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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">American Foreign Policy</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">36,613 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>American Foreign Policy</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/American_Foreign_Policy">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35485760" data-work_id="35485760" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35485760/The_EUs_Global_Strategy_in_the_Age_of_Brexit_and_America_First">The EU's Global Strategy in the Age of Brexit and 'America First'</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In June 2016, the European Union launched its new ‘Global Strategy for Foreign and Security Policy’. In less unusual times, it would have been received as merely the latest iteration of the main tenets and ambitions of EU external action,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35485760" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In June 2016, the European Union launched its new ‘Global Strategy for Foreign and Security Policy’. In less unusual times, it would have been received as merely the latest iteration of the main tenets and ambitions of EU external action, this time with an enhanced dose of pragmatism to respond to a more challenging international environment. However, with the contours of ‘Brexit’ becoming clearer and the start of the Trump Presidency in the United States, the EU’s Global Strategy has acquired a whole new level of significance. This paper argues that while meant to express a largely uncontroversial consensus, it now needs to be recontextualized as a distinctive vision in the face of trends of anti-globalism and Euroscepticism. This concerns in particular its emphasis on rules-based global governance. Challenged by both President Trump ‘America First’ policy and the British government’s course for a ‘hard Brexit’, the Global Strategy represents a blueprint and rallying point for a continued pursuit of a liberal world order based on the rule of law.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35485760" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="98081d8cb0a638620a759e7a0cc885ee" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55348372,"asset_id":35485760,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55348372/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="174606" href="https://leidenuniv.academia.edu/JorisLarik">Joris Larik</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="174606" type="text/json">{"id":174606,"first_name":"Joris","last_name":"Larik","domain_name":"leidenuniv","page_name":"JorisLarik","display_name":"Joris Larik","profile_url":"https://leidenuniv.academia.edu/JorisLarik?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/174606/43551/6253766/s65_joris.larik.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35485760 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35485760"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35485760, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35485760", }); 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href="https://www.academia.edu/74818426/Three_narratives_of_American_foreign_political_ritual_identity_or_why_does_Bowie_sing_I_am_afraid_of_Americans_ENG">Three narratives of American foreign-political ritual identity (or, why does Bowie sing "I am afraid of Americans") - ENG</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The rough text, in English language, of the student seminar delivered at the Banja Luka Political Science Department - April 2013. The seminar explains the key parameters of the US foreign policy in terms of a 'ritual identity' that's... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_74818426" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The rough text, in English language, of the student seminar delivered at the Banja Luka Political Science Department - April 2013.<br />The seminar explains the key parameters of the US foreign policy in terms of a 'ritual identity' that's based on three narratives or narrative-frames<br />(the frames figure as frequently recurring, behavior-shaping cultural matrices):<br />1.  Power as a Divine Grace.<br />2.  Puritan narrative - a hero of  a 'promised/free land'<br />3.  'Pioneer' - a hero in a land of continually expanding and moving boundaries (Manifest Destiny) <br />The seminar illustrates such an analysis of US foreign political vocabulary with many examples from American self-descriptions (official talks, memoirs, diplomatic notes, presidential speeches....), and enumerates some key consequences of the thus explained identity in its foreign political projection.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/74818426" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="be6d6a741abd03aa46796b0f51bf4fed" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82919547,"asset_id":74818426,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82919547/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="678458" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DrazenPehar">Drazen Pehar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="678458" type="text/json">{"id":678458,"first_name":"Drazen","last_name":"Pehar","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DrazenPehar","display_name":"Drazen Pehar","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrazenPehar?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/678458/235435/164870623/s65_drazen.pehar.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_74818426 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="74818426"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 74818426, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_74818426", }); 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Power as a Divine Grace.\n2. Puritan narrative - a hero of a 'promised/free land'\n3. 'Pioneer' - a hero in a land of continually expanding and moving boundaries (Manifest Destiny) \nThe seminar illustrates such an analysis of US foreign political vocabulary with many examples from American self-descriptions (official talks, memoirs, diplomatic notes, presidential speeches....), and enumerates some key consequences of the thus explained identity in its foreign political projection.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82919547,"asset_id":74818426,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":678458,"first_name":"Drazen","last_name":"Pehar","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DrazenPehar","display_name":"Drazen Pehar","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrazenPehar?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/678458/235435/164870623/s65_drazen.pehar.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":188,"name":"Cultural 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Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=6224"},{"id":131971,"name":"Global Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Politics?f_ri=6224"},{"id":373163,"name":"Ritual Practices","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual_Practices?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_61777773" data-work_id="61777773" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/61777773/Colonialism_in_Denial_US_Propaganda_in_the_Philippine_American_War">Colonialism in Denial: US Propaganda in the Philippine-American War</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div 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{"id":9582428,"title":"Istanbul Confidential: Heroin, Espionage, and Politics in Cold War Turkey, 1945–1960","created_at":"2014-12-01T14:48:05.193-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9582428/Istanbul_Confidential_Heroin_Espionage_and_Politics_in_Cold_War_Turkey_1945_1960?f_ri=6224","dom_id":"work_9582428","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35794737,"asset_id":9582428,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3298770,"first_name":"Ryan","last_name":"Gingeras","domain_name":"nps","page_name":"RyanGingeras","display_name":"Ryan Gingeras","profile_url":"https://nps.academia.edu/RyanGingeras?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3298770/1097543/1368829/s65_ryan.gingeras.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1187,"name":"Ottoman History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ottoman_History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":2052,"name":"Intelligence 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Crime","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transnational_Organized_Crime?f_ri=6224"},{"id":57329,"name":"History of Narcotics and Drugs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Narcotics_and_Drugs?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8776021" data-work_id="8776021" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8776021/The_Snipers_Massacre_on_the_Maidan_in_Ukraine">The “Snipers’ Massacre” on the Maidan in Ukraine</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The massacre of almost 50 Maidan protesters on February 20, 2014 was a turning point in Ukrainian politics and a tipping point in the conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. This mass killing of the protesters and the mass... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8776021" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The massacre of almost 50 Maidan protesters on February 20, 2014 was a turning point in Ukrainian politics and a tipping point in the conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. This mass killing of the protesters and the mass shooting of the police that preceded it led to the overthrow of the pro-Russian government of Viktor Yanukovych and gave a start to a civil war in Donbas in Eastern Ukraine, Russian military intervention in Crimea and Donbas, and an international conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. A conclusion promoted by the post-Yanukovych governments and the media in Ukraine that the massacre was perpetrated by government snipers and special police units on a Yanukovych order has been nearly universally accepted by the Western governments, the media, and many scholars. The Ukrainian government investigation identified members of the special company of Berkut as responsible for killings of the absolute majority of the protesters, but did not release any evidence in support, with the exception of videos of the massacre. <br />              The question is which side organized the “snipers’ massacre.” This paper is the first academic study of this crucial case of the mass killing. It uses a theory of rational choice and a Weberian theory of instrumental rationality to examine actions of major actors both from the Yanukovych government, specifically various police and security forces, and the Maidan opposition, specifically its far right and oligarchic elements, during the massacre. <br />          The paper analyzes a large amount of evidence from different publicly available sources concerning this massacre and killings of specifics protesters. Qualitative content analysis includes the following data: about 1,500 videos and recordings of live internet and TV broadcasts from mass media and social media in different countries(some 150 gigabytes), news reports and social media posts by more than 100 journalists covering the massacre from Kyiv, some 5,000 photos, and nearly 30 gigabytes of publicly available radio intercepts of snipers and commanders from the special Alfa unit of the Security Service of Ukraine and Internal Troops, and Maidan massacre trial recordings. This study also employs field research on site of the massacre, eyewitness reports by both Maidan protesters and government special units commanders, statements by both former and current government officials, estimates of approximate ballistic trajectories, bullets and weapons used, and types of wounds among both protesters and the police. This study establishes a precise timeline for various events of the massacre, the locations of both the shooters and the government snipers, and the specific timeline and locations of nearly 50 protesters’ deaths. It also briefly analyzes other major cases of violence during and after the “Euromaidan.” This study includes two video appendixes. <br />            This academic investigation concludes that the massacre was a false flag operation, which was rationally planned and carried out with a goal of the overthrow of the government and seizure of power. It found various evidence of the involvement of an alliance of the far right organizations, specifically the Right Sector and Svoboda, and oligarchic parties, such as Fatherland. Concealed shooters and spotters were located in at least 20 Maidan-controlled buildings or areas. The various evidence that the protesters were killed from these locations include some 70 testimonies, primarily by Maidan protesters, several videos of “snipers” targeting protesters from these buildings, comparisons of positions of the specific protesters at the time of their killing and their entry wounds, and bullet impact signs. The study uncovered various videos and photos of armed Maidan “snipers” and spotters in many of these buildings. The paper presents implications of these findings for understanding the nature of the change of the government in Ukraine, the civil war in Donbas, Russian military intervention in Crimea and Donbas, and an international conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8776021" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6876058f2c20553d5b1ef6866f499db4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55794502,"asset_id":8776021,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55794502/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="186256" href="https://uottawa.academia.edu/IvanKatchanovski">Ivan Katchanovski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="186256" type="text/json">{"id":186256,"first_name":"Ivan","last_name":"Katchanovski","domain_name":"uottawa","page_name":"IvanKatchanovski","display_name":"Ivan Katchanovski","profile_url":"https://uottawa.academia.edu/IvanKatchanovski?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/186256/93609/104202/s65_ivan.katchanovski.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8776021 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8776021"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8776021, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8776021", }); 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This mass killing of the protesters and the mass shooting of the police that preceded it led to the overthrow of the pro-Russian government of Viktor Yanukovych and gave a start to a civil war in Donbas in Eastern Ukraine, Russian military intervention in Crimea and Donbas, and an international conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine. A conclusion promoted by the post-Yanukovych governments and the media in Ukraine that the massacre was perpetrated by government snipers and special police units on a Yanukovych order has been nearly universally accepted by the Western governments, the media, and many scholars. The Ukrainian government investigation identified members of the special company of Berkut as responsible for killings of the absolute majority of the protesters, but did not release any evidence in support, with the exception of videos of the massacre. \r\n The question is which side organized the “snipers’ massacre.” This paper is the first academic study of this crucial case of the mass killing. It uses a theory of rational choice and a Weberian theory of instrumental rationality to examine actions of major actors both from the Yanukovych government, specifically various police and security forces, and the Maidan opposition, specifically its far right and oligarchic elements, during the massacre. \r\n The paper analyzes a large amount of evidence from different publicly available sources concerning this massacre and killings of specifics protesters. Qualitative content analysis includes the following data: about 1,500 videos and recordings of live internet and TV broadcasts from mass media and social media in different countries(some 150 gigabytes), news reports and social media posts by more than 100 journalists covering the massacre from Kyiv, some 5,000 photos, and nearly 30 gigabytes of publicly available radio intercepts of snipers and commanders from the special Alfa unit of the Security Service of Ukraine and Internal Troops, and Maidan massacre trial recordings. This study also employs field research on site of the massacre, eyewitness reports by both Maidan protesters and government special units commanders, statements by both former and current government officials, estimates of approximate ballistic trajectories, bullets and weapons used, and types of wounds among both protesters and the police. This study establishes a precise timeline for various events of the massacre, the locations of both the shooters and the government snipers, and the specific timeline and locations of nearly 50 protesters’ deaths. It also briefly analyzes other major cases of violence during and after the “Euromaidan.” This study includes two video appendixes. \r\n This academic investigation concludes that the massacre was a false flag operation, which was rationally planned and carried out with a goal of the overthrow of the government and seizure of power. It found various evidence of the involvement of an alliance of the far right organizations, specifically the Right Sector and Svoboda, and oligarchic parties, such as Fatherland. Concealed shooters and spotters were located in at least 20 Maidan-controlled buildings or areas. The various evidence that the protesters were killed from these locations include some 70 testimonies, primarily by Maidan protesters, several videos of “snipers” targeting protesters from these buildings, comparisons of positions of the specific protesters at the time of their killing and their entry wounds, and bullet impact signs. The study uncovered various videos and photos of armed Maidan “snipers” and spotters in many of these buildings. The paper presents implications of these findings for understanding the nature of the change of the government in Ukraine, the civil war in Donbas, Russian military intervention in Crimea and Donbas, and an international conflict between the West and Russia over Ukraine.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55794502,"asset_id":8776021,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":186256,"first_name":"Ivan","last_name":"Katchanovski","domain_name":"uottawa","page_name":"IvanKatchanovski","display_name":"Ivan Katchanovski","profile_url":"https://uottawa.academia.edu/IvanKatchanovski?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/186256/93609/104202/s65_ivan.katchanovski.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":189,"name":"Criminology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminology?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":201,"name":"Political 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href="https://www.academia.edu/37727855/When_the_World_Tried_to_Outlaw_War">When the World Tried to Outlaw War</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The internationalists of the last century are, it turns out, quite relevant to our current crisis: they helped us get here, and they offer us no way out. A review of Oona Hathaway and Scott Shapiro, The Internationalists: How A Radical... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37727855" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The internationalists of the last century are, it turns out, quite relevant to our current crisis: they helped us get here, and they offer us no way out.<br /><br />A review of Oona Hathaway and Scott Shapiro, The Internationalists: How A Radical Plan to Outlaw War Remade the World (Simon & Schuster, 2017).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37727855" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text 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Orders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Orders?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_352646" data-work_id="352646" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/352646/Colonialism_In_Denial_Us_Propaganda_In_The_Philippine_American_War">Colonialism In Denial: Us Propaganda In The Philippine-American War</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Philippine-American War (c.1899 – 1913), which led to the colonial subjugation of the Philippines by the United States for over forty years and the suppression of the first independent republic in South-East Asia, is one of America’s... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_352646" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Philippine-American War (c.1899 – 1913), which led to the colonial subjugation of the Philippines by the United States for over forty years and the suppression of the first independent republic in South-East Asia, is one of America’s forgotten wars. The historical amnesia surrounding this conflict is no accident. It is an enduring legacy of US government and military propaganda, widely disseminated by a largely supportive corporate press, which contributed in no small way to the American victory both at home and abroad. Propaganda is understood here as the deliberate falsification, distortion or tendentious portrayal of events to justify a political cause to the wider public. What I want to argue about this case, is that successful propaganda does not occur in the context of an otherwise rational and empirically verifiable public discourse. Successful war propaganda has to be reconciled with the self-respecting, symbolic self-interpretations of a national community. In the case of the United States, founded in part on a revolutionary republican imaginary but also a racialised and expansionist missionary vision of “Manifest Destiny”, this was not a simple or uncontested matter back in 1899. <br /> <br />This article provides a brief account of the American conquest of the Philippines and the attendant atrocities that accompanied the invasion. It will also explain how these brutal events were justified to the American public as hard but necessary acts of “Benevolent Assimilation”, for the benign tutelage of the Filipino. In particular, attention is paid to how propaganda was used to justify a colonial war, dehumanize the Filipino “other”, rationalize atrocities and erase alternative interpretations of events from the official record.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/352646" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2e97c39bf4c82b6a85fb958b06c6239d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35540465,"asset_id":352646,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35540465/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="210176" href="https://qut.academia.edu/PhillipAblett">Phillip Ablett</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="210176" type="text/json">{"id":210176,"first_name":"Phillip","last_name":"Ablett","domain_name":"qut","page_name":"PhillipAblett","display_name":"Phillip Ablett","profile_url":"https://qut.academia.edu/PhillipAblett?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/210176/48538/30839196/s65_phillip.ablett.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_352646 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="352646"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 352646, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_352646", }); 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The historical amnesia surrounding this conflict is no accident. It is an enduring legacy of US government and military propaganda, widely disseminated by a largely supportive corporate press, which contributed in no small way to the American victory both at home and abroad. Propaganda is understood here as the deliberate falsification, distortion or tendentious portrayal of events to justify a political cause to the wider public. What I want to argue about this case, is that successful propaganda does not occur in the context of an otherwise rational and empirically verifiable public discourse. Successful war propaganda has to be reconciled with the self-respecting, symbolic self-interpretations of a national community. In the case of the United States, founded in part on a revolutionary republican imaginary but also a racialised and expansionist missionary vision of “Manifest Destiny”, this was not a simple or uncontested matter back in 1899. \r\n\r\nThis article provides a brief account of the American conquest of the Philippines and the attendant atrocities that accompanied the invasion. It will also explain how these brutal events were justified to the American public as hard but necessary acts of “Benevolent Assimilation”, for the benign tutelage of the Filipino. In particular, attention is paid to how propaganda was used to justify a colonial war, dehumanize the Filipino “other”, rationalize atrocities and erase alternative interpretations of events from the official record. \r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35540465,"asset_id":352646,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":210176,"first_name":"Phillip","last_name":"Ablett","domain_name":"qut","page_name":"PhillipAblett","display_name":"Phillip Ablett","profile_url":"https://qut.academia.edu/PhillipAblett?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/210176/48538/30839196/s65_phillip.ablett.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":129,"name":"American History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":133,"name":"Military 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Voice for Human Rights in American Foreign Policy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13420099" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0e3cca2d95944227faa1267e18246709" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38037791,"asset_id":13420099,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/37262464/Dueling_with_Uncertainty_The_New_Logic_of_American_Military_Planning_1998_">Dueling with Uncertainty: The New Logic of American Military Planning (1998)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The article examines how new planning concepts and methods advanced by the RAND Corporation and adopted by the Pentagon during the 1990s served to inflate defense requirements. A version appeared in the March/April 1998 Bulletin of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37262464" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The article examines how new planning concepts and methods advanced by the RAND Corporation and adopted by the Pentagon during the 1990s served to inflate defense requirements. A version appeared in the March/April 1998 Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists as “Inventing Threats.”</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37262464" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="74dc352389c9d390f039654ac591c1b7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57215535,"asset_id":37262464,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57215535/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="24516633" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CConetta">Carl Conetta</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="24516633" type="text/json">{"id":24516633,"first_name":"Carl","last_name":"Conetta","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CConetta","display_name":"Carl Conetta","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CConetta?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24516633/20261418/19973840/s65_carl.conetta.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37262464 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37262464"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37262464, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37262464", }); 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By examining the pre-existing situation, the justifications given, the methods used, and the results of the intervention, it will be determined... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5077693" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This dissertation will examine the military intervention conducted by NATO in Kosovo in 1999.  By examining the pre-existing situation, the justifications given, the methods used, and the results of the intervention, it will be determined whether the characterization of this event as a “humanitarian intervention” is accurate.  In the first chapter, the literature on Kosovo, human rights, and humanitarian intervention is examined to assess the current state of the debate on the Kosovo intervention.  Following this introduction is a chapter on the idea of human rights.  This begins with a brief history of human rights, then assesses the standing of human rights in international law and international relations and the ways in which they apply to the Kosovo intervention.  The concept of humanitarian intervention is examined in the next chapter, including a short survey of its history in the post-World War II period, an examination of different definitions of the term, and a determination of what criteria were (or should be) applied in order to evaluate whether or not an intervention qualifies as “humanitarian”.  The fourth chapter is a case study of the intervention in Kosovo in the spring and summer of 1999, applying the ideas of human rights and humanitarian intervention to the course of events before, during, and after the NATO bombing campaign.  This chapter includes a brief historical background to the conflict, then moves on to an analysis of the motives, behaviour, and interests of the intervening parties, and an assessment of the outcome of the intervention.  The final section of this chapter is the conclusion, which summarizes the findings of this thesis and evaluates their significance in both academic and practical terms.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5077693" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7aca34e69f3e3c479e635cd1e922bffc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":32297060,"asset_id":5077693,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/32297060/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="471082" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PeterRussell">Peter Russell</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="471082" type="text/json">{"id":471082,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Russell","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PeterRussell","display_name":"Peter Russell","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PeterRussell?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/471082/157252/183093/s65_peter.russell.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5077693 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5077693"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5077693, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5077693", }); 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By examining the pre-existing situation, the justifications given, the methods used, and the results of the intervention, it will be determined whether the characterization of this event as a “humanitarian intervention” is accurate. In the first chapter, the literature on Kosovo, human rights, and humanitarian intervention is examined to assess the current state of the debate on the Kosovo intervention. Following this introduction is a chapter on the idea of human rights. This begins with a brief history of human rights, then assesses the standing of human rights in international law and international relations and the ways in which they apply to the Kosovo intervention. The concept of humanitarian intervention is examined in the next chapter, including a short survey of its history in the post-World War II period, an examination of different definitions of the term, and a determination of what criteria were (or should be) applied in order to evaluate whether or not an intervention qualifies as “humanitarian”. The fourth chapter is a case study of the intervention in Kosovo in the spring and summer of 1999, applying the ideas of human rights and humanitarian intervention to the course of events before, during, and after the NATO bombing campaign. This chapter includes a brief historical background to the conflict, then moves on to an analysis of the motives, behaviour, and interests of the intervening parties, and an assessment of the outcome of the intervention. The final section of this chapter is the conclusion, which summarizes the findings of this thesis and evaluates their significance in both academic and practical terms.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32297060,"asset_id":5077693,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":471082,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Russell","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PeterRussell","display_name":"Peter Russell","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PeterRussell?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/471082/157252/183093/s65_peter.russell.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":383,"name":"European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":3972,"name":"Genocide Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":5839,"name":"Kosovo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kosovo?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":6431,"name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yugoslavia?f_ri=6224"},{"id":9817,"name":"Humanitarian Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanitarian_Intervention?f_ri=6224"},{"id":10347,"name":"European Union","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union?f_ri=6224"},{"id":40062,"name":"European Union external relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union_external_relations?f_ri=6224"},{"id":41626,"name":"Former Yugoslavia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Former_Yugoslavia?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_50131456" data-work_id="50131456" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50131456/The_St_Petersburg_Economic_Forum">The St. Petersburg Economic Forum</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The forum was the largest event on econom cs n the post-pandem c world. 13,500 part c pants from 141 countr es attended the forum. 43 m n sters from fore gn nat ons, 93 d plomats (84 of wh ch were top ambassadors) part c pated alongs de 9... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_50131456" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The forum was the largest event on econom cs n the post-pandem c world. 13,500 part c pants from 141 countr es attended the forum. 43 m n sters from fore gn nat ons, 93 d plomats (84 of wh ch were top ambassadors) part c pated alongs de 9 Russ an Deputy Pr me M n sters and 6 M n sters. 5,000 of the total part c pants were the representat ves from both Russ an and fore gn compan es, wh le 1,500 of these were sen or execut ves. More than 1,000 med a outlets from a total of 46 countr es were present n the forum. Guest Country of the Forum: Qatar Th s year's guest country was Qatar (Ch na was the guest country of the forum n 2019, wh le the forum was suspended due to the pandem c n 2020). Therefore, the largest 06/19/2021 21.07.2021 The St. Petersburg Econom c Forum-Un ted World Internat onal https://un tedworld nt.com/19290-the-st-petersburg-econom c-forum/ 2/12 numbers of part c pants were from Qatar (around 400). These were followed by part c pants were from the Un ted States w th more than 200, wh le German v s tors ranked th rd w th more than 140, the UK fourth w th more than 110 and France f fth w th more than 100 part c pants. Turk sh Ambassador to Russ a, Mehmet Samsar has also attended the forum, wh le the Vatan Party was nv ted to take part n th s nternat onal forum as well. The Afr can cry for a vacc ne More than 190 separate events were held as parts of the forum, where 1,300 Russ an and fore gn guests have held speeches. The speakers of the open ng sess on were the Russ an F rst Deputy Pr me M n ster Andrey Belousov, Qatar M n ster of Commerce and Industry Al b n Ahmed Al Kuwar , and the Rwandan Pr me M n ster Édouard Ng rente. The Pres dent of the Democrat c Republ c of Congo Fél x Tsh seked , the Pres dent of the World Bank Group Dav d Malpass, and the member of the Commun st Party of V etnam Central Comm ttee Pol tburo and Head of the CVP's Econom c Comm ttee Tran Tuan Anh, have jo ned the open ng sess on v a a v deo conference.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/50131456" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ce47f864f8dcb2c806d97039d854cf05" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":68232016,"asset_id":50131456,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68232016/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="19482436" href="https://istanbul.academia.edu/MehmetPerincek">Mehmet Perincek</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="19482436" type="text/json">{"id":19482436,"first_name":"Mehmet","last_name":"Perincek","domain_name":"istanbul","page_name":"MehmetPerincek","display_name":"Mehmet Perincek","profile_url":"https://istanbul.academia.edu/MehmetPerincek?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/19482436/5429238/6240111/s65_mehmet.perincek.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_50131456 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="50131456"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50131456, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_50131456", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_50131456 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50131456; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_50131456"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_50131456 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="50131456"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 50131456; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50131456]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_50131456").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_50131456").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="50131456"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="379" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies">African Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="379" type="text/json">{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="389" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies">Russian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="389" type="text/json">{"id":389,"name":"Russian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="727" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics">Development Economics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="727" type="text/json">{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=50131456]'), work: {"id":50131456,"title":"The St. Petersburg Economic Forum","created_at":"2021-07-21T07:52:50.669-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/50131456/The_St_Petersburg_Economic_Forum?f_ri=6224","dom_id":"work_50131456","summary":"The forum was the largest event on econom cs n the post-pandem c world. 13,500 part c pants from 141 countr es attended the forum. 43 m n sters from fore gn nat ons, 93 d plomats (84 of wh ch were top ambassadors) part c pated alongs de 9 Russ an Deputy Pr me M n sters and 6 M n sters. 5,000 of the total part c pants were the representat ves from both Russ an and fore gn compan es, wh le 1,500 of these were sen or execut ves. More than 1,000 med a outlets from a total of 46 countr es were present n the forum. Guest Country of the Forum: Qatar Th s year's guest country was Qatar (Ch na was the guest country of the forum n 2019, wh le the forum was suspended due to the pandem c n 2020). Therefore, the largest 06/19/2021 21.07.2021 The St. Petersburg Econom c Forum-Un ted World Internat onal https://un tedworld nt.com/19290-the-st-petersburg-econom c-forum/ 2/12 numbers of part c pants were from Qatar (around 400). These were followed by part c pants were from the Un ted States w th more than 200, wh le German v s tors ranked th rd w th more than 140, the UK fourth w th more than 110 and France f fth w th more than 100 part c pants. Turk sh Ambassador to Russ a, Mehmet Samsar has also attended the forum, wh le the Vatan Party was nv ted to take part n th s nternat onal forum as well. The Afr can cry for a vacc ne More than 190 separate events were held as parts of the forum, where 1,300 Russ an and fore gn guests have held speeches. The speakers of the open ng sess on were the Russ an F rst Deputy Pr me M n ster Andrey Belousov, Qatar M n ster of Commerce and Industry Al b n Ahmed Al Kuwar , and the Rwandan Pr me M n ster Édouard Ng rente. The Pres dent of the Democrat c Republ c of Congo Fél x Tsh seked , the Pres dent of the World Bank Group Dav d Malpass, and the member of the Commun st Party of V etnam Central Comm ttee Pol tburo and Head of the CVP's Econom c Comm ttee Tran Tuan Anh, have jo ned the open ng sess on v a a v deo conference.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68232016,"asset_id":50131456,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":19482436,"first_name":"Mehmet","last_name":"Perincek","domain_name":"istanbul","page_name":"MehmetPerincek","display_name":"Mehmet Perincek","profile_url":"https://istanbul.academia.edu/MehmetPerincek?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/19482436/5429238/6240111/s65_mehmet.perincek.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":389,"name":"Russian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":727,"name":"Development Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Economics?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":4527,"name":"Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Africa?f_ri=6224"},{"id":5412,"name":"Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":6276,"name":"International Political Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Political_Economy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":7669,"name":"Russian Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":32836,"name":"Stalin and Stalinism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stalin_and_Stalinism?f_ri=6224"},{"id":41863,"name":"Russia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russia?f_ri=6224"},{"id":46065,"name":"Qatar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qatar?f_ri=6224"},{"id":54975,"name":"Russian Economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Economy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":62260,"name":"EU-Russia relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EU-Russia_relations?f_ri=6224"},{"id":107918,"name":"International Sanctions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Sanctions?f_ri=6224"},{"id":147937,"name":"Sanctions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sanctions?f_ri=6224"},{"id":169102,"name":"Vladimir Putin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vladimir_Putin?f_ri=6224"},{"id":179934,"name":"Vaccination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vaccination?f_ri=6224"},{"id":3013303,"name":"Nord Stream 2","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nord_Stream_2?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44071828" data-work_id="44071828" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44071828/The_Dilemmas_of_American_Democracy_Promotion_in_the_Arab_World">The Dilemmas of American Democracy Promotion in the Arab World</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">American efforts to promote democracy in the Middle East under the Bush administration have floundered. This article explains why. First, American policymakers have proven unwilling to sponsor electoral openings that might favor the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44071828" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">American efforts to promote democracy in the Middle East under the Bush administration have floundered.  This article explains why.  First, American policymakers have proven unwilling to sponsor electoral openings that might favor the ascendance of potentially hostile Islamist groups. Second, they have refused to attach negative conditionality to reform demands made to strategic autocratic allies-that is, punishing noncompliance by withdrawing economic aid, military assistance,<br />and other forms of support. Both obstacles reflect the reality that America's overarching strategic goals, in particular the preservation of Israel's security<br />and regional hydrocarbon reserves, require a vision of regional stability that unpredictable regime shifts would endanger. Hence today's paradox of why the democratizing intentions of a unilateral superpower -- one with unmatched political and military power -- have been effectively stymied by its smaller, weaker, and poorer authoritarian allies.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44071828" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d69412496a3ad7eae5ab9331a9487d29" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64415753,"asset_id":44071828,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64415753/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="169619981" href="https://temple.academia.edu/SeanYom">Sean Yom</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="169619981" type="text/json">{"id":169619981,"first_name":"Sean","last_name":"Yom","domain_name":"temple","page_name":"SeanYom","display_name":"Sean Yom","profile_url":"https://temple.academia.edu/SeanYom?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/169619981/47346519/36299399/s65_sean.yom.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44071828 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44071828"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44071828, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44071828", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44071828]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44071828").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44071828").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44071828"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2015" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies">Middle East Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2015" type="text/json">{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2990" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2990" type="text/json">{"id":2990,"name":"Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5091" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization">Democratization</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5091" type="text/json">{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44071828]'), work: {"id":44071828,"title":"The Dilemmas of American Democracy Promotion in the Arab World","created_at":"2020-09-12T00:36:11.395-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44071828/The_Dilemmas_of_American_Democracy_Promotion_in_the_Arab_World?f_ri=6224","dom_id":"work_44071828","summary":"American efforts to promote democracy in the Middle East under the Bush administration have floundered. This article explains why. First, American policymakers have proven unwilling to sponsor electoral openings that might favor the ascendance of potentially hostile Islamist groups. Second, they have refused to attach negative conditionality to reform demands made to strategic autocratic allies-that is, punishing noncompliance by withdrawing economic aid, military assistance,\nand other forms of support. Both obstacles reflect the reality that America's overarching strategic goals, in particular the preservation of Israel's security\nand regional hydrocarbon reserves, require a vision of regional stability that unpredictable regime shifts would endanger. Hence today's paradox of why the democratizing intentions of a unilateral superpower -- one with unmatched political and military power -- have been effectively stymied by its smaller, weaker, and poorer authoritarian allies.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64415753,"asset_id":44071828,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":169619981,"first_name":"Sean","last_name":"Yom","domain_name":"temple","page_name":"SeanYom","display_name":"Sean Yom","profile_url":"https://temple.academia.edu/SeanYom?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/169619981/47346519/36299399/s65_sean.yom.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":2990,"name":"Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":6184,"name":"Israel/Palestine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Israel_Palestine?f_ri=6224"},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":18623,"name":"Middle East Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Politics?f_ri=6224"},{"id":30456,"name":"War on Terror","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_on_Terror?f_ri=6224"},{"id":30457,"name":"George W Bush adminstration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/George_W_Bush_adminstration?f_ri=6224"},{"id":34540,"name":"Democracy Promotion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democracy_Promotion?f_ri=6224"},{"id":34598,"name":"Authoritarianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authoritarianism?f_ri=6224"},{"id":36135,"name":"Authoritarian regimes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authoritarian_regimes?f_ri=6224"},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":39787,"name":"International Affairs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Affairs?f_ri=6224"},{"id":43520,"name":"Middle East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East?f_ri=6224"},{"id":49550,"name":"Arab world","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arab_world?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11517708" data-work_id="11517708" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11517708/Climate_Change_as_a_Battle_for_the_American_Way_of_Life">Climate Change as a Battle for the American Way of Life</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The current battle for climate change in the USA represents two visions of the American Way of Life. The current interpretation is that individual liberty, especially to consume, is paramount. However, the sentiment of the Founding... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11517708" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The current battle for climate change in the USA represents two visions of the American Way of Life. The current interpretation is that individual liberty, especially to consume, is paramount. However, the sentiment of the Founding Fathers stipulates that people must act in spite of their federal government, which acts as the main obstacle to meaningful climate action</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11517708" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="caf38590bb278bd9a0a4a2c6997d3b28" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37028047,"asset_id":11517708,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37028047/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5488692" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CullenBrown">Cullen Brown</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5488692" type="text/json">{"id":5488692,"first_name":"Cullen","last_name":"Brown","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CullenBrown","display_name":"Cullen Brown","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CullenBrown?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5488692/2408534/2802832/s65_cullen.brown.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11517708 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11517708"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11517708, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11517708", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_11517708 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11517708; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_11517708"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_11517708 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="11517708"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 11517708; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=11517708]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_11517708").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_11517708").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="11517708"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="794" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Politics">American Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="794" type="text/json">{"id":794,"name":"American Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Politics?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1512" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change">Climate Change</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1512" type="text/json">{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3255" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Adaptation">Climate Change Adaptation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3255" type="text/json">{"id":3255,"name":"Climate Change Adaptation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Adaptation?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3707" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_change_policy">Climate change policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3707" type="text/json">{"id":3707,"name":"Climate change policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_change_policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=11517708]'), work: {"id":11517708,"title":"Climate Change as a Battle for the American Way of Life","created_at":"2015-03-18T20:49:47.136-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/11517708/Climate_Change_as_a_Battle_for_the_American_Way_of_Life?f_ri=6224","dom_id":"work_11517708","summary":"The current battle for climate change in the USA represents two visions of the American Way of Life. The current interpretation is that individual liberty, especially to consume, is paramount. However, the sentiment of the Founding Fathers stipulates that people must act in spite of their federal government, which acts as the main obstacle to meaningful climate action","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37028047,"asset_id":11517708,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5488692,"first_name":"Cullen","last_name":"Brown","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CullenBrown","display_name":"Cullen Brown","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CullenBrown?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5488692/2408534/2802832/s65_cullen.brown.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":794,"name":"American Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Politics?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":3255,"name":"Climate Change Adaptation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change_Adaptation?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":3707,"name":"Climate change policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_change_policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":6285,"name":"Federalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Federalism?f_ri=6224"},{"id":9787,"name":"Environmental Policy and Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Policy_and_Governance?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9021595" data-work_id="9021595" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9021595/Dissertation_ToC_and_Abstract">Dissertation ToC and Abstract</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The purpose of this study is to situate relational public diplomacy in the larger picture of international affairs. Contemporary public diplomacy practice proclaims to be spending more resources on establishing relations than... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9021595" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The purpose of this study is to situate relational public diplomacy in the larger picture of international affairs. Contemporary public diplomacy practice proclaims to be spending more resources on establishing relations than disseminating messages. However, scholarly works within the field of public diplomacy tend to reflect the old information-based enactment of public diplomacy. There is thus a need to articulate the causal mechanism through which these new</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9021595" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ba0497e50a904af0c7aaf45898b710e1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35330465,"asset_id":9021595,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35330465/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20515" href="https://towson.academia.edu/EfeSevin">Efe Sevin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20515" type="text/json">{"id":20515,"first_name":"Efe","last_name":"Sevin","domain_name":"towson","page_name":"EfeSevin","display_name":"Efe Sevin","profile_url":"https://towson.academia.edu/EfeSevin?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20515/6918/78484428/s65_efe.sevin.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9021595 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9021595"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9021595, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9021595", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9021595 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9021595; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9021595"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9021595 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9021595"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9021595; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9021595]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9021595").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9021595").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9021595"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1483" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis">Foreign Policy Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1483" type="text/json">{"id":1483,"name":"Foreign Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3742" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Diplomacy">Public Diplomacy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3742" type="text/json">{"id":3742,"name":"Public Diplomacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Diplomacy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6224" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy">American Foreign Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6224" type="text/json">{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6288" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Measurement_and_Evaluation">Measurement and Evaluation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6288" type="text/json">{"id":6288,"name":"Measurement and Evaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Measurement_and_Evaluation?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9021595]'), work: {"id":9021595,"title":"Dissertation ToC and Abstract","created_at":"2014-10-29T18:20:03.172-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9021595/Dissertation_ToC_and_Abstract?f_ri=6224","dom_id":"work_9021595","summary":"The purpose of this study is to situate relational public diplomacy in the larger picture of international affairs. Contemporary public diplomacy practice proclaims to be spending more resources on establishing relations than disseminating messages. However, scholarly works within the field of public diplomacy tend to reflect the old information-based enactment of public diplomacy. 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work_45610774" data-work_id="45610774" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45610774/New_era_in_the_South_Caucasus_The_Turkish_Russian_Joint_Monitoring_Center">New era in the South Caucasus: The Turkish-Russian Joint Monitoring Center</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Turkish-Russian Joint Monitoring Center, established within the scope of monitoring the ceasefire in Nagorno-Karabakh, began work on January 30. The establishment of the Monitoring Center points to the beginning of a new era in the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45610774" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Turkish-Russian Joint Monitoring Center, established within the scope of monitoring the ceasefire in Nagorno-Karabakh, began work on January 30. The establishment of the Monitoring Center points to the beginning of a new era in the South Caucasus and the Karabakh issue. The opening of the Center is a sign that only the countries of the region will now determine the fate of the region. Foreign powers have no right to speak on the topic. The security of the region has been entrusted to the local forces, something that could only be provided by Turkey and Russia, for whom peace in the South Caucasus is in their best interests. It is definitely not in Armenia’s interest to stay out of these initiatives. If Armenia abandons its revanchist and chauvinist policies and realizes that it is not beneficial for anyone to be a tool for the regional plans of the foreign powers, and of course, if it fulfills its obligations to Azerbaijan, the country has great opportunities ahead.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45610774" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="08e658729be36a610c8d972e500fa9f9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66097396,"asset_id":45610774,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66097396/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="19482436" href="https://istanbul.academia.edu/MehmetPerincek">Mehmet Perincek</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="19482436" type="text/json">{"id":19482436,"first_name":"Mehmet","last_name":"Perincek","domain_name":"istanbul","page_name":"MehmetPerincek","display_name":"Mehmet Perincek","profile_url":"https://istanbul.academia.edu/MehmetPerincek?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/19482436/5429238/6240111/s65_mehmet.perincek.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45610774 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45610774"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45610774, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45610774", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45610774]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45610774").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45610774").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45610774"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="389" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies">Russian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="389" type="text/json">{"id":389,"name":"Russian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1707" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Armenian_Studies">Armenian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1707" type="text/json">{"id":1707,"name":"Armenian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Armenian_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6224" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy">American Foreign Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6224" type="text/json">{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7669" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Foreign_Policy">Russian Foreign Policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7669" type="text/json">{"id":7669,"name":"Russian Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45610774]'), work: {"id":45610774,"title":"New era in the South Caucasus: The Turkish-Russian Joint Monitoring Center","created_at":"2021-03-25T00:43:12.898-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45610774/New_era_in_the_South_Caucasus_The_Turkish_Russian_Joint_Monitoring_Center?f_ri=6224","dom_id":"work_45610774","summary":"The Turkish-Russian Joint Monitoring Center, established within the scope of monitoring the ceasefire in Nagorno-Karabakh, began work on January 30. The establishment of the Monitoring Center points to the beginning of a new era in the South Caucasus and the Karabakh issue. The opening of the Center is a sign that only the countries of the region will now determine the fate of the region. Foreign powers have no right to speak on the topic. The security of the region has been entrusted to the local forces, something that could only be provided by Turkey and Russia, for whom peace in the South Caucasus is in their best interests. It is definitely not in Armenia’s interest to stay out of these initiatives. If Armenia abandons its revanchist and chauvinist policies and realizes that it is not beneficial for anyone to be a tool for the regional plans of the foreign powers, and of course, if it fulfills its obligations to Azerbaijan, the country has great opportunities ahead.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66097396,"asset_id":45610774,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":19482436,"first_name":"Mehmet","last_name":"Perincek","domain_name":"istanbul","page_name":"MehmetPerincek","display_name":"Mehmet Perincek","profile_url":"https://istanbul.academia.edu/MehmetPerincek?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/19482436/5429238/6240111/s65_mehmet.perincek.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":389,"name":"Russian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":1707,"name":"Armenian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Armenian_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":7669,"name":"Russian Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":8700,"name":"Turkish and Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_and_Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=6224"},{"id":10966,"name":"Turkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkey?f_ri=6224"},{"id":15781,"name":"Russian Studies (in Area Studies) and the Caucasus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies_in_Area_Studies_and_the_Caucasus?f_ri=6224"},{"id":17717,"name":"Turkish Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":19675,"name":"Modern Turkey","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Turkey?f_ri=6224"},{"id":28723,"name":"Turkey in World Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkey_in_World_Politics?f_ri=6224"},{"id":33054,"name":"The Nagorno Karabakh Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Nagorno_Karabakh_Conflict?f_ri=6224"},{"id":33669,"name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Azerbaijan?f_ri=6224"},{"id":33670,"name":"Armenia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Armenia?f_ri=6224"},{"id":37309,"name":"Turkish Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_Studies?f_ri=6224"},{"id":41863,"name":"Russia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russia?f_ri=6224"},{"id":75230,"name":"Turkish Russian Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish_Russian_Relations?f_ri=6224"},{"id":86622,"name":"US Foreign Policy, US-Russian relations, Geopolitics of South Caucasus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/US_Foreign_Policy_US-Russian_relations_Geopolitics_of_South_Caucasus?f_ri=6224"},{"id":169543,"name":"Nagorno Karabakh","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nagorno_Karabakh?f_ri=6224"},{"id":244571,"name":"Armenian Question","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Armenian_Question?f_ri=6224"},{"id":258743,"name":"USA Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/USA_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43645664" data-work_id="43645664" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43645664/Darkside_of_American_exceptionalism">Darkside of American exceptionalism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">American exceptionalism claim that the United States has exceptional status in the international area and has different characteristics from other states in terms of its historical, geographical, national richness, and religion.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43645664" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">American exceptionalism claim that the United States has exceptional status in the international area and has different characteristics from other states in terms of its historical, geographical, national richness, and religion. According to that view, the U.S. has exclusive and best qualifications from the point of democracy, economic liberalism, and social structure in the world. These are mostly acceptable, but the main point is that the United States provided these welfare conditions to their people with the dark side of its American exceptionalist understanding. Indeed, the U.S. had gained a chance to apply its superiority, global leadership, and the exceptionalist strategy to the world after the World Wars and abolishment of the Soviet Union. These developments ensured the opportunity to increase the United States’ activities in all around the world thanks to the development of its economy and technology as well. However, the U.S. needed the kind of ideology to justify its economic, ideologic, military, and cultural invasion of the world, which will be provided by the American exceptionalist ideas.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43645664" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="eaa23ffdf5da8dfc7b90551fab664081" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63946256,"asset_id":43645664,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63946256/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="99184425" href="https://marmara.academia.edu/erdemsahin">Erdem Şahin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="99184425" type="text/json">{"id":99184425,"first_name":"Erdem","last_name":"Şahin","domain_name":"marmara","page_name":"erdemsahin","display_name":"Erdem Şahin","profile_url":"https://marmara.academia.edu/erdemsahin?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/99184425/21622470/36637736/s65_erdem._ahin.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43645664 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43645664"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43645664, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43645664", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43645664 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43645664; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43645664"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_43645664 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="43645664"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43645664; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43645664]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43645664").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43645664").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43645664"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="129" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_History">American History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="129" type="text/json">{"id":129,"name":"American History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="390" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Studies">American Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="390" type="text/json">{"id":390,"name":"American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6224" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy">American Foreign Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6224" type="text/json">{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6654" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Culture">American Culture</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6654" type="text/json">{"id":6654,"name":"American Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Culture?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43645664]'), work: {"id":43645664,"title":"Darkside of American exceptionalism","created_at":"2020-07-17T06:00:33.756-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43645664/Darkside_of_American_exceptionalism?f_ri=6224","dom_id":"work_43645664","summary":" American exceptionalism claim that the United States has exceptional status in the international area and has different characteristics from other states in terms of its historical, geographical, national richness, and religion. According to that view, the U.S. has exclusive and best qualifications from the point of democracy, economic liberalism, and social structure in the world. These are mostly acceptable, but the main point is that the United States provided these welfare conditions to their people with the dark side of its American exceptionalist understanding. Indeed, the U.S. had gained a chance to apply its superiority, global leadership, and the exceptionalist strategy to the world after the World Wars and abolishment of the Soviet Union. These developments ensured the opportunity to increase the United States’ activities in all around the world thanks to the development of its economy and technology as well. However, the U.S. needed the kind of ideology to justify its economic, ideologic, military, and cultural invasion of the world, which will be provided by the American exceptionalist ideas.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63946256,"asset_id":43645664,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":99184425,"first_name":"Erdem","last_name":"Şahin","domain_name":"marmara","page_name":"erdemsahin","display_name":"Erdem Şahin","profile_url":"https://marmara.academia.edu/erdemsahin?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/99184425/21622470/36637736/s65_erdem._ahin.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":129,"name":"American History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":390,"name":"American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":6654,"name":"American Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Culture?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":86161,"name":"American Exceptionalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Exceptionalism?f_ri=6224"},{"id":178924,"name":"Amerika","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amerika?f_ri=6224"},{"id":1019273,"name":"Colonialism and Imperialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonialism_and_Imperialism?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39520911" data-work_id="39520911" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39520911/Finding_Faith_in_Foreign_Policy_Religion_and_American_Diplomacy_in_a_Postsecular_World">Finding Faith in Foreign Policy: Religion and American Diplomacy in a Postsecular World</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Since the end of the Cold War, religion has become an ever more explicit and systematic focus of US foreign policy across multiple domains. US foreign policymakers, for instance, have been increasingly tasked with monitoring religious... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39520911" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Since the end of the Cold War, religion has become an ever more explicit and systematic focus of US foreign policy across multiple domains. US foreign policymakers, for instance, have been increasingly tasked with monitoring religious freedom and promoting it globally, delivering humanitarian and development aid abroad by drawing on faith-based organizations, fighting global terrorism by seeking to reform Muslim societies and Islamic theologies, and advancing American interests and values more broadly worldwide by engaging with religious actors and dynamics. Simply put, religion has become a major subject and object of American foreign policy in ways that were unimaginable just a few decades ago.<br /><br />In Finding Faith in Foreign Policy, Gregorio Bettiza explains the causes and consequences of this shift by developing an original theoretical framework and drawing upon extensive empirical research and interviews. He argues that American foreign policy and religious forces have become ever more inextricably entangled in an age witnessing a global resurgence of religion and the emergence of a postsecular world society. He further shows how the boundaries between faith and state have been redefined through processes of desecularization in the context of American foreign policy, leading the most powerful state in the international system to intervene and reshape in increasingly sustained ways sacred and secular landscapes around the globe. <br /><br />Drawing from a rich evidentiary base spanning twenty-five years, Finding Faith in Foreign Policy details how a wave of religious enthusiasm has transformed not just American foreign policy, but the entire international system.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39520911" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="88295e7cf6ecac8d8d44f5d38dff92a3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59670406,"asset_id":39520911,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59670406/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1445143" href="https://exeter.academia.edu/GregorioBettiza">Gregorio Bettiza</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1445143" type="text/json">{"id":1445143,"first_name":"Gregorio","last_name":"Bettiza","domain_name":"exeter","page_name":"GregorioBettiza","display_name":"Gregorio Bettiza","profile_url":"https://exeter.academia.edu/GregorioBettiza?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1445143/518221/17292864/s65_gregorio.bettiza.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39520911 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39520911"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39520911, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39520911", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_39520911 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39520911; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_39520911"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_39520911 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39520911"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39520911; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39520911]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39520911").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39520911").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39520911"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="948" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Sociology">Historical Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="948" type="text/json">{"id":948,"name":"Historical Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Sociology?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1483" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis">Foreign Policy Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1483" type="text/json">{"id":1483,"name":"Foreign Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6224" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy">American Foreign Policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6224" type="text/json">{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39520911]'), work: {"id":39520911,"title":"Finding Faith in Foreign Policy: Religion and American Diplomacy in a Postsecular World","created_at":"2019-06-11T13:02:06.107-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39520911/Finding_Faith_in_Foreign_Policy_Religion_and_American_Diplomacy_in_a_Postsecular_World?f_ri=6224","dom_id":"work_39520911","summary":"Since the end of the Cold War, religion has become an ever more explicit and systematic focus of US foreign policy across multiple domains. US foreign policymakers, for instance, have been increasingly tasked with monitoring religious freedom and promoting it globally, delivering humanitarian and development aid abroad by drawing on faith-based organizations, fighting global terrorism by seeking to reform Muslim societies and Islamic theologies, and advancing American interests and values more broadly worldwide by engaging with religious actors and dynamics. Simply put, religion has become a major subject and object of American foreign policy in ways that were unimaginable just a few decades ago.\n\nIn Finding Faith in Foreign Policy, Gregorio Bettiza explains the causes and consequences of this shift by developing an original theoretical framework and drawing upon extensive empirical research and interviews. He argues that American foreign policy and religious forces have become ever more inextricably entangled in an age witnessing a global resurgence of religion and the emergence of a postsecular world society. He further shows how the boundaries between faith and state have been redefined through processes of desecularization in the context of American foreign policy, leading the most powerful state in the international system to intervene and reshape in increasingly sustained ways sacred and secular landscapes around the globe. \n\nDrawing from a rich evidentiary base spanning twenty-five years, Finding Faith in Foreign Policy details how a wave of religious enthusiasm has transformed not just American foreign policy, but the entire international system.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59670406,"asset_id":39520911,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1445143,"first_name":"Gregorio","last_name":"Bettiza","domain_name":"exeter","page_name":"GregorioBettiza","display_name":"Gregorio Bettiza","profile_url":"https://exeter.academia.edu/GregorioBettiza?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1445143/518221/17292864/s65_gregorio.bettiza.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":948,"name":"Historical Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Sociology?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":1483,"name":"Foreign Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":7869,"name":"Faith Based Organizations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Faith_Based_Organizations?f_ri=6224"},{"id":15866,"name":"Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam?f_ri=6224"},{"id":22769,"name":"Postsecularism (Sociology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postsecularism_Sociology_?f_ri=6224"},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":341213,"name":"Religious Freedom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Freedom?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22943223" data-work_id="22943223" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22943223/Wikileaks_News_in_the_Networked_Era">Wikileaks: News in the Networked Era</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">What is new about the WikiLeaks phenomenon and why is it important? Is WikiLeaks a form of journalism? What were the effects of WikiLeaks’ revelations? How has WikiLeaks impacted the future of the internet? Charlie Beckett and James Ball... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22943223" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">What is new about the WikiLeaks phenomenon and why is it important? Is WikiLeaks a form of journalism? What were the effects of WikiLeaks’ revelations? How has WikiLeaks impacted the future of the internet? Charlie Beckett and James Ball pose these and other questions in their new book. <br />WikiLeaks: News in the Networked Era (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2012). WikiLeaks was managed by a small team of pro-transparency hackers, including the Australian Julian Assange and a few German members of the so-called Chaos Computer Club (18). As Beckett and Ball point out, WikiLeaks founders pioneered in the development of information security, setting up hidden open-source encryption standards. “These enable WikiLeaks and its sources to hold and disseminate information unreadable by anyone else in the world, including security services” (20). In chapter two, the authors describe three of WikiLeaks’ biggest “scoops” in 2010: the Afghan war logs (including the “Collateral Murder” video), the Iraq war logs, and the American Embassy cable releases. In chapter three Beckett and Ball point out that WikiLeaks’ disclosures – in jeopardizing lives and endangering sensitive diplomatic operations – might “create a freedom-of-expression backlash,” thus helping pro-government, security-minded individuals who advocate limiting the openness of the internet. This book by Beckett and Ball – one of the first to analyze WikiLeaks with respect to the evolution of contemporary journalism – would be an excellent text to assign in courses on journalism.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22943223" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="42713f3b5f14f3e6f51f4d970559410c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44847807,"asset_id":22943223,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44847807/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4196533" href="https://tufts.academia.edu/JohannaGranville">Johanna Granville</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4196533" type="text/json">{"id":4196533,"first_name":"Johanna","last_name":"Granville","domain_name":"tufts","page_name":"JohannaGranville","display_name":"Johanna Granville","profile_url":"https://tufts.academia.edu/JohannaGranville?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4196533/4296280/8516683/s65_johanna.granville.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22943223 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22943223"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22943223, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22943223", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_22943223 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22943223; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_22943223"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_22943223 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22943223"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22943223; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22943223]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22943223").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22943223").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22943223"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="570" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Intelligence">Military Intelligence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="570" type="text/json">{"id":570,"name":"Military Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Intelligence?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2052" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intelligence_Studies">Intelligence Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2052" type="text/json">{"id":2052,"name":"Intelligence Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intelligence_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2972" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_History">Media History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2972" type="text/json">{"id":2972,"name":"Media History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22943223]'), work: {"id":22943223,"title":"Wikileaks: News in the Networked Era","created_at":"2016-03-07T11:17:00.640-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22943223/Wikileaks_News_in_the_Networked_Era?f_ri=6224","dom_id":"work_22943223","summary":"What is new about the WikiLeaks phenomenon and why is it important? Is WikiLeaks a form of journalism? What were the effects of WikiLeaks’ revelations? How has WikiLeaks impacted the future of the internet? Charlie Beckett and James Ball pose these and other questions in their new book. \nWikiLeaks: News in the Networked Era (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2012). WikiLeaks was managed by a small team of pro-transparency hackers, including the Australian Julian Assange and a few German members of the so-called Chaos Computer Club (18). As Beckett and Ball point out, WikiLeaks founders pioneered in the development of information security, setting up hidden open-source encryption standards. “These enable WikiLeaks and its sources to hold and disseminate information unreadable by anyone else in the world, including security services” (20). In chapter two, the authors describe three of WikiLeaks’ biggest “scoops” in 2010: the Afghan war logs (including the “Collateral Murder” video), the Iraq war logs, and the American Embassy cable releases. In chapter three Beckett and Ball point out that WikiLeaks’ disclosures – in jeopardizing lives and endangering sensitive diplomatic operations – might “create a freedom-of-expression backlash,” thus helping pro-government, security-minded individuals who advocate limiting the openness of the internet. This book by Beckett and Ball – one of the first to analyze WikiLeaks with respect to the evolution of contemporary journalism – would be an excellent text to assign in courses on journalism.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44847807,"asset_id":22943223,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4196533,"first_name":"Johanna","last_name":"Granville","domain_name":"tufts","page_name":"JohannaGranville","display_name":"Johanna Granville","profile_url":"https://tufts.academia.edu/JohannaGranville?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4196533/4296280/8516683/s65_johanna.granville.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":570,"name":"Military Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_Intelligence?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":2052,"name":"Intelligence Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intelligence_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":2972,"name":"Media History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":5357,"name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afghanistan?f_ri=6224"},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":44789,"name":"Media and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_and_Politics?f_ri=6224"},{"id":257992,"name":"Historical Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Historical_Studies?f_ri=6224"},{"id":395704,"name":"Communication and media Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication_and_media_Studies?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4228835" data-work_id="4228835" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4228835/Maximizing_Prudence_in_International_Relations">Maximizing Prudence in International Relations</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">The article presents maxims for prudence in international relations and foreign policy.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4228835" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a54ab5733767b9760bc3c52dfdec00ec" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33114087,"asset_id":4228835,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33114087/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5110721" href="https://colorado.academia.edu/FRANCISBEER">FRANCIS BEER</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5110721" type="text/json">{"id":5110721,"first_name":"FRANCIS","last_name":"BEER","domain_name":"colorado","page_name":"FRANCISBEER","display_name":"FRANCIS BEER","profile_url":"https://colorado.academia.edu/FRANCISBEER?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5110721/2247871/2628868/s65_francis.beer.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4228835 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4228835"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4228835, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4228835", }); 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Chief among these challenges is the risk of escalation—be it in the scale,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9989788" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Common and destructive, limited wars are significant international events that pose a number of challenges to the states involved beyond simple victory or defeat. Chief among these challenges is the risk of escalation—be it in the scale, scope, cost, or duration of the conflict. This book investigates a crucial and heretofore ignored factor in determining the nature and direction of limited war: information institutions.  Traditional assessments of wartime strategy focus on the relationship between the military and civilians, but this book argues that we must also take into account the information flow patterns among top policy makers and all national security organizations. By examining the fate of American military and diplomatic strategy in four limited wars, this book demonstrates how not only the availability and quality of information, but also the ways in which information is gathered, managed, analyzed, and used, shape a state’s ability to wield power effectively in dynamic and complex international systems.  Utilizing a range of primary and secondary source materials, Success and Failure in Limited War makes a timely case for the power of information in war, with crucial implications for international relations theory and statecraft.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9989788" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c9c7c16e5d7cc8f2e4a01f33587921c3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40394072,"asset_id":9989788,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40394072/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="24300673" href="https://vmi.academia.edu/SpencerBakich">Spencer D Bakich</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="24300673" type="text/json">{"id":24300673,"first_name":"Spencer","last_name":"Bakich","domain_name":"vmi","page_name":"SpencerBakich","display_name":"Spencer D Bakich","profile_url":"https://vmi.academia.edu/SpencerBakich?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24300673/6556043/34571159/s65_spencer.bakich.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9989788 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9989788"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9989788, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9989788", }); 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Chief among these challenges is the risk of escalation—be it in the scale, scope, cost, or duration of the conflict. This book investigates a crucial and heretofore ignored factor in determining the nature and direction of limited war: information institutions. Traditional assessments of wartime strategy focus on the relationship between the military and civilians, but this book argues that we must also take into account the information flow patterns among top policy makers and all national security organizations. By examining the fate of American military and diplomatic strategy in four limited wars, this book demonstrates how not only the availability and quality of information, but also the ways in which information is gathered, managed, analyzed, and used, shape a state’s ability to wield power effectively in dynamic and complex international systems. Utilizing a range of primary and secondary source materials, Success and Failure in Limited War makes a timely case for the power of information in war, with crucial implications for international relations theory and statecraft. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40394072,"asset_id":9989788,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":24300673,"first_name":"Spencer","last_name":"Bakich","domain_name":"vmi","page_name":"SpencerBakich","display_name":"Spencer D Bakich","profile_url":"https://vmi.academia.edu/SpencerBakich?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24300673/6556043/34571159/s65_spencer.bakich.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1483,"name":"Foreign Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":2674,"name":"Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intelligence?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":3872,"name":"War Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":9707,"name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":46271,"name":"Strategy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":50550,"name":"United States Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_173283" data-work_id="173283" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/173283/Die_Rezeption_der_NATO_Entscheidung_zur_Osterweiterung_in_Ru%C3%9Fland_Besprechungsaufsatz_">Die Rezeption der NATO-Entscheidung zur Osterweiterung in Rußland (Besprechungsaufsatz)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/173283" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5e10a7900026871b8e8a7bbac363dfeb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":103787,"asset_id":173283,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/103787/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="25359" href="https://ukma.academia.edu/AndreasUmland">Andreas Umland</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="25359" type="text/json">{"id":25359,"first_name":"Andreas","last_name":"Umland","domain_name":"ukma","page_name":"AndreasUmland","display_name":"Andreas Umland","profile_url":"https://ukma.academia.edu/AndreasUmland?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25359/8207/35842203/s65_andreas.umland.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_173283 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="173283"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 173283, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_173283", }); 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Kennedy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The main objective of the thesis paper is to elaborate on the influence of foreign successes and failures on the presidency of John F. Kennedy, paying particular attention to his long-lasting legacy.I am willing to touch upon the foreign... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44256644" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The main objective of the thesis paper is to elaborate on the influence of foreign successes and failures on the presidency of John F. Kennedy, paying particular attention to his long-lasting legacy.I am willing to touch upon the foreign affairs in Berlin, Cuba, Latin America and Vietnam in a way that I chose not to illustrate the historical events themselves. Instead, I would focus on the deep analysis of the occurrences, studying them from the perspective of Kennedy. Next to the relations outside the United States, I would also emphasize his medical condition, marriage, philandering and some of the most significant political achievements, such as the Peace Corps, which was established in 1961 as well as the official initiation of the Apollo program, which can be closely tied to the name of the president. In addition, I would outline the personality development of the 35th President of the United States from the presidential elections of 1961 until his death in 1963, scrutinizing the decisions and their effects in regard with Kennedy’s character throughout his presidency. The thesis is primarily based on the products of written and printed media (books, newspaper articles, public papers) and only secondarily on Internet sources (web sites, e-mail conversations, EBooks). The following remark of Ronald Reagan from 1985 proves to be true continuously: “History is not only made by people; it is people. And so, history is, as young John Kennedy demonstrated, as heroic as you want it to be, as heroic as you are.”</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44256644" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="43b2ea51dee0819909f4ec404ec1fdde" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64630949,"asset_id":44256644,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64630949/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="173638759" href="https://uni-obuda.academia.edu/GaborSinko">Gabor Sinko</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="173638759" type="text/json">{"id":173638759,"first_name":"Gabor","last_name":"Sinko","domain_name":"uni-obuda","page_name":"GaborSinko","display_name":"Gabor Sinko","profile_url":"https://uni-obuda.academia.edu/GaborSinko?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/173638759/48178705/100252410/s65_gabor.sinko.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44256644 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44256644"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44256644, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44256644", }); 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Kennedy","created_at":"2020-10-08T14:22:19.300-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44256644/Successes_failures_and_personal_hardship_under_the_presidency_of_John_F_Kennedy?f_ri=6224","dom_id":"work_44256644","summary":"The main objective of the thesis paper is to elaborate on the influence of foreign successes and failures on the presidency of John F. Kennedy, paying particular attention to his long-lasting legacy.I am willing to touch upon the foreign affairs in Berlin, Cuba, Latin America and Vietnam in a way that I chose not to illustrate the historical events themselves. Instead, I would focus on the deep analysis of the occurrences, studying them from the perspective of Kennedy. Next to the relations outside the United States, I would also emphasize his medical condition, marriage, philandering and some of the most significant political achievements, such as the Peace Corps, which was established in 1961 as well as the official initiation of the Apollo program, which can be closely tied to the name of the president. In addition, I would outline the personality development of the 35th President of the United States from the presidential elections of 1961 until his death in 1963, scrutinizing the decisions and their effects in regard with Kennedy’s character throughout his presidency. The thesis is primarily based on the products of written and printed media (books, newspaper articles, public papers) and only secondarily on Internet sources (web sites, e-mail conversations, EBooks). The following remark of Ronald Reagan from 1985 proves to be true continuously: “History is not only made by people; it is people. And so, history is, as young John Kennedy demonstrated, as heroic as you want it to be, as heroic as you are.”","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64630949,"asset_id":44256644,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":173638759,"first_name":"Gabor","last_name":"Sinko","domain_name":"uni-obuda","page_name":"GaborSinko","display_name":"Gabor Sinko","profile_url":"https://uni-obuda.academia.edu/GaborSinko?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/173638759/48178705/100252410/s65_gabor.sinko.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":16655,"name":"Vietnam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vietnam?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":44070,"name":"Berlin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Berlin?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":105459,"name":"Cuban Missile Crisis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cuban_Missile_Crisis?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":123252,"name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_F._Kennedy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":188145,"name":"Peace Corps","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_Corps?f_ri=6224"},{"id":462091,"name":"Apollo space programme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apollo_space_programme?f_ri=6224"},{"id":731593,"name":"Bay of Pigs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bay_of_Pigs?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38404909" data-work_id="38404909" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38404909/First_Asian_in_U_S_Congress_Was_a_Sikh_Inspired_by_Civil_Rights_Principles">First Asian in U.S. Congress Was a Sikh Inspired by Civil Rights Principles</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Dalip Singh Saund spoke against “coddling kings and dictators and protecting the status quo”</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38404909" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3ab2163ba58fd6a2901241a9b4ed8734" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58911436,"asset_id":38404909,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button 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data-has-card-for-ri="6224" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy">American Foreign Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6224" type="text/json">{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7562" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Rights">Civil Rights</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7562" type="text/json">{"id":7562,"name":"Civil Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Rights?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38404909]'), work: {"id":38404909,"title":"First Asian in U.S. Congress Was a Sikh Inspired by Civil Rights Principles","created_at":"2019-02-21T03:58:49.129-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38404909/First_Asian_in_U_S_Congress_Was_a_Sikh_Inspired_by_Civil_Rights_Principles?f_ri=6224","dom_id":"work_38404909","summary":"Dalip Singh Saund spoke against “coddling kings and dictators and protecting the status quo”","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58911436,"asset_id":38404909,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":88993855,"first_name":"Pieter","last_name":"Friedrich","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FriedrichPieter","display_name":"Pieter Friedrich","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FriedrichPieter?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/88993855/20381263/27631595/s65_pieter.friedrich.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":129,"name":"American 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Congress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/US_Congress?f_ri=6224"},{"id":617693,"name":"Asian Immigration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Immigration?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36545635" data-work_id="36545635" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36545635/Riot_Control_Agents_and_Chemical_Weapons_Arms_Control_in_the_United_States">Riot Control Agents and Chemical Weapons Arms Control in the United States</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article examines the issue of riot control agents as it relates to the subject of chemical weapons arms control at the international level and, more specifically, implications for the United States. The article examines how the issue... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36545635" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article examines the issue of riot control agents as it relates to the subject of chemical weapons arms control at the international level and, more specifically, implications for the United States. The article examines how the issue of riot control agents has complicated efforts for the United States to enter into and ratify chemical weapons-related arms control agreements. The article provides an overview of chemical weapons, examines the relevant arms control agreements, explores why and how riot control agents influence debates over the merits of these treaties, and explains why riot control agents remain a contentious issue in chemical weapons arms control and foreign policy in the United States.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36545635" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="64e85486d83db7c749365e7a2b59b241" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56469543,"asset_id":36545635,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56469543/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35028" href="https://elon.academia.edu/SeanGiovanello">Sean P Giovanello</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35028" type="text/json">{"id":35028,"first_name":"Sean","last_name":"Giovanello","domain_name":"elon","page_name":"SeanGiovanello","display_name":"Sean P Giovanello","profile_url":"https://elon.academia.edu/SeanGiovanello?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35028/82095/19525355/s65_sean.giovanello.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36545635 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36545635"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36545635, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36545635", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36545635]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36545635").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36545635").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36545635"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4509" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Weapons">Chemical Weapons</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4509" type="text/json">{"id":4509,"name":"Chemical Weapons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Weapons?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6224" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy">American Foreign Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6224" type="text/json">{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184185" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arms_Control_and_Disarmament">Arms Control and Disarmament</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184185" type="text/json">{"id":184185,"name":"Arms Control and Disarmament","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arms_Control_and_Disarmament?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="287632" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arms_Control">Arms Control</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="287632" type="text/json">{"id":287632,"name":"Arms Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arms_Control?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36545635]'), work: {"id":36545635,"title":"Riot Control Agents and Chemical Weapons Arms Control in the United States","created_at":"2018-05-01T15:26:46.739-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36545635/Riot_Control_Agents_and_Chemical_Weapons_Arms_Control_in_the_United_States?f_ri=6224","dom_id":"work_36545635","summary":"This article examines the issue of riot control agents as it relates to the subject of chemical weapons arms control at the international level and, more specifically, implications for the United States. The article examines how the issue of riot control agents has complicated efforts for the United States to enter into and ratify chemical weapons-related arms control agreements. The article provides an overview of chemical weapons, examines the relevant arms control agreements, explores why and how riot control agents influence debates over the merits of these treaties, and explains why riot control agents remain a contentious issue in chemical weapons arms control and foreign policy in the United States.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56469543,"asset_id":36545635,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35028,"first_name":"Sean","last_name":"Giovanello","domain_name":"elon","page_name":"SeanGiovanello","display_name":"Sean P Giovanello","profile_url":"https://elon.academia.edu/SeanGiovanello?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/35028/82095/19525355/s65_sean.giovanello.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4509,"name":"Chemical Weapons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Weapons?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":184185,"name":"Arms Control and Disarmament","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arms_Control_and_Disarmament?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":287632,"name":"Arms Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arms_Control?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":820736,"name":"Riot Control Agents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Riot_Control_Agents?f_ri=6224"},{"id":1298058,"name":"Arms Controls and Non-proliferation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arms_Controls_and_Non-proliferation?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_68561441" data-work_id="68561441" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68561441/Heres_How_Pakistan_Can_Respond_To_Afghanistans_Humanitarian_Crisis_While_the_UN_and_other_global_institutions_are_in_the_limelight_to_help_alleviate_the_humanitarian_crisis_in_warravaged_Afghanistan_Pakistan_also_has_a_role_to_play">Here's How Pakistan Can Respond To Afghanistan's Humanitarian Crisis While the UN and other global institutions are in the limelight to help alleviate the humanitarian crisis in warravaged Afghanistan, Pakistan also has a role to play</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">While the UN and other global institutions are in the limelight to help alleviate the humanitarian crisis in war-ravaged Afghanistan, Pakistan also has a role to play. It ought to diplomatically urge rich Muslim countries such as Saudi... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_68561441" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">While the UN and other global institutions are in the limelight to help alleviate the humanitarian crisis in war-ravaged Afghanistan, Pakistan also has a role to play. It ought to diplomatically urge rich Muslim countries such as Saudi Arabia to lead this initiative. The Saudis, having strategic competition with Qatar, may find an opportunity to establish a meaningful presence in this part of Asia. Last but not the least, Pakistan ought to urge Russia and China to financially support the Afghans. Pakistan must prioritise bilateral and multilateral trade with Afghanistan. Both Kabul and Islamabad need to understand each other’s sensibilities. Finally, Pakistan needs to focus on the Central Asian states, which recently indicated their geo-economic interests in India, which is the largest market in the region after China. To help Afghanistan ameliorate its humanitarian crisis, there is no harm in engaging the Central Asian countries via Moscow or Beijing. Until Afghanistan’s neighbours come on board, structural issues will only linger.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/68561441" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fb6503118ede1c70873543cd547fa3de" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78994092,"asset_id":68561441,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78994092/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="30440331" href="https://lahoreschoolofeconomics.academia.edu/DrEjazHussainMALundPhDHeidelbergPostdocBerkeley">Dr Ejaz Hussain</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="30440331" type="text/json">{"id":30440331,"first_name":"Dr Ejaz","last_name":"Hussain","domain_name":"lahoreschoolofeconomics","page_name":"DrEjazHussainMALundPhDHeidelbergPostdocBerkeley","display_name":"Dr Ejaz Hussain","profile_url":"https://lahoreschoolofeconomics.academia.edu/DrEjazHussainMALundPhDHeidelbergPostdocBerkeley?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/30440331/8876036/156340339/s65_dr_ejaz.hussain_ma_lund_phd_heidelberg_postdoc_berkeley_.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_68561441 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="68561441"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 68561441, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_68561441", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=68561441]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_68561441").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_68561441").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="68561441"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5357" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5357" type="text/json">{"id":5357,"name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afghanistan?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6224" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy">American Foreign Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6224" type="text/json">{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7361" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7361" type="text/json">{"id":7361,"name":"Pakistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pakistan?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7669" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Foreign_Policy">Russian Foreign Policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7669" type="text/json">{"id":7669,"name":"Russian Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=68561441]'), work: {"id":68561441,"title":"Here's How Pakistan Can Respond To Afghanistan's Humanitarian Crisis While the UN and other global institutions are in the limelight to help alleviate the humanitarian crisis in warravaged Afghanistan, Pakistan also has a role to play","created_at":"2022-01-17T14:00:17.850-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/68561441/Heres_How_Pakistan_Can_Respond_To_Afghanistans_Humanitarian_Crisis_While_the_UN_and_other_global_institutions_are_in_the_limelight_to_help_alleviate_the_humanitarian_crisis_in_warravaged_Afghanistan_Pakistan_also_has_a_role_to_play?f_ri=6224","dom_id":"work_68561441","summary":"While the UN and other global institutions are in the limelight to help alleviate the humanitarian crisis in war-ravaged Afghanistan, Pakistan also has a role to play. It ought to diplomatically urge rich Muslim countries such as Saudi Arabia to lead this initiative. The Saudis, having strategic competition with Qatar, may find an opportunity to establish a meaningful presence in this part of Asia. Last but not the least, Pakistan ought to urge Russia and China to financially support the Afghans. Pakistan must prioritise bilateral and multilateral trade with Afghanistan. Both Kabul and Islamabad need to understand each other’s sensibilities. Finally, Pakistan needs to focus on the Central Asian states, which recently indicated their geo-economic interests in India, which is the largest market in the region after China. To help Afghanistan ameliorate its humanitarian crisis, there is no harm in engaging the Central Asian countries via Moscow or Beijing. Until Afghanistan’s neighbours come on board, structural issues will only linger.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78994092,"asset_id":68561441,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":30440331,"first_name":"Dr Ejaz","last_name":"Hussain","domain_name":"lahoreschoolofeconomics","page_name":"DrEjazHussainMALundPhDHeidelbergPostdocBerkeley","display_name":"Dr Ejaz Hussain","profile_url":"https://lahoreschoolofeconomics.academia.edu/DrEjazHussainMALundPhDHeidelbergPostdocBerkeley?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/30440331/8876036/156340339/s65_dr_ejaz.hussain_ma_lund_phd_heidelberg_postdoc_berkeley_.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5357,"name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afghanistan?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":7361,"name":"Pakistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pakistan?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":7669,"name":"Russian Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=6224"},{"id":23930,"name":"Taliban","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Taliban?f_ri=6224"},{"id":147937,"name":"Sanctions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sanctions?f_ri=6224"},{"id":680309,"name":"Joe Biden","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Joe_Biden?f_ri=6224"},{"id":1668574,"name":"Humanitarian Crisis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanitarian_Crisis?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38713118 coauthored" data-work_id="38713118" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38713118/From_heathen_Turks_to_cruel_Turks_Religious_and_political_roots_of_the_changing_American_perception_towards_the_Middle_East">From "heathen Turks" to "cruel Turks" Religious and political roots of the changing American perception towards the Middle East</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A closer look at the nineteenth century, however, suggests that the issue is more complex, that the century does not have a seamless, homogeneous, uninterrupted, and linear history with regards to the American perception of the Middle... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38713118" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A closer look at the nineteenth century, however, suggests that the issue is more complex, that the century does not have a seamless, homogeneous, uninterrupted, and linear history with regards to the American perception of the Middle East. First of all, there were several individual exceptions who viewed the Turks, the Muslims, and Islam in positive lights, neutral at best. Second, a good number of Americans moderated their views about the Turks and Muslims after encountering them as merchants, diplomats, and missionaries in person. As a result, the American image of "heathen" and "tyrannical" Turks was transformed into "pluralistic" and "tolerant" Turks by the mid-nineteenth century and then into "cruel" and "bloodthirsty" Turks by the turn of the twentieth century. While the former image had been shaped by European (largely British) religious and political (read Orientalist) discourse, the latter image had been shaped by the increasing Protestant missionary activities in the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century. For example, 88 percent of the books on Islam in American libraries were written by missionaries in the nineteenth century (McCarthy, 2010). As a result of their intensified educational activities and increasing involvement in the Ottoman-Armenian conflict in the second half of the nineteenth century, American missionaries began to have some serious problems with the Ottoman authorities. As shown by other scholars, long before oil interests, the American missionary experience had been one of the most important agents that set the tone of American foreign policy towards the Middle East until World War II. This chapter is an attempt to demonstrate the complexities of this picture and adumbrate the stages through which the American perception evolved over the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38713118" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e3d4b79ca23438d94226e3e181dc376f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58796762,"asset_id":38713118,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58796762/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="171965" href="https://uhcl.academia.edu/CengizSisman">Cengiz Sisman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="171965" type="text/json">{"id":171965,"first_name":"Cengiz","last_name":"Sisman","domain_name":"uhcl","page_name":"CengizSisman","display_name":"Cengiz Sisman","profile_url":"https://uhcl.academia.edu/CengizSisman?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/171965/1627858/1963518/s65_cengiz.sisman.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-38713118">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-38713118"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uh.academia.edu/OzlemMadiSisman">Ozlem Madi-Sisman</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-38713118'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-38713118').html(); 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First of all, there were several individual exceptions who viewed the Turks, the Muslims, and Islam in positive lights, neutral at best. Second, a good number of Americans moderated their views about the Turks and Muslims after encountering them as merchants, diplomats, and missionaries in person. As a result, the American image of \"heathen\" and \"tyrannical\" Turks was transformed into \"pluralistic\" and \"tolerant\" Turks by the mid-nineteenth century and then into \"cruel\" and \"bloodthirsty\" Turks by the turn of the twentieth century. While the former image had been shaped by European (largely British) religious and political (read Orientalist) discourse, the latter image had been shaped by the increasing Protestant missionary activities in the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century. For example, 88 percent of the books on Islam in American libraries were written by missionaries in the nineteenth century (McCarthy, 2010). As a result of their intensified educational activities and increasing involvement in the Ottoman-Armenian conflict in the second half of the nineteenth century, American missionaries began to have some serious problems with the Ottoman authorities. As shown by other scholars, long before oil interests, the American missionary experience had been one of the most important agents that set the tone of American foreign policy towards the Middle East until World War II. This chapter is an attempt to demonstrate the complexities of this picture and adumbrate the stages through which the American perception evolved over the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58796762,"asset_id":38713118,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":171965,"first_name":"Cengiz","last_name":"Sisman","domain_name":"uhcl","page_name":"CengizSisman","display_name":"Cengiz Sisman","profile_url":"https://uhcl.academia.edu/CengizSisman?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/171965/1627858/1963518/s65_cengiz.sisman.jpg"},{"id":6938294,"first_name":"Ozlem","last_name":"Madi-Sisman","domain_name":"uh","page_name":"OzlemMadiSisman","display_name":"Ozlem Madi-Sisman","profile_url":"https://uh.academia.edu/OzlemMadiSisman?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6938294/2647931/14875306/s65_ozlem.madi-sisman.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1187,"name":"Ottoman History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ottoman_History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":7397,"name":"Missionary History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Missionary_History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":297651,"name":"American Protestant Missionaries and the Middle East / Ottoman History - 19th cen.","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Protestant_Missionaries_and_the_Middle_East_Ottoman_History_-_19th_cen?f_ri=6224"},{"id":1228736,"name":"American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28484016" data-work_id="28484016" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28484016/Book_Review_Sailing_the_Waters_Edge_The_Domestic_Politics_of_American_Foreign_Policy">Book Review: Sailing the Water's Edge: The Domestic Politics of American Foreign Policy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28484016" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" 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AVRASYA'DA DEĞİŞEBİLECEK DENGELER VE TÜRKİSTAN'IN GÜNCELLENEN JEOPOLİTİĞİ ÜZERİNE DÜŞÜNCELER</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Özellikle Trump'ın, Türkiye'yi tehdit eden terör örgütlerine karşı muhtemel tavrı ve Ortadoğu'da izlemesi beklenen siyasete dair çok sayıda analizle karşılaşıyoruz. Ancak maalesef bunların büyük kısmında, ABD'deki siyasi süreç gerekli... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31431214" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Özellikle Trump'ın, Türkiye'yi tehdit eden terör örgütlerine karşı muhtemel tavrı ve Ortadoğu'da izlemesi beklenen siyasete dair çok sayıda analizle karşılaşıyoruz. Ancak maalesef bunların büyük kısmında, ABD'deki siyasi süreç gerekli derinlikte incelenmiyor ve Türkiye'yi ilgilendiren bazı jeopolitik havzalar gündem dışı bırakılıyor. Söz konusu eksikliğin giderilmesine katkı sağlamak maksadıyla makalemizde, önce Trump'lı Amerika'yı bekleyen farklı gelecek senaryoları üzerinde duracak, ardından da Washington'daki yeni iktidarın Türkistan havzası açısından anlamını sorgulayacağız.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31431214" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="34cf6da0e6a846941559369cb9823307" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51793830,"asset_id":31431214,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51793830/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4569522" href="https://yildiz.academia.edu/MehmetAkifOkur">Mehmet Akif Okur</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4569522" type="text/json">{"id":4569522,"first_name":"Mehmet Akif","last_name":"Okur","domain_name":"yildiz","page_name":"MehmetAkifOkur","display_name":"Mehmet Akif Okur","profile_url":"https://yildiz.academia.edu/MehmetAkifOkur?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4569522/1898063/2250574/s65_mehmet.okur.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31431214 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31431214"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31431214, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31431214", }); 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AVRASYA'DA DEĞİŞEBİLECEK DENGELER VE TÜRKİSTAN'IN GÜNCELLENEN JEOPOLİTİĞİ ÜZERİNE DÜŞÜNCELER","created_at":"2017-02-14T09:32:19.982-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31431214/TRUMPLI_AMER%C4%B0KAYI_VE_D%C3%9CNYAYI_NE_BEKL%C4%B0YOR_AVRASYADA_DE%C4%9E%C4%B0%C5%9EEB%C4%B0LECEK_DENGELER_VE_T%C3%9CRK%C4%B0STANIN_G%C3%9CNCELLENEN_JEOPOL%C4%B0T%C4%B0%C4%9E%C4%B0_%C3%9CZER%C4%B0NE_D%C3%9C%C5%9E%C3%9CNCELER?f_ri=6224","dom_id":"work_31431214","summary":"Özellikle Trump'ın, Türkiye'yi tehdit eden terör örgütlerine karşı muhtemel tavrı ve Ortadoğu'da izlemesi beklenen siyasete dair çok sayıda analizle karşılaşıyoruz. Ancak maalesef bunların büyük kısmında, ABD'deki siyasi süreç gerekli derinlikte incelenmiyor ve Türkiye'yi ilgilendiren bazı jeopolitik havzalar gündem dışı bırakılıyor. Söz konusu eksikliğin giderilmesine katkı sağlamak maksadıyla makalemizde, önce Trump'lı Amerika'yı bekleyen farklı gelecek senaryoları üzerinde duracak, ardından da Washington'daki yeni iktidarın Türkistan havzası açısından anlamını sorgulayacağız.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51793830,"asset_id":31431214,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4569522,"first_name":"Mehmet Akif","last_name":"Okur","domain_name":"yildiz","page_name":"MehmetAkifOkur","display_name":"Mehmet Akif Okur","profile_url":"https://yildiz.academia.edu/MehmetAkifOkur?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4569522/1898063/2250574/s65_mehmet.okur.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":794,"name":"American Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Politics?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":66635,"name":"Turkish-American Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkish-American_Relations?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":71576,"name":"USA - EU Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/USA_-_EU_Relations?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":86622,"name":"US Foreign Policy, US-Russian relations, Geopolitics of South Caucasus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/US_Foreign_Policy_US-Russian_relations_Geopolitics_of_South_Caucasus?f_ri=6224"},{"id":157371,"name":"China Europe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China_Europe?f_ri=6224"},{"id":178924,"name":"Amerika","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amerika?f_ri=6224"},{"id":205471,"name":"Turkestan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkestan?f_ri=6224"},{"id":231469,"name":"Küreselleşme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/K%C3%BCreselle%C5%9Fme?f_ri=6224"},{"id":262123,"name":"US-Russian relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/US-Russian_relations?f_ri=6224"},{"id":286230,"name":"Orta Asya Ve Kafkaslar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orta_Asya_Ve_Kafkaslar?f_ri=6224"},{"id":400613,"name":"Avrasya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Avrasya?f_ri=6224"},{"id":407841,"name":"Europe-China relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Europe-China_relations?f_ri=6224"},{"id":549040,"name":"Türk Dünyası","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turk_Dunyasi?f_ri=6224"},{"id":570287,"name":"Orta Asya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orta_Asya?f_ri=6224"},{"id":665193,"name":"Abd Türkiye Ilişkileri","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abd_Turkiye_Iliskileri?f_ri=6224"},{"id":697947,"name":"Abd Dış Politikası","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abd_Dis_Politikasi?f_ri=6224"},{"id":719026,"name":"Usa and Turkey Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Usa_and_Turkey_Relations?f_ri=6224"},{"id":744862,"name":"Türkiye'nin Orta Asya Politikası","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkiyenin_Orta_Asya_Politikasi?f_ri=6224"},{"id":951606,"name":"TÜRKİSTAN","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/T%C3%9CRK%C4%B0STAN?f_ri=6224"},{"id":1250479,"name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Donald_Trump?f_ri=6224"},{"id":1299880,"name":"Germany's China Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Germanys_China_Politics?f_ri=6224"},{"id":1432609,"name":"History and Civilization of the Turkish World","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_and_Civilization_of_the_Turkish_World?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3058727" data-work_id="3058727" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3058727/Know_Your_Enemy_The_American_Debate_on_Nazism_1933_1945_New_York_Cambridge_University_Press_2010">Know Your Enemy: The American Debate on Nazism, 1933-1945. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3058727" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="888a6e7f8f9ad1e4e1c46f236962f319" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31834076,"asset_id":3058727,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31834076/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3514142" href="https://uiowa.academia.edu/MichaelaHoenickeMoore">Michaela Hoenicke Moore</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3514142" type="text/json">{"id":3514142,"first_name":"Michaela","last_name":"Hoenicke Moore","domain_name":"uiowa","page_name":"MichaelaHoenickeMoore","display_name":"Michaela Hoenicke Moore","profile_url":"https://uiowa.academia.edu/MichaelaHoenickeMoore?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3514142/2372414/2763791/s65_michaela.hoenicke_moore.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3058727 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3058727"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3058727, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3058727", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3058727]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3058727").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3058727").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3058727"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="135" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_History">Intellectual History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="135" type="text/json">{"id":135,"name":"Intellectual History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="136" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History">Cultural History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="136" type="text/json">{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="138" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomatic_History">Diplomatic History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="138" type="text/json">{"id":138,"name":"Diplomatic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomatic_History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3058727]'), work: {"id":3058727,"title":"Know Your Enemy: The American Debate on Nazism, 1933-1945. 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As presidents, cabinet officers,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_25553094" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">When the United States emerged as a world power in the years before the Civil War, the men who presided over the nation’s triumphant territorial and economic expansion were largely southern slaveholders. As presidents, cabinet officers, and diplomats, slaveholding leaders controlled the main levers of foreign policy inside an increasingly powerful American state. This Vast Southern Empire explores the international vision and strategic operations of these southerners at the commanding heights of American politics. As Matthew Karp demonstrates, these leaders were nationalists, not separatists. The empire of their dreams was not an independent South but the entire United States, and only the election of Abraham Lincoln broke their grip on national power. Fortified by years at the helm of U.S. foreign affairs, slaveholding elites formed their own Confederacy―not only as a desperate effort to preserve their property but as a confident bid to shape the future of the Atlantic world.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/25553094" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fcd36cc2f831257972832ee63e5b19cd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55795975,"asset_id":25553094,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55795975/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="27260" href="https://princeton.academia.edu/MattKarp">Matt Karp</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="27260" type="text/json">{"id":27260,"first_name":"Matt","last_name":"Karp","domain_name":"princeton","page_name":"MattKarp","display_name":"Matt Karp","profile_url":"https://princeton.academia.edu/MattKarp?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27260/8902/28176115/s65_matt.karp.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_25553094 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="25553094"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 25553094, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_25553094", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=25553094]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_25553094").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_25553094").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="25553094"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="138" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomatic_History">Diplomatic History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="138" type="text/json">{"id":138,"name":"Diplomatic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomatic_History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6224" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy">American Foreign Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6224" type="text/json">{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6283" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Slavery">History of Slavery</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6283" type="text/json">{"id":6283,"name":"History of Slavery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Slavery?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8154" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_South">American South</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8154" type="text/json">{"id":8154,"name":"American South","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_South?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=25553094]'), work: {"id":25553094,"title":"This Vast Southern Empire: Slaveholders at the Helm of American Foreign Policy","created_at":"2016-05-23T09:47:39.193-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/25553094/This_Vast_Southern_Empire_Slaveholders_at_the_Helm_of_American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","dom_id":"work_25553094","summary":"When the United States emerged as a world power in the years before the Civil War, the men who presided over the nation’s triumphant territorial and economic expansion were largely southern slaveholders. As presidents, cabinet officers, and diplomats, slaveholding leaders controlled the main levers of foreign policy inside an increasingly powerful American state. This Vast Southern Empire explores the international vision and strategic operations of these southerners at the commanding heights of American politics. As Matthew Karp demonstrates, these leaders were nationalists, not separatists. The empire of their dreams was not an independent South but the entire United States, and only the election of Abraham Lincoln broke their grip on national power. Fortified by years at the helm of U.S. foreign affairs, slaveholding elites formed their own Confederacy―not only as a desperate effort to preserve their property but as a confident bid to shape the future of the Atlantic world.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55795975,"asset_id":25553094,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":27260,"first_name":"Matt","last_name":"Karp","domain_name":"princeton","page_name":"MattKarp","display_name":"Matt Karp","profile_url":"https://princeton.academia.edu/MattKarp?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27260/8902/28176115/s65_matt.karp.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":138,"name":"Diplomatic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomatic_History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":6283,"name":"History of Slavery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Slavery?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":8154,"name":"American South","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_South?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":8162,"name":"Southern History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southern_History?f_ri=6224"},{"id":13080,"name":"American Civil War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Civil_War?f_ri=6224"},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29668909" data-work_id="29668909" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29668909/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82">Стратегическая коммуникация США: Проблемы нарастают</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Несмотря на заметный экономический, политический и моральный упадок США, эта страна продолжает играть роль ведущей силы в мировой экономике и международных отношениях и стремится не допустить дальнейшего ослабления своей мощи. Важное... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29668909" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Несмотря на заметный экономический, политический и моральный упадок США, эта страна продолжает играть роль ведущей силы в мировой экономике и международных отношениях и стремится не допустить дальнейшего ослабления своей мощи. Важное место отводится при этом стратегической коммуникации. Автор ста-<br />тьи, опираясь на методы компаративного анализа, ставит задачей проследить роль иэффективность стратегическjq коммуникации Соединенных Штатов в отстаивании своих геополитических интересов.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29668909" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2b5da7136d3c48fa2e0e7338bbfe8fe8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50103904,"asset_id":29668909,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50103904/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8614499" href="https://dipacademy.academia.edu/EvgenyPashentsev">Evgeny Pashentsev</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8614499" type="text/json">{"id":8614499,"first_name":"Evgeny","last_name":"Pashentsev","domain_name":"dipacademy","page_name":"EvgenyPashentsev","display_name":"Evgeny Pashentsev","profile_url":"https://dipacademy.academia.edu/EvgenyPashentsev?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8614499/3410568/15028859/s65_evgeny.pashentsev.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29668909 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29668909"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29668909, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29668909", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29668909]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29668909").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29668909").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29668909"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="390" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Studies">American Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="390" type="text/json">{"id":390,"name":"American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="579" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy_Military_Science_">Strategy (Military Science)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="579" type="text/json">{"id":579,"name":"Strategy (Military Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy_Military_Science_?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29668909]'), work: {"id":29668909,"title":"Стратегическая коммуникация США: Проблемы нарастают","created_at":"2016-11-04T09:09:40.396-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29668909/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82?f_ri=6224","dom_id":"work_29668909","summary":"Несмотря на заметный экономический, политический и моральный упадок США, эта страна продолжает играть роль ведущей силы в мировой экономике и международных отношениях и стремится не допустить дальнейшего ослабления своей мощи. Важное место отводится при этом стратегической коммуникации. Автор ста-\nтьи, опираясь на методы компаративного анализа, ставит задачей проследить роль иэффективность стратегическjq коммуникации Соединенных Штатов в отстаивании своих геополитических интересов.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50103904,"asset_id":29668909,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8614499,"first_name":"Evgeny","last_name":"Pashentsev","domain_name":"dipacademy","page_name":"EvgenyPashentsev","display_name":"Evgeny Pashentsev","profile_url":"https://dipacademy.academia.edu/EvgenyPashentsev?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8614499/3410568/15028859/s65_evgeny.pashentsev.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":390,"name":"American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":579,"name":"Strategy (Military Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy_Military_Science_?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":1483,"name":"Foreign Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=6224"},{"id":1911,"name":"International Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies?f_ri=6224"},{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=6224"},{"id":3742,"name":"Public Diplomacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Diplomacy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":9218,"name":"Strategic Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Communication?f_ri=6224"},{"id":12785,"name":"History of International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_International_Relations?f_ri=6224"},{"id":17644,"name":"Strategic communication (Communication)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_communication_Communication_?f_ri=6224"},{"id":19087,"name":"Military and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_and_Politics?f_ri=6224"},{"id":22685,"name":"Civil-military relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil-military_relations?f_ri=6224"},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":160275,"name":"International Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security_Studies?f_ri=6224"},{"id":245055,"name":"Public Diplomacy and Strategic Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Diplomacy_and_Strategic_Communication?f_ri=6224"},{"id":313371,"name":"Diplomacy and international relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diplomacy_and_international_relations?f_ri=6224"},{"id":458790,"name":"International Security and Strategic affairs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security_and_Strategic_affairs?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43814891" data-work_id="43814891" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43814891/Whither_the_City_Upon_a_Hill_Restad">Whither the City Upon a Hill Restad</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In order to understand Donald Trump's "America First" agenda, we must examine the master narrative that underpins it. Trump breaks with all modern presidents not just because he challenges the postwar "liberal international order," but... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43814891" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In order to understand Donald Trump's "America First" agenda, we must examine the master narrative that underpins it. Trump breaks with all modern presidents not just because he challenges the postwar "liberal international order," but because he rejects its underlying master narrative-American exceptionalism. America First relies instead on the narrative of Jacksonian nationalism. What makes America great, according to this narrative, is not a diverse nation unified in its adherence to certain liberal ideals, but rather ethnocultural homogeneity, material wealth, and military prowess. In this view, the United States is unexceptional, and therefore has no mission to pursue abroad. By shedding light on this alternative master narrative, we can better understand Trump's presidency, his grand strategy, and why a return to the status quo ante after Trump is unlikely.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43814891" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e8b102edf4eec0e591bd8b743e1ef09a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64133007,"asset_id":43814891,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64133007/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="283184" href="https://oslonyehoyskole.academia.edu/HildeRestad">Hilde E Restad</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="283184" type="text/json">{"id":283184,"first_name":"Hilde","last_name":"Restad","domain_name":"oslonyehoyskole","page_name":"HildeRestad","display_name":"Hilde E Restad","profile_url":"https://oslonyehoyskole.academia.edu/HildeRestad?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/283184/57807/7067455/s65_hilde.restad.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43814891 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43814891"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43814891, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43814891", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43814891]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43814891").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43814891").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43814891"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="129" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_History">American History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="129" type="text/json">{"id":129,"name":"American History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="390" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Studies">American Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="390" type="text/json">{"id":390,"name":"American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6224" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy">American Foreign Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6224" type="text/json">{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="86161" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Exceptionalism">American Exceptionalism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="86161" type="text/json">{"id":86161,"name":"American Exceptionalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Exceptionalism?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43814891]'), work: {"id":43814891,"title":"Whither the City Upon a Hill Restad","created_at":"2020-08-09T06:30:50.815-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43814891/Whither_the_City_Upon_a_Hill_Restad?f_ri=6224","dom_id":"work_43814891","summary":"In order to understand Donald Trump's \"America First\" agenda, we must examine the master narrative that underpins it. Trump breaks with all modern presidents not just because he challenges the postwar \"liberal international order,\" but because he rejects its underlying master narrative-American exceptionalism. America First relies instead on the narrative of Jacksonian nationalism. What makes America great, according to this narrative, is not a diverse nation unified in its adherence to certain liberal ideals, but rather ethnocultural homogeneity, material wealth, and military prowess. In this view, the United States is unexceptional, and therefore has no mission to pursue abroad. By shedding light on this alternative master narrative, we can better understand Trump's presidency, his grand strategy, and why a return to the status quo ante after Trump is unlikely.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64133007,"asset_id":43814891,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":283184,"first_name":"Hilde","last_name":"Restad","domain_name":"oslonyehoyskole","page_name":"HildeRestad","display_name":"Hilde E Restad","profile_url":"https://oslonyehoyskole.academia.edu/HildeRestad?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/283184/57807/7067455/s65_hilde.restad.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":129,"name":"American History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":390,"name":"American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":86161,"name":"American Exceptionalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Exceptionalism?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35274074" data-work_id="35274074" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35274074/Aims_and_Implementation_of_the_American_Occupation_of_Japan">Aims and Implementation of the American Occupation of Japan</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Allied, however, ultimately American occupation of Japan started on September 2nd 1945 with the signing of the Instrument of Surrender and came to an end six years later, on April 28th 1952, when the San Francisco Peace Treaty... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35274074" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Allied, however, ultimately American occupation of Japan started on September 2nd 1945 with the signing of the Instrument of Surrender  and came to an end six years later, on April 28th 1952, when the San Francisco Peace Treaty between Japan and another 48 nations came into effect. <br />One aspect of the occupation has drawn the special interest of the Japanese and American research literature alike. The so called ‘Reverse Course’ – a term coined in the early 1950s in Japan  – became a synonym for the debate which started around the many shifts “in [occupation] priorities: from reform to economic recovery, and from demilitarization to rearmament [of Japan] (…).” <br /> <br />Chapter 2 of this MA-thesis concerned with one particular “shift in priorities”, namely that regarding labour relations in occupied Japan, discusses the implementation of the occupation and the aims the American planners had pursued with the “American Supremacy” over occupied Japan. <br /> <br />Of invaluable help to the author was the digital library <a href="https://www.hathitrust.org/" rel="nofollow">https://www.hathitrust.org/</a> where all volumes of Foreign Relations of the United States and Political Reorientation of Japan cited in this thesis are available. The Japanese National Diet Library offers with <a href="http://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/index.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/index.html</a> another resourceful and trustworthy access to inter-war documents which provided the basis for the U.S. occupiers’ plans for post-war Japan. <br /> <br />The author of this thesis follows the British English orthography. However, since most of the sources this thesis relies upon are of American origin and follow the orthography of American English, no orthographical changes or adjustments were made in the case of direct quotations. <br />In order to avoid confusion, the citation of all names in this thesis is identical and is not influenced by the Japanese custom of citing the family name first.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35274074" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5ceb3d89f85fc77a2079fc37f3d995ea" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55134825,"asset_id":35274074,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55134825/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2104775" href="https://trier.academia.edu/JulianeTreis">Juliane Treis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2104775" type="text/json">{"id":2104775,"first_name":"Juliane","last_name":"Treis","domain_name":"trier","page_name":"JulianeTreis","display_name":"Juliane Treis","profile_url":"https://trier.academia.edu/JulianeTreis?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2104775/685203/12081670/s65_juliane.treis.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35274074 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35274074"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35274074, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35274074", }); 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The so called ‘Reverse Course’ – a term coined in the early 1950s in Japan – became a synonym for the debate which started around the many shifts “in [occupation] priorities: from reform to economic recovery, and from demilitarization to rearmament [of Japan] (…).” \r\n\r\nChapter 2 of this MA-thesis concerned with one particular “shift in priorities”, namely that regarding labour relations in occupied Japan, discusses the implementation of the occupation and the aims the American planners had pursued with the “American Supremacy” over occupied Japan. \r\n\r\nOf invaluable help to the author was the digital library https://www.hathitrust.org/ where all volumes of Foreign Relations of the United States and Political Reorientation of Japan cited in this thesis are available. The Japanese National Diet Library offers with http://www.ndl.go.jp/constitution/e/index.html another resourceful and trustworthy access to inter-war documents which provided the basis for the U.S. occupiers’ plans for post-war Japan.\r\n\r\nThe author of this thesis follows the British English orthography. However, since most of the sources this thesis relies upon are of American origin and follow the orthography of American English, no orthographical changes or adjustments were made in the case of direct quotations.\r\nIn order to avoid confusion, the citation of all names in this thesis is identical and is not influenced by the Japanese custom of citing the family name first.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55134825,"asset_id":35274074,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2104775,"first_name":"Juliane","last_name":"Treis","domain_name":"trier","page_name":"JulianeTreis","display_name":"Juliane Treis","profile_url":"https://trier.academia.edu/JulianeTreis?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2104775/685203/12081670/s65_juliane.treis.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":15701,"name":"Modern Japanese History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Japanese_History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":59344,"name":"US/Allied occupation of Japan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/US_Allied_occupation_of_Japan?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29967944" data-work_id="29967944" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29967944/Le_protectionnisme_agressif_de_Donald_Trump">Le protectionnisme agressif de Donald Trump</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">La politique économique du président élu se résume en un slogan : “America First”, l’Amérique d’abord. Si elle était effectivement mise en œuvre, elle pourrait déclencher une véritable guerre commerciale.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29967944" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="eaeddfff2a9474ee0c9e50fd932b029d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50425702,"asset_id":29967944,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50425702/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="25446206" href="https://monash.academia.edu/RemyDavison">Remy Davison</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="25446206" type="text/json">{"id":25446206,"first_name":"Remy","last_name":"Davison","domain_name":"monash","page_name":"RemyDavison","display_name":"Remy Davison","profile_url":"https://monash.academia.edu/RemyDavison?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25446206/6949472/7871623/s65_remy.davison.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29967944 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29967944"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29967944, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29967944", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29967944]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29967944").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29967944").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29967944"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="794" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Politics">American Politics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="794" type="text/json">{"id":794,"name":"American Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Politics?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6224" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy">American Foreign Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6224" type="text/json">{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36487" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy">U.S. Foreign Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="36487" type="text/json">{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="82413" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trade_Policy">Trade Policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="82413" type="text/json">{"id":82413,"name":"Trade Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trade_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29967944]'), work: {"id":29967944,"title":"Le protectionnisme agressif de Donald Trump","created_at":"2016-11-19T17:02:20.819-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29967944/Le_protectionnisme_agressif_de_Donald_Trump?f_ri=6224","dom_id":"work_29967944","summary":"La politique économique du président élu se résume en un slogan : “America First”, l’Amérique d’abord. Si elle était effectivement mise en œuvre, elle pourrait déclencher une véritable guerre commerciale.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50425702,"asset_id":29967944,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":25446206,"first_name":"Remy","last_name":"Davison","domain_name":"monash","page_name":"RemyDavison","display_name":"Remy Davison","profile_url":"https://monash.academia.edu/RemyDavison?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25446206/6949472/7871623/s65_remy.davison.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":794,"name":"American Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Politics?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":82413,"name":"Trade Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trade_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":426465,"name":"TPPA (Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/TPPA_Trans-Pacific_Partnership_Agreement_?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3376958" data-work_id="3376958" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3376958/Flexible_Response_German_Ambivalence_in_Face_of_Charles_de_Gaulle_s_Vision_1963_1967">'Flexible Response': German Ambivalence in Face of Charles de Gaulle’s Vision, 1963-1967</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This essay explores the triangular relations between de Gaulle's France, the Federal Republic of Germany and the US during the 1960s, in three policy areas: military (nuclear) policy; European policy; and East-West relations. It explores... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3376958" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This essay explores the triangular relations between de Gaulle's France, the Federal Republic of Germany and the US during the 1960s, in three policy areas: military (nuclear) policy; European policy; and East-West relations. It explores de Gaulle's vision for a 'grande nation' within an independent Europe, and finds that while Bonn largely rejected this vision in favour of coordination with Washington, this was not the result of socio-cultural ties between the US and Germany, but in each instance for specific realpolitical reasons.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3376958" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="60c178ab645620f5b64f09a46f26c18f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31176422,"asset_id":3376958,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31176422/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3423411" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/KonstantinSietzy">Konstantin Sietzy</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3423411" type="text/json">{"id":3423411,"first_name":"Konstantin","last_name":"Sietzy","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"KonstantinSietzy","display_name":"Konstantin Sietzy","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/KonstantinSietzy?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3423411/1163182/1642064/s65_konstantin.sietzy.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3376958 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3376958"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3376958, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3376958", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=3376958]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_3376958").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_3376958").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="3376958"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="129" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_History">American History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="129" type="text/json">{"id":129,"name":"American History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="131" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_History">European History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="131" type="text/json">{"id":131,"name":"European History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=3376958]'), work: {"id":3376958,"title":"'Flexible Response': German Ambivalence in Face of Charles de Gaulle’s Vision, 1963-1967","created_at":"2013-04-24T07:42:04.869-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/3376958/Flexible_Response_German_Ambivalence_in_Face_of_Charles_de_Gaulle_s_Vision_1963_1967?f_ri=6224","dom_id":"work_3376958","summary":"This essay explores the triangular relations between de Gaulle's France, the Federal Republic of Germany and the US during the 1960s, in three policy areas: military (nuclear) policy; European policy; and East-West relations. It explores de Gaulle's vision for a 'grande nation' within an independent Europe, and finds that while Bonn largely rejected this vision in favour of coordination with Washington, this was not the result of socio-cultural ties between the US and Germany, but in each instance for specific realpolitical reasons. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31176422,"asset_id":3376958,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3423411,"first_name":"Konstantin","last_name":"Sietzy","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"KonstantinSietzy","display_name":"Konstantin Sietzy","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/KonstantinSietzy?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3423411/1163182/1642064/s65_konstantin.sietzy.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":129,"name":"American History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":131,"name":"European History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=6224"},{"id":1166,"name":"International Relations Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_Theory?f_ri=6224"},{"id":1181,"name":"French History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_History?f_ri=6224"},{"id":1218,"name":"European integration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_integration?f_ri=6224"},{"id":1729,"name":"German History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/German_History?f_ri=6224"},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":7978,"name":"Political History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_History?f_ri=6224"},{"id":13117,"name":"20th century France","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/20th_century_France?f_ri=6224"},{"id":14088,"name":"20th Century German History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/20th_Century_German_History?f_ri=6224"},{"id":17838,"name":"Twentieth Century Germany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Twentieth_Century_Germany?f_ri=6224"},{"id":25296,"name":"French history and politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/French_history_and_politics?f_ri=6224"},{"id":30701,"name":"Modern Germany","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Germany?f_ri=6224"},{"id":110838,"name":"Charles de Gaulle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Charles_de_Gaulle?f_ri=6224"},{"id":123252,"name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/John_F._Kennedy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":533573,"name":"Realpolitik","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Realpolitik?f_ri=6224"},{"id":613915,"name":"Konrad Adenauer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Konrad_Adenauer?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38617885 coauthored" data-work_id="38617885" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38617885/Europe_and_America_The_End_of_Transatlantic_Relations">Europe and America: The End of Transatlantic Relations?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">"America First" is "America Alone" Foreign policy is like physics: vacuums quickly fill. As the United States retreats from the international order it helped put in place and maintain since the end of World War II, Russia is rapidly... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38617885" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">"America First" is "America Alone"<br /><br />Foreign policy is like physics: vacuums quickly fill. As the United States retreats from the international order it helped put in place and maintain since the end of World War II, Russia is rapidly filling the vacuum. Federiga Bindi's new book assesses the consequences of this retreat for transatlantic relations and Europe, showing how the current path of US foreign policy is leading to isolation and a sharp decrease of US influence in international relations.<br /><br />Transatlantic relations reached a peak under President Barack Obama. But under the Trump administration, withdrawal from the global stage has caused irreparable damage to the transatlantic partnership and has propelled Europeans to act more independently. Europe and America explores this tumultuous path by examining the foreign policy of the United States, Russia, and the major European Union member states. The book highlights the consequences of US retreat for transatlantic relations and Europe, demonstrating that "America first" is becoming "America alone," perhaps marking the end of transatlantic relations as we know it, with Europe no longer beholden to the US national interest.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38617885" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b32a03bdf5ff632a7856e6089d6015d0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59040213,"asset_id":38617885,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59040213/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1073417" href="https://scuolaiad.academia.edu/FederigaBindi">Federiga Bindi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1073417" type="text/json">{"id":1073417,"first_name":"Federiga","last_name":"Bindi","domain_name":"scuolaiad","page_name":"FederigaBindi","display_name":"Federiga Bindi","profile_url":"https://scuolaiad.academia.edu/FederigaBindi?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1073417/371481/2133384/s65_federiga.bindi.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-38617885">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-38617885"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/JussiHanhim%C3%A4ki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://rug.academia.edu/DavidCadier">David Cadier</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-38617885'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-38617885').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38617885 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38617885"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38617885; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38617885]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38617885").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38617885").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38617885"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="383" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Studies">European Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="383" type="text/json">{"id":383,"name":"European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="389" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies">Russian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="389" type="text/json">{"id":389,"name":"Russian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5215" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transatlantic_relations">Transatlantic relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5215" type="text/json">{"id":5215,"name":"Transatlantic relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transatlantic_relations?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6224" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy">American Foreign Policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6224" type="text/json">{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38617885]'), work: {"id":38617885,"title":"Europe and America: The End of Transatlantic Relations?","created_at":"2019-03-24T04:10:10.585-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38617885/Europe_and_America_The_End_of_Transatlantic_Relations?f_ri=6224","dom_id":"work_38617885","summary":"\"America First\" is \"America Alone\"\n\nForeign policy is like physics: vacuums quickly fill. As the United States retreats from the international order it helped put in place and maintain since the end of World War II, Russia is rapidly filling the vacuum. Federiga Bindi's new book assesses the consequences of this retreat for transatlantic relations and Europe, showing how the current path of US foreign policy is leading to isolation and a sharp decrease of US influence in international relations.\n\nTransatlantic relations reached a peak under President Barack Obama. But under the Trump administration, withdrawal from the global stage has caused irreparable damage to the transatlantic partnership and has propelled Europeans to act more independently. Europe and America explores this tumultuous path by examining the foreign policy of the United States, Russia, and the major European Union member states. The book highlights the consequences of US retreat for transatlantic relations and Europe, demonstrating that \"America first\" is becoming \"America alone,\" perhaps marking the end of transatlantic relations as we know it, with Europe no longer beholden to the US national interest.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59040213,"asset_id":38617885,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1073417,"first_name":"Federiga","last_name":"Bindi","domain_name":"scuolaiad","page_name":"FederigaBindi","display_name":"Federiga Bindi","profile_url":"https://scuolaiad.academia.edu/FederigaBindi?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1073417/371481/2133384/s65_federiga.bindi.png"},{"id":36916495,"first_name":"Jussi","last_name":"Hanhimäki","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JussiHanhimäki","display_name":"Jussi Hanhimäki","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JussiHanhim%C3%A4ki?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36916495/30034628/27883072/s65_jussi.hanhim_ki.jpg"},{"id":38248424,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Cadier","domain_name":"rug","page_name":"DavidCadier","display_name":"David Cadier","profile_url":"https://rug.academia.edu/DavidCadier?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38248424/56409158/44610411/s65_david.cadier.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":383,"name":"European Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":389,"name":"Russian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":5215,"name":"Transatlantic relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transatlantic_relations?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":7669,"name":"Russian Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Russian_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":8697,"name":"European Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":10347,"name":"European Union","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Union?f_ri=6224"},{"id":20778,"name":"European Foreign and Security Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European_Foreign_and_Security_Policy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":52298,"name":"Transatlantic studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transatlantic_studies?f_ri=6224"},{"id":54493,"name":"EU Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EU_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_62327537" data-work_id="62327537" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62327537/The_limitations_of_strategic_narratives_The_Sino_American_struggle_over_the_meaning_of_COVID_19">The limitations of strategic narratives: The Sino-American struggle over the meaning of COVID-19</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Recent research has explored how the Sino-American narrative struggle around COVID-19 might affect power shift dynamics and world order. An underlying assumption is that states craft strategic narratives in attempts to gain international... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_62327537" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Recent research has explored how the Sino-American narrative struggle around COVID-19 might affect power shift dynamics and world order. An underlying assumption is that states craft strategic narratives in attempts to gain international support for their understandings of reality. This article evaluates such claims taking a mixed-methods approach. It analyzes American and Chinese strategic narratives about the pandemic, and their global diffusion and resonance in regional states that are important to the U.S.-led world order: Australia, India, South Korea, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. While the article confirms that strategic narratives remain a highly popular policy instrument, it argues that their efficacy appears limited. Overall, the five states in question either ignored the Sino-American narrative power battle by disseminating their own strategic narratives, or they engaged in "narrative hedging." Moreover, even China's narrative entrepreneurship was enabled and constrained by pre-existing master narratives integral to the current U.S.led world order. KEYWORDS China; COVID-19; power shift; strategic narratives; United States; world order As COVID-19 jolted the world in early 2020, various actors immediately began to spin narratives around it. They proposed competing accounts of causality, of heroes and villains, and of measures that ought to be adopted based on the lessons they drew. In this context, numerous references were made to an "infodemic," and to a narrative power struggle, in particular between the world's two most powerful states-the United States and China. Observers suggested that the narrative power struggle over the meaning of the pandemic could have implications for the future of world order and the ostensibly ongoing power shift from the United States to</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/62327537" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4daf44d02048f53c5eb1b1e168b4e7b4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":75130954,"asset_id":62327537,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/75130954/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="458672" href="https://fhs.academia.edu/LinusHagstrom">Linus Hagström</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="458672" type="text/json">{"id":458672,"first_name":"Linus","last_name":"Hagström","domain_name":"fhs","page_name":"LinusHagstrom","display_name":"Linus Hagström","profile_url":"https://fhs.academia.edu/LinusHagstrom?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/458672/173574/68799025/s65_linus.hagstr_m.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_62327537 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="62327537"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 62327537, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_62327537", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=62327537]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_62327537").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_62327537").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="62327537"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2852" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Narrative">Narrative</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2852" type="text/json">{"id":2852,"name":"Narrative","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Narrative?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6224" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy">American Foreign Policy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6224" type="text/json">{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=62327537]'), work: {"id":62327537,"title":"The limitations of strategic narratives: The Sino-American struggle over the meaning of COVID-19","created_at":"2021-11-25T00:18:22.668-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/62327537/The_limitations_of_strategic_narratives_The_Sino_American_struggle_over_the_meaning_of_COVID_19?f_ri=6224","dom_id":"work_62327537","summary":"Recent research has explored how the Sino-American narrative struggle around COVID-19 might affect power shift dynamics and world order. An underlying assumption is that states craft strategic narratives in attempts to gain international support for their understandings of reality. This article evaluates such claims taking a mixed-methods approach. It analyzes American and Chinese strategic narratives about the pandemic, and their global diffusion and resonance in regional states that are important to the U.S.-led world order: Australia, India, South Korea, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. While the article confirms that strategic narratives remain a highly popular policy instrument, it argues that their efficacy appears limited. Overall, the five states in question either ignored the Sino-American narrative power battle by disseminating their own strategic narratives, or they engaged in \"narrative hedging.\" Moreover, even China's narrative entrepreneurship was enabled and constrained by pre-existing master narratives integral to the current U.S.led world order. KEYWORDS China; COVID-19; power shift; strategic narratives; United States; world order As COVID-19 jolted the world in early 2020, various actors immediately began to spin narratives around it. They proposed competing accounts of causality, of heroes and villains, and of measures that ought to be adopted based on the lessons they drew. In this context, numerous references were made to an \"infodemic,\" and to a narrative power struggle, in particular between the world's two most powerful states-the United States and China. Observers suggested that the narrative power struggle over the meaning of the pandemic could have implications for the future of world order and the ostensibly ongoing power shift from the United States to","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":75130954,"asset_id":62327537,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":458672,"first_name":"Linus","last_name":"Hagström","domain_name":"fhs","page_name":"LinusHagstrom","display_name":"Linus Hagström","profile_url":"https://fhs.academia.edu/LinusHagstrom?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/458672/173574/68799025/s65_linus.hagstr_m.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":2852,"name":"Narrative","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Narrative?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":10344,"name":"International Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Politics?f_ri=6224"},{"id":11847,"name":"Quantitative Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_Research?f_ri=6224"},{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=6224"},{"id":12787,"name":"Chinese foreign policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_foreign_policy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":17539,"name":"Sino-US Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sino-US_Relations?f_ri=6224"},{"id":18880,"name":"Narrative Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Narrative_Analysis?f_ri=6224"},{"id":24444,"name":"Mixed Methods Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mixed_Methods_Research?f_ri=6224"},{"id":57435,"name":"WORLD ORDER","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/WORLD_ORDER?f_ri=6224"},{"id":123951,"name":"Political Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Power?f_ri=6224"},{"id":258743,"name":"USA Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/USA_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":410038,"name":"Great Powers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Great_Powers?f_ri=6224"},{"id":548956,"name":"Great Power Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Great_Power_Politics?f_ri=6224"},{"id":737726,"name":"Strategic Narratives","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategic_Narratives?f_ri=6224"},{"id":1379988,"name":"Sino-American Relationship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sino-American_Relationship?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_61000976" data-work_id="61000976" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/61000976/The_World_A_Brief_Introduction">The World:A Brief Introduction</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In this article, I review Richard Haass's The World: A Brief Introduction. I engage with his main arguments and along the way highlight its strengths and weaknesses. In the conclusion, I argue for a revised edition keeping in view the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_61000976" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In this article, I review Richard Haass's The World: A Brief Introduction. I engage with his main arguments and along the way highlight its strengths and weaknesses. In the conclusion, I argue for a revised edition keeping in view the changing geopolitical realities precipitated by the Covid-19 pandemic.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/61000976" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a33cb60da898cb61450b441eafe5a221" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81458445,"asset_id":61000976,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81458445/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4601751" href="https://kashmir.academia.edu/TMir">Tawseef A Mir</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4601751" type="text/json">{"id":4601751,"first_name":"Tawseef","last_name":"Mir","domain_name":"kashmir","page_name":"TMir","display_name":"Tawseef A Mir","profile_url":"https://kashmir.academia.edu/TMir?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4601751/61175398/53233663/s65_tawseef.ahmad.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_61000976 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="61000976"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 61000976, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_61000976", }); 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I engage with his main arguments and along the way highlight its strengths and weaknesses. In the conclusion, I argue for a revised edition keeping in view the changing geopolitical realities precipitated by the Covid-19 pandemic.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81458445,"asset_id":61000976,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4601751,"first_name":"Tawseef","last_name":"Mir","domain_name":"kashmir","page_name":"TMir","display_name":"Tawseef A Mir","profile_url":"https://kashmir.academia.edu/TMir?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4601751/61175398/53233663/s65_tawseef.ahmad.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":73261,"name":"World Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Politics?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2519489" data-work_id="2519489" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2519489/_2012_Brian_Loveman_No_Higher_Law_American_Foreign_Policy_and_the_Western_Hemisphere_Since_1776_Latin_American_Politics_and_Society_">(2012) Brian Loveman, No Higher Law: American Foreign Policy and the Western Hemisphere Since 1776 [Latin American Politics and Society]</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Overall, the book does make a compelling case to focus on the independence of the judiciary and the nature of the judges when trying to understand progress in judicial investigations of human rights violations. As democracies consolidate... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2519489" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Overall, the book does make a compelling case to focus on the independence of the judiciary and the nature of the judges when trying to understand progress in judicial investigations of human rights violations. As democracies consolidate and evolve, the traditional focus on the executive-common in most "transitional" studies-must be expanded to include other institutions that play an active political role.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2519489" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3a173710f1e8fdf9107971cb8e0eeb35" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30535527,"asset_id":2519489,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30535527/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1010034" href="https://columbia.academia.edu/KevinFunk">Kevin Funk</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1010034" type="text/json">{"id":1010034,"first_name":"Kevin","last_name":"Funk","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"KevinFunk","display_name":"Kevin Funk","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/KevinFunk?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1010034/362409/19870751/s65_kevin.funk.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2519489 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2519489"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2519489, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2519489", }); 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As democracies consolidate and evolve, the traditional focus on the executive-common in most \"transitional\" studies-must be expanded to include other institutions that play an active political role.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30535527,"asset_id":2519489,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1010034,"first_name":"Kevin","last_name":"Funk","domain_name":"columbia","page_name":"KevinFunk","display_name":"Kevin Funk","profile_url":"https://columbia.academia.edu/KevinFunk?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1010034/362409/19870751/s65_kevin.funk.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":388,"name":"Latin American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Latin_American_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":8318,"name":"US-Latin American Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/US-Latin_American_Relations?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_63887241" data-work_id="63887241" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/63887241/Dangers_on_the_Edge_of_the_Map_Geographic_Mental_Maps_and_the_Emergence_of_the_Carter_Doctrine">Dangers on the Edge of the Map: Geographic Mental Maps and the Emergence of the Carter Doctrine</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/63887241" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d8536f0f90f41c53b42e74f24e1eb56c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":76161653,"asset_id":63887241,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76161653/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="510967" href="https://dmu.academia.edu/LuisDaVinha">Luis Da Vinha</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="510967" type="text/json">{"id":510967,"first_name":"Luis","last_name":"Da Vinha","domain_name":"dmu","page_name":"LuisDaVinha","display_name":"Luis Da Vinha","profile_url":"https://dmu.academia.edu/LuisDaVinha?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/510967/177881/142127662/s65_luis.da_vinha.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_63887241 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="63887241"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 63887241, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_63887241", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=63887241]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_63887241").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_63887241").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="63887241"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="268" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Geography_and_Geopolitics">Political Geography and Geopolitics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="268" type="text/json">{"id":268,"name":"Political Geography and Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Geography_and_Geopolitics?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2990" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2990" type="text/json">{"id":2990,"name":"Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6224" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy">American Foreign Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6224" type="text/json">{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13236" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Maps">Mental Maps</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="13236" type="text/json">{"id":13236,"name":"Mental Maps","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Maps?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=63887241]'), work: {"id":63887241,"title":"Dangers on the Edge of the Map: Geographic Mental Maps and the Emergence of the Carter Doctrine","created_at":"2021-12-12T00:18:01.950-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/63887241/Dangers_on_the_Edge_of_the_Map_Geographic_Mental_Maps_and_the_Emergence_of_the_Carter_Doctrine?f_ri=6224","dom_id":"work_63887241","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":76161653,"asset_id":63887241,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":510967,"first_name":"Luis","last_name":"Da Vinha","domain_name":"dmu","page_name":"LuisDaVinha","display_name":"Luis Da Vinha","profile_url":"https://dmu.academia.edu/LuisDaVinha?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/510967/177881/142127662/s65_luis.da_vinha.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":268,"name":"Political Geography and Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Geography_and_Geopolitics?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":2990,"name":"Geopolitics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopolitics?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":13236,"name":"Mental Maps","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mental_Maps?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":19030,"name":"Political Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Geography?f_ri=6224"},{"id":36487,"name":"U.S. Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/U.S._Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":195481,"name":"Geopolítica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geopol%C3%ADtica?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30999713" data-work_id="30999713" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30999713/REVIEW_The_Political_Ideology_of_Ayatollah_Khamenei_Out_of_the_Mouth_of_the_Supreme_Leader_of_Iran_by_Yvette_Hovsepian_Bearce">REVIEW: “The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran” by Yvette Hovsepian-Bearce</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Review commissioned by Strategic Studies Quarterly; accepted 1 Aug. 2016, forthcoming.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30999713" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6d2b37d36e8dc449e5cba2241f959f72" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54271551,"asset_id":30999713,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54271551/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3897653" href="https://air-af.academia.edu/DrBrianRPrice">Brian R Price</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3897653" type="text/json">{"id":3897653,"first_name":"Brian","last_name":"Price","domain_name":"air-af","page_name":"DrBrianRPrice","display_name":"Brian R Price","profile_url":"https://air-af.academia.edu/DrBrianRPrice?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3897653/1444537/1768111/s65_brian.price.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30999713 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30999713"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30999713, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30999713", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30999713]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30999713").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30999713").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30999713"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1911" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies">International Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1911" type="text/json">{"id":1911,"name":"International Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2015" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies">Middle East Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2015" type="text/json">{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30999713]'), work: {"id":30999713,"title":"REVIEW: “The Political Ideology of Ayatollah Khamenei: Out of the Mouth of the Supreme Leader of Iran” by Yvette Hovsepian-Bearce","created_at":"2017-01-19T13:38:03.285-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30999713/REVIEW_The_Political_Ideology_of_Ayatollah_Khamenei_Out_of_the_Mouth_of_the_Supreme_Leader_of_Iran_by_Yvette_Hovsepian_Bearce?f_ri=6224","dom_id":"work_30999713","summary":"Review commissioned by Strategic Studies Quarterly; accepted 1 Aug. 2016, forthcoming.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54271551,"asset_id":30999713,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3897653,"first_name":"Brian","last_name":"Price","domain_name":"air-af","page_name":"DrBrianRPrice","display_name":"Brian R Price","profile_url":"https://air-af.academia.edu/DrBrianRPrice?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3897653/1444537/1768111/s65_brian.price.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":1911,"name":"International Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":2015,"name":"Middle East Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=6224"},{"id":5218,"name":"Iranian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iranian_Studies?f_ri=6224"},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":18623,"name":"Middle East Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_Politics?f_ri=6224"},{"id":46271,"name":"Strategy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12953491" data-work_id="12953491" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12953491/The_Affective_Underpinnings_of_Soft_Power">The Affective Underpinnings of Soft Power</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The concept of soft power occupies a prominent place in International Relations, foreign policy, and security studies. Primarily developed by Joseph S. Nye, the concept is typically drawn upon to emphasize the more intangible dimensions... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12953491" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The concept of soft power occupies a prominent place in International Relations, foreign policy, and security studies. Primarily developed by Joseph S. Nye, the concept is typically drawn upon to emphasize the more intangible dimensions of power in a field long dominated by overtly material (i.e. military) power. Recently, some scholars have reframed soft power — specifically the key notion of attraction — as a narrative and linguistic process. This literature, however, has downplayed some of the other deep-seated underpinnings of soft power, which this article argues lie in the dynamics of affect. Building upon the International Relations affect and aesthetics literatures, this article develops the concept of soft power as rooted in the political dynamics of emotion and introduces the concept of affective investment. The attraction of soft power stems not only from its cultural influence or narrative construction, but more fundamentally from audiences’ affective investments in the images of identity that it produces. The empirical import of these ideas is offered in an analysis of the construction of American attraction in the war on terror.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12953491" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2d2c0a4b1af49cd2fcb14cc8e4db26ec" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52599008,"asset_id":12953491,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52599008/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32139875" href="https://glasgow.academia.edu/TySolomon">Ty Solomon</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32139875" type="text/json">{"id":32139875,"first_name":"Ty","last_name":"Solomon","domain_name":"glasgow","page_name":"TySolomon","display_name":"Ty Solomon","profile_url":"https://glasgow.academia.edu/TySolomon?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32139875/9596642/19800308/s65_ty.solomon.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12953491 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12953491"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12953491, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12953491", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12953491]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12953491").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12953491").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12953491"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">41</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory">Critical Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8" type="text/json">{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="94" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis">Discourse Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="94" type="text/json">{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="808" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="808" type="text/json">{"id":808,"name":"Aesthetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aesthetics?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="938" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse_Studies">Critical Discourse Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="938" type="text/json">{"id":938,"name":"Critical Discourse Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12953491]'), work: {"id":12953491,"title":"The Affective Underpinnings of Soft Power","created_at":"2015-06-12T14:41:59.467-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12953491/The_Affective_Underpinnings_of_Soft_Power?f_ri=6224","dom_id":"work_12953491","summary":"The concept of soft power occupies a prominent place in International Relations, foreign policy, and security studies. Primarily developed by Joseph S. Nye, the concept is typically drawn upon to emphasize the more intangible dimensions of power in a field long dominated by overtly material (i.e. military) power. Recently, some scholars have reframed soft power — specifically the key notion of attraction — as a narrative and linguistic process. This literature, however, has downplayed some of the other deep-seated underpinnings of soft power, which this article argues lie in the dynamics of affect. Building upon the International Relations affect and aesthetics literatures, this article develops the concept of soft power as rooted in the political dynamics of emotion and introduces the concept of affective investment. The attraction of soft power stems not only from its cultural influence or narrative construction, but more fundamentally from audiences’ affective investments in the images of identity that it produces. The empirical import of these ideas is offered in an analysis of the construction of American attraction in the war on terror.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52599008,"asset_id":12953491,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32139875,"first_name":"Ty","last_name":"Solomon","domain_name":"glasgow","page_name":"TySolomon","display_name":"Ty Solomon","profile_url":"https://glasgow.academia.edu/TySolomon?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32139875/9596642/19800308/s65_ty.solomon.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":94,"name":"Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":808,"name":"Aesthetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aesthetics?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":938,"name":"Critical Discourse Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true},{"id":1166,"name":"International Relations Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations_Theory?f_ri=6224"},{"id":1483,"name":"Foreign Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=6224"},{"id":2852,"name":"Narrative","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Narrative?f_ri=6224"},{"id":3248,"name":"Constructivism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Constructivism?f_ri=6224"},{"id":5535,"name":"Critical Security Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Security_Studies?f_ri=6224"},{"id":5538,"name":"Discourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Discourse?f_ri=6224"},{"id":6224,"name":"American Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":10633,"name":"Critical Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=6224"},{"id":12788,"name":"Political aesthetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_aesthetics?f_ri=6224"},{"id":14831,"name":"Narrative and Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Narrative_and_Identity?f_ri=6224"},{"id":15342,"name":"Aesthetics and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aesthetics_and_Politics?f_ri=6224"},{"id":15488,"name":"Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ernesto_Laclau_and_Chantal_Mouffe?f_ri=6224"},{"id":17330,"name":"Affect Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affect_Theory?f_ri=6224"},{"id":18384,"name":"Political Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=6224"},{"id":18442,"name":"Social emotions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_emotions?f_ri=6224"},{"id":18640,"name":"Ideology and Discourse Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ideology_and_Discourse_Analysis?f_ri=6224"},{"id":18880,"name":"Narrative Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Narrative_Analysis?f_ri=6224"},{"id":19818,"name":"Narrative Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Narrative_Theory?f_ri=6224"},{"id":21498,"name":"Affect/Emotion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affect_Emotion?f_ri=6224"},{"id":23855,"name":"Affect Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affect_Studies?f_ri=6224"},{"id":27903,"name":"Affect (Cultural Theory)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affect_Cultural_Theory_?f_ri=6224"},{"id":31993,"name":"Soft Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soft_Power?f_ri=6224"},{"id":38201,"name":"Critical security studies (International Studies)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_security_studies_International_Studies_?f_ri=6224"},{"id":41386,"name":"Critical International Relations Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_International_Relations_Theory?f_ri=6224"},{"id":42162,"name":"Emotions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emotions?f_ri=6224"},{"id":47801,"name":"Sociology of Emotions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Emotions?f_ri=6224"},{"id":50238,"name":"Affect","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Affect?f_ri=6224"},{"id":71526,"name":"Soft Power and International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soft_Power_and_International_Relations?f_ri=6224"},{"id":101708,"name":"Political Discourse","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Discourse?f_ri=6224"},{"id":114163,"name":"Ernesto Laclau","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ernesto_Laclau?f_ri=6224"},{"id":123951,"name":"Political Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Power?f_ri=6224"},{"id":153464,"name":"Language and Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Language_and_Politics?f_ri=6224"},{"id":293238,"name":"Soft power politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soft_power_politics?f_ri=6224"},{"id":545545,"name":"Politics of Aesthetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_of_Aesthetics?f_ri=6224"},{"id":577380,"name":"Soft Power and Public Diplomacy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soft_Power_and_Public_Diplomacy?f_ri=6224"},{"id":1036075,"name":"Politics and Aesthetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_and_Aesthetics?f_ri=6224"},{"id":1222774,"name":"Continental Philosophy and Aesthetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Continental_Philosophy_and_Aesthetics?f_ri=6224"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9619850" data-work_id="9619850" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9619850/DAVID_C_P_CARROL_A_N_and_SELDEN_A_Z_1993_Foreign_policy_failure_in_the_Whitehouse_Reappraising_the_fall_of_the_Shah_and_the_Iran_Contra_Affair_Lanham_MD_University_Press_of_America">DAVID, C. P., CARROL, A. N., and SELDEN, A. Z (1993). “Foreign policy failure in the Whitehouse: Reappraising the fall of the Shah and the Iran-Contra Affair”. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">David, Carrol, and Selden (1993). Foreign Policy Failure in the Whitehouse: Reappraising the fall of the Shah and the Iran Contra affair, captures a dynamic picture which many scholars over the years have tried to come to understand with... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9619850" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">David, Carrol, and Selden (1993). Foreign Policy Failure in the Whitehouse: Reappraising the fall of the Shah and the Iran Contra affair, captures a dynamic picture which many scholars over the years have tried to come to understand with varying levels of success. The fascinating way in which the scholars use the example of the Fall of the Shah and the Iran-Contra Affair brings the readers to an understanding of the complexity involved in foreign policy decision making.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9619850" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f94cbca403cbaba37294a270598cbd7d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35824067,"asset_id":9619850,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35824067/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9990420" href="https://usiuafrica.academia.edu/AgnesBehr">Agnes W . Behr</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9990420" type="text/json">{"id":9990420,"first_name":"Agnes","last_name":"Behr","domain_name":"usiuafrica","page_name":"AgnesBehr","display_name":"Agnes W . Behr","profile_url":"https://usiuafrica.academia.edu/AgnesBehr?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9990420/5434107/132935146/s65_agnes.behr.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9619850 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9619850"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9619850, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9619850", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9619850 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9619850; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9619850"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9619850 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9619850"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9619850; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9619850]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9619850").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9619850").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9619850"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="797" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations">International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="797" type="text/json">{"id":797,"name":"International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Relations?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1483" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis">Foreign Policy Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1483" type="text/json">{"id":1483,"name":"Foreign Policy Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Policy_Analysis?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1911" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies">International Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1911" type="text/json">{"id":1911,"name":"International Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Studies?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3705" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security">International Security</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3705" type="text/json">{"id":3705,"name":"International Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Security?f_ri=6224","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9619850]'), work: {"id":9619850,"title":"DAVID, C. P., CARROL, A. N., and SELDEN, A. Z (1993). “Foreign policy failure in the Whitehouse: Reappraising the fall of the Shah and the Iran-Contra Affair”. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.","created_at":"2014-12-04T02:21:17.882-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9619850/DAVID_C_P_CARROL_A_N_and_SELDEN_A_Z_1993_Foreign_policy_failure_in_the_Whitehouse_Reappraising_the_fall_of_the_Shah_and_the_Iran_Contra_Affair_Lanham_MD_University_Press_of_America?f_ri=6224","dom_id":"work_9619850","summary":"David, Carrol, and Selden (1993). Foreign Policy Failure in the Whitehouse: Reappraising the fall of the Shah and the Iran Contra affair, captures a dynamic picture which many scholars over the years have tried to come to understand with varying levels of success. The fascinating way in which the scholars use the example of the Fall of the Shah and the Iran-Contra Affair brings the readers to an understanding of the complexity involved in foreign policy decision making. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35824067,"asset_id":9619850,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9990420,"first_name":"Agnes","last_name":"Behr","domain_name":"usiuafrica","page_name":"AgnesBehr","display_name":"Agnes W . 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This question is particularly important today, as Donald Trump's apparent disregard... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42104632" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">When and why do powerful countries seek to enact major changes to international order, the broad set of rules that condition behavior in world politics? This question is particularly important today, as Donald Trump's apparent disregard for the liberal international order and uncertainty over what China might seek to replace it with mean that queries about great power motives vis-à-vis order will remain at the forefront of debates over the future of world politics. In seeking to explain this phenomenon, prior studies have focused on the consensus-driven and inclusive origins of international orders. By contrast, I argue in this book that the propelling motivation for great power order building at important historical junctures has most often been exclusionary, centered around combatting other actors rather than cooperatively engaging with them. My core contention is that dominant actors pursue fundamental changes to order only when they perceive a major new threat on the horizon, a threat to their security or to their enduring primacy. When these actors-the great powers of world politics-seek to enact fundamentally new order principles, they do so for the purpose of targeting this perceived threat, be it another powerful state, a contrary alliance or a foreboding ideological movement. The goal of order building, then, is weakening, opposing and above all excluding that threatening entity from amassing further influence in world politics. Far from falling outside the bounds of traditional statecraft, order building is, to paraphrase Clausewitz, the continuation of power politics by other means.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42104632" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="15cdea72878cafe128b360dfb1399723" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62236594,"asset_id":42104632,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62236594/download_file?st=MTc0MDU2NjAzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8939521" href="https://lclark.academia.edu/KyleLascurettes">Kyle Lascurettes</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8939521" type="text/json">{"id":8939521,"first_name":"Kyle","last_name":"Lascurettes","domain_name":"lclark","page_name":"KyleLascurettes","display_name":"Kyle Lascurettes","profile_url":"https://lclark.academia.edu/KyleLascurettes?f_ri=6224","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8939521/4313469/6387928/s65_kyle.lascurettes.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42104632 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42104632"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42104632, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42104632", }); 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