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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Inflammatory demyelinating disease</div> <p>MOG (<a href="/wiki/Myelin_oligodendrocyte_glycoprotein" title="Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein">myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein</a>) antibody disease (MOGAD) or <b>MOG antibody-associated encephalomyelitis (MOG-EM)</b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_demyelinating_diseases_of_the_central_nervous_system" title="Inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system">inflammatory demyelinating disease</a> of the central nervous system. Serum anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies are present in up to half of patients with an acquired demyelinating syndrome and have been described in association with a range of phenotypic presentations, including <a href="/wiki/Acute_disseminated_encephalomyelitis" title="Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis">acute disseminated encephalomyelitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optic_neuritis" title="Optic neuritis">optic neuritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transverse_myelitis" title="Transverse myelitis">transverse myelitis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neuromyelitis_optica" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromyelitis optica">neuromyelitis optica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-j.autrev.2015.12.004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j.autrev.2015.12.004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presentation">Presentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MOG_antibody_disease&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Presentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The clinical presentation is variable and largely dependent upon the overall clinical manifestation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The presence of anti-MOG autoantibodies has been described in association with the following conditions:<sup id="cite_ref-Reindl_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reindl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Seronegative <a href="/wiki/Neuromyelitis_optica" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromyelitis optica">neuromyelitis optica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_disseminated_encephalomyelitis" title="Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis">Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis</a>, especially in recurrent and fulminant cases.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Multiple sclerosis.<sup id="cite_ref-Reindl_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reindl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jarius_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarius-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NXI.0000000000000257_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NXI.0000000000000257-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_neuritis" title="Optic neuritis">Optic neuritis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Clinical_Characteristics_and_Treatm_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clinical_Characteristics_and_Treatm-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Reindl_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reindl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petzold_2022_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petzold_2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(including cases of CRION (<a href="/wiki/Chronic_relapsing_inflammatory_optic_neuropathy" title="Chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy">chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_myelitis" title="Transverse myelitis">Transverse myelitis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Reindl_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reindl-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aseptic_meningitis" title="Aseptic meningitis">Aseptic meningitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meningoencephalitis" title="Meningoencephalitis">meningoencephalitis</a> (typically post-infectious).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The most common presenting phenotypes are acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) in children and optic neuritis (ON) in adults.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these phenotypes have been studied in detail: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seronegative_neuromyelitis_optica">Seronegative neuromyelitis optica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MOG_antibody_disease&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Seronegative neuromyelitis optica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anti-MOG antibodies have been described in some patients with <a href="/wiki/Neuromyelitis_optica" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromyelitis optica">NMOSD</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who were negative for the <a href="/wiki/Aquaporin_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaporin 4">aquaporin 4</a> (AQP-4) antibody. However, most NMOSD is an astrocytopathy, specifically an AQP4 antibody-associated disease, whereas MOG antibody-associated disease is an oligodendrocytopathy, suggesting that these are two separate pathologic entities.<sup id="cite_ref-j.autrev.2015.12.004_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j.autrev.2015.12.004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rare cases have been described of patients with antibodies against both AQP4 and MOG. These patients typically have MS-like brain lesions, multifocal spine lesions and optic nerve atrophy.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the coexistence of both antibodies is still a matter of ongoing debate.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ADEM">ADEM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MOG_antibody_disease&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: ADEM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The presence of anti-MOG antibodies is more common in children with ADEM.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tumefactive_demyelination">Tumefactive demyelination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MOG_antibody_disease&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tumefactive demyelination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rare cases of anti-MOG antibodies in association with <a href="/wiki/Tumefactive_multiple_sclerosis" title="Tumefactive multiple sclerosis">tumefactive multiple sclerosis</a> have been described.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MOG_antibody_disease&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reason why anti-MOG auto-antibodies appear remains unknown. </p><p>A post-infectious autoimmune process has been proposed as a possible pathophysiologic mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other reports point to <a href="/wiki/Molecular_mimicry" title="Molecular mimicry">molecular mimicry</a> between MOG and some viruses as a possible etiology.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Histopathology">Histopathology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MOG_antibody_disease&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Histopathology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Demyelinating lesions of MOG-associated encephalomyelitis resemble more those observed in <a href="/wiki/Pathology_of_multiple_sclerosis#Demyelination_patterns" title="Pathology of multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> than NMO. They are similar to pattern-II multiple sclerosis<sup id="cite_ref-Clinical_Characteristics_and_Treatm_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clinical_Characteristics_and_Treatm-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with T-cells and macrophages surrounding blood vessels, preservation of oligodendrocytes and signs of <a href="/wiki/Complement_system" title="Complement system">complement system</a> activation. </p><p>Several studies performed during 2020 have shown that MOGAD lesions differ from those seen in MS in many aspects, including their topographical distribution in the CNS, the type of demyelination, and the nature of the inflammatory response.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>MOGAD demyelination occurs by confluence of small perivenous lesions, generally resulting in a demyelination pattern similar to that seen in acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Demyelination in MOGAD is associated with complement deposition at the site of active myelin injury, but the degree of complement activation is much less compared to that seen in patients with aquaporin 4 antibody associated neuromyelitis optica (NMO).</li> <li>While in MS the dominant inflammatory reaction is seen around the larger drainage veins in the periventricular tissue and the meninges, in MOGAD the smaller veins and venules are mainly affected.</li> <li>Finally, in MOGAD, infiltrating lymphocytes are mainly CD4+ T-cells with low numbers of CD8+ T-cells and B-cells; the dominant lymphocytes in active MS lesions are tissue resident CD8+ effector memory T-cells and B-cells / plasma cells.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MOG_antibody_disease&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MOG-IgG is detected by means of so-called cell-based assays (CBA). CBA using live cells <a href="/wiki/Transfection" title="Transfection">transfected</a> with full-length human MOG and employing <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G" title="Immunoglobulin G">Fc</a>-specific detection antibodies are the gold standard for anti-MOG antibody testing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serum is the specimen of choice; <a href="/wiki/Cerebrospinal_fluid" title="Cerebrospinal fluid">cerebrospinal fluid</a> (CSF) analysis is less sensitive compared to serum testing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NEMOS_2016_Part_1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEMOS_2016_Part_1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nakashima_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakashima-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cerebrospinal fluid <a href="/wiki/Oligoclonal_bands" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligoclonal bands">oligoclonal bands</a>, the diagnostic mainstay in <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a> (MS), are rare in MOG-EM, both in adults<sup id="cite_ref-Jarius_CSF_1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarius_CSF_1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in children.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarius_CSF_2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarius_CSF_2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If present at all, intrathecal IgG synthesis is low in most patients, often transient, and mainly restricted to acute attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarius_CSF_1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarius_CSF_1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jarius_CSF_2_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarius_CSF_2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CSF findings are significantly more pronounced in acute myelitis than in acute ON, which is frequently associated with normal CSF findings, and depends significantly on disease activity (more pronounced during acute attacks), attack severity, and spinal cord lesion extension.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarius_CSF_1_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarius_CSF_1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jarius_CSF_2_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarius_CSF_2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CSF white cell numbers in MOG-EM may be higher than in MS, especially in acute myelitis, but normal cell numbers do not rule out the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarius_CSF_1_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarius_CSF_1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jarius_CSF_2_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarius_CSF_2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CSF often contains <a href="/wiki/Neutrophil_granulocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrophil granulocytes">neutrophil granulocytes</a> and CSF L-<a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactate</a> levels may be elevated, thus mimicking bacterial meningitis in some cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarius_CSF_1_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarius_CSF_1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jarius_CSF_2_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarius_CSF_2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intrathecal, polyclonal antiviral immune response (so-called MRZ reaction), which is present in around 63% of MS patients, is absent in MOG-EM.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarius_CSF_1_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarius_CSF_1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jarius_CSF_2_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarius_CSF_2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proposed diagnostic criteria require serum positivity for MOG antibody as detected by CBA, a clinicoradiological presentation consistent with an acquired demyelinating syndrome (<a href="/wiki/Visually_evoked_potentials" class="mw-redirect" title="Visually evoked potentials">VEP</a> can replace radiological evidence only in patients with acute ON), and exclusion of alternative diagnoses;<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petzold_2022_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petzold_2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition, so-called 'red flags' have been defined, which, if present, should prompt physicians to challenge the diagnosis and to prompt re-testing for MOG-IgG, ideally using a second, methodologically different assay.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petzold_2022_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petzold_2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the young, MRI typically shows ADEM–like lesions and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM), whereas optic neuritis and short transverse myelitis are more commonly seen in older patients.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, rare cases of symptomatic MRI-negative MOG-related disease have been described.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_course">Clinical course</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MOG_antibody_disease&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Clinical course"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two clinical courses have been described:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Monophasic (about 50%)</li> <li>Relapsing</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MOG_antibody_disease&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Acute therapy consists of high-dose corticosteroids, IVIG, or plasma exchange, and long-term immunosuppression may be necessary in recurrent cases.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (June 2022)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Anti-MOG positive patients should not be treated with interferons as these may worsen the disease course similar to those with NMOSD.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakashima_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakashima-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MOG-ON is corticosteroid responsive.<sup id="cite_ref-Petzold_2022_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petzold_2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also anecdotal reports against using <a href="/wiki/Fingolimod" title="Fingolimod">fingolimod</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Alemtuzumab" title="Alemtuzumab">alemtuzumab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MOG_antibody_disease&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Residual disability develops in 50–80% of patients, with transverse myelitis at onset being the most significant predictor of long-term outcome.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. There is emerging evidence that visual outcome in MOG-ON is better in patients who are treated with corticosteroids than without treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Petzold_2022_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petzold_2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MOG_antibody_disease&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Animal models in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, <a href="/wiki/Experimental_autoimmune_encephalomyelitis" title="Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis">EAE</a>, have shown that "MOG-specific EAE models (of different animal strains) display/mirror human multiple sclerosis" but EAE pathology is closer to NMO and ADEM than to the confluent demyelination observed in MS.<sup id="cite_ref-kekuza_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kekuza-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (June 2022)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MOG_antibody_disease&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reports describing the possible involvement of anti-MOG antibodies in multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating conditions first appeared in the literature in the late 1980s, but evidence to support their role in demyelinating disease was always weak and inconsistent.<sup id="cite_ref-Fujihara_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fujihara-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possibility of an anti-MOG MS-subtype was considered around 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The turning point was in 2011, when Mader et al. developed a cell-based assay using <a href="/wiki/HEK_293_cells" title="HEK 293 cells">HEK 293 cells</a> which increased the detection rate of these antibodies in the serum.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reports about prevalence of anti-MOG in selected Multiple Sclerosis cases began to appear in 2016<sup id="cite_ref-NXI.0000000000000257_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NXI.0000000000000257-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MOG_antibody_disease&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demyelinating_diseases_of_CNS" title="Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demyelinating_diseases_of_CNS" title="Template talk:Demyelinating diseases of CNS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demyelinating_diseases_of_CNS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demyelinating_diseases_of_the_central_nervous_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Demyelinating diseases of the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms_of_multiple_sclerosis" title="Signs and symptoms of multiple sclerosis">Signs and symptoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">Ataxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplopia" title="Diplopia">Diplopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysarthria" title="Dysarthria">Dysarthria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">Dysphagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">Fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">Incontinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nystagmus" title="Nystagmus">Nystagmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_neuritis" title="Optic neuritis">Optic neuritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhthoff%27s_phenomenon" title="Uhthoff's phenomenon">Uhthoff's phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Investigations and diagnosis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagnosis_of_multiple_sclerosis" title="Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis">Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonald_criteria" title="McDonald criteria">McDonald criteria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poser_criteria" title="Poser criteria">Poser criteria</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Clinical <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinically_isolated_syndrome" title="Clinically isolated syndrome">Clinically isolated syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanded_Disability_Status_Scale" title="Expanded Disability Status Scale">Expanded Disability Status Scale</a></li></ul></li> <li>Serological and CSF <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oligoclonal_band" title="Oligoclonal band">Oligoclonal bands</a></li></ul></li> <li>Radiological <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiologically_isolated_syndrome" title="Radiologically isolated syndrome">Radiologically isolated syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesional_demyelinations_of_the_central_nervous_system" title="Lesional demyelinations of the central nervous system">Lesional demyelinations of the central nervous system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawson%27s_fingers" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawson's fingers">Dawson's fingers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frexalimab" title="Frexalimab">Frexalimab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Approved treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_multiple_sclerosis" title="Management of multiple sclerosis">Management of multiple sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alemtuzumab" title="Alemtuzumab">Alemtuzumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladribine" title="Cladribine">Cladribine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_fumarate" title="Dimethyl fumarate">Dimethyl fumarate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diroximel_fumarate" title="Diroximel fumarate">Diroximel fumarate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingolimod" title="Fingolimod">Fingolimod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glatiramer_acetate" title="Glatiramer acetate">Glatiramer acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_beta-1a" title="Interferon beta-1a">Interferon beta-1a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_beta-1b" title="Interferon beta-1b">Interferon beta-1b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laquinimod" title="Laquinimod">Laquinimod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitoxantrone" title="Mitoxantrone">Mitoxantrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monomethyl_fumarate" title="Monomethyl fumarate">Monomethyl fumarate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalizumab" title="Natalizumab">Natalizumab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocrelizumab" title="Ocrelizumab">Ocrelizumab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ocrelizumab/hyaluronidase" title="Ocrelizumab/hyaluronidase">+hyaluronidase</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozanimod" title="Ozanimod">Ozanimod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponesimod" title="Ponesimod">Ponesimod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siponimod" title="Siponimod">Siponimod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teriflunomide" title="Teriflunomide">Teriflunomide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Former <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daclizumab" title="Daclizumab">Daclizumab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_in_multiple_sclerosis" title="Research in multiple sclerosis">Research in multiple sclerosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demyelinating diseases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CNS_demyelinating_autoimmune_diseases" title="CNS demyelinating autoimmune diseases">Autoimmune</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuromyelitis_optica_spectrum_disorder" title="Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder">Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_myelinoclastic_sclerosis" title="Diffuse myelinoclastic sclerosis">Diffuse myelinoclastic sclerosis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MOG antibody disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_inflammatory_demyelinating_polyneuropathy" title="Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy">Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_demyelinating_diseases_of_the_central_nervous_system" title="Inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system">Inflammatory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_disseminated_encephalomyelitis" title="Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis">Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balo_concentric_sclerosis" title="Balo concentric sclerosis">Balo concentric sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marburg_acute_multiple_sclerosis" title="Marburg acute multiple sclerosis">Marburg acute multiple sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromyelitis_optica_spectrum_disorder" title="Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder">Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_myelinoclastic_sclerosis" title="Diffuse myelinoclastic sclerosis">Diffuse myelinoclastic sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumefactive_multiple_sclerosis" title="Tumefactive multiple sclerosis">Tumefactive multiple sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_autoimmune_encephalomyelitis" title="Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis">Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_CNS_demyelinating_disease" title="Hereditary CNS demyelinating disease">Hereditary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenoleukodystrophy" title="Adrenoleukodystrophy">Adrenoleukodystrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_disease" title="Alexander disease">Alexander disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canavan_disease" title="Canavan disease">Canavan disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krabbe_disease" title="Krabbe disease">Krabbe disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metachromatic_leukodystrophy" title="Metachromatic leukodystrophy">Metachromatic leukodystrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelizaeus%E2%80%93Merzbacher_disease" title="Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease">Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukoencephalopathy_with_vanishing_white_matter" title="Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter">Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalencephalic_leukoencephalopathy_with_subcortical_cysts" title="Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts">Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAMFAK_syndrome" title="CAMFAK syndrome">CAMFAK syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_pontine_myelinolysis" title="Central pontine myelinolysis">Central pontine myelinolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchiafava%E2%80%93Bignami_disease" title="Marchiafava–Bignami disease">Marchiafava–Bignami disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA_depletion_syndrome" title="Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome">Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiple_sclerosis_organizations" title="List of multiple sclerosis organizations">List of multiple sclerosis organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_with_multiple_sclerosis" title="List of people with multiple sclerosis">List of people with multiple sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis_drug_pipeline" title="Multiple sclerosis drug pipeline">Multiple sclerosis drug pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology_of_multiple_sclerosis" title="Pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis">Pathophysiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hypersensitivity_and_autoimmune_diseases" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hypersensitivity_disease_by_cause" title="Template:Hypersensitivity disease by cause"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hypersensitivity_disease_by_cause" title="Template talk:Hypersensitivity disease by cause"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hypersensitivity_disease_by_cause" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hypersensitivity disease by cause"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hypersensitivity_and_autoimmune_diseases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">Hypersensitivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune diseases</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_I_hypersensitivity" title="Type I hypersensitivity">Type I</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Atopy" title="Atopy">atopy</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E" title="Immunoglobulin E">IgE</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_asthma" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic asthma">Allergic asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic urticaria">Allergic urticaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_rhinitis" title="Allergic rhinitis">Allergic rhinitis</a> (Hay fever)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">Anaphylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">Atopic dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">Food allergy</a> <ul><li>common allergies include: <a href="/wiki/Egg_allergy" title="Egg allergy">Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_allergy" title="Milk allergy">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut_allergy" title="Peanut allergy">Peanut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_allergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafood allergy">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_allergy" title="Soy allergy">Soy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_nut_allergy" title="Tree nut allergy">Tree nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_allergy" title="Wheat allergy">Wheat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_effects_of_penicillin" title="Side effects of penicillin">Penicillin allergy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autoimmune</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_urticaria" title="Autoimmune urticaria">Autoimmune urticaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_esophagitis" title="Eosinophilic esophagitis">Eosinophilic esophagitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_II_hypersensitivity" title="Type II hypersensitivity">Type II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Antibody-dependent_cellular_cytotoxicity" title="Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity">ADCC</a><br /> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G" title="Immunoglobulin G">IgG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_M" title="Immunoglobulin M">IgM</a></li></ul></li></ul></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn">Hemolytic disease of the newborn</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autoimmune</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cytotoxicity" title="Cytotoxicity">Cytotoxic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_hemolytic_anemia" title="Autoimmune hemolytic anemia">Autoimmune hemolytic anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullous_pemphigoid" title="Bullous pemphigoid">Bullous pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodpasture_syndrome" title="Goodpasture syndrome">Goodpasture syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Guillain–Barré syndrome">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_thrombocytopenic_purpura" title="Immune thrombocytopenic purpura">Immune thrombocytopenic purpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus_vulgaris" title="Pemphigus vulgaris">Pemphigus vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">Rheumatic fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity#Type_V" title="Hypersensitivity">Type V</a>"/<a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graves%27_disease" title="Graves' disease">Graves' disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myasthenia_gravis" title="Myasthenia gravis">Myasthenia gravis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pernicious_anemia" title="Pernicious anemia">Pernicious anemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_III_hypersensitivity" title="Type III hypersensitivity">Type III</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Immune_complex" title="Immune complex">Immune complex</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthus_reaction" title="Arthus reaction">Arthus reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_lung" title="Farmer's lung">Farmer's lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henoch%E2%80%93Sch%C3%B6nlein_purpura" title="Henoch–Schönlein purpura">Henoch–Schönlein purpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_small-vessel_vasculitis" title="Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis">Hypersensitivity vasculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_proliferative_glomerulonephritis" title="Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis">Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_arthritis" title="Reactive arthritis">Reactive arthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serum_sickness" title="Serum sickness">Serum sickness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autoimmune</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupus" title="Lupus">Lupus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subacute_bacterial_endocarditis" title="Subacute bacterial endocarditis">Subacute bacterial endocarditis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_IV_hypersensitivity" title="Type IV hypersensitivity">Type IV</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity" title="Cell-mediated immunity">cell-mediated</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cells</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_contact_dermatitis" title="Allergic contact dermatitis">Allergic contact dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantoux_test" title="Mantoux test">Mantoux test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autoimmune</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">Coeliac disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_cell_arteritis" title="Giant cell arteritis">Giant cell arteritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashimoto%27s_thyroiditis" title="Hashimoto's thyroiditis">Hashimoto's thyroiditis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postorgasmic_illness_syndrome" title="Postorgasmic illness syndrome">Postorgasmic illness syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_arthritis" title="Reactive arthritis">Reactive arthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_1_diabetes" title="Type 1 diabetes">Type 1 diabetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Graft-versus-host_disease" title="Graft-versus-host disease">GVHD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion-associated_graft-versus-host_disease" title="Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease">Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unknown/<br />multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity_pneumonitis" title="Hypersensitivity pneumonitis">Hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_bronchopulmonary_aspergillosis" title="Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis">Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex_allergy" title="Latex allergy">Latex allergy</a> (I+IV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transplant_rejection" title="Transplant rejection">Transplant rejection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autoimmune</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addison%27s_disease" title="Addison's disease">Autoimmune adrenalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_hepatitis" title="Autoimmune hepatitis">Autoimmune hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_polyendocrine_syndrome" title="Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome">Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_polyendocrine_syndrome_type_1" title="Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1">APS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_polyendocrine_syndrome_type_2" title="Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2">APS2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren_syndrome" title="Sjögren syndrome">Sjögren syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">Systemic autoimmune disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOG_antibody_disease&oldid=1252875944">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOG_antibody_disease&oldid=1252875944</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Multiple_sclerosis" title="Category:Multiple sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epstein%E2%80%93Barr_virus%E2%80%93associated_diseases" title="Category:Epstein–Barr virus–associated diseases">Epstein–Barr 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