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A solar still of conventional type is considered. The mathematical model is based on time-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. The effect of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_71335880" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A theoretical investigation on the performance prediction of solar still is presented in this paper. A solar still of conventional type is considered. The mathematical model is based on time-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. The effect of the variable fluid properties is taken into consideration by using a mixture of air and vapour in the still. A steady state twodimensional approach with constant temperature boundaries is considered. A discretization schema with finite-difference technique is adapted. The SIMPLER (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equations Revised) methodology is used. The grid size independence solution is checked for convergence. The numerical results show clearly different zones of circulation with reverse velocity on the inside still glass cover. The numerical results prove the necessity to undertake a numerical investigation before the sizing of solar still. The objective of the present investigation is to present a mathematical model in order to impro...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/71335880" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="63304012" href="https://mansoura.academia.edu/BergeDjebedjian">Berge Djebedjian</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="63304012" type="text/json">{"id":63304012,"first_name":"Berge","last_name":"Djebedjian","domain_name":"mansoura","page_name":"BergeDjebedjian","display_name":"Berge Djebedjian","profile_url":"https://mansoura.academia.edu/BergeDjebedjian?f_ri=53158","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/63304012/29371323/27345682/s65_berge.djebedjian.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_71335880 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="71335880"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 71335880, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_71335880", }); 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A solar still of conventional type is considered. The mathematical model is based on time-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. The effect of the variable fluid properties is taken into consideration by using a mixture of air and vapour in the still. A steady state twodimensional approach with constant temperature boundaries is considered. A discretization schema with finite-difference technique is adapted. The SIMPLER (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equations Revised) methodology is used. The grid size independence solution is checked for convergence. The numerical results show clearly different zones of circulation with reverse velocity on the inside still glass cover. The numerical results prove the necessity to undertake a numerical investigation before the sizing of solar still. 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its... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_70946722" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In order to develop efficient photocatalytic TiO2 films and membranes for application in water and wastewater treatment and reuse systems, there is a great need to tailor-design the structural properties of TiO2 material and enhance its photocatalytic activity. Through a ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/70946722" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36445191" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EliasStathatos">Elias Stathatos</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36445191" type="text/json">{"id":36445191,"first_name":"Elias","last_name":"Stathatos","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EliasStathatos","display_name":"Elias Stathatos","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EliasStathatos?f_ri=53158","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_70946722 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="70946722"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 70946722, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_70946722", }); 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itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13259089/Fertilization_and_Blending_Alternatives_for_Irrigation_with_Desalinated_Water">Fertilization and Blending Alternatives for Irrigation with Desalinated Water</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In arid-zone agriculture where available irrigation water is saline, desalination is becoming an attractive method for increasing yields and reducing negative environmental consequences. However, irrigation with desalinated water can be... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13259089" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In arid-zone agriculture where available irrigation water is saline, desalination is becoming an attractive method for increasing yields and reducing negative environmental consequences. However, irrigation with desalinated water can be problematic if essential nutrients, including Ca, Mg, and S, removed during reverse osmosis, are not reintroduced. We evaluated two strategies for supplying these nutrients — direct fertilization and blending of</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13259089" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9e66c6abbd11e6d07a207ca6ecaa01b7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45541202,"asset_id":13259089,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45541202/download_file?st=MTczMzE5NTg4Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32518494" href="https://agri.academia.edu/AlonBenGal">Alon Ben-Gal</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32518494" type="text/json">{"id":32518494,"first_name":"Alon","last_name":"Ben-Gal","domain_name":"agri","page_name":"AlonBenGal","display_name":"Alon Ben-Gal","profile_url":"https://agri.academia.edu/AlonBenGal?f_ri=53158","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13259089 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13259089"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13259089, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13259089", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13259089]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13259089").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13259089").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13259089"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">24</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="400" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="400" type="text/json">{"id":400,"name":"Earth Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2215" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water">Water</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2215" type="text/json">{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3724" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irrigation">Irrigation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3724" type="text/json">{"id":3724,"name":"Irrigation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irrigation?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5411" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomass">Biomass</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5411" type="text/json">{"id":5411,"name":"Biomass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomass?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13259089]'), work: {"id":13259089,"title":"Fertilization and Blending Alternatives for Irrigation with Desalinated Water","created_at":"2015-06-24T22:16:05.103-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13259089/Fertilization_and_Blending_Alternatives_for_Irrigation_with_Desalinated_Water?f_ri=53158","dom_id":"work_13259089","summary":"In arid-zone agriculture where available irrigation water is saline, desalination is becoming an attractive method for increasing yields and reducing negative environmental consequences. However, irrigation with desalinated water can be problematic if essential nutrients, including Ca, Mg, and S, removed during reverse osmosis, are not reintroduced. We evaluated two strategies for supplying these nutrients — direct fertilization and blending of","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45541202,"asset_id":13259089,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32518494,"first_name":"Alon","last_name":"Ben-Gal","domain_name":"agri","page_name":"AlonBenGal","display_name":"Alon Ben-Gal","profile_url":"https://agri.academia.edu/AlonBenGal?f_ri=53158","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":400,"name":"Earth Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":2215,"name":"Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":3724,"name":"Irrigation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irrigation?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":5411,"name":"Biomass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomass?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":9534,"name":"Calcium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calcium?f_ri=53158"},{"id":10225,"name":"Agriculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture?f_ri=53158"},{"id":12036,"name":"Pepper","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pepper?f_ri=53158"},{"id":20160,"name":"Agricultural Water Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agricultural_Water_Management?f_ri=53158"},{"id":34642,"name":"Israel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Israel?f_ri=53158"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=53158"},{"id":53158,"name":"Desalination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Desalination?f_ri=53158"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=53158"},{"id":70902,"name":"Magnesium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnesium?f_ri=53158"},{"id":96047,"name":"Case Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study?f_ri=53158"},{"id":192512,"name":"Irrigation Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irrigation_Water?f_ri=53158"},{"id":254915,"name":"Arid Zone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arid_Zone?f_ri=53158"},{"id":276273,"name":"Reverse osmosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reverse_osmosis?f_ri=53158"},{"id":285012,"name":"Sulfur","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sulfur?f_ri=53158"},{"id":297373,"name":"Environmental quality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_quality?f_ri=53158"},{"id":439565,"name":"Fertilizers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fertilizers?f_ri=53158"},{"id":588666,"name":"Capsicum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capsicum?f_ri=53158"},{"id":727778,"name":"Capsicum annuum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Capsicum_annuum?f_ri=53158"},{"id":986862,"name":"Environment Quality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environment_Quality?f_ri=53158"},{"id":1202042,"name":"Electric Conductivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electric_Conductivity?f_ri=53158"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13542474" data-work_id="13542474" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13542474/A_desalination_process_through_sweeping_gas_membrane_distillation">A desalination process through sweeping gas membrane distillation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">... kc is calculated through standard correlations; the mass transfer coefficient, km, for a flat membrane of thickness S is calculated as follows: Deff km = _____ (3) where the effective diffusivity,_ Deff&#x27;- is calculated through... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13542474" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">... kc is calculated through standard correlations; the mass transfer coefficient, km, for a flat membrane of thickness S is calculated as follows: Deff km = _____ (3) where the effective diffusivity,_ Deff&#x27;- is calculated through both molecular and Knudsen diffusion coefficients,- D ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13542474" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ed408447bd50d38d06d5d7e9a73bff6c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49179695,"asset_id":13542474,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49179695/download_file?st=MTczMzE5NTg4Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32734511" href="https://aiccon.academia.edu/GiulioSarti">Giulio Sarti</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32734511" type="text/json">{"id":32734511,"first_name":"Giulio","last_name":"Sarti","domain_name":"aiccon","page_name":"GiulioSarti","display_name":"Giulio Sarti","profile_url":"https://aiccon.academia.edu/GiulioSarti?f_ri=53158","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13542474 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13542474"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13542474, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13542474", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=13542474]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_13542474").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_13542474").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="13542474"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53158" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Desalination">Desalination</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="53158" type="text/json">{"id":53158,"name":"Desalination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Desalination?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="260118" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES">CHEMICAL SCIENCES</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="260118" type="text/json">{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="753144" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Membrane_Distillation">Membrane Distillation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="753144" type="text/json">{"id":753144,"name":"Membrane Distillation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Membrane_Distillation?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13542474]'), work: {"id":13542474,"title":"A desalination process through sweeping gas membrane distillation","created_at":"2015-07-02T07:17:56.676-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/13542474/A_desalination_process_through_sweeping_gas_membrane_distillation?f_ri=53158","dom_id":"work_13542474","summary":"... kc is calculated through standard correlations; the mass transfer coefficient, km, for a flat membrane of thickness S is calculated as follows: Deff km = _____ (3) where the effective diffusivity,_ Deff\u0026#x27;- is calculated through both molecular and Knudsen diffusion coefficients,- D ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49179695,"asset_id":13542474,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32734511,"first_name":"Giulio","last_name":"Sarti","domain_name":"aiccon","page_name":"GiulioSarti","display_name":"Giulio Sarti","profile_url":"https://aiccon.academia.edu/GiulioSarti?f_ri=53158","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":53158,"name":"Desalination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Desalination?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":753144,"name":"Membrane Distillation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Membrane_Distillation?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_52716016" data-work_id="52716016" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52716016/Seawater_desalination_by_reverse_osmosis_case_study_">Seawater desalination by reverse osmosis (case study)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/52716016" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="acd92b52d8941a490f900e6efe9f2abf" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":69848234,"asset_id":52716016,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69848234/download_file?st=MTczMzE5NTg4Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="180544243" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IbrahimKhaled32">Ibrahim Khaled</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="180544243" type="text/json">{"id":180544243,"first_name":"Ibrahim","last_name":"Khaled","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IbrahimKhaled32","display_name":"Ibrahim Khaled","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IbrahimKhaled32?f_ri=53158","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_52716016 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="52716016"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 52716016, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_52716016", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_52716016 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 52716016; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_52716016"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_52716016 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="52716016"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 52716016; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=52716016]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_52716016").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_52716016").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="52716016"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53158" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Desalination">Desalination</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="53158" type="text/json">{"id":53158,"name":"Desalination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Desalination?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="96047" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study">Case Study</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="96047" type="text/json">{"id":96047,"name":"Case Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="260118" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES">CHEMICAL SCIENCES</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="260118" type="text/json">{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=52716016]'), work: {"id":52716016,"title":"Seawater desalination by reverse osmosis (case study)","created_at":"2021-09-18T07:22:23.136-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/52716016/Seawater_desalination_by_reverse_osmosis_case_study_?f_ri=53158","dom_id":"work_52716016","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":69848234,"asset_id":52716016,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":180544243,"first_name":"Ibrahim","last_name":"Khaled","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IbrahimKhaled32","display_name":"Ibrahim Khaled","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IbrahimKhaled32?f_ri=53158","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":53158,"name":"Desalination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Desalination?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":96047,"name":"Case Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Case_Study?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":276273,"name":"Reverse osmosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reverse_osmosis?f_ri=53158"},{"id":477865,"name":"Operant Conditioning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Operant_Conditioning?f_ri=53158"},{"id":552141,"name":"Economic evaluation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_evaluation?f_ri=53158"},{"id":1646121,"name":"Operation and Maintenance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Operation_and_Maintenance?f_ri=53158"},{"id":3434660,"name":"Potable water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Potable_water?f_ri=53158"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_69378407" data-work_id="69378407" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69378407/SIMULATION_OF_A_THERMAL_DESALINATION_SYSTEM">SIMULATION OF A THERMAL DESALINATION SYSTEM</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Desalination technology offers the sustainable solution of providing freshwater supply to the water-scarce coastal areas such as the region from Karachi and Gwadar cities situated in Pakistan. Reverse osmosis (RO) desalination is an... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_69378407" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Desalination technology offers the sustainable solution of providing freshwater supply to the water-scarce coastal areas such as the region from Karachi and Gwadar cities situated in Pakistan.  Reverse osmosis (RO) desalination is an energy-efficient technology. However, recent advances such as the integration of adsorption/absorption vapor compression systems and the development of new antiscalants for the multi-effect desalination (MED) technology have made it a competitive choice. The MED unit's current top brine temperature (TBT) is 65 °C (because of salt precipitation in the evaporators), for which 8 – 10 falling film evaporators can be installed. But with the progress in antiscalants, the TBT can be stretched to 85 °C that reflects the incorporation of more evaporators and hence more freshwater productivity. For this purpose, a mathematical model of the MED unit is developed in Engineering Equation Solver (EES), and the performance of the MED unit is assessed at higher TBT. The mathematical model is validated with the empirical model available in the literature and with the commercial desalination plant located in Qatar. It is found that the performance ratio of the MED unit with TBT of 80 °C is 22.8% higher than that of 65 °C TBT. Furthermore, the specific heat transfer area is 18% higher, and the cooling water requirement is 76% lesser for the MED unit with TBT = 80 °C as compared to the MED unit with TBT = 65 °C.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/69378407" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b580da427be9b3d4946dd68e7b0fce1f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":79498902,"asset_id":69378407,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79498902/download_file?st=MTczMzE5NTg4Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="212360839" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HammadTahir20">Hammad Tahir</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="212360839" type="text/json">{"id":212360839,"first_name":"Hammad","last_name":"Tahir","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HammadTahir20","display_name":"Hammad Tahir","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HammadTahir20?f_ri=53158","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/212360839/71492416/59938108/s65_hammad.tahir.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_69378407 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="69378407"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 69378407, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_69378407", }); 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Reverse osmosis (RO) desalination is an energy-efficient technology. However, recent advances such as the integration of adsorption/absorption vapor compression systems and the development of new antiscalants for the multi-effect desalination (MED) technology have made it a competitive choice. The MED unit's current top brine temperature (TBT) is 65 °C (because of salt precipitation in the evaporators), for which 8 – 10 falling film evaporators can be installed. But with the progress in antiscalants, the TBT can be stretched to 85 °C that reflects the incorporation of more evaporators and hence more freshwater productivity. For this purpose, a mathematical model of the MED unit is developed in Engineering Equation Solver (EES), and the performance of the MED unit is assessed at higher TBT. The mathematical model is validated with the empirical model available in the literature and with the commercial desalination plant located in Qatar. It is found that the performance ratio of the MED unit with TBT of 80 °C is 22.8% higher than that of 65 °C TBT. Furthermore, the specific heat transfer area is 18% higher, and the cooling water requirement is 76% lesser for the MED unit with TBT = 80 °C as compared to the MED unit with TBT = 65 °C.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79498902,"asset_id":69378407,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":212360839,"first_name":"Hammad","last_name":"Tahir","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HammadTahir20","display_name":"Hammad Tahir","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HammadTahir20?f_ri=53158","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/212360839/71492416/59938108/s65_hammad.tahir.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":25122,"name":"Energy efficiency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_efficiency?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":53158,"name":"Desalination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Desalination?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":712551,"name":"Seawater Desalination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seawater_Desalination?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":1200856,"name":"Falling Film Evaporators","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Falling_Film_Evaporators?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":1204060,"name":"Multi-Effect Destillation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multi-Effect_Destillation?f_ri=53158"},{"id":1204065,"name":"Hybrid Desalination System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hybrid_Desalination_System?f_ri=53158"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37186605" data-work_id="37186605" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37186605/Modes_of_Failure_of_South_African_Local_Government_in_the_Water_Services_Sector">Modes of Failure of South African Local Government in the Water Services Sector</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Water service delivery crises are increasingly prevalent in post-apartheid South Africa. This paper builds on earlier research into the challenges faced by local (municipal) government in the provision of water services, as demand grows... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37186605" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Water service delivery crises are increasingly prevalent in post-apartheid South Africa. This paper builds on earlier research into the challenges faced by local (municipal) government in the provision of water services, as demand grows and as infrastructure ages. The system dynamics modelling endeavour reported here was undertaken to clarify and explain the ongoing socio-technical problems. Six interlinked 'modes of failure' were identified. These include the underinvestment in, and over-extension of, water supply infrastructure; the lack of pro-active infrastructure planning combined with the lack of systematic maintenance; the enforced 'fire-fighting' reaction of municipal staff to service delivery crises; and inadequate financial means, infrastructure capacity, and technical staffing capacity. These modes of failure resonated with the experiences of technical officials from the Sundays River Valley Municipality who had participated in the case study between 2011 and 2015. In addition, the model proved to be an effective tool in communicating the causes of local water services systems failure at national policy level.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37186605" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6f57fa9edaedc863adb76af0f31fedca" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57137942,"asset_id":37186605,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57137942/download_file?st=MTczMzE5NTg4Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9661857" href="https://rhodes-za.academia.edu/JaiCH">Jai K Clifford-Holmes</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9661857" type="text/json">{"id":9661857,"first_name":"Jai","last_name":"Clifford-Holmes","domain_name":"rhodes-za","page_name":"JaiCH","display_name":"Jai K Clifford-Holmes","profile_url":"https://rhodes-za.academia.edu/JaiCH?f_ri=53158","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9661857/16688592/16975465/s65_jai.clifford-holmes.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37186605 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37186605"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37186605, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37186605", }); 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This paper builds on earlier research into the challenges faced by local (municipal) government in the provision of water services, as demand grows and as infrastructure ages. The system dynamics modelling endeavour reported here was undertaken to clarify and explain the ongoing socio-technical problems. Six interlinked 'modes of failure' were identified. These include the underinvestment in, and over-extension of, water supply infrastructure; the lack of pro-active infrastructure planning combined with the lack of systematic maintenance; the enforced 'fire-fighting' reaction of municipal staff to service delivery crises; and inadequate financial means, infrastructure capacity, and technical staffing capacity. These modes of failure resonated with the experiences of technical officials from the Sundays River Valley Municipality who had participated in the case study between 2011 and 2015. In addition, the model proved to be an effective tool in communicating the causes of local water services systems failure at national policy level.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57137942,"asset_id":37186605,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9661857,"first_name":"Jai","last_name":"Clifford-Holmes","domain_name":"rhodes-za","page_name":"JaiCH","display_name":"Jai K Clifford-Holmes","profile_url":"https://rhodes-za.academia.edu/JaiCH?f_ri=53158","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9661857/16688592/16975465/s65_jai.clifford-holmes.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":14469,"name":"Sustainable Water Resources Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Water_Resources_Management?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":33825,"name":"Integrated Water Resources Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Integrated_Water_Resources_Management?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":51731,"name":"Water Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_Security?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":53158,"name":"Desalination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Desalination?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":88361,"name":"Water governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_governance?f_ri=53158"},{"id":996318,"name":"Ecological Infrastructure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecological_Infrastructure?f_ri=53158"},{"id":3002881,"name":"Collaborative Modelling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Collaborative_Modelling?f_ri=53158"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30237381" data-work_id="30237381" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30237381/Water_environmental_and_sanitation_status_in_disaster_relief_of_Pakistan_s_2005_earthquake">Water environmental and sanitation status in disaster relief of Pakistan’s 2005 earthquake</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30237381" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dfc44fcd654be1ab0ff2f2b5d048094c" rel="nofollow" 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type="text/json">{"id":17940242,"first_name":"Muhammad","last_name":"Amin, M.Pd.","domain_name":"uin-mlg","page_name":"MuhammadAmin","display_name":"Muhammad Amin, M.Pd.","profile_url":"https://uin-mlg.academia.edu/MuhammadAmin?f_ri=53158","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/17940242/6083310/19747150/s65_muhammad.amin_s.pd.i..jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30237381 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30237381"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30237381, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30237381", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_30237381 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x 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type="text/json">{"id":2585,"name":"International Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Development?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6515" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_Purification">Water Purification</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6515" type="text/json">{"id":6515,"name":"Water Purification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_Purification?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10688" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rainwater_Harvesting">Rainwater Harvesting</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="10688" type="text/json">{"id":10688,"name":"Rainwater Harvesting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rainwater_Harvesting?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: 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texas study</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11809378" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1a8ccdc915c9f19f04b712cd95e25e10" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":46513723,"asset_id":11809378,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8061" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brackish_Water">Brackish Water</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8061" type="text/json">{"id":8061,"name":"Brackish Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brackish_Water?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17331" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oil_and_gas">Oil and gas</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17331" type="text/json">{"id":17331,"name":"Oil and 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u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15480359" data-work_id="15480359" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15480359/High_organic_content_industrial_wastewater_treatment_by_membrane_filtration">High organic content industrial wastewater treatment by membrane filtration</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15480359" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li 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data-card-contents-for-ri="9991" type="text/json">{"id":9991,"name":"Wastewater Treatment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wastewater_Treatment?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25445" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Pollution">Environmental Pollution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25445" type="text/json">{"id":25445,"name":"Environmental Pollution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Pollution?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53158" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Desalination">Desalination</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="53158" type="text/json">{"id":53158,"name":"Desalination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Desalination?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15480359]'), work: {"id":15480359,"title":"High organic content industrial wastewater treatment by membrane filtration","created_at":"2015-09-07T07:15:28.500-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/15480359/High_organic_content_industrial_wastewater_treatment_by_membrane_filtration?f_ri=53158","dom_id":"work_15480359","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43154121,"asset_id":15480359,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34622534,"first_name":"Gyula","last_name":"Vatai","domain_name":"uni-corvinus","page_name":"GyulaVatai","display_name":"Gyula Vatai","profile_url":"https://uni-corvinus.academia.edu/GyulaVatai?f_ri=53158","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":9991,"name":"Wastewater 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wastewater","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Industrial_wastewater?f_ri=53158"},{"id":661887,"name":"Chemical Oxygen Demand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Oxygen_Demand?f_ri=53158"},{"id":898062,"name":"Flow Rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Flow_Rate?f_ri=53158"},{"id":958558,"name":"Membrane Filtration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Membrane_Filtration?f_ri=53158"},{"id":1256744,"name":"Organic Compound","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Compound?f_ri=53158"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9206166" data-work_id="9206166" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9206166/Procedural_justice_as_a_component_of_the_Not_In_My_Backyard_NIMBY_syndrome_understanding_opposition_to_the_building_of_a_desalination_plant_in_Victoria_Australia_">Procedural justice as a component of the Not In My Backyard (NIMBY) syndrome : understanding opposition to the building of a desalination plant in Victoria, Australia,</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A desalination plant is currently under construction near Wonthaggi, in Victoria, regional Australia. Protesters living near the plant have been negatively labelled ‘NIMBYs’, or people who selfishly and irrationally/ignorantly oppose... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9206166" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A desalination plant is currently under construction near Wonthaggi, in Victoria, regional Australia. Protesters living near the plant have been negatively labelled ‘NIMBYs’, or people who selfishly and irrationally/ignorantly oppose proximate developments that benefit the wider community. This paper critiques both the concept of NIMBY, as well as the assumption that opposition is demonstrated only by protest behaviour. Drawing on a 2010 survey, we show that opponents who live close by are indeed more likely to protest, although proximity to the site does not influence attitude, while concerns about ‘procedural justice’ are significant in predicting both attitude and protest behaviour.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9206166" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fdc5f18237df8538931d251720af607b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35485397,"asset_id":9206166,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35485397/download_file?st=MTczMzE5NTg4Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="632041" href="https://deakin.academia.edu/TanyaKing">Tanya King</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="632041" type="text/json">{"id":632041,"first_name":"Tanya","last_name":"King","domain_name":"deakin","page_name":"TanyaKing","display_name":"Tanya King","profile_url":"https://deakin.academia.edu/TanyaKing?f_ri=53158","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/632041/218152/141703022/s65_tanya.king.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9206166 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9206166"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9206166, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9206166", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9206166]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9206166").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9206166").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9206166"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="42985" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NIMBY_Syndrome">NIMBY Syndrome</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="42985" type="text/json">{"id":42985,"name":"NIMBY Syndrome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NIMBY_Syndrome?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49379" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_Policy">Water Policy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="49379" type="text/json">{"id":49379,"name":"Water Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_Policy?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53158" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Desalination">Desalination</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="53158" type="text/json">{"id":53158,"name":"Desalination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Desalination?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9206166]'), work: {"id":9206166,"title":"Procedural justice as a component of the Not In My Backyard (NIMBY) syndrome : understanding opposition to the building of a desalination plant in Victoria, Australia,","created_at":"2014-11-09T08:23:04.726-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9206166/Procedural_justice_as_a_component_of_the_Not_In_My_Backyard_NIMBY_syndrome_understanding_opposition_to_the_building_of_a_desalination_plant_in_Victoria_Australia_?f_ri=53158","dom_id":"work_9206166","summary":"A desalination plant is currently under construction near Wonthaggi, in Victoria, regional Australia. Protesters living near the plant have been negatively labelled ‘NIMBYs’, or people who selfishly and irrationally/ignorantly oppose proximate developments that benefit the wider community. This paper critiques both the concept of NIMBY, as well as the assumption that opposition is demonstrated only by protest behaviour. Drawing on a 2010 survey, we show that opponents who live close by are indeed more likely to protest, although proximity to the site does not influence attitude, while concerns about ‘procedural justice’ are significant in predicting both attitude and protest behaviour.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35485397,"asset_id":9206166,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":632041,"first_name":"Tanya","last_name":"King","domain_name":"deakin","page_name":"TanyaKing","display_name":"Tanya King","profile_url":"https://deakin.academia.edu/TanyaKing?f_ri=53158","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/632041/218152/141703022/s65_tanya.king.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":42985,"name":"NIMBY Syndrome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NIMBY_Syndrome?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":49379,"name":"Water Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_Policy?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":53158,"name":"Desalination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Desalination?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8717492" data-work_id="8717492" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8717492/The_potential_application_of_natural_zeolite_for_greywater_treatment">The potential application of natural zeolite for greywater treatment</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm 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These parameters include characteristics of both the membrane and the feed water. Of these parameters, the least understood is the effect... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18047136" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Several parameters are known to influence the passage of salts through a reverse osmosis membrane. These parameters include characteristics of both the membrane and the feed water. Of these parameters, the least understood is the effect feed water concentration has on salt passage. At high and very low feed salinities, salt passage can increase by a factor of two or</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18047136" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bdd9967a31e0108d6ecf7d33044378d2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42203827,"asset_id":18047136,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42203827/download_file?st=MTczMzE5NTg4Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37986383" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WilfMark">Mark Wilf</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37986383" type="text/json">{"id":37986383,"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Wilf","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"WilfMark","display_name":"Mark Wilf","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WilfMark?f_ri=53158","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18047136 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18047136"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18047136, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18047136", }); 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release","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Controlled_release?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":225787,"name":"High Performance Liquid Chromatography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Performance_Liquid_Chromatography?f_ri=53158"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=53158"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12765789" data-work_id="12765789" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12765789/Recent_progress_in_Desalination_Enviornmental_and_Marine_outfall_Systems">Recent progress in Desalination, Enviornmental and Marine outfall Systems</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This book collects current scientific information on advanced technologies and management practices associated with the desalination industry in the Middle East and elsewhere around the world. The book opens with introductory chapter... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12765789" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This book collects current scientific information on advanced technologies and management practices associated with the desalination industry in the Middle East and elsewhere around the world. The book opens with introductory chapter which briefly recounts the history of desalination, and describes the current state of development in the field.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12765789" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5a7695fbbeedc5d2ec34ed91f4a631aa" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37811394,"asset_id":12765789,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37811394/download_file?st=MTczMzE5NTg4Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13038339" href="https://squ.academia.edu/DrBSChoudri">Dr B S Choudri</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13038339" type="text/json">{"id":13038339,"first_name":"Dr B S","last_name":"Choudri","domain_name":"squ","page_name":"DrBSChoudri","display_name":"Dr B S Choudri","profile_url":"https://squ.academia.edu/DrBSChoudri?f_ri=53158","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12765789 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12765789"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12765789, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12765789", }); 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The book opens with introductory chapter which briefly recounts the history of desalination, and describes the current state of development in the field.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37811394,"asset_id":12765789,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13038339,"first_name":"Dr B S","last_name":"Choudri","domain_name":"squ","page_name":"DrBSChoudri","display_name":"Dr B S Choudri","profile_url":"https://squ.academia.edu/DrBSChoudri?f_ri=53158","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":53158,"name":"Desalination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Desalination?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":1952373,"name":"Marine Outfall Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Outfall_Systems?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_59265036" data-work_id="59265036" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59265036/Photodegradation_of_congo_red_using_XeBr_KrCl_and_Cl2_barrier_discharge_excilamps_A_kinetics_study">Photodegradation of congo red using XeBr, KrCl and Cl2 barrier discharge excilamps: A kinetics study</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/59265036" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="11ecaddc302e3e77a92ec94ad72c5624" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":73276593,"asset_id":59265036,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73276593/download_file?st=MTczMzE5NTg4Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="90805591" href="https://um-es.academia.edu/MariaDoloresMurcia">Maria Dolores Murcia</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="90805591" type="text/json">{"id":90805591,"first_name":"Maria Dolores","last_name":"Murcia","domain_name":"um-es","page_name":"MariaDoloresMurcia","display_name":"Maria Dolores Murcia","profile_url":"https://um-es.academia.edu/MariaDoloresMurcia?f_ri=53158","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/90805591/145132629/134662432/s65_maria_dolores.murcia.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_59265036 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="59265036"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 59265036, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_59265036", }); 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Environmental assessment using life-cycle analysis (LCA) approach</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In this study, we compare three desalination based alternatives for water supply in off-grid areas, and assess their environmental footprint. The three options are: (a) a solar still, (b) a photo-voltaic (PV) powered reverse osmosis (RO)... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2324851" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In this study, we compare three desalination based alternatives for water supply in off-grid areas, and assess their environmental footprint. The three options are: (a) a solar still, (b) a photo-voltaic (PV) powered reverse osmosis (RO) unit, and (c) water delivery by truck from a central RO plant. By use of life-cycle analysis (LCA), a comprehensive environmental modeling of the three systems is carried out. The basic systems, components and processes are modeled, and then varied, in order to offer a deeper insight into the robustness of the model.Our findings indicate that energy generation and materials usage are critical parameters when the considered alternative options are compared. Of the three options, PV-RO is found to have the least environmental impact. The usefulness of this study is that it provides policy-makers insights into renewable energy desalination for clean water production and, thus, it promotes the deployment of low-carbon desalination technologies.► Three desalination-based alternatives were assessed for environmental footprint. ► The life-cycle analysis (LCA) approach was used. ► A comprehensive environmental modeling of the three systems is carried out. ► Main finding: PV-RO has the least environmental impact.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2324851" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="22de1ab0b9ea741daf0ba2e53be93fda" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50670692,"asset_id":2324851,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50670692/download_file?st=MTczMzE5NTg4Myw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2952952" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PrasadMande">Prasad Mande</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2952952" type="text/json">{"id":2952952,"first_name":"Prasad","last_name":"Mande","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PrasadMande","display_name":"Prasad Mande","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PrasadMande?f_ri=53158","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2952952/975465/1220952/s65_prasad.mande.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2324851 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2324851"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2324851, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2324851", }); 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Environmental assessment using life-cycle analysis (LCA) approach","created_at":"2012-12-24T02:21:30.809-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2324851/How_green_solar_desalination_really_is_Environmental_assessment_using_life_cycle_analysis_LCA_approach?f_ri=53158","dom_id":"work_2324851","summary":"In this study, we compare three desalination based alternatives for water supply in off-grid areas, and assess their environmental footprint. The three options are: (a) a solar still, (b) a photo-voltaic (PV) powered reverse osmosis (RO) unit, and (c) water delivery by truck from a central RO plant. By use of life-cycle analysis (LCA), a comprehensive environmental modeling of the three systems is carried out. The basic systems, components and processes are modeled, and then varied, in order to offer a deeper insight into the robustness of the model.Our findings indicate that energy generation and materials usage are critical parameters when the considered alternative options are compared. Of the three options, PV-RO is found to have the least environmental impact. The usefulness of this study is that it provides policy-makers insights into renewable energy desalination for clean water production and, thus, it promotes the deployment of low-carbon desalination technologies.► Three desalination-based alternatives were assessed for environmental footprint. ► The life-cycle analysis (LCA) approach was used. ► A comprehensive environmental modeling of the three systems is carried out. ► Main finding: PV-RO has the least environmental impact.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50670692,"asset_id":2324851,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2952952,"first_name":"Prasad","last_name":"Mande","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PrasadMande","display_name":"Prasad Mande","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PrasadMande?f_ri=53158","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2952952/975465/1220952/s65_prasad.mande.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":2738,"name":"Renewable Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Renewable_Energy?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":7799,"name":"Environmental modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_modeling?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":52211,"name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_Arab_Emirates?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":53158,"name":"Desalination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Desalination?f_ri=53158"},{"id":64055,"name":"Water Supply","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_Supply?f_ri=53158"},{"id":160396,"name":"Environmental 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Ferella","profile_url":"https://univaq.academia.edu/FFerella?f_ri=53158","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15737152/5005002/5745670/s65_francesco.ferella.jpg_oh_f65924b239825531e5dddaedcb42548a_oe_54ca082a___gda___1421997755_e1d6e16d1596cbbede7077eddc707669"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":6227,"name":"Arsenic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arsenic?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":13845,"name":"Time Use","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Use?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":37447,"name":"Ultrafiltration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ultrafiltration?f_ri=53158","nofollow":false},{"id":53158,"name":"Desalination","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Desalination?f_ri=53158"},{"id":111050,"name":"Heavy 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