In the context of British politics it is often referred to as Blair's successful war, politically justified by his foreign policy with an ethical dimension. However, the ethics of this intervention remain contentious, having displayed clear unilateralism and partiality. In addition, relatively little extensive research has been conducted into the long-term effects of military intervention for humanitarian purposes on peacebuilding and stability, with the majority instead focussed on the immediate structural and theoretical level. As a result there exists a significant gap in knowledge. This paper reflects on the legacy of a " successful " unilateral military intervention and seeks to make an original contribution to these current voids in literature. The implications for the Responsibility to Protect, as well as the domestic and global legacy resulting from the British intervention, will also be discussed.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28739604" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8774be00e88af29adb711b8e469723ff" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49151172,"asset_id":28739604,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49151172/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="54078581" href="https://brad.academia.edu/LucyScott">Lucy Scott</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="54078581" type="text/json">{"id":54078581,"first_name":"Lucy","last_name":"Scott","domain_name":"brad","page_name":"LucyScott","display_name":"Lucy Scott","profile_url":"https://brad.academia.edu/LucyScott?f_ri=43407","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28739604 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28739604"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28739604, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28739604", }); 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Critical reflections on the legacy of British military intervention in Sierra Leone","created_at":"2016-09-27T03:56:21.245-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28739604/Successful_intervention_Critical_reflections_on_the_legacy_of_British_military_intervention_in_Sierra_Leone?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_28739604","summary":"The estimated ratio of civilian to military deaths in intrastate conflict numbered 9 in 10 at the end of the 20 th Century. This implies a salient need for humanitarian intervention in order to alleviate human suffering. However, military intervention for humanitarian purposes, a manifestation of the Responsibility to Protect, remains a contentious issue within security studies as much debate surrounds the legitimacy of an international body holding sovereign states accountable for abuses of its citizens. The decade long conflict in Sierra Leone is often cited as one of the most brutal in recent history and the subsequent British military intervention hailed as a success story by the international community. In the context of British politics it is often referred to as Blair's successful war, politically justified by his foreign policy with an ethical dimension. However, the ethics of this intervention remain contentious, having displayed clear unilateralism and partiality. In addition, relatively little extensive research has been conducted into the long-term effects of military intervention for humanitarian purposes on peacebuilding and stability, with the majority instead focussed on the immediate structural and theoretical level. As a result there exists a significant gap in knowledge. This paper reflects on the legacy of a \" successful \" unilateral military intervention and seeks to make an original contribution to these current voids in literature. The implications for the Responsibility to Protect, as well as the domestic and global legacy resulting from the British intervention, will also be discussed.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49151172,"asset_id":28739604,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":54078581,"first_name":"Lucy","last_name":"Scott","domain_name":"brad","page_name":"LucyScott","display_name":"Lucy Scott","profile_url":"https://brad.academia.edu/LucyScott?f_ri=43407","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5671,"name":"West Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/West_Africa?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":9818,"name":"Responsibility to Protect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Responsibility_to_Protect?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":10318,"name":"British Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":13047,"name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sierra_Leone?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":430676,"name":"Military Intervention to Prevent Genocide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Intervention_to_Prevent_Genocide?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11892045" data-work_id="11892045" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11892045/The_Ghost_the_Texan_or_the_Caravan_Which_Aircraft_is_Best_Suited_for_Foreign_Internal_Defense">The Ghost, the Texan, or the Caravan: Which Aircraft is Best Suited for Foreign Internal Defense?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper proposes criteria for selecting the right aircraft to make available to partner nations for their internal defense and judges three sample aircraft against those criteria to choose the best. The aircraft evaluated are the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11892045" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper proposes criteria for selecting the right aircraft to make available to partner nations for their internal defense and judges three sample aircraft against those criteria to choose the best.  The aircraft evaluated are the AC-47T Fantasma, the AT-6 Texan II, and the AC-208 Caravan.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11892045" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f7d2c7ebcb3b0f8409455af8e452c795" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37271148,"asset_id":11892045,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37271148/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="18559746" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DanielBarker1">Daniel Barker</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="18559746" type="text/json">{"id":18559746,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Barker","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DanielBarker1","display_name":"Daniel Barker","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DanielBarker1?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18559746/5153062/5903155/s65_daniel.barker.jpg_oh_7d3c983feb045dbcbeaab98125cf8c45_oe_54b8e990___gda___1421931058_3225581149e17c3a654ae50150e99d6d"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11892045 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11892045"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11892045, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11892045", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11892045]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11892045").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11892045").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11892045"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">21</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="578" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Special_Operations_And_Low_Intensity_Conflict">Special Operations And Low Intensity Conflict</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="578" type="text/json">{"id":578,"name":"Special Operations And Low Intensity Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Special_Operations_And_Low_Intensity_Conflict?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="583" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Air_Force_Studies">Air Force Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="583" type="text/json">{"id":583,"name":"Air Force Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Air_Force_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9451" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insurgency_Counterinsurgency_COIN_">Insurgency/Counterinsurgency(COIN)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9451" type="text/json">{"id":9451,"name":"Insurgency/Counterinsurgency(COIN)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insurgency_Counterinsurgency_COIN_?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12100" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aviation">Aviation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12100" type="text/json">{"id":12100,"name":"Aviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aviation?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11892045]'), work: {"id":11892045,"title":"The Ghost, the Texan, or the Caravan: Which Aircraft is Best Suited for Foreign Internal Defense?","created_at":"2015-04-10T17:44:56.637-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11892045/The_Ghost_the_Texan_or_the_Caravan_Which_Aircraft_is_Best_Suited_for_Foreign_Internal_Defense?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_11892045","summary":"This paper proposes criteria for selecting the right aircraft to make available to partner nations for their internal defense and judges three sample aircraft against those criteria to choose the best. The aircraft evaluated are the AC-47T Fantasma, the AT-6 Texan II, and the AC-208 Caravan. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37271148,"asset_id":11892045,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":18559746,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Barker","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DanielBarker1","display_name":"Daniel Barker","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DanielBarker1?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18559746/5153062/5903155/s65_daniel.barker.jpg_oh_7d3c983feb045dbcbeaab98125cf8c45_oe_54b8e990___gda___1421931058_3225581149e17c3a654ae50150e99d6d"}],"research_interests":[{"id":578,"name":"Special Operations And Low Intensity Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Special_Operations_And_Low_Intensity_Conflict?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":583,"name":"Air Force Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Air_Force_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":9451,"name":"Insurgency/Counterinsurgency(COIN)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insurgency_Counterinsurgency_COIN_?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":12100,"name":"Aviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aviation?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":18081,"name":"Foreign Internal Defense (FID)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Internal_Defense_FID_?f_ri=43407"},{"id":26669,"name":"Counter terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counter_terrorism?f_ri=43407"},{"id":42356,"name":"Counterinsurgency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Counterinsurgency?f_ri=43407"},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":78776,"name":"Special Operations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Special_Operations?f_ri=43407"},{"id":215688,"name":"Airpower","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Airpower?f_ri=43407"},{"id":309464,"name":"Special Operations Forces","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Special_Operations_Forces?f_ri=43407"},{"id":473342,"name":"US military assistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/US_military_assistance?f_ri=43407"},{"id":518340,"name":"Air Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Air_Power?f_ri=43407"},{"id":561846,"name":"Air Power in Limited War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Air_Power_in_Limited_War?f_ri=43407"},{"id":583257,"name":"Military and Security assistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_and_Security_assistance?f_ri=43407"},{"id":694787,"name":"Military Aerospace Foreign Technology Disclosure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Aerospace_Foreign_Technology_Disclosure?f_ri=43407"},{"id":752700,"name":"Aviation, Air Warfare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aviation_Air_Warfare?f_ri=43407"},{"id":790303,"name":"Tactical Air Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tactical_Air_Power?f_ri=43407"},{"id":961014,"name":"Low intensity Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Low_intensity_Conflict?f_ri=43407"},{"id":1185442,"name":"Airpower In Contemporary Conflicts. Military Interventions. Role of Air Force In National Security.","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Airpower_In_Contemporary_Conflicts._Military_Interventions._Role_of_Air_Force_In_National_Security?f_ri=43407"},{"id":1308095,"name":"Close Air Support","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Close_Air_Support?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_23845738 coauthored" data-work_id="23845738" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23845738/The_Futility_of_Buffer_Zones_in_International_Politics">The Futility of Buffer Zones in International Politics</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Buffer zones as a concept have a long history. Despite their frequent occurrence in international relations past and present, however, they have been treated in passing by scholars and policymakers alike, and then usually from a purely... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_23845738" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Buffer zones as a concept have a long history. Despite their frequent occurrence in international relations past and present, however, they have been treated in passing by scholars and policymakers alike, and then usually from a purely historical perspective. Their importance in conflict management, third-party intervention and power politics are not adequately mirrored in scholarly research. This article seeks to remedy this lapse by reintroducing the buffer zone as a tool of international conflict management in a new and systematic fashion. In this article, we survey buffer zones, their conceptual roots and characteristics, and illustrate our theoretical findings with an array of different examples—predominantly from the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. In so doing, we make three fundamental arguments about buffer zones.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23845738" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="79c1ffa599e8c0f903c46513768db4bb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44241090,"asset_id":23845738,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44241090/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13932486" href="https://radboud.academia.edu/GustavMeibauer">Gustav Meibauer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13932486" type="text/json">{"id":13932486,"first_name":"Gustav","last_name":"Meibauer","domain_name":"radboud","page_name":"GustavMeibauer","display_name":"Gustav Meibauer","profile_url":"https://radboud.academia.edu/GustavMeibauer?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13932486/3854418/21787983/s65_gustav.meibauer.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-23845738">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-23845738"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/Beehner">Lionel Beehner</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-23845738'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-23845738').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_23845738 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="23845738"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23845738; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23845738]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_23845738").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_23845738").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="23845738"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43407" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention">Foreign Military Intervention</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="43407" type="text/json">{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48700" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violent_Non-State_Actors">Violent Non-State Actors</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48700" type="text/json">{"id":48700,"name":"Violent Non-State Actors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violent_Non-State_Actors?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="50182" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non-state_actors">Non-state actors</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="50182" type="text/json">{"id":50182,"name":"Non-state actors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non-state_actors?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="97974" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non_State_Armed_Actors">Non State Armed Actors</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="97974" type="text/json">{"id":97974,"name":"Non State Armed Actors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non_State_Armed_Actors?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=23845738]'), work: {"id":23845738,"title":"The Futility of Buffer Zones in International Politics","created_at":"2016-03-30T18:30:03.294-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/23845738/The_Futility_of_Buffer_Zones_in_International_Politics?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_23845738","summary":"Buffer zones as a concept have a long history. Despite their frequent occurrence in international relations past and present, however, they have been treated in passing by scholars and policymakers alike, and then usually from a purely historical perspective. Their importance in conflict management, third-party intervention and power politics are not adequately mirrored in scholarly research. This article seeks to remedy this lapse by reintroducing the buffer zone as a tool of international conflict management in a new and systematic fashion. In this article, we survey buffer zones, their conceptual roots and characteristics, and illustrate our theoretical findings with an array of different examples—predominantly from the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. In so doing, we make three fundamental arguments about buffer zones.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44241090,"asset_id":23845738,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13932486,"first_name":"Gustav","last_name":"Meibauer","domain_name":"radboud","page_name":"GustavMeibauer","display_name":"Gustav Meibauer","profile_url":"https://radboud.academia.edu/GustavMeibauer?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13932486/3854418/21787983/s65_gustav.meibauer.jpg"},{"id":46096817,"first_name":"Lionel","last_name":"Beehner","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"Beehner","display_name":"Lionel Beehner","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Beehner?f_ri=43407","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":48700,"name":"Violent Non-State Actors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Violent_Non-State_Actors?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":50182,"name":"Non-state actors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non-state_actors?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":97974,"name":"Non State Armed Actors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non_State_Armed_Actors?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":170414,"name":"Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2379845" data-work_id="2379845" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2379845/Breaking_Up_Is_Hard_to_Do_Foreign_Intervention_and_the_Limiting_of_Fragmentation_in_the_Late_Qing_and_Early_Republic_1893_1922">Breaking Up Is Hard to Do: Foreign Intervention and the Limiting of Fragmentation in the Late Qing and Early Republic, 1893-1922</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2379845" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="69c4187ba6e0db4795af9f714d1209fb" rel="nofollow" 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type="text/json">{"id":3069586,"first_name":"Ja Ian","last_name":"Chong","domain_name":"nus","page_name":"JaIanChong","display_name":"Ja Ian Chong","profile_url":"https://nus.academia.edu/JaIanChong?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3069586/1009305/1262016/s65_ja_ian.chong.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2379845 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2379845"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2379845, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2379845", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2379845 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2379845; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2379845"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2379845 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2379845"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2379845; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2379845]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2379845").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2379845").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2379845"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="898" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="898" type="text/json">{"id":898,"name":"Multiculturalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multiculturalism?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2575" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law">International Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2575" type="text/json">{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2379845]'), work: {"id":2379845,"title":"Breaking Up Is Hard to Do: Foreign Intervention and the Limiting of Fragmentation in the Late Qing and Early Republic, 1893-1922","created_at":"2013-01-09T00:30:49.807-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2379845/Breaking_Up_Is_Hard_to_Do_Foreign_Intervention_and_the_Limiting_of_Fragmentation_in_the_Late_Qing_and_Early_Republic_1893_1922?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_2379845","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31509305,"asset_id":2379845,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3069586,"first_name":"Ja Ian","last_name":"Chong","domain_name":"nus","page_name":"JaIanChong","display_name":"Ja Ian Chong","profile_url":"https://nus.academia.edu/JaIanChong?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3069586/1009305/1262016/s65_ja_ian.chong.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International 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Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":45559,"name":"Peace","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace?f_ri=43407"},{"id":87445,"name":"Chinese history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_history?f_ri=43407"},{"id":92257,"name":"Freedom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Freedom?f_ri=43407"},{"id":132924,"name":"Modern China (especially late Qing and Republican history)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_China_especially_late_Qing_and_Republican_history_?f_ri=43407"},{"id":502295,"name":"Foreign interventions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_interventions?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_73101274" data-work_id="73101274" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73101274/Impulses_on_the_way_to_global_peace_ENG_05_03_2022">Impulses on the way to global peace ENG 05 03 2022</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Impulses on the way to global peace Text: Walter Pfluger-October 2019-<a href="https://www.wpfluger-holistics.de/" rel="nofollow">https://www.wpfluger-holistics.de/</a> English translation and revised text: 03.2022 Anthroposophy and world peace: what role can anthroposophy play? We will in this brief... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_73101274" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Impulses on the way to global peace Text: Walter Pfluger-October 2019-<a href="https://www.wpfluger-holistics.de/" rel="nofollow">https://www.wpfluger-holistics.de/</a> English translation and revised text: 03.2022 Anthroposophy and world peace: what role can anthroposophy play? We will in this brief text trace the path of Rudolf Steiner over the last 30 years of his life, from 1903 to 1923, in the manner of a concise sketch. This will provide us with a basic understanding of the role and significance we can attribute to Rudolf Steiner for the public life in the countries in which he lived and worked.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/73101274" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4b2d57b4e6384927ce1764f7bbf94444" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81755417,"asset_id":73101274,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81755417/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="132234982" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PflugerWalter">Walter Pfluger</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="132234982" type="text/json">{"id":132234982,"first_name":"Walter","last_name":"Pfluger","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PflugerWalter","display_name":"Walter Pfluger","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PflugerWalter?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/132234982/42029471/33859125/s65_walter.pfluger.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_73101274 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="73101274"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 73101274, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_73101274", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_73101274 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 73101274; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_73101274"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_73101274 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="73101274"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 73101274; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=73101274]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_73101274").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_73101274").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="73101274"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3519" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3519" type="text/json">{"id":3519,"name":"Anthroposophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthroposophy?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3562" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rudolf_Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3562" type="text/json">{"id":3562,"name":"Rudolf Steiner","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rudolf_Steiner?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4106" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yoga_Philosophy">Yoga Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4106" type="text/json">{"id":4106,"name":"Yoga Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yoga_Philosophy?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8466" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frank_Lloyd_Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8466" type="text/json">{"id":8466,"name":"Frank Lloyd Wright","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frank_Lloyd_Wright?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=73101274]'), work: {"id":73101274,"title":"Impulses on the way to global peace ENG 05 03 2022","created_at":"2022-03-05T04:49:01.249-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/73101274/Impulses_on_the_way_to_global_peace_ENG_05_03_2022?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_73101274","summary":"Impulses on the way to global peace Text: Walter Pfluger-October 2019-https://www.wpfluger-holistics.de/ English translation and revised text: 03.2022 Anthroposophy and world peace: what role can anthroposophy play? We will in this brief text trace the path of Rudolf Steiner over the last 30 years of his life, from 1903 to 1923, in the manner of a concise sketch. This will provide us with a basic understanding of the role and significance we can attribute to Rudolf Steiner for the public life in the countries in which he lived and worked.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81755417,"asset_id":73101274,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":132234982,"first_name":"Walter","last_name":"Pfluger","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PflugerWalter","display_name":"Walter Pfluger","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PflugerWalter?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/132234982/42029471/33859125/s65_walter.pfluger.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3519,"name":"Anthroposophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthroposophy?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":3562,"name":"Rudolf Steiner","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rudolf_Steiner?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":4106,"name":"Yoga Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yoga_Philosophy?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":8466,"name":"Frank Lloyd Wright","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frank_Lloyd_Wright?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":8467,"name":"Buckminster Fuller","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buckminster_Fuller?f_ri=43407"},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":46635,"name":"Central and East European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_and_East_European_Studies?f_ri=43407"},{"id":50576,"name":"Germany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Germany?f_ri=43407"},{"id":79730,"name":"Globalization and New World Order","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization_and_New_World_Order?f_ri=43407"},{"id":104990,"name":"Regime change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Regime_change?f_ri=43407"},{"id":137792,"name":"Military Industrial Complex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Industrial_Complex?f_ri=43407"},{"id":431525,"name":"Niall Ferguson","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Niall_Ferguson?f_ri=43407"},{"id":781620,"name":"Culture and the Anthropocene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture_and_the_Anthropocene?f_ri=43407"},{"id":957894,"name":"Weimar Bauhaus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Weimar_Bauhaus?f_ri=43407"},{"id":1004767,"name":"SIPRI","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SIPRI?f_ri=43407"},{"id":1367722,"name":"Dwight Eisenhower","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dwight_Eisenhower?f_ri=43407"},{"id":1524209,"name":"Social Threefolding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Threefolding?f_ri=43407"},{"id":2907181,"name":"Dornach Goetheanum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dornach_Goetheanum?f_ri=43407"},{"id":2928248,"name":"Mc Luhan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mc_Luhan?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36438853" data-work_id="36438853" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36438853/The_Benefits_and_Drawbacks_of_Nazi_and_Soviet_Intervention_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War">The Benefits and Drawbacks of Nazi and Soviet Intervention in the Spanish Civil War</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Spanish Civil War constituted a remarkable watershed in the European balance of power. On the one side of the barricades, Nazi Germany bolstered the efforts of the Nationalist camp, while on the other, the Soviet Union pledged its... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36438853" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Spanish Civil War constituted a remarkable watershed in the European balance of power. On the one side of the barricades, Nazi Germany bolstered the efforts of the Nationalist camp, while on the other, the Soviet Union pledged its support to the Spanish Republicans. Both Hitler and Stalin intervened in Spain with a list of goals in mind, which they achieved with varying success. This essay will tackle this question by exploring the effect of the Spanish Civil War in international affairs and identifying its lingering impact on German and USSR policy. It will be shown that both Hitler and Stalin developed their policy regarding the Spain based upon a set of political, ideological, economic, and military aims. Overall success or failure was determined by the respective fulfilment or miscarriage of said aims, as well as by collateral benefits or drawbacks. By pinpointing the relative advantages and disadvantages, the essay will showcase that both countries benefited extensively from intervention in Spain. Hitler achieved a masterful diplomatic maneuver, making overtures at Italo-German collaboration and prolonging the appeasement policy adopted by Britain and France, while also procuring precious raw materials. Stalin, despite having lost, made the most out of an unfavorable situation, drew valuable technological and tactical lessons, and managed to eliminate some of his most vocal opposition, all while aggrandizing his regime both domestically and abroad. The Spanish conflict, therefore, actively paved the way for World War II, since it created the circumstances that allowed later events to unfold.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36438853" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8cff94533e301d311add8f8350048f6d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56352964,"asset_id":36438853,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56352964/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="52986669" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/VanessaLiakopoulou">Vanessa Liakopoulou</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="52986669" type="text/json">{"id":52986669,"first_name":"Vanessa","last_name":"Liakopoulou","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"VanessaLiakopoulou","display_name":"Vanessa Liakopoulou","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/VanessaLiakopoulou?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/52986669/19398716/39605115/s65_vanessa.liakopoulou.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36438853 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36438853"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36438853, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36438853", }); 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On the one side of the barricades, Nazi Germany bolstered the efforts of the Nationalist camp, while on the other, the Soviet Union pledged its support to the Spanish Republicans. Both Hitler and Stalin intervened in Spain with a list of goals in mind, which they achieved with varying success. This essay will tackle this question by exploring the effect of the Spanish Civil War in international affairs and identifying its lingering impact on German and USSR policy. It will be shown that both Hitler and Stalin developed their policy regarding the Spain based upon a set of political, ideological, economic, and military aims. Overall success or failure was determined by the respective fulfilment or miscarriage of said aims, as well as by collateral benefits or drawbacks. By pinpointing the relative advantages and disadvantages, the essay will showcase that both countries benefited extensively from intervention in Spain. Hitler achieved a masterful diplomatic maneuver, making overtures at Italo-German collaboration and prolonging the appeasement policy adopted by Britain and France, while also procuring precious raw materials. Stalin, despite having lost, made the most out of an unfavorable situation, drew valuable technological and tactical lessons, and managed to eliminate some of his most vocal opposition, all while aggrandizing his regime both domestically and abroad. The Spanish conflict, therefore, actively paved the way for World War II, since it created the circumstances that allowed later events to unfold.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56352964,"asset_id":36438853,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":52986669,"first_name":"Vanessa","last_name":"Liakopoulou","domain_name":"ucl","page_name":"VanessaLiakopoulou","display_name":"Vanessa Liakopoulou","profile_url":"https://ucl.academia.edu/VanessaLiakopoulou?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/52986669/19398716/39605115/s65_vanessa.liakopoulou.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":1567,"name":"Soviet 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Mahmood","profile_url":"https://southerndenmark.academia.edu/MustafaMahmood?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33969835/10008808/33368088/s65_mustafa.mahmood.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5357,"name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afghanistan?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6808456" data-work_id="6808456" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6808456/The_Middle_East_in_a_Search_for_Democracy_Foreign_Interventions_in_Democratization_Process_and_Its_Aftermath">The Middle East in a Search for Democracy: Foreign Interventions in Democratization Process and Its Aftermath</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6808456" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8fd2fd15697a57dd931a1132732cd4a0" rel="nofollow" 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data-card-contents-for-ri="2015" type="text/json">{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3872" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Studies">War Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3872" type="text/json">{"id":3872,"name":"War Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6808456]'), work: {"id":6808456,"title":"The Middle 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Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Politics?f_ri=43407"},{"id":17123,"name":"Democracy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy?f_ri=43407"},{"id":18623,"name":"Middle East Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Politics?f_ri=43407"},{"id":19087,"name":"Military and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_and_Politics?f_ri=43407"},{"id":30456,"name":"War on Terror","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_on_Terror?f_ri=43407"},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":43520,"name":"Middle East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East?f_ri=43407"},{"id":50550,"name":"United States Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=43407"},{"id":74580,"name":"Iraq 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href="https://www.academia.edu/45072537/Intervention_in_Chile_A_Letter_to_the_President_by_Hira_Haroon">Intervention in Chile A Letter to the President by Hira Haroon</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">This letter is a critical interpretation of The United States Intervention in Chile.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45072537" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b36daa71c896a2f893cb543a616834bf" rel="nofollow" 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{ var workId = 45072537; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_45072537"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_45072537 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="45072537"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45072537; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45072537]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45072537").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45072537").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45072537"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7982" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimacy">Legitimacy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7982" type="text/json">{"id":7982,"name":"Legitimacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimacy?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9817" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanitarian_Intervention">Humanitarian Intervention</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9817" type="text/json">{"id":9817,"name":"Humanitarian Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanitarian_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13530" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chile">Chile</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13530" type="text/json">{"id":13530,"name":"Chile","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chile?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43407" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention">Foreign Military Intervention</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="43407" type="text/json">{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45072537]'), work: {"id":45072537,"title":"Intervention in Chile A Letter to the President by Hira Haroon","created_at":"2021-02-07T09:20:06.550-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45072537/Intervention_in_Chile_A_Letter_to_the_President_by_Hira_Haroon?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_45072537","summary":"This letter is a critical interpretation of The United States Intervention in Chile. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65628901,"asset_id":45072537,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":95952947,"first_name":"Hira","last_name":"Haroon","domain_name":"qub","page_name":"HiraHaroon","display_name":"Hira Haroon","profile_url":"https://qub.academia.edu/HiraHaroon?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/95952947/28538732/34400491/s65_hira.haroon.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7982,"name":"Legitimacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legitimacy?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":9817,"name":"Humanitarian Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanitarian_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":13530,"name":"Chile","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chile?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":97450,"name":"Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intervention?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9670898" data-work_id="9670898" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9670898/Hezbollah_s_Military_Intervention_in_Syria_Political_choice_or_religious_obligation">Hezbollah’s Military Intervention in Syria: Political choice or religious obligation?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Hezbollah has been an important political and military actor in Lebanon and the Middle East since the mid-1980s. Its popularity grew especially after successfully deterring the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 2006. With the emergence of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9670898" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Hezbollah has been an important political and military actor in Lebanon and the Middle East since the mid-1980s. Its popularity grew especially after successfully deterring the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 2006. With the emergence of the so-called Arab Spring, however, the party’s popularity declined for many reasons. One of these was its military intervention in Syria on the side of the Syrian government. This event has been interpreted in various ways, sometimes explaining it as religiously-motivated decision, due to Hezbollah’s strong affiliation to Shia Islam. This empirical research finds that, on the contrary, Hezbollah’s intervention is politically rather than religiously motivated. The data presented here shows that Hezbollah politicizes certain aspects of the religious sensitivities in the region in order to mobilize troops, yet, a study of its military activities inside Syria indicates that Hezbollah actually follows its political and geostrategic interests.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9670898" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1e6eddd07c58a96be0725786760aeaf8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35866221,"asset_id":9670898,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35866221/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="12095669" href="https://carnegieendowment.academia.edu/ArmenakTokmajyan">Armenak Tokmajyan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="12095669" type="text/json">{"id":12095669,"first_name":"Armenak","last_name":"Tokmajyan","domain_name":"carnegieendowment","page_name":"ArmenakTokmajyan","display_name":"Armenak Tokmajyan","profile_url":"https://carnegieendowment.academia.edu/ArmenakTokmajyan?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12095669/3576592/12217304/s65_armenak.tokmajyan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9670898 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9670898"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9670898, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9670898", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9670898]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9670898").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9670898").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9670898"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13412" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_and_Religion">Politics and Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13412" type="text/json">{"id":13412,"name":"Politics and Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_and_Religion?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43407" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention">Foreign Military Intervention</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="43407" type="text/json">{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="52959" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Sectarian_Violence">Ethnic / Sectarian Violence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="52959" type="text/json">{"id":52959,"name":"Ethnic / Sectarian Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Sectarian_Violence?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="153896" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="153896" type="text/json">{"id":153896,"name":"Hezbollah","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hezbollah?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9670898]'), work: {"id":9670898,"title":"Hezbollah’s Military Intervention in Syria: Political choice or religious obligation?","created_at":"2014-12-08T03:24:30.756-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9670898/Hezbollah_s_Military_Intervention_in_Syria_Political_choice_or_religious_obligation?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_9670898","summary":"Hezbollah has been an important political and military actor in Lebanon and the Middle East since the mid-1980s. Its popularity grew especially after successfully deterring the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 2006. With the emergence of the so-called Arab Spring, however, the party’s popularity declined for many reasons. One of these was its military intervention in Syria on the side of the Syrian government. This event has been interpreted in various ways, sometimes explaining it as religiously-motivated decision, due to Hezbollah’s strong affiliation to Shia Islam. This empirical research finds that, on the contrary, Hezbollah’s intervention is politically rather than religiously motivated. The data presented here shows that Hezbollah politicizes certain aspects of the religious sensitivities in the region in order to mobilize troops, yet, a study of its military activities inside Syria indicates that Hezbollah actually follows its political and geostrategic interests.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35866221,"asset_id":9670898,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":12095669,"first_name":"Armenak","last_name":"Tokmajyan","domain_name":"carnegieendowment","page_name":"ArmenakTokmajyan","display_name":"Armenak Tokmajyan","profile_url":"https://carnegieendowment.academia.edu/ArmenakTokmajyan?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12095669/3576592/12217304/s65_armenak.tokmajyan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":13412,"name":"Politics and Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_and_Religion?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":52959,"name":"Ethnic / Sectarian Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Sectarian_Violence?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":153896,"name":"Hezbollah","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hezbollah?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":575764,"name":"Syrian Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syrian_Conflict?f_ri=43407"},{"id":1707262,"name":"Religious Mass Mobilization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Mass_Mobilization?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_237638" data-work_id="237638" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/237638/Justifying_Coercive_and_Non_Coercive_Intervention_Humanitarian_and_Strategic_Arguments">Justifying Coercive and Non-Coercive Intervention: Humanitarian and Strategic Arguments</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/237638" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="36165721fc17daa8267b74f7251ddfa7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":950010,"asset_id":237638,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/950010/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="186997" href="https://unomaha.academia.edu/RoryConces">Rory Conces</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="186997" type="text/json">{"id":186997,"first_name":"Rory","last_name":"Conces","domain_name":"unomaha","page_name":"RoryConces","display_name":"Rory Conces","profile_url":"https://unomaha.academia.edu/RoryConces?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/186997/45718/30010046/s65_rory.conces.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_237638 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="237638"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 237638, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_237638", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=237638]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_237638").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_237638").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="237638"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1696" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory">Political Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1696" type="text/json">{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3337" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Balkan_Studies">Balkan Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3337" type="text/json">{"id":3337,"name":"Balkan Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Balkan_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3972" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide_Studies">Genocide Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3972" type="text/json">{"id":3972,"name":"Genocide Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5839" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kosovo">Kosovo</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5839" type="text/json">{"id":5839,"name":"Kosovo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kosovo?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=237638]'), work: {"id":237638,"title":"Justifying Coercive and Non-Coercive Intervention: Humanitarian and Strategic Arguments","created_at":"2010-05-18T22:58:45.550-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/237638/Justifying_Coercive_and_Non_Coercive_Intervention_Humanitarian_and_Strategic_Arguments?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_237638","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":950010,"asset_id":237638,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":186997,"first_name":"Rory","last_name":"Conces","domain_name":"unomaha","page_name":"RoryConces","display_name":"Rory Conces","profile_url":"https://unomaha.academia.edu/RoryConces?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/186997/45718/30010046/s65_rory.conces.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":3337,"name":"Balkan Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Balkan_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":3972,"name":"Genocide Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":5839,"name":"Kosovo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kosovo?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":5993,"name":"Bosnia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bosnia?f_ri=43407"},{"id":8269,"name":"International Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Ethics?f_ri=43407"},{"id":9817,"name":"Humanitarian Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanitarian_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":12973,"name":"Just War Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Just_War_Theory?f_ri=43407"},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":105989,"name":"The Balkans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Balkans?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45137859" data-work_id="45137859" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45137859/_La_base_secreta_de_las_Arguijuelas_">«La base secreta de las Arguijuelas»</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">La ayuda militar de Alemania e Italia fue gestada directamente por Franco en Cáceres a principios de la guerra civil. Soldados, tanques y cañones anticarro viajaron ocultos por mar y tren desde el país germano hasta los castillos de las... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45137859" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">La ayuda militar de Alemania e Italia fue gestada directamente por Franco en Cáceres a principios de la guerra civil. Soldados, tanques y cañones anticarro viajaron ocultos por mar y tren desde el país germano hasta los castillos de las Arguijuelas, convertidos en base del 'Panzer Gruppe'. Formaron a los españoles en el uso de blindados, hasta entonces escasos, y de paso los alemanes ensayaron las tácticas que pronto les permitirían adueñarse de Europa.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45137859" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3936fc69cdc6562251ab9fb083cf5cd6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65709621,"asset_id":45137859,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65709621/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2297164" href="https://unex.academia.edu/AntonioRodr%C3%ADguezGonz%C3%A1lez">Antonio Rodríguez González</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2297164" type="text/json">{"id":2297164,"first_name":"Antonio","last_name":"Rodríguez González","domain_name":"unex","page_name":"AntonioRodríguezGonzález","display_name":"Antonio Rodríguez González","profile_url":"https://unex.academia.edu/AntonioRodr%C3%ADguezGonz%C3%A1lez?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2297164/728473/16312946/s65_antonio.rodr_guez_gonz_lez.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45137859 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45137859"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45137859, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45137859", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_45137859 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45137859; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_45137859"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_45137859 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="45137859"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45137859; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45137859]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45137859").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45137859").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45137859"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="19364" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War">Archaeology of the Spanish Civil War</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="19364" type="text/json">{"id":19364,"name":"Archaeology of the Spanish Civil War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20333" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spanish_Civil_War">Spanish Civil War</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="20333" type="text/json">{"id":20333,"name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spanish_Civil_War?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43023" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nazi_Germany">Nazi Germany</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="43023" type="text/json">{"id":43023,"name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nazi_Germany?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45137859]'), work: {"id":45137859,"title":"«La base secreta de las Arguijuelas»","created_at":"2021-02-17T00:45:49.589-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45137859/_La_base_secreta_de_las_Arguijuelas_?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_45137859","summary":"La ayuda militar de Alemania e Italia fue gestada directamente por Franco en Cáceres a principios de la guerra civil. Soldados, tanques y cañones anticarro viajaron ocultos por mar y tren desde el país germano hasta los castillos de las Arguijuelas, convertidos en base del 'Panzer Gruppe'. Formaron a los españoles en el uso de blindados, hasta entonces escasos, y de paso los alemanes ensayaron las tácticas que pronto les permitirían adueñarse de Europa.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65709621,"asset_id":45137859,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2297164,"first_name":"Antonio","last_name":"Rodríguez González","domain_name":"unex","page_name":"AntonioRodríguezGonzález","display_name":"Antonio Rodríguez González","profile_url":"https://unex.academia.edu/AntonioRodr%C3%ADguezGonz%C3%A1lez?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2297164/728473/16312946/s65_antonio.rodr_guez_gonz_lez.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":19364,"name":"Archaeology of the Spanish Civil 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Civil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Guerra_Civil?f_ri=43407"},{"id":351535,"name":"Cáceres","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caceres?f_ri=43407"},{"id":384046,"name":"Arqueología de la Guerra Civil Española","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arqueolog%C3%ADa_de_la_Guerra_Civil_Espa%C3%B1ola?f_ri=43407"},{"id":624456,"name":"II República, Guerra Civil, Franquismo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/II_Republica_Guerra_Civil_Franquismo?f_ri=43407"},{"id":625023,"name":"Tanks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tanks?f_ri=43407"},{"id":787821,"name":"CASTILLOS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CASTILLOS?f_ri=43407"},{"id":829387,"name":"Legion Condor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legion_Condor?f_ri=43407"},{"id":1224441,"name":"German Military 1933-1945","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/German_Military_1933-1945?f_ri=43407"},{"id":1296878,"name":"Historia De 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href="https://www.academia.edu/3602842/Is_it_realistic_to_expect_the_military_to_engage_in_humanitarian_interventions">Is it realistic to expect the military to engage in humanitarian interventions?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3602842" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dc890efe7ad28e6c5cf17d74c5197474" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31299271,"asset_id":3602842,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button 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u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Notwithstanding all declarations of fighting for human rights, for women, for democracy, the unalterable fact is that America's wars were always, without exception, waged to defend corporate interests. Greed was the reason for all... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_59103281" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Notwithstanding all declarations of fighting for human rights, for women, for democracy, the unalterable fact is that America's wars were always, without exception, waged to defend corporate interests. Greed was the reason for all bloodshed.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/59103281" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="546a9434c5e80537b87d82193687615b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":73196753,"asset_id":59103281,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73196753/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="158930035" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BikramLamba">Bikram Lamba</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="158930035" type="text/json">{"id":158930035,"first_name":"Bikram","last_name":"Lamba","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BikramLamba","display_name":"Bikram Lamba","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BikramLamba?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/17ccc2c4776bb55151f7851695729ca3?s=65"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_59103281 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="59103281"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 59103281, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_59103281", }); 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Greed was the reason for all bloodshed.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":73196753,"asset_id":59103281,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":158930035,"first_name":"Bikram","last_name":"Lamba","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BikramLamba","display_name":"Bikram Lamba","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BikramLamba?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/17ccc2c4776bb55151f7851695729ca3?s=65"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3872,"name":"War Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":74580,"name":"Iraq War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraq_War?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":137792,"name":"Military Industrial 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Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Anthropology?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6726" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Haiti">Haiti</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6726" type="text/json">{"id":6726,"name":"Haiti","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Haiti?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9535" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Giorgio_Agamben">Giorgio Agamben</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9535" type="text/json">{"id":9535,"name":"Giorgio Agamben","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Giorgio_Agamben?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17817" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Police_and_Policing">Anthropology of Police & Policing</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17817" type="text/json">{"id":17817,"name":"Anthropology of Police \u0026 Policing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology_of_Police_and_Policing?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10129302]'), work: {"id":10129302,"title":"Phantom Power: Notes on Provisionality in Haiti","created_at":"2015-01-12T10:50:12.499-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10129302/Phantom_Power_Notes_on_Provisionality_in_Haiti?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_10129302","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37046268,"asset_id":10129302,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":16507269,"first_name":"Greg","last_name":"Beckett","domain_name":"uwontario","page_name":"GregBeckett","display_name":"Greg 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Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":54577,"name":"State of Emergency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_of_Emergency?f_ri=43407"},{"id":80845,"name":"State of exception","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_of_exception?f_ri=43407"},{"id":624047,"name":"US Imperialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/US_Imperialism?f_ri=43407"},{"id":1317770,"name":"Haitian Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Haitian_Politics?f_ri=43407"},{"id":1377119,"name":"US Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/US_Empire?f_ri=43407"},{"id":1391141,"name":"Haitian Political and Intelectual History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Haitian_Political_and_Intelectual_History?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3425878" data-work_id="3425878" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3425878/Non_muslim_Schooling_in_Kosovo_during_the_Abdulhamit_II_Era_and_the_Policy_of_Ottoman_Government">Non-muslim Schooling in Kosovo during the Abdulhamit II Era and the Policy of Ottoman Government</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The purpose of this study was to uncover real importance and volume of schooling interlaced with political practices through placing the education in a pragmatic position in forming national epistemologies and political ambitions by... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3425878" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The purpose of this study was to uncover real importance and volume of schooling interlaced <br />with political practices through placing the education in a pragmatic position in forming national <br />epistemologies and political ambitions by non-muslims who desire to establish a geography by <br />virtue of having specific national histories, cultures, languages, religions, literatures, and broad <br />and deep ententes with Ottoman management in the final stage of the government. Within this <br />framework, it was tried to interpret the events, institutions, and individuals concerning the subject <br />between 1876 and 1909 in their own conditions as they were by means of vertical method and <br />historical research pattern.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3425878" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5d910f24020c038590a37333050b99b7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31198261,"asset_id":3425878,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31198261/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="879737" href="https://marmara.academia.edu/HalilEksi">Halil Eksi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="879737" type="text/json">{"id":879737,"first_name":"Halil","last_name":"Eksi","domain_name":"marmara","page_name":"HalilEksi","display_name":"Halil Eksi","profile_url":"https://marmara.academia.edu/HalilEksi?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/879737/419061/6538667/s65_halil.eksi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3425878 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3425878"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3425878, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3425878", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_3425878 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3425878; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_3425878"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_3425878 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="3425878"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 3425878; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3425878]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3425878").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3425878").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3425878"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5839" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5839" type="text/json">{"id":5839,"name":"Kosovo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kosovo?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6044" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orthodox_Theology">Orthodox Theology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6044" type="text/json">{"id":6044,"name":"Orthodox Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orthodox_Theology?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11208" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11208" type="text/json">{"id":11208,"name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ottoman_Empire?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43407" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention">Foreign Military Intervention</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="43407" type="text/json">{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3425878]'), work: {"id":3425878,"title":"Non-muslim Schooling in Kosovo during the Abdulhamit II Era and the Policy of Ottoman Government","created_at":"2013-04-29T23:12:48.149-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3425878/Non_muslim_Schooling_in_Kosovo_during_the_Abdulhamit_II_Era_and_the_Policy_of_Ottoman_Government?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_3425878","summary":"The purpose of this study was to uncover real importance and volume of schooling interlaced\r\nwith political practices through placing the education in a pragmatic position in forming national\r\nepistemologies and political ambitions by non-muslims who desire to establish a geography by\r\nvirtue of having specific national histories, cultures, languages, religions, literatures, and broad\r\nand deep ententes with Ottoman management in the final stage of the government. Within this\r\nframework, it was tried to interpret the events, institutions, and individuals concerning the subject\r\nbetween 1876 and 1909 in their own conditions as they were by means of vertical method and\r\nhistorical research pattern.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31198261,"asset_id":3425878,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":879737,"first_name":"Halil","last_name":"Eksi","domain_name":"marmara","page_name":"HalilEksi","display_name":"Halil Eksi","profile_url":"https://marmara.academia.edu/HalilEksi?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/879737/419061/6538667/s65_halil.eksi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5839,"name":"Kosovo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kosovo?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":6044,"name":"Orthodox Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orthodox_Theology?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":11208,"name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ottoman_Empire?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":53325,"name":"Abdulhamid II","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abdulhamid_II?f_ri=43407"},{"id":257209,"name":"Non Muslim","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non_Muslim?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2204325" data-work_id="2204325" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2204325/How_military_technology_became_a_tool_for_justification_for_military_interventions">How military technology became a tool for justification for military interventions</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2204325" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="650b3103c25d592016e1c70fcd70608c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30874567,"asset_id":2204325,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30874567/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="162075" href="https://agu-tr.academia.edu/CaglarKurc">Caglar Kurc</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="162075" type="text/json">{"id":162075,"first_name":"Caglar","last_name":"Kurc","domain_name":"agu-tr","page_name":"CaglarKurc","display_name":"Caglar Kurc","profile_url":"https://agu-tr.academia.edu/CaglarKurc?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/162075/41414/18798731/s65_caglar.kurc.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2204325 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2204325"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2204325, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2204325", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_2204325 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2204325; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2204325"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2204325 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2204325"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2204325; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2204325]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2204325").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2204325").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2204325"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3705" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security">International Security</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3705" type="text/json">{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43407" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention">Foreign Military Intervention</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="43407" type="text/json">{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="339722" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Technology">Military Technology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="339722" type="text/json">{"id":339722,"name":"Military Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Technology?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2204325]'), work: {"id":2204325,"title":"How military technology became a tool for justification for military interventions","created_at":"2012-11-27T04:52:49.593-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2204325/How_military_technology_became_a_tool_for_justification_for_military_interventions?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_2204325","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30874567,"asset_id":2204325,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":162075,"first_name":"Caglar","last_name":"Kurc","domain_name":"agu-tr","page_name":"CaglarKurc","display_name":"Caglar Kurc","profile_url":"https://agu-tr.academia.edu/CaglarKurc?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/162075/41414/18798731/s65_caglar.kurc.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":339722,"name":"Military Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Technology?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_815377" data-work_id="815377" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/815377/The_Grenada_Invasion_Politics_Law_and_Foreign_Policy_Decisionmaking">The Grenada Invasion: Politics, Law and Foreign Policy Decisionmaking</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This study focuses principally on two related questions. First, how did the Reagan administration decide to launch the invasion of Grenada? And second, what role did international law play in that decision? The Grenada Invasion draws on... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_815377" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study focuses principally on two related questions. First, how did the Reagan administration decide to launch the invasion of Grenada? And second, what role did international law play in that decision? The Grenada Invasion draws on extensive interviews and correspondence with key participants - and on the published memoirs of those who participated in or witnessed the administration's deliberations - in order to render a new and more complete picture of Operation "Urgent Fury" decisionmaking. Beck concludes that international law did not determine policy but that it acted briefly as a restraint and then as a justification for action.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/815377" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="652462" href="https://uwm.academia.edu/RobertBeck">Robert J. 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First, how did the Reagan administration decide to launch the invasion of Grenada? And second, what role did international law play in that decision? The Grenada Invasion draws on extensive interviews and correspondence with key participants - and on the published memoirs of those who participated in or witnessed the administration's deliberations - in order to render a new and more complete picture of Operation \"Urgent Fury\" decisionmaking. Beck concludes that international law did not determine policy but that it acted briefly as a restraint and then as a justification for action.","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":652462,"first_name":"Robert J.","last_name":"Beck","domain_name":"uwm","page_name":"RobertBeck","display_name":"Robert J. Beck","profile_url":"https://uwm.academia.edu/RobertBeck?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/652462/225888/264234/s65_robert.beck.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1483,"name":"Foreign Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":5248,"name":"Legal Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_Theory?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":25100,"name":"Grenada","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Grenada?f_ri=43407"},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44407642" data-work_id="44407642" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44407642/_DEMOCRACY_CANNOT_BE_IMPOSED_BY_MILITARY_FORCE_FORMER_NL_AMBASSADOR_TO_IRAQ_TURKEY_EGYPT_INDONESIA_AND_GERMANY_NIKOLAOS_VAN_DAM_75">"DEMOCRACY CANNOT BE IMPOSED BY MILITARY FORCE" -FORMER NL AMBASSADOR TO IRAQ, TURKEY, EGYPT, INDONESIA AND GERMANY NIKOLAOS VAN DAM (75</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44407642" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i 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itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="446812" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NikolaosVanDam">Nikolaos Van Dam</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="446812" type="text/json">{"id":446812,"first_name":"Nikolaos","last_name":"Van Dam","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NikolaosVanDam","display_name":"Nikolaos Van Dam","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NikolaosVanDam?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/446812/1966586/4974902/s65_nikolaos.van_dam.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44407642 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44407642"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44407642, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44407642", }); });</script></li><li 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Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanitarian_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":1915856,"name":"American Military Interventions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Military_Interventions?f_ri=43407"},{"id":2964627,"name":"Russia’s military intervention in Syria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russia_s_military_intervention_in_Syria?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40265746" data-work_id="40265746" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40265746/War_under_the_Mango_Tree">War under the Mango Tree</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">At a remote military camp in Africa, a small detachment of American soldiers and their local allies wage a high-tech manhunt to neutralize the notorious warlord Daniel Odoki and defeat his rebel army. As the quixotic campaign unfolds, a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40265746" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">At a remote military camp in Africa, a small detachment of American soldiers and their local allies wage a high-tech manhunt to neutralize the notorious warlord Daniel Odoki and defeat his rebel army. As the quixotic campaign unfolds, a cast of glory-seeking generals, rapacious mercenaries and corrupt government officials are determined to finish off Odoki, though each for different reasons. Meanwhile, a hapless band of compatriots, pawns in a mysterious shadow war, race to discover the truth about Odoki before it’s too late.<br /><br />In the tradition of writers such as Joseph Heller, Kurt Vonnegut, and Evelyn Waugh, War Under the Mango Tree exposes the absurdities of modern warfare as it intersects with media culture, technology, politics, and big business. The result is a darkly painted satire of war, money, and corruption on the far-flung reaches of Pax Americana.<br /><br /><a href="https://www.amazon.com/War-Under-Mango-Tree-novel/dp/1937333965" rel="nofollow">https://www.amazon.com/War-Under-Mango-Tree-novel/dp/1937333965</a><br /><br />“...a thoroughly entertaining lampoon of the US military machine...Not since Catch 22 has a novel this brilliant come along. Five cheeky stars!”  — David Edlund, USA Today bestselling author of “Guarding Savage” <br /><br />“...a brilliant satire of the hypocrisy, bureaucracy, banality, and ineptitude of the military...scathingly funny and often feels absurd—yet other times, all too real.”  — David Aretha, editor of multiple award-winning military books</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40265746" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6006df96aed9eb240bcb7668ec3ef17b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60593036,"asset_id":40265746,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60593036/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="16642538" href="https://washington.academia.edu/GlennVoelz">Glenn Voelz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="16642538" type="text/json">{"id":16642538,"first_name":"Glenn","last_name":"Voelz","domain_name":"washington","page_name":"GlennVoelz","display_name":"Glenn Voelz","profile_url":"https://washington.academia.edu/GlennVoelz?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16642538/158134518/147778608/s65_glenn.voelz.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40265746 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40265746"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40265746, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40265746", }); 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As the quixotic campaign unfolds, a cast of glory-seeking generals, rapacious mercenaries and corrupt government officials are determined to finish off Odoki, though each for different reasons. Meanwhile, a hapless band of compatriots, pawns in a mysterious shadow war, race to discover the truth about Odoki before it’s too late.\n\nIn the tradition of writers such as Joseph Heller, Kurt Vonnegut, and Evelyn Waugh, War Under the Mango Tree exposes the absurdities of modern warfare as it intersects with media culture, technology, politics, and big business. The result is a darkly painted satire of war, money, and corruption on the far-flung reaches of Pax Americana.\n\nhttps://www.amazon.com/War-Under-Mango-Tree-novel/dp/1937333965\n\n“...a thoroughly entertaining lampoon of the US military machine...Not since Catch 22 has a novel this brilliant come along. Five cheeky stars!” — David Edlund, USA Today bestselling author of “Guarding Savage” \n\n“...a brilliant satire of the hypocrisy, bureaucracy, banality, and ineptitude of the military...scathingly funny and often feels absurd—yet other times, all too real.” — David Aretha, editor of multiple award-winning military books","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60593036,"asset_id":40265746,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":61282798,"asset_id":40265746,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":16642538,"first_name":"Glenn","last_name":"Voelz","domain_name":"washington","page_name":"GlennVoelz","display_name":"Glenn Voelz","profile_url":"https://washington.academia.edu/GlennVoelz?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16642538/158134518/147778608/s65_glenn.voelz.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":570,"name":"Military Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Intelligence?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":578,"name":"Special Operations And Low Intensity Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Special_Operations_And_Low_Intensity_Conflict?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=43407"},{"id":4527,"name":"Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Africa?f_ri=43407"},{"id":9451,"name":"Insurgency/Counterinsurgency(COIN)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insurgency_Counterinsurgency_COIN_?f_ri=43407"},{"id":14045,"name":"African Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Politics?f_ri=43407"},{"id":19087,"name":"Military and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_and_Politics?f_ri=43407"},{"id":22685,"name":"Civil-military relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil-military_relations?f_ri=43407"},{"id":30456,"name":"War on Terror","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_on_Terror?f_ri=43407"},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":44675,"name":"Fiction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fiction?f_ri=43407"},{"id":44890,"name":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicles?f_ri=43407"},{"id":48606,"name":"Private military contractors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Private_military_contractors?f_ri=43407"},{"id":103544,"name":"Political Satire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Satire?f_ri=43407"},{"id":173869,"name":"Conflict Minerals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_Minerals?f_ri=43407"},{"id":189027,"name":"Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicle_UAV_?f_ri=43407"},{"id":329707,"name":"Drones","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drones?f_ri=43407"},{"id":520696,"name":"Mercenaries and Private Military Contractors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mercenaries_and_Private_Military_Contractors?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6938255" data-work_id="6938255" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6938255/O_Schulz_Ein_Sieg_der_zivilisierten_Welt_Die_Intervention_der_europ%C3%A4ischen_Gro%C3%9Fm%C3%A4chte_im_griechischen_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeitskrieg_1826_1832_">O. Schulz: Ein Sieg der zivilisierten Welt? Die Intervention der europäischen Großmächte im griechischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg (1826-1832)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6938255" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5452673" href="https://r.academia.edu/OliverSchulz">Oliver Schulz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5452673" type="text/json">{"id":5452673,"first_name":"Oliver","last_name":"Schulz","domain_name":"r","page_name":"OliverSchulz","display_name":"Oliver Schulz","profile_url":"https://r.academia.edu/OliverSchulz?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5452673/2394734/4078712/s65_oliver.schulz.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6938255 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6938255"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6938255, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6938255", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6938255]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6938255").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6938255").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6938255"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11208" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11208" type="text/json">{"id":11208,"name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ottoman_Empire?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12785" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_International_Relations">History of International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12785" type="text/json">{"id":12785,"name":"History of International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_International_Relations?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43407" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention">Foreign Military Intervention</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="43407" type="text/json">{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="460966" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eastern_Question">Eastern Question</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="460966" type="text/json">{"id":460966,"name":"Eastern Question","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eastern_Question?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6938255]'), work: {"id":6938255,"title":"O. Schulz: Ein Sieg der zivilisierten Welt? Die Intervention der europäischen Großmächte im griechischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg (1826-1832)","created_at":"2014-05-02T01:08:33.884-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6938255/O_Schulz_Ein_Sieg_der_zivilisierten_Welt_Die_Intervention_der_europ%C3%A4ischen_Gro%C3%9Fm%C3%A4chte_im_griechischen_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeitskrieg_1826_1832_?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_6938255","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5452673,"first_name":"Oliver","last_name":"Schulz","domain_name":"r","page_name":"OliverSchulz","display_name":"Oliver Schulz","profile_url":"https://r.academia.edu/OliverSchulz?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5452673/2394734/4078712/s65_oliver.schulz.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":11208,"name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ottoman_Empire?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":12785,"name":"History of International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_International_Relations?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":460966,"name":"Eastern Question","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eastern_Question?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6743336" data-work_id="6743336" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6743336/_Laptitude_%C3%A0_la_libert%C3%A9_de_John_Stuart_Mill_%C3%A0_Michael_Walzer">"L'aptitude à la liberté" de John Stuart Mill à Michael Walzer</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Dans « “L’aptitude à la liberté”, de John Stuart Mill à Michael Walzer », Aurélie Knüfer analyse l’un des arguments consés fonder le principe de non-intervention : vu qu’il serait impossible de savoir, avant qu’il ne soit effectivement... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6743336" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Dans « “L’aptitude à la liberté”, de John Stuart Mill à Michael Walzer », Aurélie Knüfer analyse l’un des arguments consés fonder le principe de non-intervention : vu qu’il serait impossible de savoir, avant qu’il ne soit effectivement libre, si un peuple est apte à la liberté, et que seul un peuple qui se libère lui-même est susceptible de fonder ensuite des institutions libres, l’intervention pour aider des insurgés contre un gouvernement oppresseur serait toujours un mal. L’article montre les implications et les apories de cet argument dans la philosophie de John Stuart Mill, en restituant le contexte théorique et politique de son élaboration, et examine également l’usage et la critique qu’en a faits Michael Walzer.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6743336" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11051444" href="https://univ-montp3.academia.edu/Aur%C3%A9lieKn%C3%BCfer">Aurélie Knüfer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11051444" type="text/json">{"id":11051444,"first_name":"Aurélie","last_name":"Knüfer","domain_name":"univ-montp3","page_name":"AurélieKnüfer","display_name":"Aurélie Knüfer","profile_url":"https://univ-montp3.academia.edu/Aur%C3%A9lieKn%C3%BCfer?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11051444/3276518/36476058/s65_aur_lie.kn_fer.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6743336 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6743336"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6743336, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6743336", }); 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L’article montre les implications et les apories de cet argument dans la philosophie de John Stuart Mill, en restituant le contexte théorique et politique de son élaboration, et examine également l’usage et la critique qu’en a faits Michael Walzer.","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":11051444,"first_name":"Aurélie","last_name":"Knüfer","domain_name":"univ-montp3","page_name":"AurélieKnüfer","display_name":"Aurélie Knüfer","profile_url":"https://univ-montp3.academia.edu/Aur%C3%A9lieKn%C3%BCfer?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11051444/3276518/36476058/s65_aur_lie.kn_fer.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12973,"name":"Just War Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Just_War_Theory?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":34275,"name":"Just war theory (Philosophy)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Just_war_theory_Philosophy_?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":35668,"name":"John Stuart Mill","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_Stuart_Mill?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":66841,"name":"Michael Walzer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Michael_Walzer?f_ri=43407"},{"id":170414,"name":"Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_78482464" data-work_id="78482464" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78482464/Operation_Enduring_Democracy_Examining_the_Efficacy_of_Democracy_Through_War">Operation Enduring Democracy? Examining the Efficacy of 'Democracy Through War</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This dissertation offers an empirical assessment efficacy of democratic military intervention as a foreign policy tool for external democracy promotion. After briefly defining the principal modes for external democratization, the study... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_78482464" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This dissertation offers an empirical assessment efficacy of democratic military intervention as a foreign policy tool for external democracy promotion. After briefly defining the principal modes for external democratization, the study commences by categorizing the extant literature of the subject in three separate strands and proceed by critically assessing the claims of each. In view of the shortcomings of existing understandings of democratization, the dissertation proffers an alternative model based on the democratic continuum elucidated by Dahl (1989). The second part of the paper examines the democratic trajectory of Afghanistan in the wake of the US-led intervention in 2001. The Afghan case suggests that Bueno de Mesquita and Down’s (2006) ‘rational-choice’ explanation for the historical shortcomings of externally imposed democracy based on the conflictual interests of the democratic interveners and the soon-to-be democratic ‘selectorate’ in the target country is substantiate...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/78482464" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6420596" href="https://lse.academia.edu/OmarAlam">Omar Alam</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6420596" type="text/json">{"id":6420596,"first_name":"Omar","last_name":"Alam","domain_name":"lse","page_name":"OmarAlam","display_name":"Omar Alam","profile_url":"https://lse.academia.edu/OmarAlam?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6420596/8044091/37811838/s65_omar.alam.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_78482464 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="78482464"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 78482464, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_78482464", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78482464]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_78482464").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_78482464").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="78482464"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3826" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NATO">NATO</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3826" type="text/json">{"id":3826,"name":"NATO","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NATO?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5091" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization">Democratization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5091" type="text/json">{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5357" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5357" type="text/json">{"id":5357,"name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afghanistan?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28151" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rational_Choice_Theory">Rational Choice Theory</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="28151" type="text/json">{"id":28151,"name":"Rational Choice Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rational_Choice_Theory?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=78482464]'), work: {"id":78482464,"title":"Operation Enduring Democracy? Examining the Efficacy of 'Democracy Through War","created_at":"2022-05-04T22:52:44.014-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/78482464/Operation_Enduring_Democracy_Examining_the_Efficacy_of_Democracy_Through_War?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_78482464","summary":"This dissertation offers an empirical assessment efficacy of democratic military intervention as a foreign policy tool for external democracy promotion. After briefly defining the principal modes for external democratization, the study commences by categorizing the extant literature of the subject in three separate strands and proceed by critically assessing the claims of each. In view of the shortcomings of existing understandings of democratization, the dissertation proffers an alternative model based on the democratic continuum elucidated by Dahl (1989). The second part of the paper examines the democratic trajectory of Afghanistan in the wake of the US-led intervention in 2001. The Afghan case suggests that Bueno de Mesquita and Down’s (2006) ‘rational-choice’ explanation for the historical shortcomings of externally imposed democracy based on the conflictual interests of the democratic interveners and the soon-to-be democratic ‘selectorate’ in the target country is substantiate...","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6420596,"first_name":"Omar","last_name":"Alam","domain_name":"lse","page_name":"OmarAlam","display_name":"Omar Alam","profile_url":"https://lse.academia.edu/OmarAlam?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6420596/8044091/37811838/s65_omar.alam.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3826,"name":"NATO","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NATO?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":5357,"name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afghanistan?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":28151,"name":"Rational Choice Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rational_Choice_Theory?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":30456,"name":"War on Terror","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_on_Terror?f_ri=43407"},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":75168,"name":"Rational Choice Institutionalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rational_Choice_Institutionalism?f_ri=43407"},{"id":112489,"name":"Operation Enduring Freedom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Operation_Enduring_Freedom?f_ri=43407"},{"id":143756,"name":"Western Military interventions in the third world","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Western_Military_interventions_in_the_third_world?f_ri=43407"},{"id":170414,"name":"Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":1422091,"name":"Robert A. Dahl","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Robert_A._Dahl?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38842877" data-work_id="38842877" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38842877/Caso_pr%C3%A1tico_Aplica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_teoria_da_Escola_Inglesa_%C3%A0_interven%C3%A7%C3%A3o_no_Mali_2015_">Caso prático: Aplicação da teoria da Escola Inglesa à intervenção no Mali (2015)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Elaborado e aplicado de 2013 a 2015 na disciplina de teoria das relações internacionais 1 (TRI-1) do IREL, UnB; este caso prático visa facilitar a compreensão dos conceitos básicos da Escola Inglesa, mediante a sua aplicação a um evento... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38842877" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Elaborado e aplicado de 2013 a 2015 na disciplina de teoria das relações internacionais 1 (TRI-1) do IREL, UnB; este caso prático visa facilitar a compreensão dos conceitos básicos da Escola Inglesa, mediante a sua aplicação a um evento importante da política internacional contemporânea.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38842877" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4f67ba098ff52ac471a1918ed3be36d8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58937212,"asset_id":38842877,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58937212/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="60818410" href="https://unb.academia.edu/V%C3%A2niaCarvalhoPinto">Vânia Carvalho Pinto</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="60818410" type="text/json">{"id":60818410,"first_name":"Vânia","last_name":"Carvalho Pinto","domain_name":"unb","page_name":"VâniaCarvalhoPinto","display_name":"Vânia Carvalho Pinto","profile_url":"https://unb.academia.edu/V%C3%A2niaCarvalhoPinto?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/60818410/15830319/102411650/s65_v_nia.carvalho_pinto.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38842877 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38842877"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38842877, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38842877", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38842877]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38842877").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38842877").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38842877"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4803" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Active_Learning">Active Learning</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4803" type="text/json">{"id":4803,"name":"Active Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Active_Learning?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9817" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanitarian_Intervention">Humanitarian Intervention</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9817" type="text/json">{"id":9817,"name":"Humanitarian Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanitarian_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14045" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Politics">African Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14045" type="text/json">{"id":14045,"name":"African Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Politics?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="19087" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_and_Politics">Military and Politics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="19087" type="text/json">{"id":19087,"name":"Military and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_and_Politics?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38842877]'), work: {"id":38842877,"title":"Caso prático: Aplicação da teoria da Escola Inglesa à intervenção no Mali (2015)","created_at":"2019-04-17T13:20:53.167-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38842877/Caso_pr%C3%A1tico_Aplica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_teoria_da_Escola_Inglesa_%C3%A0_interven%C3%A7%C3%A3o_no_Mali_2015_?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_38842877","summary":"Elaborado e aplicado de 2013 a 2015 na disciplina de teoria das relações internacionais 1 (TRI-1) do IREL, UnB; este caso prático visa facilitar a compreensão dos conceitos básicos da Escola Inglesa, mediante a sua aplicação a um evento importante da política internacional contemporânea.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58937212,"asset_id":38842877,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":60818410,"first_name":"Vânia","last_name":"Carvalho Pinto","domain_name":"unb","page_name":"VâniaCarvalhoPinto","display_name":"Vânia Carvalho Pinto","profile_url":"https://unb.academia.edu/V%C3%A2niaCarvalhoPinto?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/60818410/15830319/102411650/s65_v_nia.carvalho_pinto.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4803,"name":"Active Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Active_Learning?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":9817,"name":"Humanitarian Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanitarian_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":14045,"name":"African Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Politics?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":19087,"name":"Military and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_and_Politics?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":143756,"name":"Western Military interventions in the third world","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Western_Military_interventions_in_the_third_world?f_ri=43407"},{"id":160582,"name":"English School of International Relations Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_School_of_International_Relations_Theory?f_ri=43407"},{"id":170414,"name":"Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":397817,"name":"Islamist movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamist_movements?f_ri=43407"},{"id":677806,"name":"Teaching Political Science and International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_Political_Science_and_International_Relations?f_ri=43407"},{"id":1019499,"name":"Ethics of Humanitarian Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics_of_Humanitarian_Intervention?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34703920 coauthored" data-work_id="34703920" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34703920/The_Intervention_Trap_in_a_Time_of_Tumult">The Intervention Trap in a Time of Tumult</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Civil wars with foreign intervention tend to be longer, bloodier and more intractable than other conflicts. Like the carnivorous Venus flytrap, which snaps shut on its unsuspecting prey before digesting them, intervening states can find... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34703920" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Civil wars with foreign intervention tend to be longer, bloodier and more intractable than other conflicts. Like the carnivorous Venus flytrap, which snaps shut on its unsuspecting prey before digesting them, intervening states can find themselves ensnared in intractable civil wars, a process colloquially referred to here as the “intervention trap.” This special issue investigates the causes and consequences of foreign intervention decision-making, building off an emerging scholars’ workshop held in Ottawa, Canada in 2016. The contributions from this growing network of intervention scholars were subjected to a multi-stage peer-review selection process. Nine papers by 10 authors were selected for the special issue based on their theoretical and methodological pluralism and subject-matter expertise. As civil conflicts and foreign interventions become more frequent and intense, this collection will complement the study and practice of military intervention in civil wars and ongoing conflicts around the world.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34703920" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e284908c9e0bafd686a6c92e1be51352" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54561488,"asset_id":34703920,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54561488/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="68792407" href="https://independent.academia.edu/UrielMarantz">Uriel Marantz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="68792407" type="text/json">{"id":68792407,"first_name":"Uriel","last_name":"Marantz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"UrielMarantz","display_name":"Uriel Marantz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/UrielMarantz?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/6a5b51c9856cbfa581aae7251ed7d613?s=65"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-34703920">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-34703920"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/FannySiauwSoegiarto">Fanny Siauw-Soegiarto</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://carleton-ca.academia.edu/SharonSun">Sharon Sun</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-34703920'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-34703920').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34703920 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34703920"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34703920; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34703920]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34703920").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34703920").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34703920"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2015" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies">Middle East Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2015" type="text/json">{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6225" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_War">Civil War</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6225" type="text/json">{"id":6225,"name":"Civil War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_War?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18623" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Politics">Middle East Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18623" type="text/json">{"id":18623,"name":"Middle East Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Politics?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28981" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Conflict_and_Civil_War">Ethnic Conflict and Civil War</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="28981" type="text/json">{"id":28981,"name":"Ethnic Conflict and Civil War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Conflict_and_Civil_War?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34703920]'), work: {"id":34703920,"title":"The Intervention Trap in a Time of Tumult","created_at":"2017-09-28T03:35:30.319-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34703920/The_Intervention_Trap_in_a_Time_of_Tumult?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_34703920","summary":"Civil wars with foreign intervention tend to be longer, bloodier and more intractable than other conflicts. Like the carnivorous Venus flytrap, which snaps shut on its unsuspecting prey before digesting them, intervening states can find themselves ensnared in intractable civil wars, a process colloquially referred to here as the “intervention trap.” This special issue investigates the causes and consequences of foreign intervention decision-making, building off an emerging scholars’ workshop held in Ottawa, Canada in 2016. The contributions from this growing network of intervention scholars were subjected to a multi-stage peer-review selection process. Nine papers by 10 authors were selected for the special issue based on their theoretical and methodological pluralism and subject-matter expertise. As civil conflicts and foreign interventions become more frequent and intense, this collection will complement the study and practice of military intervention in civil wars and ongoing conflicts around the world.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54561488,"asset_id":34703920,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":68792407,"first_name":"Uriel","last_name":"Marantz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"UrielMarantz","display_name":"Uriel Marantz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/UrielMarantz?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/6a5b51c9856cbfa581aae7251ed7d613?s=65"},{"id":69082829,"first_name":"Fanny","last_name":"Siauw-Soegiarto","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FannySiauwSoegiarto","display_name":"Fanny Siauw-Soegiarto","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FannySiauwSoegiarto?f_ri=43407","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":41044582,"first_name":"Sharon","last_name":"Sun","domain_name":"carleton-ca","page_name":"SharonSun","display_name":"Sharon Sun","profile_url":"https://carleton-ca.academia.edu/SharonSun?f_ri=43407","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":6225,"name":"Civil War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_War?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":18623,"name":"Middle East Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Politics?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":28981,"name":"Ethnic Conflict and Civil War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Conflict_and_Civil_War?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":170414,"name":"Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31022349" data-work_id="31022349" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31022349/Not_a_heap_of_stones_material_environments_and_ontological_security_in_international_relations">'Not a heap of stones': material environments and ontological security in international relations</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Extant scholarship on ontological security in international relations has focused on the significance of social environments for state identity. In this article, I argue that material environments also provide an important source of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31022349" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Extant scholarship on ontological security in international relations has focused on the significance of social environments for state identity. In this article, I argue that material environments also provide an important source of ontological security for states. In order to assume this role material environments need to be discursively linked to state identity through either projection or introjection. Once incorporated into state identity narratives, material environments become ‘ontic spaces’: spatial extensions of the collective self that cause state identities to appear more firm and continuous. However, ontic spaces are inherently unstable and require maintenance, especially during periods of crisis or transition. States bear agency in this process but they never achieve full control, as identity discourses are continuously contested both domestically and internationally. I illustrate these claims by looking at the role of the General Staff Headquarters in Belgrade, destroyed by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1999, in the ontological security of Serbia.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31022349" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1ce75334cfa02e0ccd904376ac4afe87" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51454323,"asset_id":31022349,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51454323/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3304725" href="https://bg.academia.edu/FilipEjdus">Filip Ejdus</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3304725" type="text/json">{"id":3304725,"first_name":"Filip","last_name":"Ejdus","domain_name":"bg","page_name":"FilipEjdus","display_name":"Filip Ejdus","profile_url":"https://bg.academia.edu/FilipEjdus?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3304725/1100670/35753997/s65_filip.ejdus.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31022349 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31022349"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31022349, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31022349", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31022349]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31022349").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31022349").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31022349"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">62</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="972" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Self_and_Identity">Self and Identity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="972" type="text/json">{"id":972,"name":"Self and Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Self_and_Identity?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1166" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_Theory">International Relations Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1166" type="text/json">{"id":1166,"name":"International Relations Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_Theory?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1372" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architecture">Architecture</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1372" type="text/json">{"id":1372,"name":"Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architecture?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31022349]'), work: {"id":31022349,"title":"'Not a heap of stones': material environments and ontological security in international relations","created_at":"2017-01-21T05:43:43.865-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31022349/Not_a_heap_of_stones_material_environments_and_ontological_security_in_international_relations?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_31022349","summary":"Extant scholarship on ontological security in international relations has focused on the significance of social environments for state identity. In this article, I argue that material environments also provide an important source of ontological security for states. In order to assume this role material environments need to be discursively linked to state identity through either projection or introjection. Once incorporated into state identity narratives, material environments become ‘ontic spaces’: spatial extensions of the collective self that cause state identities to appear more firm and continuous. However, ontic spaces are inherently unstable and require maintenance, especially during periods of crisis or transition. States bear agency in this process but they never achieve full control, as identity discourses are continuously contested both domestically and internationally. I illustrate these claims by looking at the role of the General Staff Headquarters in Belgrade, destroyed by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1999, in the ontological security of Serbia.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51454323,"asset_id":31022349,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3304725,"first_name":"Filip","last_name":"Ejdus","domain_name":"bg","page_name":"FilipEjdus","display_name":"Filip Ejdus","profile_url":"https://bg.academia.edu/FilipEjdus?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3304725/1100670/35753997/s65_filip.ejdus.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":972,"name":"Self and Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Self_and_Identity?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":1166,"name":"International Relations 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Monuments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation_and_Restoration_of_Historic_Buildings_and_Monuments?f_ri=43407"},{"id":391715,"name":"Ethnicity and National Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnicity_and_National_Identity?f_ri=43407"},{"id":572740,"name":"Yugoslav Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yugoslav_Studies?f_ri=43407"},{"id":599334,"name":"Architecture and Public Spaces","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architecture_and_Public_Spaces?f_ri=43407"},{"id":662207,"name":"Ontological Turn","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ontological_Turn?f_ri=43407"},{"id":662832,"name":"NATO Enlargement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NATO_Enlargement?f_ri=43407"},{"id":857545,"name":"Istoric Monument and Protected Landscape","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Istoric_Monument_and_Protected_Landscape?f_ri=43407"},{"id":915512,"name":"Aesthetic of Ruins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aesthetic_of_Ruins?f_ri=43407"},{"id":965905,"name":"Monuments Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monuments_Conservation?f_ri=43407"},{"id":997924,"name":"NATO and EU Aspirations. Political Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NATO_and_EU_Aspirations._Political_Systems?f_ri=43407"},{"id":1137420,"name":"NATO crisis management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NATO_crisis_management?f_ri=43407"},{"id":1195719,"name":"Art History and Aesthetics of Ruins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History_and_Aesthetics_of_Ruins?f_ri=43407"},{"id":2055906,"name":"Breakup of the former Yugoslavia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Breakup_of_the_former_Yugoslavia?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29439423" data-work_id="29439423" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29439423/Krivokapic_Boris_AGRESIJA_NATO_NA_JUGOSLAVIJU_GRUBO_KR%C5%A0ENJE_NORMI_UNUTRA%C5%A0NJEG_PRAVA_DR%C5%BDAVA_AGRESORA_Jugoslovenska_revija_za_medjunarodno_pravo_1_3_1999_89_109">Krivokapic Boris: AGRESIJA NATO NA JUGOSLAVIJU - GRUBO KRŠENJE NORMI UNUTRAŠNJEG PRAVA DRŽAVA AGRESORA, Jugoslovenska revija za medjunarodno pravo 1-3/1999, 89-109</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29439423" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d89a064298272dc73af13b596973e177" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49885366,"asset_id":29439423,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49885366/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="45809821" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BorisKrivokapic">Boris Đ Krivokapic</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="45809821" type="text/json">{"id":45809821,"first_name":"Boris","last_name":"Krivokapic","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BorisKrivokapic","display_name":"Boris Đ Krivokapic","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BorisKrivokapic?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/45809821/14000205/15461260/s65_boris.krivokapic.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29439423 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29439423"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29439423, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29439423", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29439423]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29439423").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29439423").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29439423"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3826" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NATO">NATO</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3826" type="text/json">{"id":3826,"name":"NATO","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NATO?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12765" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crime_Of_Aggression">Crime Of Aggression</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12765" type="text/json">{"id":12765,"name":"Crime Of Aggression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crime_Of_Aggression?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="41626" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Former_Yugoslavia">Former Yugoslavia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="41626" type="text/json">{"id":41626,"name":"Former Yugoslavia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Former_Yugoslavia?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43407" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention">Foreign Military Intervention</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="43407" type="text/json">{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29439423]'), work: {"id":29439423,"title":"Krivokapic Boris: AGRESIJA NATO NA JUGOSLAVIJU - GRUBO KRŠENJE NORMI UNUTRAŠNJEG PRAVA DRŽAVA AGRESORA, Jugoslovenska revija za medjunarodno pravo 1-3/1999, 89-109","created_at":"2016-10-26T08:34:22.168-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29439423/Krivokapic_Boris_AGRESIJA_NATO_NA_JUGOSLAVIJU_GRUBO_KR%C5%A0ENJE_NORMI_UNUTRA%C5%A0NJEG_PRAVA_DR%C5%BDAVA_AGRESORA_Jugoslovenska_revija_za_medjunarodno_pravo_1_3_1999_89_109?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_29439423","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49885366,"asset_id":29439423,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":45809821,"first_name":"Boris","last_name":"Krivokapic","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BorisKrivokapic","display_name":"Boris Đ Krivokapic","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BorisKrivokapic?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/45809821/14000205/15461260/s65_boris.krivokapic.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3826,"name":"NATO","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NATO?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":12765,"name":"Crime Of Aggression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crime_Of_Aggression?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":41626,"name":"Former Yugoslavia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Former_Yugoslavia?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":170414,"name":"Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_26050744" data-work_id="26050744" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26050744/H_Diplo_ISSF_Roundtable_review_of_Paul_D_Miller_Armed_State_Building_Confronting_State_Failure_February_2016_">H-Diplo/ISSF Roundtable review of Paul D. Miller, Armed State Building: Confronting State Failure (February 2016)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In this important study, which should be of interest to both scholars and policymakers, Paul Miller examines the practice of armed state building by both the United States and the United Nations. While acknowledging that there are some... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_26050744" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In this important study, which should be of interest to both scholars and policymakers, Paul Miller examines the practice of armed state building by both the United States and the United Nations. While acknowledging that there are some characteristics of armed state building by liberal powers that are similar to the theory and practice of traditional imperialism, Miller argues that there are important differences between the two concepts. In his definition, “Armed international liberal state building is the attempt by liberal states to use military, political, and economic power to compel weak, failed, or collapsed states to govern more effectively and accountably, as understood by Westphalian and liberal norms”(7). <br /> <br />Introduction by James McAllister, Williams College <br />Review by Seth G. Jones, RAND Corporation and Johns Hopkins University <br />Review by Kyle M. Lascurettes, Lewis & Clark College <br />Review by Kimberly Marten, Barnard College, Columbia University <br />Author’s Response by Paul D. Miller</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/26050744" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e9ceb7e5163823041e4c2103a2419b6a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46389394,"asset_id":26050744,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/46389394/download_file?st=MTczMjc5ODI4OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8939521" href="https://lclark.academia.edu/KyleLascurettes">Kyle Lascurettes</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8939521" type="text/json">{"id":8939521,"first_name":"Kyle","last_name":"Lascurettes","domain_name":"lclark","page_name":"KyleLascurettes","display_name":"Kyle Lascurettes","profile_url":"https://lclark.academia.edu/KyleLascurettes?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8939521/4313469/6387928/s65_kyle.lascurettes.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_26050744 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="26050744"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 26050744, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_26050744", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=26050744]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_26050744").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_26050744").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="26050744"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3705" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security">International Security</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3705" type="text/json">{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5523" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Studies">Security Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5523" type="text/json">{"id":5523,"name":"Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9411" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_Building">State Building</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9411" type="text/json">{"id":9411,"name":"State Building","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_Building?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10495" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism_And_State_Building">Nationalism And State Building</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="10495" type="text/json">{"id":10495,"name":"Nationalism And State Building","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism_And_State_Building?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=26050744]'), work: {"id":26050744,"title":"H-Diplo/ISSF Roundtable review of Paul D. Miller, Armed State Building: Confronting State Failure (February 2016)","created_at":"2016-06-10T19:28:57.136-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/26050744/H_Diplo_ISSF_Roundtable_review_of_Paul_D_Miller_Armed_State_Building_Confronting_State_Failure_February_2016_?f_ri=43407","dom_id":"work_26050744","summary":"In this important study, which should be of interest to both scholars and policymakers, Paul Miller examines the practice of armed state building by both the United States and the United Nations. While acknowledging that there are some characteristics of armed state building by liberal powers that are similar to the theory and practice of traditional imperialism, Miller argues that there are important differences between the two concepts. In his definition, “Armed international liberal state building is the attempt by liberal states to use military, political, and economic power to compel weak, failed, or collapsed states to govern more effectively and accountably, as understood by Westphalian and liberal norms”(7).\r\n\r\nIntroduction by James McAllister, Williams College\r\nReview by Seth G. Jones, RAND Corporation and Johns Hopkins University\r\nReview by Kyle M. Lascurettes, Lewis \u0026 Clark College\r\nReview by Kimberly Marten, Barnard College, Columbia University\r\nAuthor’s Response by Paul D. Miller","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":46389394,"asset_id":26050744,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8939521,"first_name":"Kyle","last_name":"Lascurettes","domain_name":"lclark","page_name":"KyleLascurettes","display_name":"Kyle Lascurettes","profile_url":"https://lclark.academia.edu/KyleLascurettes?f_ri=43407","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8939521/4313469/6387928/s65_kyle.lascurettes.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":5523,"name":"Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Security_Studies?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":9411,"name":"State Building","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_Building?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":10495,"name":"Nationalism And State Building","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism_And_State_Building?f_ri=43407","nofollow":false},{"id":19200,"name":"Post-Conflict State Building","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Conflict_State_Building?f_ri=43407"},{"id":41942,"name":"State-building in the Failed States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State-building_in_the_Failed_States?f_ri=43407"},{"id":43407,"name":"Foreign Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":170414,"name":"Military Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Intervention?f_ri=43407"},{"id":1019277,"name":"Nation building and State making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nation_building_and_State_making?f_ri=43407"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_21795753" data-work_id="21795753" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21795753/U_S_and_Colombia_A_Growing_Military_Intervention">U.S. and Colombia: A Growing Military Intervention?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Colombia is one of the closest friends of American foreign policy.<br />A country of 44 million, Colombia has been fighting for<br />years against two scourges that have turned into primordial interests for the U.S.: drug trafficking and terrorism.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21795753" data-share-source="work_strip" 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