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id="toc-Intervention_in_Tibet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="الغزوات المغولية للتبت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الغزوات المغولية للتبت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasions_de_Mong%C3%B2lia_al_Tibet" title="Invasions de Mongòlia al Tibet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Invasions de Mongòlia al Tibet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AA" title="حمله مغول به تبت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حمله مغول به تبت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conqu%C3%AAte_du_Tibet_par_les_Mongols" title="Conquête du Tibet par les Mongols – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conquête du Tibet par les Mongols" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangan-serangan_Mongol_ke_Tibet" title="Serangan-serangan Mongol ke Tibet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Serangan-serangan Mongol ke Tibet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasioni_mongole_del_Tibet" title="Invasioni mongole del Tibet – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Invasioni mongole del Tibet" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E3%81%AE%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E4%BE%B5%E6%94%BB" title="モンゴルのチベット侵攻 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モンゴルのチベット侵攻" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podb%C3%B3j_Tybetu_przez_Mongo%C5%82%C3%B3w" title="Podbój Tybetu przez Mongołów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Podbój Tybetu przez Mongołów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolernas_invasion_av_Tibet" title="Mongolernas invasion av Tibet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mongolernas invasion av Tibet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="திபெத்து மீதான மங்கோலியப் படையெடுப்புகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திபெத்து மீதான மங்கோலியப் படையெடுப்புகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83" title="Монгольське завоювання Тибету – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Монгольське завоювання Тибету" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E5%90%90%E8%95%83" title="蒙古征服吐蕃 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蒙古征服吐蕃" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6899566#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Invasions of 1206–1723</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1240_Mongol_Invasion_of_Tibet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1240_Mongol_Invasion_of_Tibet.jpg/400px-1240_Mongol_Invasion_of_Tibet.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1240_Mongol_Invasion_of_Tibet.jpg/600px-1240_Mongol_Invasion_of_Tibet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/1240_Mongol_Invasion_of_Tibet.jpg/800px-1240_Mongol_Invasion_of_Tibet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1832" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> under Mongol rule, 1240–1354</figcaption></figure> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Mongol invasions and conquests"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongol_invasions_andconquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol invasions and<br />conquests</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;">Asia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Central_Asia" title="Mongol campaigns in Central Asia">Central Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Qara_Khitai" title="Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezm</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Caucassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Anatolia" title="Mongol conquest of Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Persia_and_Mesopotamia" title="Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia">Persia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaign_against_the_Nizaris" title="Mongol campaign against the Nizaris">Nizari state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_the_Levant" title="Mongol invasions of the Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_raids_into_Palestine" title="Mongol raids into Palestine">Palestine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China" title="Mongol conquest of China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Western Xia">Western Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Eastern_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Eastern Xia">Eastern Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">Song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea" title="Mongol invasions of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Japan</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li>Burma (<a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">Second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Java</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#d4dfed;text-align:right;font-weight:normal; line-height:130%; padding:0.2em; width:5em; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;">Other invasions</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Siberia" title="Mongol campaigns in Siberia">Siberia</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Volga_Bulgaria" title="Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans#Mongol_invasions" title="Cumans">Cumania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Durdzuketi" title="Mongol invasions of Durdzuketi">Durdzuketi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Circassia" title="Mongol invasion of Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alania#Mongol_conquest_and_aftermath_(13th–14th_centuries)" title="Alania">Alania</a></li> <li>Poland and Bohemia (<a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Second Mongol invasion of Poland">Second</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Third Mongol invasion of Poland">Third</a>)</li> <li>Hungary and Croatia (<a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="Second Mongol invasion of Hungary">Second</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Bulgaria_and_Serbia" title="Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia">Bulgaria and Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Latin_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Latin Empire">Latin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Lithuania" title="Mongol invasions of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Byzantine_Thrace" title="Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace">Byzantine Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_conflict_with_the_Nogai_Horde" title="Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genoese%E2%80%93Mongol_Wars" title="Genoese–Mongol Wars">Gazaria</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ögedei_Khan&#039;s_campaigns" 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href="/wiki/Siege_of_Caizhou" title="Siege of Caizhou">Caizhou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Eastern_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Eastern Xia">Eastern Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea" title="Mongol invasions of Korea">Goryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Armenia" title="Mongol Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ryazan" title="Siege of Ryazan">Ryazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sit_River" title="Battle of the Sit River">Sit River</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kozelsk" title="Siege of Kozelsk">Kozelsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kiev_(1240)" title="Siege of Kiev (1240)">Kiev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Legnica" title="Battle of Legnica">Legnica</a></li></ul></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mohi" title="Battle of Mohi">Mohi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Bulgaria_and_Serbia" title="Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia">Bulgaria and Serbia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist 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.sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Tibet" title="Category:History of Tibet">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">History of <span class="fn org label">Tibet</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lhasa_Potala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Potala Palace"><img alt="Potala Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lhasa_Potala.jpg/150px-Lhasa_Potala.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lhasa_Potala.jpg/225px-Lhasa_Potala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lhasa_Potala.jpg/300px-Lhasa_Potala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Neolithic Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhung" title="Zhangzhung">Zhangzhung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_dynasty" title="Yarlung dynasty">Yarlung dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Fragmentation" title="Era of Fragmentation">Era of Fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Yuan rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagmodrupa_dynasty" title="Phagmodrupa dynasty">Phagmodrupa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpungpa" title="Rinpungpa">Rinpungpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsangpa" title="Tsangpa">Tsangpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Phodrang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Ming–Tibet relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">13th and 14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet_(1950%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Tibet (1950–present)">PRC rule</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tibetan_history" title="Timeline of Tibetan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">Historical money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Tibet" title="List of rulers of Tibet">List of rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_exploration_in_Tibet" title="History of European exploration in Tibet">European exploration</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/16px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/24px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/32px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a> • <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Tibet" title="Template:History of Tibet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Tibet" title="Template talk:History of Tibet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Tibet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Tibet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There were several <b>Mongol invasions of Tibet</b>. The earliest is the alleged plot to invade Tibet by <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> in 1206, which is considered anachronistic; there is no evidence of Mongol-Tibetan encounters prior to the military campaign in 1240. The first confirmed campaign is the invasion of Tibet by the Mongol general Doorda Darkhan in 1240, a campaign of 30,000 troops that resulted in 500 casualties. The campaign was smaller than the full-scale invasions used by the Mongols against large empires. The purpose of this attack is unclear, and is still in debate among Tibetologists. Then in the late 1240s Mongol prince <a href="/wiki/Godan_Khan" title="Godan Khan">Godan</a> invited <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> lama <a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a>, who urged other leading Tibetan figures to submit to Mongol authority. This is generally considered to have marked the beginning of Mongol rule over Tibet, as well as the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Patron_and_priest_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron and priest relationship">patron and priest relationship</a> between Mongols and Tibetans. These relations were continued by <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>, who founded the Mongol <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> and granted authority over whole Tibet to <a href="/wiki/Drogon_Chogyal_Phagpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Drogon Chogyal Phagpa">Drogon Chogyal Phagpa</a>, nephew of Sakya Pandita. The Sakya-Mongol administrative system and <a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Yuan administrative rule over the region</a> lasted until the mid-14th century, when the Yuan dynasty began to crumble. </p><p>In the early 17th century, the <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirat</a> Mongols again conquered the region and established the <a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a>. Since then the Mongols had intervened in Tibetan politics until the <a href="/wiki/Qing" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing">Qing</a> conquest of <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Invasion">Invasion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prior_to_1240">Prior to 1240</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prior to 1240"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to one traditional Tibetan account, the Mongol emperor <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> plotted to invade Tibet in 1206, but was dissuaded when the Tibetans promised to pay tribute to the Mongols.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholars consider the account to be anachronistic and factually wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genghis' campaign was targeted at the <a href="/wiki/Tangut_people" title="Tangut people">Tangut</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a>, not Tibet, and there was certainly no tribute being paid to the Mongols prior to 1240.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no evidence of interaction between the two nations prior to Doorda Darkhan's invasion in 1240.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest real Mongol contact with the ethnic <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan people</a> came in 1236, when a Tibetan chief near <a href="/wiki/Wen_County,_Gansu" title="Wen County, Gansu">Wenxian</a> submitted to the Mongols campaigning against the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1240–1241_invasion"><span id="1240.E2.80.931241_invasion"></span>1240–1241 invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1240–1241 invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Doorda Darkhan's Tibetan campaign</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1240</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Mongols withdrew. All Mongol generals were called back to Mongolia to appoint a successor to Ogedai Khan.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolo%27adai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolo'adai (page does not exist)">Doorda Darkhan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9" class="extiw" title="ru:Долоадай">ru</a>; <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A2%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4" class="extiw" title="ja:ドロアダイ">ja</a>]</span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Leaders of the Rwa-sgreng monastery</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 30,000 soldiers</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Minimal (or no loss)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 500</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1240, the Mongol Prince <a href="/wiki/Godan_Khan" title="Godan Khan">Godan</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei" class="mw-redirect" title="Ögedei">Ögedei</a>'s son and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan" title="Güyük Khan">Güyük</a>'s younger brother, "delegated the command of the Tibetan invasion to the <a href="/wiki/Tangut_people" title="Tangut people">Tangut</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> general, Doorda <a href="/wiki/Darqan" class="mw-redirect" title="Darqan">Darqan</a> (Dor-ta)".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expedition was "the first instance of military conflict between the two nations".<sup id="cite_ref-Wylie._p.106_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wylie._p.106-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack consisted of 30,000 men (possibly much smaller than that)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and resulted in 500 casualties,<sup id="cite_ref-Wylie._p.104_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wylie._p.104-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with the burning of the <a href="/wiki/Kadampa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadampa">Kadampa</a> monasteries of <a href="/wiki/Reting_Monastery" title="Reting Monastery">Rwa-sgreṅ</a> and Rgyal-lha-khang.<sup id="cite_ref-Wylie._p.104_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wylie._p.104-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign was smaller than the full-scale invasions used by the Mongols against large empires. According to <a href="/wiki/Turrell_V._Wylie" title="Turrell V. Wylie">Turrell V. Wylie</a>, that much is in agreement among Tibetologists. However, the purpose of invasion is disputed among Tibetan scholars, partly because of the abundance of anachronistic and factually erroneous sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Wylie._p.103_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wylie._p.103-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, modern studies find that the oldest sources credit the Mongol scouts with burning Rgyal-lha-khang only, while a large number of Rwa-sgreng monks were slain.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bKa’-brgyud-pa monasteries of <a href="/wiki/Taglung_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Taglung Monastery">sTag-lung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drigung_Monastery" title="Drigung Monastery">’Bri-gung</a>, with their old link to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Xia" title="Western Xia">Western Xia</a> dynasty, were spared because Doorda himself was a Tangut Buddhist.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ’Bri-gung abbot or, according to <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Petech" title="Luciano Petech">Petech</a>, the Rwa-sgreng abbot, suggested the Mongols had invited the <a href="/wiki/Sakya" title="Sakya">Sakya</a> hierarch, <a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After he met Godan, Sakya Pandita died there leaving his two nephews. Sakya Pandita convinced other monasteries in Central Tibet to align with the Mongols. The Mongols kept them as hostages referring symbolic surrender of Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One view, considered the most traditional, is that the attack was a retaliation on Tibet caused by the Tibetan refusal to pay tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-Wylie._p.106_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wylie._p.106-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wylie points out that the Tibetans stopped paying tribute in 1227, while Doorda Darkhan's invasion was in 1240, suggesting that the Mongols, not known for their empathy, would not wait over a decade to respond. The text from which this claim is based on also makes other anachronistic mistakes, insisting that Genghis was planning to attack Tibet prior to Doorda Darkhan's invasion, when the real campaign was against the <a href="/wiki/Tangut_people" title="Tangut people">Tangut</a> kingdom of Western Xia.<sup id="cite_ref-Wylie._p.106_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wylie._p.106-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another theory, supported by Wylie, is that the military action was a <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> campaign meant to evaluate the political situation in Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-Wylie._p.110_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wylie._p.110-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mongols hoped to find a single monarch with whom they could threaten into submission, but instead found a Tibet that was religiously and politically divided, without a central government.<sup id="cite_ref-Wylie._p.110_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wylie._p.110-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third view is that the troops were sent as raids and "looting parties", and that the goal of the campaign was to pillage the "wealth amassed in the Tibetan monasteries".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is disputed, as the Mongols deliberately avoided attacking certain monasteries, a questionable decision if their only goal was profit.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whatever the purpose of the invasion, the Mongols withdrew in 1241, as all the Mongol princes were recalled back to Mongolia in preparation for the appointment of a successor to <a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ogedai Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1244, the Mongols returned to Tibet. They invited Sakya Pandita to Godan's camp, where he agreed to capitulate Tibet, after the Mongols threatened a full-scale invasion of the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1244_invasion_under_Möngke_Khan"><span id="1244_invasion_under_M.C3.B6ngke_Khan"></span>1244 invasion under Möngke Khan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1244 invasion under Möngke Khan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MongolEmpire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/MongolEmpire.jpg/220px-MongolEmpire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/MongolEmpire.jpg/330px-MongolEmpire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/MongolEmpire.jpg/440px-MongolEmpire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> in 1259</figcaption></figure> <p>Sa-skya Pandita died in 1251 and his master Godan Khan possibly died at the same time (or, according to other sources, after 1253). <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a> became <a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a> in the same year. Some sources say there was a Mongolian invasion in 1251, in retribution for a failure to pay tribute, or in 1251-2 'to take formal possession of the country'. In order to strengthen his control over <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, Möngke made Qoridai commander of the Mongol and Han troops in <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a> in 1251. Two attacks are mentioned, one led by Dörbetei, the other by Qoridai, and the double campaign struck fear into the Tibetans.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tibetan sources however only mention an attack on a place called <i>Bod kyi-mon-mkhar-mgpon-po-gdong</i>. Wyle is sceptical however of all of these sources, arguing that the lack of substantive evidence for an invasion raises doubts about the extent of Mongol movements in Tibet proper.'<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He concludes:- </p> <dl><dd><blockquote><p>"Excluding the 1252 attack against the unidentified <i>Mon-mkmar-mgon-po-gdong</i> mentioned earlier, there seems to be no evidence to prove the presence of Mongol troops in central Tibet during the two decades that 'Phags-pa Lama was away from Sa-skya (1244–65). During those years, external campaigns of conquest and internal feuds between scions of the sons of Chinggis Khan occupied the attention of the Mongols. Tibet, whose formidable terrain was politically fragmented by local lords and lamas, posed no military threat to the Mongols, and it was all but ignored by them."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote></dd></dl> <p>In 1252–53 Qoridai invaded Tibet, reaching as far as <a href="/wiki/Damxung_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Damxung Town">Damxung</a>. The Central Tibetan monasteries submitted to the Mongols. Möngke divided the lands of Tibet between his relatives as their <a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">appanages</a> in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Great Jasag</a> of Genghis Khan. Many Mongol aristocrats including Khagan himself seem to have sought blessings of prominent Tibetan lamas. Möngke Khan patronized <a href="/wiki/Karma_Pakshi,_2nd_Karmapa_Lama" title="Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama">Karma Baqshi</a> (1204–83) of the <a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karma-pa</a> suborder and the ’Bri-gung Monastery, while <a href="/wiki/Hulagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu">Hulagu</a>, khan of the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Mongols</a> in the Middle East, sent lavish gifts to both ’Bri-gung and the <a href="/wiki/Phagmodrupa_dynasty" title="Phagmodrupa dynasty">Phag-mo-gru-pa</a> suborder's gDan-sa-thel monastery. Later <a href="/wiki/William_Rubruck" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rubruck">William Rubruck</a> reports that he saw Chinese, Tibetan, and Indian Buddhist monks at the capital city, <a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a>, of the Mongol Empire. </p><p>Although, Karmapa of the <a href="/wiki/Karma_Kagyu" title="Karma Kagyu">Karma Kagyu</a> school politely refused to stay with him, preferring his brother the Khagan, in 1253 Prince Kubilai summoned to his court the Sa-skya-pa hierarch's two nephews, Blo-gros rGyal-mtshan, known as <a href="/wiki/Drog%C3%B6n_Ch%C3%B6gyal_Phagpa" title="Drogön Chögyal Phagpa">’Phags-Pa</a> lama (1235–80), and Phyag-na rDo-rje (1239–67) from the late Godan's ordo in Liangzhou. Khubilai Khan first met 'Phags-pa lama in 1253, presumably to bring the Sa-skya lama who resided in Köden's domain, and who was a symbol of Tibetan surrender, to his own camp.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first Kublai remained <a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamanism in Mongolia">shamanist</a>, but his chief khatun, <a href="/wiki/Chabi" title="Chabi">Chabui</a> (Chabi), converted to Buddhism and influenced Kublai's religious view. During Kublai's expedition into Yunnan, his number two, Uriyangkhadai, had to station in Tibet in 1254–55 possibly to suppress war-like tribes in Tibet. Hulegu appointed his representative, Kokochu, in Tibet in mid-1250s while marching towards Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-ashgate.com_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashgate.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the Ilkhans had had possessions in Tibet. </p><p>In 1265 Qongridar ravaged the Tufan/mDo-smad area, and from 1264 to 1275 several campaigns pacified the Tibetan and Yi peoples of Xifan around modern Xichang. By 1278 Mongol myriarchies: tumens and postroads reached through <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dokham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dokham (page does not exist)">Dokham</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B5%E7%94%98%E6%80%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:朵甘思">zh</a>; <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokham" class="extiw" title="fr:Dokham">fr</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">མདོ་ཁམས</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>mdo khams</i>, <a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL</a>: <i>dokham</i>) as far west as Litang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Tibet under Yuan rule</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuan_dynasty_and_Tibet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Yuan_dynasty_and_Tibet.jpg/220px-Yuan_dynasty_and_Tibet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Yuan_dynasty_and_Tibet.jpg/330px-Yuan_dynasty_and_Tibet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Yuan_dynasty_and_Tibet.jpg/440px-Yuan_dynasty_and_Tibet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Tibet within the Yuan dynasty under the top-level department known as the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a> (Xuanzheng Yuan).</figcaption></figure> <p>Tibet was subdued to the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> under Mongolian administrative rule,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the region was granted with a degree of political autonomy. Kublai Khan would later include Tibet into his <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, and the region remained administratively separate from the conquered provinces of <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> China. </p><p>According to the Tibetan traditional view, the khan and the lama established "<a href="/wiki/Patron_and_priest_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron and priest relationship">priest-patron</a>" relations. This meant administrative management and military assistance from the khan and assistance from the lama in spiritual issues. Tibet was conquered by the Mongols before the Mongol invasion of South China.<sup id="cite_ref-laird114_7_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laird114_7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the conquest of the Song dynasty, Kublai Khan consolidated Tibet into the new Yuan dynasty, but Tibet was administrated under the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a> (Xuanzheng Yuan), separate from the Chinese provinces. The Mongols granted the <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> lama a degree political authority, but retained control over the administration and military of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As efforts to rule both territories while preserving Mongol identity, <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> prohibited Mongols from marrying Chinese, but left both the Chinese and Tibetan legal and administrative systems intact.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though most government institutions established by Kublai Khan in his court resembled the ones in earlier Chinese dynasties,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tibet never adopted the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">imperial examinations</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Confucian">Neo-Confucian</a> policies. </p><p>Buddhist monks from Tibet were popular and well respected in Mongol-ruled Iran (the Ilkhanate),<sup id="cite_ref-ashgate.com_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashgate.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mongolia, China (the Yuan) and Central Asia (the Chagatai Khanate).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> in the mid-14th century, Tibet regained its independence from the Mongols.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post_imperial_expedition">Post imperial expedition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post imperial expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r963460841"><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">The Ligdan Khan and prince Choghtu's campaign</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1634-1637</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Victory of Oirat's Khoshut Khanate increased power of Gelug-Buddhism and fall Karma Kagyu and fall of the campaign prince Choghtu force.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul> <p><b>by support</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chahar_Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="Chahar Mongols">Chahar Mongolian Khanate force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalka_Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalka Mongols">Northern khalkha's Khanate force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCshi_Khan" title="Güshi Khan">Güshi Khan</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ligdan_Khan" title="Ligdan Khan">Ligdan Khan</a></li> <li>Prince <a href="/wiki/Choghtu_Khong_Tayiji" title="Choghtu Khong Tayiji">Choghtu</a></li> <li>Prince <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arslang_Tayji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arslang Tayji (page does not exist)">Arslang Tayji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 50 000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> minimally</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> heavy</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a> converted to <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> around 1615, and it was not long before they became involved in the conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karma_Kagyu" title="Karma Kagyu">Karma Kagyu</a> schools. At the request of the Gelug school, in 1637, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCshi_Khan" title="Güshi Khan">Güshi Khan</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshuts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Koko Nor</a>, defeated <a href="/wiki/Choghtu_Khong_Tayiji" title="Choghtu Khong Tayiji">Choghtu Khong Tayiji</a> (1581–1637), the Khalkha prince who supported the Karma Kagyu school. </p><p>Tsogtu Khuntaiji had established a base on the <a href="/wiki/Tuul_River" title="Tuul River">Tuul river</a>. Known as an intellectual, he embraced the Karma sect and built monasteries and castles. He submitted himself to <a href="/wiki/Ligdan_Khan" title="Ligdan Khan">Ligdan Khan</a>, last grand khan of the Mongols. He took part in Ligdan's campaign to <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> to help the Karma sect although Ligdan Khan died in 1634 before they joined. But Tsogtu pursued the campaign. In the same year he conquered the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCmed" class="mw-redirect" title="Tümed">Tümed</a> around <a href="/wiki/Qinghai_Lake" title="Qinghai Lake">Kokonor</a> (Qinghai Lake) and moved his base there. By request from Shamar Rabjampa he sent an army under his son Arslan to central Tibet in 1635. However, Arslan attacked his ally, the <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Tsang</a> army. He met the <a href="/wiki/Lobsang_Gyatso,_5th_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobsang Gyatso, 5th Dalai Lama">fifth Dalai Lama</a> and paid homage to Gelukpa monasteries instead of destroying them. Arslan was eventually assassinated by Choghtu's order. </p><p>The Geluk sect asked for help Törü Bayikhu (Güshi Khan), the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a> tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirat</a> confederation. In 1636 Törö Bayikhu led the Khoshuts and the <a href="/wiki/Dzungars" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzungars">Dzungars</a> to Tibet. In the next year a decisive war between Tsogtu Khuntaiji and Törü Bayikhu ended in the latter's victory and Tsoghtu was killed. </p><p>He has traditionally been portrayed as evil by the Geluk sect. On the other hand, the Mongolian movie "Tsogt taij" (1945) treated him as a national hero. It reflected the communist regime's attitude toward Tibetan Buddhism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2010)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With his crushing victory over Tsogtu, Güshi Khan conquered <a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>). The unification of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> followed in 1641–42, when Güshi Khan invaded Central Tibet and defeated the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Tsangpa" title="Tsangpa">Tsangpa</a> dynasty. After his victory he was proclaimed (<a href="/wiki/Chogyal" title="Chogyal">chogyal</a>), i.e. the King of Dharma, or Teaching, by the <a href="/wiki/Lozang_Gyatso,_5th_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Lozang Gyatso, 5th Dalai Lama">Fifth Dalai Lama</a>. With these events the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a> was confirmed. Gushi khan granted to the Dalai Lama authority over Tibet from Dartsedo to Ladakh. The title "<a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>" itself had previously been bestowed upon the third lama of the Gelug <a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">tulku</a> lineage by <a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan" title="Altan Khan">Altan Khan</a> (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan_of_the_Khalkha" title="Altan Khan of the Khalkha">Altan Khans of the Khalkha</a>), and means, in Mongolian, "Ocean of Wisdom." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resurfacing_of_the_struggle_between_Dzungar_Khanate_and_Qing_dynasty">Resurfacing of the struggle between Dzungar Khanate and Qing dynasty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Resurfacing of the struggle between Dzungar Khanate and Qing dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r963460841"><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Mongol invasions of Tibet</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1688-1755</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Qing victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Kokonur</a> rebels</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galdan_Boshugtu_Khan" title="Galdan Boshugtu Khan">Galdan Boshugtu Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsewang_Arabtan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsewang Arabtan">Prince Tsewang Arabtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdan_Tseren" title="Galdan Tseren">Galdan Tseren Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsering_Dhondup" title="Tsering Dhondup">Tsering Dhondup</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loupsang_Danzan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loupsang Danzan (page does not exist)">Loupsang Danzan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor" title="Yongzheng Emperor">Yongzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lha-bzang_Khan" title="Lha-bzang Khan">Lha-bzang Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intervention_in_Tibet">Intervention in Tibet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Intervention in Tibet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">Dzungar–Qing Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalmykia_1720.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kalmykia_1720.jpg/220px-Kalmykia_1720.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kalmykia_1720.jpg/330px-Kalmykia_1720.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kalmykia_1720.jpg/440px-Kalmykia_1720.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption>The Dzungar and Kalmyk states (a fragment of the map of the Russian Empire of Peter the Great, created by a Swedish soldier in c. 1725).</figcaption></figure> <p>Amdo, meanwhile, became home to the Khoshuts. The descendants of Güshi Khan continued to rule as Dharma kings (chogyals) of Tibet, although they were eclipsed by the Dalai Lama and his regent for long periods. In 1717, however, the <a href="/wiki/Dzungars" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzungars">Dzungars</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Tsewang_Rabtan" title="Tsewang Rabtan">Tsewang Rabtan</a>'s brother Tsering Dondup, invaded Tibet. The invaders defeated and killed <a href="/wiki/Lha-bzang_Khan" title="Lha-bzang Khan">Lha-bzang Khan</a> (the last khan of the <a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a>), a great-grandson of Güshi Khan and the fifth Dharma king of Tibet. The Dzungars deposed a pretender to the position of the Dalai Lama who had previously been promoted by Lha-bzang Khan. The <a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">5th Dalai Lama</a> had encouraged Mongolian lamas to prevent any non-dGe-lugs-pa teaching among the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>. The Dzungars soon began to loot <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>, thus losing initial Tibetan goodwill towards them. Many <a href="/wiki/Nyingmapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyingmapa">Nyingmapa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonpo">Bonpos</a> were executed and Tibetans visiting Dzungar officials were forced to stick their tongues out so the Dzungars could tell if the person recited constant mantras (which was said to make the tongue black or brown). This allowed them to pick the Nyingmapa and Bonpos, who recited many magic-mantras.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This habit of sticking one's tongue out as a mark of respect on greeting someone has remained a Tibetan custom until recent times. </p><p>The Dzungar invasion was a challenge to the imperial policy of the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a>, since Lha-bzang Khan had been allied to the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>. The Emperor retaliated in 1718, but his military expedition suffered inadequate logistics and was annihilated by the Dzungars at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Salween_River" title="Battle of the Salween River">Battle of the Salween River</a> not far from Lhasa.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">A second and larger expedition</a> was dispatched by the Emperor and met with rapid success. The Manchus expelled Tsewang Rabtan's force from <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> in 1720 and the troops were hailed as liberators. They brought <a href="/wiki/7th_Dalai_Lama" title="7th Dalai Lama">Kälzang Gyatso</a> with them from Kumbum to Lhasa and he was installed as the 7th Dalai Lama in 1721.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1723 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobzang_Danjin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lobzang Danjin (page does not exist)">Lobzang Danjin</a>, another descendant of Güshi Khan, defended Amdo against Qing dynasty's attempts to extend its rule into Tibet, but was crushed in the following year. Thus, Amdo fell under Chinese domination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Tibet under Yuan rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet under Qing rule</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wylie. p.105: 'Why would Chinggis plan an invasion of Tibet as soon as he became Khan of the Mongols in 1206.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wylie. p.107, 'the statement that the 1240 expedition was a punitive raid for failure to pay tribute is without foundation.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wylie. p.106, '...erred in identifying Tibet as the country against Chinggis launched that early campaign. His military objective was the Tangut kingdom of Hsi-hsia.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wylie. p.106, 'the first instance of military conflict between the two nations'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. P. Atwood <i>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and Mongol Empire</i>, p.538</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wylie. p.110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wylie._p.106-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wylie._p.106_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wylie._p.106_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wylie._p.106_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wylie. p.106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shakabpa. p.61: 'thirty thousand troops, under the command of Leje and Dorta, reached Phanpo, north of Lhasa.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanders. p. 309, <i>his grandson Godan Khan invaded Tibet with 30,000 men and destroyed several Buddhist monasteries north of <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wylie._p.104-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wylie._p.104_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wylie._p.104_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wylie. p.104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wylie._p.103-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wylie._p.103_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wylie. p.103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turrel J. Wylie <i>The First Mongol Conquest of Tibet Reinterpreted</i>, pp.110; Tucci, Giuseppe (1949) <i>Tibetan Painted Scrolls</i>, 2 Volumes, Rome: La Libreria dello Stato, Vol. II, p. 652.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. P. Atwood <i>Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire</i>, p.538</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Petech" title="Luciano Petech">Petech, Luciano</a> (1990) <i>Central Tibet and the Mongols</i>. Rome: IsIMEO, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wylie. p.112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wylie._p.110-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wylie._p.110_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wylie._p.110_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wylie. p.110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Luc_Kwanten" title="Luc Kwanten">Kwanten, Luc</a>, <i>Imperial Nomads: A History of Central Asia, 500–1500</i> (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979) p.74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wylie. p.107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wylie. p.111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Petech 2003 p.342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wylie, ibid.p.323: 'it is suggested here that references in Chinese sources pertain to campaigns in peripheral areas and that there was no Mongol invasion of central Tibet at that time.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wylie, ibid. p.326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wylie p.323-324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ashgate.com-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ashgate.com_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ashgate.com_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185828/http://www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/Islam_and_Tibet_Interactions_along_the_Musk_Routes_Intro.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/Islam_and_Tibet_Interactions_along_the_Musk_Routes_Intro.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ashgate.com%2Fpdf%2FSamplePages%2FIslam_and_Tibet_Interactions_along_the_Musk_Routes_Intro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Tibet" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wylie. p.104: 'To counterbalance the political power of the lama, Khubilai appointed civil administrators at the Sa-skya to supervise the Mongol regency.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laird114_7-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-laird114_7_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laird 2006, pp. 114–117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawa Norbu. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kD8gTL6IIDYC&dq=Xuanzheng+Yuan&pg=PA139">China's Tibet Policy</a></i>, pp. 139. Psychology Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schirokauer, Conrad. <i>A Brief History of Chinese Civilization.</i> Thomson Wadsworth, (c)2006, p 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rossabi, M. <i>Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times</i>, p56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dai Matsui – A Mongolian Decree from the Chaghataid Khanate</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norbu, Namkhai. (1980). "Bon and Bonpos". <i>Tibetan Review</i>, December, 1980, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richardson,_Hugh_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Richardson, Hugh E">Richardson, Hugh E</a>. (1984). <i>Tibet and its History</i>. Second Edition, Revised and Updated, pp. 48–9. Shambhala. Boston & London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87773-376-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87773-376-7">0-87773-376-7</a> (pbk)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richardson, Hugh E. (1984). <i>Tibet and its History</i>. Second Edition, Revised and Updated, pp. 48–9. Shambhala. Boston & London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87773-376-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87773-376-7">0-87773-376-7</a> (pbk)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_of_Tibet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaines2018" class="citation journal cs1">Haines, R Spencer (2018). "Charismatic Authority in Context: An Explanation of Guushi Khan's Swift Rise to Power in the Early 17th Century". <i>Mongolica: An International Journal of Mongolian Studies</i>. <b>52</b>. International Association of Mongolists: 24–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mongolica%3A+An+International+Journal+of+Mongolian+Studies&rft.atitle=Charismatic+Authority+in+Context%3A+An+Explanation+of+Guushi+Khan%27s+Swift+Rise+to+Power+in+the+Early+17th+Century&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=24-31&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=R+Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMongol+invasions+of+Tibet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Laird, Thomas. <i>The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama</i> (2006) Grove Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-1827-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-1827-5">0-8021-1827-5</a></li> <li>Rossabi, Morris. <i>China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries</i> (1983) Univ. of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-04383-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-04383-9">0-520-04383-9</a></li> <li>Sanders, Alan J. K. <i>Historical dictionary of Mongolia</i> (2003) Scarecrow Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-4434-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-4434-6">0-8108-4434-6</a></li> <li>Saunders, John Joseph. <i>The history of the Mongol conquests</i>. (2001) University of Pennsylvania Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1766-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1766-7">0-8122-1766-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsepon_W._D._Shakabpa" title="Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa">Shakabpa, W.D</a>. <i>Tibet: A Political History.</i> (1967) Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9611474-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9611474-1-5">0-9611474-1-5</a></li> <li>Smith, Warren W., Jr. <i>Tibetan Nation: A History Of Tibetan Nationalism And Sino-tibetan Relations</i> (1997) Westview Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3280-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3280-2">978-0-8133-3280-2</a></li> <li>Wylie, Turrell V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718667"><i>The First Mongol Conquest of Tibet Reinterpreted</i></a> Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, vol. 37, no. 1, 1977, pp. 103–133.</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mongol_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mongol_Empire" title="Template:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mongol_Empire" title="Template talk:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mongol Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mongol_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Terminology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Terminology</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_nobility" title="Mongolian nobility">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khagan" title="Khagan">Khagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatun" title="Khatun">Khatun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanum" title="Khanum">Khanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinong" title="Jinong">Jinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khong_Tayiji" title="Khong Tayiji">Khong Tayiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noyan" title="Noyan">Noyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarkhan" title="Tarkhan">Tarkhan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Political</li><li>Military</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarlig" title="Jarlig">Jarlig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(route)" title="Yam (route)">Örtöö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orda_(organization)" title="Orda (organization)">Orda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Mongolica" title="Pax Mongolica">Pax Mongolica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurultai" title="Kurultai">Kurultai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiza" title="Paiza">Paiza / Gerege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manghud" title="Manghud">Manghit / Mangudai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumen_(unit)" title="Tumen (unit)">Tümen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheshig" title="Kheshig">Kheshig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darughachi" title="Darughachi">Darughachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="PoliticsOrganizationLife" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politics</li><li>Organization</li><li>Life</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_and_vassals_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Political divisions and vassals of the Mongol Empire">Administrative divisions and vassals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_(banner)" title="Tug (banner)">Banner/Bunchuk/Tug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Invasions and conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_under_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Destruction under the Mongol Empire">Destructiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_the_Mongols" title="Imperial Seal of the Mongols">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Military of the Mongol Empire">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Religion in the Mongol Empire">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Society of the Mongol Empire">Society and economy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borjigin" title="Borjigin">House of Borjigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%96gedei" title="House of Ögedei">House of Ögedei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Armenia" title="Mongol Armenia">Mongol Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Mongol_Alliance" title="Byzantine–Mongol Alliance">Byzantine–Mongol Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Mongol_alliance" title="Franco-Mongol alliance">Franco-Mongol alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_battles_of_the_Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe">Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_states" title="List of Mongol states">Khanates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Northern Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%96gedei" title="House of Ögedei">House of Ögedei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wings_of_the_Golden_Horde" title="Wings of the Golden Horde">Wings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaliq,_Xinjiang" title="Almaliq, Xinjiang">Almalik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarga" title="Avarga">Avarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov (Azaq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolghar" title="Bolghar">Bolghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakorum" title="Karakorum">Karakorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Dadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majar_(Golden_Horde)" title="Majar (Golden Horde)">Majar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragheh" title="Maragheh">Maragheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarshi" title="Qarshi">Qarshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarai_(city)" title="Sarai (city)">Sarai Batu/Berke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saray-J%C3%BCk" title="Saray-Jük">Saray-Jük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangdu" title="Shangdu">Shangdu (Xanadu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soltaniyeh" title="Soltaniyeh">Soltaniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukek" title="Ukek">Ukek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xacitarxan" title="Xacitarxan">Xacitarxan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="CampaignsBattles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Asia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaigns_in_Siberia" title="Mongol campaigns in Siberia">Siberia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1207-1308)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Sakhalin" title="Mongol invasions of Sakhalin">Sakhalin <span style="font-size:85%;">(1264–1308)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Qara_Khitai" title="Mongol conquest of the Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai <span style="font-size:85%;">(1216–18)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(1219–1221)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Persia_and_Mesopotamia" title="Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia">Persia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1219–1256)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests#East_Asia" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Western_Xia" title="Mongol conquest of Western Xia"><span class="wrap">Western Xia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Jin_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty">Northern China <span style="font-size:85%;">(1211–34)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea" title="Mongol invasions of Korea">Korea <span style="font-size:85%;">(1231–60)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty">Southern China <span style="font-size:85%;">(1235–79)</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Tibet <span style="font-size:85%;">(1236 / 1240 / 1252)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China#Conquest_of_Yunnan" title="Mongol conquest of China">Yunnan <span style="font-size:85%;">(1253–56)</span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan" title="Mongol invasions of Japan">Japan <span style="font-size:85%;">(1274 / 1281)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests#Southeast_Asian_and_Korean_vassals" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Southeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma"><span class="wrap">Burma <span style="font-size:85%;">(1277 / 1283 / 1287)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Java" title="Mongol invasion of Java">Java <span style="font-size:85%;">(1293)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Vietnam" title="Mongol invasions of Vietnam">Vietnam <span style="font-size:85%;">(1257 / 1284–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="Second Mongol invasion of Burma">Burma <span style="font-size:85%;">(1300–02)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">India <span style="font-size:85%;">(1221–1327)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia"><span class="wrap">Georgia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64)</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Circassia" title="Mongol invasion of Circassia">Circassia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1237–1300s)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Durdzuketi" title="Mongol invasions of Durdzuketi">Chechnya <span style="font-size:85%;">(1237–1300s)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Volga_Bulgaria" title="Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria <span style="font-size:85%;">(1229–36)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Alania" title="Mongol invasion of Alania">Alania <span style="font-size:85%;">(1238–1239)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus' <span style="font-size:85%;">(1223 / 1236–40)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="First Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland and Bohemia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1240–41)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">Hungary <span style="font-size:85%;">(1241–42)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_incursions_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Mongol incursions in the Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(1241–42)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Bulgaria_and_Serbia" title="Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia">Serbia and Bulgaria <span style="font-size:85%;">(1242)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_the_Latin_Empire" title="Mongol invasion of the Latin Empire">Latin Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(1242)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Lithuania" title="Mongol invasions of Lithuania">Lithuania <span style="font-size:85%;">(1258–59)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Second Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland <span style="font-size:85%;">(1259–60)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Byzantine_Thrace" title="Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace">Thrace <span style="font-size:85%;">(1264–65)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="Second Mongol invasion of Hungary">Hungary <span style="font-size:85%;">(1285–86)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Mongol_invasion_of_Poland" title="Third Mongol invasion of Poland">Poland <span style="font-size:85%;">(1287–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_conflict_with_the_Nogai_Horde" title="Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde">Serbia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1291)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Anatolia" title="Mongol conquest of Anatolia">Anatolia <span style="font-size:85%;">(1241–43)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_campaign_against_the_Nizaris" title="Mongol campaign against the Nizaris">Alamut <span style="font-size:85%;">(1253–1256)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad" title="Siege of Baghdad">Baghdad <span style="font-size:85%;">(1258)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_the_Levant" title="Mongol invasions of the Levant">Syria <span style="font-size:85%;">(1260–1323)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_raids_into_Palestine" title="Mongol raids into Palestine">Palestine <span style="font-size:85%;">(1260 / 1301)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Division of the Mongol Empire">Division of the Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluid_Civil_War" title="Toluid Civil War">Toluid Civil War <span style="font-size:85%;">(1260–64)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berke%E2%80%93Hulagu_war" title="Berke–Hulagu war">Berke–Hulagu war <span style="font-size:85%;">(1262)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaidu%E2%80%93Kublai_war" title="Kaidu–Kublai war">Kaidu–Kublai war <span style="font-size:85%;">(1268–1301)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esen_Buqa%E2%80%93Ayurbarwada_war" title="Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war">Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war <span style="font-size:85%;">(1314–1318)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mongol_rulers" title="List of Mongol rulers">Great Khans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui <span style="font-size:85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_Khan" title="Ögedei Khan">Ögedei Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6regene_Khatun" title="Töregene Khatun">Töregene Khatun <span style="font-size:85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan" title="Güyük Khan">Güyük Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghul_Qaimish" title="Oghul Qaimish">Oghul Qaimish <span style="font-size:85%;">(regent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Yuan_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Yuan emperors">Khagans of the Yuan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Khans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jochi" title="Jochi">Jochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartaq_Khan" title="Sartaq Khan">Sartaq Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orda_Khan" title="Orda Khan">Orda Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berke" title="Berke">Berke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toqta" title="Toqta">Toqta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zbeg_Khan" title="Özbeg Khan">Özbeg Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khan" title="Chagatai Khan">Chagatai Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duwa" title="Duwa">Duwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebek" title="Kebek">Kebek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulegu_Khan" title="Hulegu Khan">Hulegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaqa_Khan" title="Abaqa Khan">Abaqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghun" title="Arghun">Arghun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subutai" title="Subutai">Subutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebe" title="Jebe">Jebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqali" title="Muqali">Muqali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negudar" title="Negudar">Negudar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%27orchu" title="Bo'orchu">Bo'orchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Kan" title="Guo Kan">Guo Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boroqul" title="Boroqul">Boroqul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelme" title="Jelme">Jelme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khubilai_Noyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khubilai Noyon (page does not exist)">Khubilai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aju" title="Aju">Aju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayan_of_the_Baarin" title="Bayan of the Baarin">Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadan" title="Kadan">Kadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boroldai" title="Boroldai">Boroldai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_Khan" title="Nogai Khan">Nogai Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Mongol_Empire" title="Timeline of the Mongol Empire">Timeline of the Mongol Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tibet_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibet_topics" title="Template:Tibet topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tibet_topics" title="Template talk:Tibet topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tibet_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tibet topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tibet_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Tibet-related_articles" title="Index of Tibet-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tibetan_history" title="Timeline of Tibetan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Tibet" title="List of rulers of Tibet">List of rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_exploration_in_Tibet" title="History of European exploration in Tibet">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">Historical money</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Prehistory <span style="font-size:85%;">(Neolithic)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhung" title="Zhangzhung">Zhangzhung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_dynasty" title="Yarlung dynasty">Yarlung dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(7th–9th century)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Tibetan_Empire" title="Timeline of the Tibetan Empire">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Tibet" title="List of emperors of Tibet">List of emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_L%C3%B6nchen_of_the_Tibetan_Empire" title="List of Lönchen of the Tibetan Empire">Lönchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Tang–Tibet relations">Relations with Tang <span style="font-size:85%;">(618–907)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Fragmentation" title="Era of Fragmentation">Era of Fragmentation <span style="font-size:85%;">(9th–13th century)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guge" title="Guge">Guge kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsongkha" title="Tsongkha">Tsongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Song–Tibet relations">Relations with Song <span style="font-size:85%;">(960–1279)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Yuan_rule" title="Tibet under Yuan rule">Yuan dynasty rule <span style="font-size:85%;">(1270–1350)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Buddhist_and_Tibetan_Affairs" title="Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs">Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagmodrupa_dynasty" title="Phagmodrupa dynasty">Phagmodrupa dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="Ming–Tibet relations">Relations with Ming <span style="font-size:85%;">(1368–1644)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpungpa" title="Rinpungpa">Rinpungpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsangpa" title="Tsangpa">Tsangpa dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Phodrang" title="Ganden Phodrang">Ganden Phodrang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashag" title="Kashag">Kashag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Qing dynasty rule <span style="font-size:85%;">(1720–1912)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">List of Qing ambans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Post-Qing to 1950</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Army" title="Tibetan Army">Tibetan Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet_(1950%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Tibet (1950–present)">People's Republic of China (PRC) rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">PRC annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">political leaders</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Wars and<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_attack_on_Songzhou" title="Tibetan attack on Songzhou">Tibetan attack on Songzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dafei_River" title="Battle of Dafei River">Battle of Dafei River</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mongol invasions of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_war" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dartsedo" title="Battle of Dartsedo">Battle of Dartsedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Salween_River" title="Battle of the Salween River">Battle of the Salween River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinchuan_campaigns" title="Jinchuan campaigns">Jinchuan campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_riot_of_1750" title="Lhasa riot of 1750">Lhasa riot of 1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Dogra–Tibetan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal-Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)">Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_expedition" title="Sikkim expedition">Sikkim expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan War">Sino-Tibetan War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_War" title="Qinghai–Tibet War">Qinghai–Tibet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Japanese_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet">1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamdo" title="Battle of Chamdo">Battle of Chamdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Protests and uprisings since 1950</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_Tibetan_unrest" title="1987–1989 Tibetan unrest">1987–1989 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">2008 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-immolation_protests_by_Tibetans_in_China" title="Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China">Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Frontier_Force" title="Special Frontier Force">Special Frontier Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em; padding-right:0.5em; font-weight:normal;">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Chronicles#Treaty_of_Tingmosgang_(1684)" title="Ladakh Chronicles">Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/29-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Thapathali" title="Treaty of Thapathali">Treaty of Thapathali (1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Calcutta" title="Convention of Calcutta">Convention of Calcutta (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Lhasa" title="Convention of Lhasa">Treaty of Lhasa (1904)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" title="Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_friendship_and_alliance_between_the_Government_of_Mongolia_and_Tibet" title="Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet">Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Convention" title="Simla Convention">Simla Accord (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Point_Agreement" title="Seventeen Point Agreement">Seventeen Point Agreement (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_Agreement_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Indian Agreement 1954">Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/70,000_Character_Petition" title="70,000 Character Petition">70,000 Character Petition (1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorandum_on_Genuine_Autonomy" title="Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy">Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tibet" title="Geography of Tibet">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Tibet" title="Category:Flora of Tibet">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Tibet" title="Category:Fauna of Tibet">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Tibet" title="Category:Environment of Tibet">Environment</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Tibet" title="Category:Mountains of Tibet">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Kailash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhotse" title="Lhotse">Lhotse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Changtse" title="Changtse">Changtse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namcha_Barwa" title="Namcha Barwa">Namcha Barwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanggula_Mountains" title="Tanggula Mountains">Tanggula</a></li></ul></li> <li>Rivers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo" title="Yarlung Tsangpo">Yarlung Tsangpo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yarlung_Tsangpo_Grand_Canyon" title="Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongbuk_Glacier" title="Rongbuk Glacier">Rongbuk Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changtang" title="Changtang">Changtang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Tang_Nature_Reserve" title="Chang Tang Nature Reserve">Nature Reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_Tibet" title="Category:Valleys of Tibet">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Traditional regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdo" title="Amdo">Amdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Ü-Tsang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngari_Prefecture" title="Ngari Prefecture">Ngari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_political_leaders_of_Tibet" title="List of modern political leaders of Tibet">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region <span style="font-size:85%;">(TAR)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Central Tibetan Administration">Central Tibetan Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Central_Tibetan_Administration" title="Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration">Parliament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Tibet" title="Etymology of Tibet">Etymology of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Tibet" title="Foreign relations of Tibet">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tibet" title="LGBT rights in Tibet">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patron_and_priest_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron and priest relationship">Patron and priest relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Area_(administrative_division)" title="Tibet Area (administrative division)">Tibet Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Tibet_controversy" title="Serfdom in Tibet controversy">Serfdom controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serfs%27_Emancipation_Day" title="Serfs' Emancipation Day">Serfs' Emancipation Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_sovereignty_debate" title="Tibetan sovereignty debate">Sovereignty debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Tibetan_program" title="CIA Tibetan program">CIA Tibetan program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="India–Tibet relations">India–Tibet relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibet#Government" title="Tibet">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region#Government" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Regional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Government_of_Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="People's Government of Tibet Autonomous Region">TAR People's Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region_People%27s_Congress" title="Tibet Autonomous Region People's Congress">TAR People's Congress</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tibet" title="Economy of Tibet">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Tibet" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Tibet">Postage and postal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_109" title="China National Highway 109">Qinghai-Tibet Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_railway" title="Qinghai–Tibet railway">Qinghai–Tibet railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tibet" title="Education in Tibet">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tibet" title="Religion in Tibet">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Preceptor" title="Imperial Preceptor">Imperial Preceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dpon-chen" title="Dpon-chen">Dpon-chen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Tripa" title="Ganden Tripa">Ganden Tripa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dalai_Lamas" title="List of Dalai Lamas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhamo_La-tso" title="Lhamo La-tso">Lhamo La-tso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Panchen_Lamas" title="List of Panchen Lamas">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Tibet" title="Catholic Church in Tibet">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Muslims" title="Tibetan Muslims">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Sinicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Tibet" title="Social class in Tibet">Social classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changpa" title="Changpa">Changpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolmo_people" title="Yolmo people">Yolmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Names</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Tibet">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_rug" title="Tibetan rug">rugs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">thangka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tsakli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan tsakli">tsakli</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">sand mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_wall_paintings" title="Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings">wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_on_Tibetan_Buddhist_monasteries" title="Murals on Tibetan Buddhist monasteries">wall murals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Tibet" title="Emblem of Tibet">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_festivals" title="Tibetan festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tibet" title="Flag of Tibet">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_in_Tibet" title="List of Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Tibet">Historical and cultural sites</a></li> <li><a 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