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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Synthesis of published material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthesis_of_published_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-What_is_not_original_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#What_is_not_original_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>What is not original research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-What_is_not_original_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle What is not original research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-What_is_not_original_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Original_images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Original images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations_and_transcriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations_and_transcriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Translations and transcriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations_and_transcriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acceptable_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acceptable_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Acceptable media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acceptable_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Routine_calculations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Routine_calculations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Routine calculations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Routine_calculations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Related policies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_policies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related policies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verifiability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verifiability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Verifiability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verifiability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutral_point_of_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutral_point_of_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Neutral point of view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutral_point_of_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guidelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guidelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Guidelines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guidelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Templates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Templates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Templates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Templates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supplemental_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supplemental_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Supplemental pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supplemental_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Essays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Essays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_help" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_help"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Research help</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_help-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Wikipedia</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">No original research</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Geen_oorspronklike_navorsing" title="Wikipedia:Geen oorspronklike navorsing – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wikipedia:Geen oorspronklike navorsing" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Keine_Theoriefindung" title="Wikipedia:Keine Theoriefindung – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wikipedia:Keine Theoriefindung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9" title="ويكيبيديا:لا أبحاث أصيلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويكيبيديا:لا أبحاث أصيلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE" title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:মৌলিক গৱেষণাৰহিত লেখা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:মৌলিক গৱেষণাৰহিত লেখা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya:Orijinal_t%C9%99dqiqata_yer_verm%C9%99m%C9%99k" title="Vikipediya:Orijinal tədqiqata yer verməmək – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vikipediya:Orijinal tədqiqata yer verməmək" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%85%DA%A9" title="ویکی‌پدیا:اورجینال آراشدیرمالارا یئر وئرمه‌مک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا:اورجینال آراشدیرمالارا یئر وئرمه‌مک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="উইকিপিডিয়া:কোনো মৌলিক গবেষণা নয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইকিপিডিয়া:কোনো মৌলিক গবেষণা নয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D2%AF%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80%D2%99%D0%B5%D2%A3_%D1%8E%D0%BB_%D2%A1%D1%83%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%93%D1%8B%D2%BB%D1%8B%D2%99%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Википедия:Оригиналь тикшеренеүҙәрҙең юл ҡуйылғыһыҙлығы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Википедия:Оригиналь тикшеренеүҙәрҙең юл ҡуйылғыһыҙлығы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9D%D0%B5_%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Вікіпедыя:Не ўласнае даследаванне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вікіпедыя:Не ўласнае даследаванне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F:%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%9E" title="Вікіпэдыя:Недапушчальнасьць арыгінальных дасьледаваньняў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вікіпэдыя:Недапушчальнасьць арыгінальных дасьледаваньняў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80" title="विकिपीडिया:मूल रिसर्च मनाही – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="विकिपीडिया:मूल रिसर्च मनाही" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Уикипедия:Без оригинални изследвания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уикипедия:Без оригинални изследвания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Keine_Theoriefindung" title="Wikipedia:Keine Theoriefindung – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Wikipedia:Keine Theoriefindung" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bez_originalnog_istra%C5%BEivanja" title="Wikipedia:Bez originalnog istraživanja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Wikipedia:Bez originalnog istraživanja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:No_feu_treballs_in%C3%A8dits" title="Viquipèdia:No feu treballs inèdits – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Viquipèdia:No feu treballs inèdits" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedie:%C5%BD%C3%A1dn%C3%BD_vlastn%C3%AD_v%C3%BDzkum" title="Wikipedie:Žádný vlastní výzkum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wikipedie:Žádný vlastní výzkum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ingen_f%C3%B8rsteh%C3%A5ndsforskning" title="Wikipedia:Ingen førstehåndsforskning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wikipedia:Ingen førstehåndsforskning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B4_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ويكيپيديا:ماتزيدش فيخرات – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ويكيپيديا:ماتزيدش فيخرات" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Keine_Theoriefindung" title="Wikipedia:Keine Theoriefindung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wikipedia:Keine Theoriefindung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1:%CE%8C%CF%87%CE%B9_%CF%80%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%85%CF%80%CE%B7_%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Βικιπαίδεια:Όχι πρωτότυπη έρευνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βικιπαίδεια:Όχι πρωτότυπη έρευνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_no_es_una_fuente_primaria" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia no es una fuente primaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia no es una fuente primaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedio:Ne_faru_originalan_esploradon" title="Vikipedio:Ne faru originalan esploradon – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vikipedio:Ne faru originalan esploradon" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9" title="ویکی‌پدیا:تحقیق دست‌اول ممنوع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا:تحقیق دست‌اول ممنوع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Travaux_in%C3%A9dits" title="Wikipédia:Travaux inédits – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wikipédia:Travaux inédits" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedy:Gjin_orizjineel_%C3%BBndersyk" title="Wikipedy:Gjin orizjineel ûndersyk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wikipedy:Gjin orizjineel ûndersyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:A_Wikipedia_non_%C3%A9_unha_fonte_primaria" title="Wikipedia:A Wikipedia non é unha fonte primaria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Wikipedia:A Wikipedia non é unha fonte primaria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE:%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A7%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%82" title="વિકિપીડિયા:પ્રારંભિક સંશોધન નહીં – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વિકિપીડિયા:પ્રારંભિક સંશોધન નહીં" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EB%8F%85%EC%9E%90_%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC_%EA%B8%88%EC%A7%80" title="위키백과:독자 연구 금지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위키백과:독자 연구 금지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1:%D5%88%D5%B9_%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A6%D5%A2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վիքիպեդիա:Ոչ մի սկզբնական հետազոտություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիքիպեդիա:Ոչ մի սկզբնական հետազոտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82" title="विकिपीडिया:मूल शोध नहीं – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विकिपीडिया:मूल शोध नहीं" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Bez_vlastitog_istra%C5%BEivanja" title="Wikipedija:Bez vlastitog istraživanja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wikipedija:Bez vlastitog istraživanja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Awan_ti_kasisigud_a_panagsukimat" title="Wikipedia:Awan ti kasisigud a panagsukimat – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Wikipedia:Awan ti kasisigud a panagsukimat" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bukan_riset_asli" title="Wikipedia:Bukan riset asli – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wikipedia:Bukan riset asli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Engar_frumranns%C3%B3knir" title="Wikipedia:Engar frumrannsóknir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Wikipedia:Engar frumrannsóknir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Niente_ricerche_originali" title="Wikipedia:Niente ricerche originali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wikipedia:Niente ricerche originali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94:%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99" title="ויקיפדיה:מחקר מקורי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויקיפדיה:מחקר מקורי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Dudu_riset_asli" title="Wikipédia:Dudu riset asli – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wikipédia:Dudu riset asli" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF:%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81" title="ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಸ್ವಂತ ಸಂಶೋಧನೆ ಸಲ್ಲದು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಕಿಪೀಡಿಯ:ಸ್ವಂತ ಸಂಶೋಧನೆ ಸಲ್ಲದು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90:%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ვიკიპედია:ორიგინალური კვლევის დაუშვებლობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიკიპედია:ორიგინალური კვლევის დაუშვებლობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D3%A8%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Уикипедия:Өзіндік зерттеулерге жол бермеу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уикипедия:Өзіндік зерттеулерге жол бермеу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedija:Vikipedija_n%C4%97ra_pirminis_%C5%A1altinis" title="Vikipedija:Vikipedija nėra pirminis šaltinis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vikipedija:Vikipedija nėra pirminis šaltinis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:A_Wikip%C3%A9dia_nem_az_els%C5%91_k%C3%B6zl%C3%A9s_helye" title="Wikipédia:A Wikipédia nem az első közlés helye – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wikipédia:A Wikipédia nem az első közlés helye" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Википедија:Без свои истражувања – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Википедија:Без свои истражувања" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ:കണ്ടെത്തലുകൾ അരുത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ:കണ്ടെത്തലുകൾ അരുത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%85%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%89" title="ويكيبيديا:مش بحث بدائى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويكيبيديا:مش بحث بدائى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D9%BE:%D9%BE%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%85_%DA%AF%D9%BE" title="ویکی‌پدیا گپ:پرچم گپ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا گپ:پرچم گپ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Larangan_penyelidikan_asli" title="Wikipedia:Larangan penyelidikan asli – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wikipedia:Larangan penyelidikan asli" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bukan_riset_nan_usali" title="Wikipedia:Bukan riset nan usali – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Wikipedia:Bukan riset nan usali" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8:%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%91%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%94%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား:ကိုယ်တိုင် ထုတ်ဖော်ထားသော သုတေသနများ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား:ကိုယ်တိုင် ထုတ်ဖော်ထားသော သုတေသနများ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Geen_origineel_onderzoek" title="Wikipedia:Geen origineel onderzoek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wikipedia:Geen origineel onderzoek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A7" title="विकिपिडिया:मूलअनुसन्धानमा लेख निषेध – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विकिपिडिया:मूलअनुसन्धानमा लेख निषेध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%8B%AC%E8%87%AA%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%81%AF%E8%BC%89%E3%81%9B%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84" title="Wikipedia:独自研究は載せない – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Wikipedia:独自研究は載せない" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ingen_originalforskning_(utkast)" title="Wikipedia:Ingen originalforskning (utkast) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wikipedia:Ingen originalforskning (utkast)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inga_ny_forsking" title="Wikipedia:Inga ny forsking – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Wikipedia:Inga ny forsking" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya:Mustaqil_tadqiqotlarning_taqiqlanganligi" title="Vikipediya:Mustaqil tadqiqotlarning taqiqlanganligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vikipediya:Mustaqil tadqiqotlarning taqiqlanganligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Nie_przedstawiamy_tw%C3%B3rczo%C5%9Bci_w%C5%82asnej" title="Wikipedia:Nie przedstawiamy twórczości własnej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wikipedia:Nie przedstawiamy twórczości własnej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Nada_de_pesquisa_in%C3%A9dita" title="Wikipédia:Nada de pesquisa inédita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wikipédia:Nada de pesquisa inédita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%C3%93z_betinshe_izertlewlerdi%C5%84_qada%C7%B5anl%C4%B1%C7%B5%C4%B1" title="Wikipedia:Óz betinshe izertlewlerdiń qadaǵanlıǵı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Wikipedia:Óz betinshe izertlewlerdiń qadaǵanlıǵı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:F%C4%83r%C4%83_cercetare_original%C4%83" title="Wikipedia:Fără cercetare originală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wikipedia:Fără cercetare originală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Википедия:Недопустимость оригинальных исследований – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Википедия:Недопустимость оригинальных исследований" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Na_oreeginal_resairch" title="Wikipedia:Na oreeginal resairch – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wikipedia:Na oreeginal resairch" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Jo_hulumtime_vetjake" title="Wikipedia:Jo hulumtime vetjake – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Wikipedia:Jo hulumtime vetjake" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Nenti_ricerchi_urigginali" title="Wikipedia:Nenti ricerchi urigginali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Wikipedia:Nenti ricerchi urigginali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F:%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%85%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1" title="විකිපීඩියා:සම්භූති චින්තනයෙන් වැළකෙන්න – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විකිපීඩියා:සම්භූති චින්තනයෙන් වැළකෙන්න" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wikipedia:No original research" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:%C5%BDiadny_vlastn%C3%BD_v%C3%BDskum" title="Wikipédia:Žiadny vlastný výskum – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Wikipédia:Žiadny vlastný výskum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Brez_izvirnega_raziskovanja" title="Wikipedija:Brez izvirnega raziskovanja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Wikipedija:Brez izvirnega raziskovanja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%82%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%BA%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%95" title="ویکیپیدیا:توێژینەوەی سەرەتایی قەدەغەیە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ویکیپیدیا:توێژینەوەی سەرەتایی قەدەغەیە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Википедија:Без оригиналног истраживања – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Википедија:Без оригиналног истраживања" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Bez_vlastitog_istra%C5%BEivanja" title="Wikipedija:Bez vlastitog istraživanja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wikipedija:Bez vlastitog istraživanja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ei_uutta_tutkimusta" title="Wikipedia:Ei uutta tutkimusta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wikipedia:Ei uutta tutkimusta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ingen_originalforskning" title="Wikipedia:Ingen originalforskning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wikipedia:Ingen originalforskning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE:%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="விக்கிப்பீடியா:புத்தாக்க ஆய்வு கூடாது – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விக்கிப்பீடியா:புத்தாக்க ஆய்வு கூடாது" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D2%AE%D0%B7_%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BD%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5%D2%A3_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%88" title="Википедия:Үз эзләнүләрең булмаска тиеш – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Википедия:Үз эзләнүләрең булмаска тиеш" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE:%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%82" title="వికీపీడియా:మౌలిక పరిశోధనలు నిషిద్ధం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వికీపీడియా:మౌలిక పరిశోధనలు నిషిద్ధం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A" title="วิกิพีเดีย:งดงานค้นคว้าต้นฉบับ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิกิพีเดีย:งดงานค้นคว้าต้นฉบับ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0:%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%B3%D2%9B%D0%B8%D2%9B%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Википедиа:Норавоии таҳқиқи аслӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Википедиа:Норавоии таҳқиқи аслӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedi:%C3%96zg%C3%BCn_ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalara_yer_vermemek" title="Vikipedi:Özgün araştırmalara yer vermemek – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vikipedi:Özgün araştırmalara yer vermemek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedi%C3%BDa:Elin_agtary%C5%9F_gadagan" title="Wikipediýa:Elin agtaryş gadagan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Wikipediýa:Elin agtaryş gadagan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F:%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Вікіпедія:Жодних оригінальних досліджень – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вікіпедія:Жодних оригінальних досліджень" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82_%D9%86%DB%81%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="ویکیپیڈیا:اصل تحقیق نہیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ویکیپیڈیا:اصل تحقیق نہیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Kh%C3%B4ng_%C4%91%C4%83ng_nghi%C3%AAn_c%E1%BB%A9u_ch%C6%B0a_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_c%C3%B4ng_b%E1%BB%91" title="Wikipedia:Không đăng nghiên cứu chưa được công bố – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wikipedia:Không đăng nghiên cứu chưa được công bố" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%B0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D6%BC%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A2:%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="װיקיפּעדיע:קיין אריגינעלע פארשונג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="װיקיפּעדיע:קיין אריגינעלע פארשונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%9D%9E%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%9B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="Wikipedia:非原创研究 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Wikipedia:非原创研究" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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/></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikimedia policy page</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:NOR" redirects here. For the Norway WikiProject, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Norway" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Norway">Wikipedia:WikiProject Norway</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:OR" redirects here. For WikiProject Oregon, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Oregon" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Oregon">Wikipedia:WikiProject Oregon</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For raising issues with specific articles, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research/Noticeboard" title="Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard">Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/30px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/45px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/60px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This page documents an English Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">policy</a>.</b><div style="font-size: 90%;">It describes a widely accepted standard that all editors should <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">normally</a> follow. Changes made to it should reflect <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PGCHANGE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PGCHANGE">consensus</a>.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:OR"></span><span id="WP:NOR"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:OR&redirect=no">WP:OR</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NOR&redirect=no">WP:NOR</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice nutshell" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/30px-Walnut.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/45px-Walnut.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/60px-Walnut.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This page in a nutshell:</b> Wikipedia <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FORUM" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FORUM">does not publish original thought</a>. All material in Wikipedia must be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">attributable</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">reliable, published source</a>. Articles must not contain any new analysis or synthesis of published material that reaches or implies a conclusion not clearly stated by the sources themselves. Simple calculations are not original research, see <a href="#Routine_calculations">§ Routine calculations</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box{background-color:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .help-box .sidebar-heading{background:#082849}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239945185">.mw-parser-output .content-policy-list{width:200px;clear:right}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks help-box noprint content-policy-list plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content policies">Content policies</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Neutral point of view</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image use policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Content_policy_list" title="Template:Content policy list"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Content_policy_list" title="Template talk:Content policy list"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Content_policy_list" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Content policy list"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manusingmicroscope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Manusingmicroscope.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="252" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="252"/></a><figcaption>Outside Wikipedia, original research is a key part of scholarly work. However, Wikipedia editors must base their contributions on reliable, published sources, not their <em>own</em> original research.</figcaption></figure> <p><strong>Wikipedia articles must not contain original research.</strong> On <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, <i>original research</i> means material—such as facts, allegations, and ideas—for which no <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">reliable, published source</a> exists.<sup id="cite_ref-Exists_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exists-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes any analysis or synthesis of published material that <a href="#Synthesis_of_published_material"> reaches or implies a conclusion not stated by the sources</a>. To demonstrate that you are not adding original research, you must be able to cite reliable, published sources that are <em>directly related</em> to the topic of the article and <em>directly support</em><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the material being presented. </p><p>The prohibition against original research means that all material added to articles must be <em>verifiable</em> in a reliable, published source, even if not already <em>verified</em> via an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">inline citation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiability policy</a> says that an inline citation to a reliable source must be provided for all quotations, and for anything <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CHALLENGED" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CHALLENGED">challenged or likely to be challenged</a>—but a source <em>must</em> exist even for material that is never challenged.<sup id="cite_ref-Exists_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exists-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the statement "the capital of France is Paris" does not require a source to be cited, nor is it original research, because it's not something you thought up and it is easily verifiable; therefore, no one is likely to object to it and we know that sources exist for it even if they are not cited. The statement is verifi<em>able</em>, even if not verifi<em>ed</em>. </p><p>Despite the need for reliable sources, you must not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Plagiarism" title="Wikipedia:Plagiarism">plagiarize</a> them or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_violations" title="Wikipedia:Copyright violations">violate their copyrights</a>. Rewriting source material in your own words while retaining the substance is not considered original research. </p><p>"No original research" (NOR) is one of three core content policies that, along with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Neutral point of view</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a>, determines the type and quality of material acceptable in articles. Because these policies work in harmony, they should not be interpreted in isolation from one another, and editors should familiarize themselves with all three. For questions about whether any particular edit constitutes original research, see the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NORN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NORN">No original research noticeboard</a>. </p><p>This policy does not apply to <a href="/wiki/Help:Using_talk_pages" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Using talk pages">talk pages</a> and other pages which evaluate article content and sources, such as deletion discussions or policy noticeboards. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Using_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Using_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Using_sources"></span>Using sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Using_sources"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:STICKTOTHESOURCE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:STICKTOTHESOURCE&redirect=no">WP:STICKTOTHESOURCE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Wikipedia is fundamentally built on research that has been collected and organized from <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>, as described in content policies such as this one. If no reliable <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">independent sources</a> can be found on a topic, Wikipedia should not have an article about it. If you discover something new, Wikipedia is not the place to announce such a discovery. </p><p>The best practice is to research the most reliable sources on the topic and summarize what they say in your own words, with each statement in the article being verifiable in a source that makes that statement explicitly. Source material should be carefully summarized or rephrased without changing its meaning or implication. Take care not to go beyond what the sources express or to use them in ways inconsistent with the intention of the source, such as using material <a href="/wiki/Out_of_context" class="mw-redirect" title="Out of context">out of context</a>. In short, <i>stick to the sources</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reliable_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Reliable_sources-Using_sources"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Reliable_sources-Using_sources"></span>Reliable sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Reliable_sources-Using_sources"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia:Verifiability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">Wikipedia:Reliable sources</a></div> <p>Any material challenged or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LIKELY" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:LIKELY">likely to be challenged</a> must be supported by a reliable source. Material for which no reliable source can be found is considered original research. The only way you can show that your edit is not original research is to cite a reliable published source that contains the same material. Even with well-sourced material, if you use it out of context, or to state or imply a conclusion not <i>directly and explicitly</i> supported by the source, you are engaging in original research; see <a href="#Synthesis_of_published_material">below</a>. </p><p>In general, the most reliable sources are: </p> <ul><li>Peer-reviewed journals</li> <li>Books published by university presses</li> <li>University-level textbooks</li> <li>Magazines, journals, and books published by respected publishing houses</li> <li>Mainstream newspapers</li></ul> <p>However, note that higher standards than this are required for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:MEDRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:MEDRS">medical claims</a>. </p><p>As a rule of thumb, the more people engaged in checking facts, analyzing legal issues, and scrutinizing the writing, the more reliable the publication. Self-published material, whether on paper or online, is generally not regarded as reliable. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPS">self-published sources</a> for exceptions. </p><p>Information in an article must be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiable</a> in the references cited. In general, article statements should not rely on unclear or inconsistent passages or on passing comments. Any passages open to multiple interpretations should be precisely cited or avoided. A summary of extensive discussion should reflect the conclusions of the source. Drawing conclusions not evident in the reference is original research regardless of the type of source. References must be cited in context and on topic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" data-mw-thread-id="h-Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources-Using_sources"><span id="Primary.2C_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources-Using_sources"></span>Primary, secondary and tertiary sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources-Using_sources"></span></h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Primary,_secondary,_and_tertiary_sources"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:PSTS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PSTS&redirect=no">WP:PSTS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying and using primary sources">Wikipedia:Identifying and using primary sources</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Based_upon" title="Wikipedia:Based upon">Wikipedia:Based upon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Published" title="Wikipedia:Published">Wikipedia:Published</a></div> <p>Wikipedia articles should be based on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a>, published <a href="/wiki/Secondary_source" title="Secondary source">secondary sources</a>, and to a lesser extent, on <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_source" title="Tertiary source">tertiary sources</a> and <a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary sources</a>. Secondary or tertiary sources are needed to establish the topic's notability and avoid novel interpretations of primary sources. All analyses and interpretive or synthetic claims about primary sources must be referenced to a secondary or tertiary source and must not be an original analysis of the primary-source material by Wikipedia editors. </p><p>Appropriate sourcing can be a complicated issue, and these are general rules. Deciding whether primary, secondary, or tertiary sources are appropriate in any given instance is a matter of good editorial judgment and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:COMMON" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:COMMON">common sense</a>, and should be discussed on article talk pages. A source may be considered primary for one statement but secondary for a different one. Even a given source can contain both primary and secondary source material for one particular statement. For the purposes of this policy, primary, secondary and tertiary sources are defined as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:PRIMARY"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:PRIMARY&redirect=no">WP:PRIMARY</a></span></li></ul></div></div><p><span class="anchor" id="Primary"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:PRIMARY" redirects here. For the article naming guideline, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PRIMARYTOPIC" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PRIMARYTOPIC">WP:PRIMARYTOPIC</a>.</div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">Primary sources</a></b> are original materials that are close to an event, and are often accounts written by people who are directly involved. They offer an insider's view of an event, a period of history, a work of art, a political decision, and so on. Primary sources may or may not be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">independent sources</a>. An account of a traffic incident written by a witness is a primary source of information about the event; similarly, a scientific paper documenting a new experiment conducted by the author is a primary source for the outcome of that experiment. For Wikipedia's purposes, breaking news stories are also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources#Breaking_news" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">considered</a> to be primary sources. Historical documents such as diaries are as well.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd><span style="color:maroon;"><i><b>Policy</b></i></span>: Unless restricted by another policy, <ol><li>Primary sources that have been <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">reputably published</a></b> may be used in Wikipedia, but only with care, because it is easy to misuse them.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Any <i>interpretation</i> of primary source material requires a reliable secondary source for that interpretation. While a primary source is generally the best source for its own contents, even over a summary of the primary source elsewhere, do not put <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UNDUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UNDUE">undue weight</a> on its contents.</li> <li>A primary source may be used on Wikipedia only to make straightforward, descriptive <b>statements of facts</b> that can be <b>verified by any educated person with access</b> to the primary source but without further, specialized knowledge. For example, an article about a musician may cite discographies and track listings published by the record label, and an article about a novel may cite passages to describe the plot, but any interpretation needs a secondary source.</li> <li><strong>Do not</strong> analyze, evaluate, interpret, or synthesize material found in a primary source yourself; instead, refer to reliable secondary sources that do so.</li> <li>Do not base an entire article on primary sources, and be cautious about basing large passages on them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:No_original_research#New_articles_based_on_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia talk:No original research"><span title="Wikipedia talk:No original research#New articles based on primary sources">under discussion</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="I-SAW-IT"></span><strong>Do not</strong> add unsourced material from your personal experience, because that would make Wikipedia a primary source of that material.</li> <li>Use <strong>extra caution</strong> when handling primary sources about <strong>living people</strong>; see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Avoid_misuse_of_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">WP:Biographies of living persons § Avoid misuse of primary sources</a>, which is policy.</li></ol></dd></dl></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Secondary"></span><span class="anchor" id="AEIS"></span><span class="anchor" id="aeis"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:SECONDARY"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SECONDARY&redirect=no">WP:SECONDARY</a></span></li></ul></div></div>A <b><a href="/wiki/Secondary_source" title="Secondary source">secondary source</a></b> provides thought and reflection based on primary sources, generally at least one step removed from an event. It contains <i>analysis, evaluation, interpretation, or synthesis</i> of the facts, evidence, concepts, and ideas taken from primary sources. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Secondary_does_not_mean_independent" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Secondary does not mean independent">Secondary sources are not necessarily independent sources</a>. They rely on primary sources for their material, making analytic or evaluative claims about them.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a review article that analyzes research papers in a field is a secondary source for the research.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether a source is primary or secondary depends on context. A book by a military historian about the Second World War might be a secondary source about the war, but where it includes details of the author's own war experiences, it would be a primary source about those experiences. A book review too can be an opinion, summary, or scholarly review.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd><span style="color:maroon;"><i><b>Policy</b></i></span>: Wikipedia articles usually rely on material from reliable secondary sources. Articles may make an analytic, evaluative, interpretive, or synthetic claim <i>only if</i> it has been published by a reliable secondary source.</dd></dl></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Tertiary"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:TERTIARY"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:TERTIARY&redirect=no">WP:TERTIARY</a></span></li></ul></div></div><b><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_source" title="Tertiary source">Tertiary sources</a></b> are publications such as encyclopedias and other <a href="/wiki/Compendium" title="Compendium">compendia</a> that summarize, and often quote, primary and secondary sources. Wikipedia is considered to be a tertiary source.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many introductory undergraduate-level textbooks are regarded as tertiary sources because they sum up multiple secondary sources. <dl><dd><span style="color:maroon;"><i><b>Policy</b></i></span>: Reliable tertiary sources can help provide broad summaries of topics that involve many primary and secondary sources and may help evaluate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DUE">due weight</a>, especially when primary or secondary sources contradict each other. Some tertiary sources are more reliable than others. Within any given tertiary source, some entries may be more reliable than others. Wikipedia articles may not be used as tertiary sources in other Wikipedia articles, but are sometimes used as primary sources in articles about Wikipedia itself (see <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia" title="Category:Wikipedia">Category:Wikipedia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:WikiProject_Wikipedia_articles" title="Category:WikiProject Wikipedia articles">Category:WikiProject Wikipedia articles</a>).</dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Synthesis_of_published_material" data-mw-thread-id="h-Synthesis_of_published_material"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Synthesis_of_published_material"></span>Synthesis of published material<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Synthesis_of_published_material"></span></h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Synthesis_of_published_material_that_advances_a_position"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:SYNTH"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SYNTH&redirect=no">WP:SYNTH</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_SYNTH_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What SYNTH is not">Wikipedia:What SYNTH is not</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Text–source_integrity" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources § Text–source integrity</a></div> <p>Do not combine material from multiple sources to state or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by any of the sources. Similarly, do not combine different parts of one source to state or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by the source. If one reliable source says A and another reliable source says B, do not join A and B together to imply a conclusion C not mentioned by either of the sources. This would be improper editorial <i>synthesis</i> of published material to imply a new conclusion, which is <b>original research</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "A and B, therefore, C" is acceptable <i>only if</i> a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">reliable source</a> has published the same argument concerning the topic of the article. If a single source says "A" in one context, and "B" in another, without connecting them, and does not provide an argument of "therefore C", then "therefore C" cannot be used in any article. </p><p>Here are two sentences showing simple examples of improper editorial synthesis. Both halves of the first sentence may be reliably sourced but are combined to imply that the UN has failed to maintain world peace. <i>If no reliable source has combined the material in this way, it is original research.</i> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style="width:70%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> <b>The United Nations' stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, but since its creation there have been 160 wars throughout the world.</b> </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>In this second sentence, the opposite is implied using the same material, illustrating how easily such material can be manipulated when the sources are not adhered to: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style="width:70%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> <b>The United Nations' stated objective is to maintain international peace and security, and since its creation there have been only 160 wars throughout the world.</b> </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>Here are two paragraphs showing more complex examples of editorial synthesis. They are based on an actual Wikipedia article about a dispute between two authors, here called Smith and Jones. This first paragraph is fine because each of the sentences is carefully sourced, using a source that refers to the same dispute: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style="width:70%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <b>Smith stated that Jones committed plagiarism by copying references from another author's book. Jones responded that it is acceptable scholarly practice to use other people's books to find new references.</b> </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>This second paragraph demonstrates improper editorial synthesis: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style="width:70%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> <b>If Jones did not consult the original sources, this would be contrary to the practice recommended in the Harvard <i>Writing with Sources</i> manual, which requires citation of the source actually consulted. The Harvard manual does not call violating this rule "plagiarism". Instead, plagiarism is defined as using a source's information, ideas, words, or structure without citing them.</b> </p> </blockquote> </div> <p>The second paragraph is original research because it expresses a Wikipedia editor's opinion that, given the Harvard manual's definition of plagiarism, Jones did not commit it. Making the second paragraph policy-compliant would require a reliable source <i>specifically commenting on the Smith and Jones dispute and making the same point about the Harvard manual and plagiarism</i>. In other words, that precise analysis must have been published by a reliable source concerning the topic before it can be published on Wikipedia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="What_is_not_original_research" data-mw-thread-id="h-What_is_not_original_research"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-What_is_not_original_research"></span>What is not original research<span data-mw-comment-end="h-What_is_not_original_research"></span></h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_images" data-mw-thread-id="h-Original_images-What_is_not_original_research"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Original_images-What_is_not_original_research"></span>Original images<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Original_images-What_is_not_original_research"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:OI"></span><span id="WP:IMAGEOR"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:OI&redirect=no">WP:OI</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:IMAGEOR&redirect=no">WP:IMAGEOR</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images#Pertinence_and_encyclopedic_nature" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">WP:Manual of Style/Images § Pertinence and encyclopedic nature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Image_titles_and_file_names" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">WP:Image use policy § Image titles and file names</a></div> <p>Because of copyright laws in several countries, there are relatively few images available for use on Wikipedia. Editors are therefore encouraged to upload their own images, releasing them under appropriate <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons licenses</a> or other free licenses. Original images created by a Wikimedian are not considered original research, <i>so long as they do not illustrate or introduce unpublished ideas or arguments</i>, the core reason behind the "No original research" policy. Image captions are subject to this policy no less than statements in the body of the article. </p><p>It is not acceptable for an editor to use <a href="/wiki/Photo_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo manipulation">photo manipulation</a> to distort the facts or position illustrated by an image. Manipulated images should be prominently noted as such. Any manipulated image where the encyclopedic value is materially affected should be posted to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Files_for_discussion" title="Wikipedia:Files for discussion">Wikipedia:Files for discussion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons#Images" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Images of living persons</a> must not present the subject in a false or disparaging light. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations_and_transcriptions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Translations_and_transcriptions-What_is_not_original_research"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Translations_and_transcriptions-What_is_not_original_research"></span>Translations and transcriptions<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Translations_and_transcriptions-What_is_not_original_research"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:TRANSCRIPTION"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:TRANSCRIPTION&redirect=no">WP:TRANSCRIPTION</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a></div> <p>Faithfully translating sourced material into English, or transcribing spoken words from audio or video sources, is not considered original research. For information on how to handle sources that require translation, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Non-English_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">WP:Verifiability § Non-English sources</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acceptable_media" data-mw-thread-id="h-Acceptable_media-What_is_not_original_research"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Acceptable_media-What_is_not_original_research"></span>Acceptable media<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Acceptable_media-What_is_not_original_research"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:ORMEDIA"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:ORMEDIA&redirect=no">WP:ORMEDIA</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Source information does not need to be in prose form: Any form of information, such as maps, charts, graphs, and tables may be used to provide source information. Any straightforward reading of such media is not original research provided that there is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a> among editors that the techniques used are correctly applied and a meaningful reflection of the sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Routine_calculations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Routine_calculations-What_is_not_original_research"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Routine_calculations-What_is_not_original_research"></span>Routine calculations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Routine_calculations-What_is_not_original_research"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:CALC"></span><span id="WP:CALCULATION"></span><span id="WP:2+2=4"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CALC&redirect=no">WP:CALC</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:CALCULATION&redirect=no">WP:CALCULATION</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:2%2B2%3D4&redirect=no">WP:2+2=4</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Routine calculations do not count as original research, provided there is consensus among editors that the results of the calculations are correct, and a meaningful reflection of the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. <a href="/wiki/Basic_arithmetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic arithmetic">Basic arithmetic</a>, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age, is almost always permissible. See also <a href="/wiki/Category:Conversion_templates" title="Category:Conversion templates">Category:Conversion templates</a>. </p><p>Mathematical literacy may be necessary to follow a "routine" calculation, particularly for articles on mathematics or in the hard sciences. In some cases, editors may show their work in a footnote. </p><p>Comparisons of statistics present particular difficulties. Editors should not compare statistics from sources that use different methodologies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Related_policies" data-mw-thread-id="h-Related_policies"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Related_policies"></span>Related policies<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Related_policies"></span></h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verifiability" data-mw-thread-id="h-Verifiability-Related_policies"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Verifiability-Related_policies"></span>Verifiability<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Verifiability-Related_policies"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia:Verifiability</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:VERIFYOR"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:VERIFYOR&redirect=no">WP:VERIFYOR</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Wikipedia's content is determined by <b>previously published information</b> rather than by the personal beliefs or experiences of its editors. Even if you're sure something is <i>true</i>, it <i>must</i> be verifiable before you can add it. The policy says that all challenged or likely to be challenged material and all quotations need a reliable source; what counts as a reliable source is described at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">WP:Verifiability § Reliable sources</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutral_point_of_view" data-mw-thread-id="h-Neutral_point_of_view-Related_policies"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Neutral_point_of_view-Related_policies"></span>Neutral point of view<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Neutral_point_of_view-Related_policies"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Wikipedia:Neutral point of view</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:NPOVOR"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:NPOVOR&redirect=no">WP:NPOVOR</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>The prohibition against original research limits the extent to which editors may present their own points of view in articles. By reinforcing the importance of including verifiable research produced by others, this policy promotes the inclusion of multiple points of view. Consequently, this policy reinforces our neutrality policy. In many cases, there are multiple established views of any given topic. In such cases, no single position, no matter how well researched, is authoritative. It is not the responsibility of any individual editor to research <i>all</i> points of view. But when incorporating research into an article, editors must provide context for this point of view by indicating how prevalent the position is and whether it is held by a majority or minority. </p><p>The inclusion of a view that is held by only a tiny minority may constitute original research. <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wales" title="Jimmy Wales">Jimbo Wales</a> has said of this: </p> <ul><li>If your viewpoint is in the majority, then it should be easy to substantiate it with references to commonly accepted reference texts;</li> <li>If your viewpoint is held by a significant minority, then it should be easy to name prominent adherents;</li> <li>If your viewpoint is held by an extremely small minority, then—whether it's true or not, whether you can prove it, or not—it doesn't belong in Wikipedia, except perhaps in some ancillary article. Wikipedia is not the place for original research.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"/></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikiversity" title="Wikiversity">Wikiversity</a> allows <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:What_is_Wikiversity%3F#Wikiversity_for_researching" class="extiw" title="v:Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity?">original research</a></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guidelines" data-mw-thread-id="h-Guidelines-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Guidelines-See_also"></span>Guidelines<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Guidelines-See_also"></span></h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest#Citing_yourself" title="Wikipedia:Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest § Citing yourself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research/Examples" title="Wikipedia:No original research/Examples">No original research examples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research/Noticeboard" title="Wikipedia:No original research/Noticeboard">No original research noticeboard</a>—discussions of specific article content suspected of being OR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_is_not_for_things_made_up_one_day" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not for things made up one day">Wikipedia is not for things made up one day</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Templates" data-mw-thread-id="h-Templates-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Templates-See_also"></span>Templates<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Templates-See_also"></span></h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Original_research" title="Template:Original research">Original research</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>—used to warn of original research</li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Original_research_section" title="Template:Original research section">Original research section</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>—to warn of original research in an article section</li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:OR" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:OR">OR</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>—inline tag used to warn of original research</li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Synthesis" title="Template:Synthesis">Synthesis</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>—used to warn of unpublished synthesis</li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:AEIS" title="Template:AEIS">AEIS</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>—used in talk/noticeboards to remind that <i>analytic, evaluative, interpretive, or synthetic</i> claims require secondary sources</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_messages/Disputes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Template messages/Disputes">Template messages/Disputes</a>—lists other warning templates related to OR, among others</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supplemental_pages" data-mw-thread-id="h-Supplemental_pages-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Supplemental_pages-See_also"></span>Supplemental pages<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Supplemental_pages-See_also"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Core_content_policies#History" title="Wikipedia:Core content policies">Core content policies § History</a>, an overview of the origin of this policy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_independent_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying and using independent sources">Identifying and using independent sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying and using primary sources">Identifying and using primary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:These_are_not_original_research" title="Wikipedia:These are not original research">These are not original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_SYNTH_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What SYNTH is not">What SYNTH is not</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite#When_a_source_or_citation_may_not_be_needed" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">When to cite § When a source or citation may not be needed</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Essays" data-mw-thread-id="h-Essays-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Essays-See_also"></span>Essays<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Essays-See_also"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cherrypicking" title="Wikipedia:Cherrypicking">Cherrypicking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dictionaries_as_sources" title="Wikipedia:Dictionaries as sources">Dictionaries as sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_style_guides" title="Wikipedia:Identifying and using style guides">Identifying and using style guides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_and_using_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying and using tertiary sources">Identifying and using tertiary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Party_and_person" title="Wikipedia:Party and person">Party and person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:POV_and_OR_from_editors,_sources,_and_fields" title="Wikipedia:POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields">POV and OR from editors, sources, and fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Using_maps_and_similar_sources_in_Wikipedia_articles" title="Wikipedia:Using maps and similar sources in Wikipedia articles">Using maps and similar sources in Wikipedia articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:1.5_sources" title="Wikipedia:1.5 sources">1.5 sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:You_don%27t_need_to_cite_that_the_sky_is_blue" title="Wikipedia:You don't need to cite that the sky is blue">You don't need to cite that the sky is blue</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_help" data-mw-thread-id="h-Research_help-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Research_help-See_also"></span>Research help<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Research_help-See_also"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Resource_Request" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request">WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">The Wikipedia Library</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Exists-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Exists_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Exists_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">By "exist", the community means that the reliable source must have been published and still exist—somewhere in the world, in any language, whether or not it is reachable online—even if no source is currently named in the article. Articles that currently name zero references of any type may be fully compliant with this policy—so long as there is a <em>reasonable expectation</em> that every bit of material is supported by a published, reliable source.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A source "directly supports" a given piece of material if the information is present <em>explicitly</em> in the source so that using this source to support the material is not a violation of this policy against original research. For questions about where and how to place citations, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Citations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section § Citations</a>, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Libraries" title="University of Maryland Libraries">University of Maryland Libraries</a> provides typical examples of primary, secondary and tertiary sources.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="anchor" id="defs"></span><span class="anchor" id="NORPS"></span><span class="anchor" id="NOROPED"></span>Further examples of primary sources include: archeological artifacts; census results; video or transcripts of surveillance, public hearings, etc.; investigative reports; trial/litigation in any country (including material – which relates to either the trial or to any of the parties involved in the trial – published/authored by any involved party, before, during or after the trial); editorials, op-eds, columns, blogs, and other opinion pieces, including (depending on context) reviews and interviews <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources#News_organizations" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">Wikipedia:Reliable sources § News organizations</a>)</span>; tabulated results of surveys or questionnaires; original philosophical works; religious scripture; medieval and ancient works, even if they cite earlier known or lost writings; tomb plaques and gravestones; and artistic and fictional works such as poems, scripts, screenplays, novels, motion pictures, videos, and television programs. For definitions of primary sources: <div><ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Reno" title="University of Nevada, Reno">University of Nevada, Reno</a> Libraries define primary sources as providing "an inside view of a particular event". They offer as examples: <b>original documents</b>, such as autobiographies, diaries, e-mail, interviews, letters, minutes, news film footage, official records, photographs, raw research data, and speeches; <b>creative works</b>, such as art, drama, films, music, novels, and poetry; and <b>relics or artifacts</b>, such as buildings, clothing, DNA, furniture, jewelry, and pottery.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley_Libraries" title="University of California, Berkeley Libraries">University of California, Berkeley Libraries</a> offers this definition: "Primary sources were either created during the time period being studied or were created at a later date by a participant in the events being studied (as in the case of memoirs). They reflect the individual viewpoint of a participant or observer. Primary sources enable the researcher to get as close as possible to what actually happened during an historical event or time period".<sup id="cite_ref-Berkeley_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkeley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Libraries" title="Duke University Libraries">Duke University Libraries</a> offers this definition: "A primary source is a first-hand account of an event. Primary sources may include newspaper articles, letters, diaries, interviews, laws, reports of government commissions, and many other types of documents."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Any exceptional claim would require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Exceptional_claims_require_exceptional_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">exceptional sources</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley_Libraries" title="University of California, Berkeley Libraries">University of California, Berkeley Libraries</a> defines "secondary source" as "a work that interprets or analyzes an historical event or phenomenon. It is generally at least one step removed from the event".<sup id="cite_ref-Berkeley_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkeley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Ithaca College Library's page on primary and secondary sources compares research articles to review articles.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Be aware that either type of article can be both a primary and secondary source, although research articles tend to be more useful as primary sources and review articles as secondary sources.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Book reviews may be found listed under separate sections within a news source or might be embedded within larger news reports. Having multiple coverages in book reviews is considered one of the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability_(books)" title="Wikipedia:Notability (books)">notability criteria for books</a>; book reviews should be considered as supporting sources in articles about books. Avoid using book reviews as reliable sources for the topics covered in the book. A book review is intended to be an independent review of the book, the author, and related writing issues, not a secondary source for the topics covered within the book. For definitions of book reviews: <div><ul><li>Princeton's Wordnet 2011 defines book review as "a critical review of a book (usually, [of] a recently published book)".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Virginia Tech University Libraries provides the following definition: "A book review is an article that is published in a newspaper, magazine, or scholarly work that describes and evaluates a book.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Reviews differ from literary critiques of books. Critiques explore the style and themes used by an author or genre."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While it is a tertiary source, Wikipedia is not considered a reliable source for Wikipedia articles; see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">WP:Verifiability § Wikipedia and sources that mirror or use it</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources#User-generated_content" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">WP:Reliable sources § User-generated content</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jimmy Wales has said of synthesized historical theories: "Some who completely understand why Wikipedia ought not create novel theories of physics by citing the results of experiments and so on and synthesizing them into something new, may fail to see how the same thing applies to history."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="References" data-mw-thread-id="h-References"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References"></span>References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References"></span></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130201122612/http://www.lib.umd.edu/ues/guides/primary-sources">"Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sources"</a>. University of Maryland Libraries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.umd.edu/ues/guides/primary-sources">the original</a> on 1 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Primary%2C+Secondary+and+Tertiary+Sources&rft.pub=University+of+Maryland+Libraries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.umd.edu%2Fues%2Fguides%2Fprimary-sources&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ANo+original+research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070209235512/http://www.library.unr.edu/instruction/help/primary.html">"What is a Primary Source?"</a>. University of Nevada, Reno Libraries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.unr.edu/instruction/help/primary.html">the original</a> on 9 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+a+Primary+Source%3F&rft.pub=University+of+Nevada%2C+Reno+Libraries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.unr.edu%2Finstruction%2Fhelp%2Fprimary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ANo+original+research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berkeley-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berkeley_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berkeley_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120702201241/http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html">"Finding Historical Primary Sources"</a>. University of California, Berkeley Libraries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/instruct/guides/primarysources.html">the original</a> on 2 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finding+Historical+Primary+Sources&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley+Libraries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.berkeley.edu%2Finstruct%2Fguides%2Fprimarysources.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ANo+original+research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313082729/http://library.duke.edu/research/finding/primarysource.html">"How to Find Primary Sources"</a>. Duke University Libraries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.duke.edu/research/finding/primarysource.html">the original</a> on 13 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Find+Primary+Sources&rft.pub=Duke+University+Libraries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.duke.edu%2Fresearch%2Ffinding%2Fprimarysource.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ANo+original+research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131006053234/http://www.ithacalibrary.com/sp/subjects/primary">"Primary and secondary sources"</a>. Ithaca College Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ithacalibrary.com/sp/subjects/primary">the original</a> on 6 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Primary+and+secondary+sources&rft.pub=Ithaca+College+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ithacalibrary.com%2Fsp%2Fsubjects%2Fprimary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ANo+original+research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=book%20review">"book review"</a>. <i>WordNet Search 3.1</i>. Princeton University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WordNet+Search+3.1&rft.atitle=book+review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwordnetweb.princeton.edu%2Fperl%2Fwebwn%3Fs%3Dbook%2520review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ANo+original+research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130105100902/http://www.lib.vt.edu/find/byformat/bookreviews.html">"Book Reviews"</a>. Virginia Tech University Libraries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.vt.edu/find/byformat/bookreviews.html">the original</a> on 5 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+Reviews&rft.pub=Virginia+Tech+University+Libraries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.vt.edu%2Ffind%2Fbyformat%2Fbookreviews.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ANo+original+research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWales2004" class="citation web cs1">Wales, Jimmy (6 December 2004). <a class="external text" href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikien-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/ZMPYZNORFFA7QOPXZDJIVT5Q6B4RJQNE/">"Original research"</a>. <i>WikiEN-l Mailing List</i>. Wikimedia Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WikiEN-l+Mailing+List&rft.atitle=Original+research&rft.date=2004-12-06&rft.aulast=Wales&rft.aufirst=Jimmy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.wikimedia.org%2Fhyperkitty%2Flist%2Fwikien-l%40lists.wikimedia.org%2Fmessage%2FZMPYZNORFFA7QOPXZDJIVT5Q6B4RJQNE%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ANo+original+research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWales2003" class="citation web cs1">Wales, Jimmy (29 September 2003). <a class="external text" href="https://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-September/006715.html">"roy_q_royce@hotmail.com: --A Request RE a WIKIArticle--"</a>. <i>WikiEN-l Mailing List</i>. Wikimedia Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WikiEN-l+Mailing+List&rft.atitle=roy_q_royce%40hotmail.com%3A+--A+Request+RE+a+WIKIArticle--&rft.date=2003-09-29&rft.aulast=Wales&rft.aufirst=Jimmy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmail.wikipedia.org%2Fpipermail%2Fwikien-l%2F2003-September%2F006715.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ANo+original+research" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Further_reading" data-mw-thread-id="h-Further_reading"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Further_reading"></span>Further reading<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Further_reading"></span></h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Wales, Jimmy. <a class="external text" href="https://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-July/005288.html">Crackpot articles</a>, mailing list, July 12, 2003.</li> <li>Wales, Jimmy. <a class="external text" href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikien-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/WGCTIJNSFHVWGTV5IZCR3LBGXKNHZXQO/">"NPOV and 'new physics'"</a>, mailing list, September 26, 2003.</li> <li>Wales, Jimmy. <a class="external text" href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikien-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/QITEOZ47CS3YU2ELEYVHDDDNH64IDSIG/">"NPOV and 'new physics'"</a>, mailing list, September 26, 2003 (followup to above)</li> <li>Wales, Jimmy. <a class="external text" href="https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikien-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/J5YNBK754O43GRXCB47MKAH4OTJW4P6A/">"Original research"</a>, mailing list, December 3, 2004</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="External_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-External_links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-External_links"></span>External links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-External_links"></span></h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0mlGDZ1ZDFI">YouTube video demonstrating the dangers of original research</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_key_policies_and_guidelines_(?)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template talk:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_key_policies_and_guidelines_(?)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wikipedia key <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">policies and guidelines</a> <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wikipedia's policies and guidelines are developed by the community to describe best practices, clarify principles, resolve conflicts, and otherwise further our goal.">(?)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Five pillars</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Content <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="defines the scope of the encyclopedia and the material that is suitable for it">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Neutral point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Copyright</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_violations" title="Wikipedia:Copyright violations">Copyright violations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">Notability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autobiography" title="Wikipedia:Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">Reliable sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_include_the_full_text_of_lengthy_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources">Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Plagiarism" title="Wikipedia:Plagiarism">Plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_create_hoaxes" title="Wikipedia:Do not create hoaxes">Don't create hoaxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories" title="Wikipedia:Fringe theories">Fringe theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Patent_nonsense" title="Wikipedia:Patent nonsense">Patent nonsense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">External links</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Conduct <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="describes how editors can successfully collaborate and what behavior is acceptable">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Civility" title="Wikipedia:Civility">Civility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Harassment" title="Wikipedia:Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_personal_attacks" title="Wikipedia:No personal attacks">No personal attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ownership_of_content" title="Wikipedia:Ownership of content">Ownership of content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_warring" title="Wikipedia:Edit warring">Edit warring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry" title="Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry">Sockpuppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_legal_threats" title="Wikipedia:No legal threats">No legal threats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Child_protection" title="Wikipedia:Child protection">Child protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Paid-contribution_disclosure" title="Wikipedia:Paid-contribution disclosure">Paid-contribution disclosure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_good_faith" title="Wikipedia:Assume good faith">Assume good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing" title="Wikipedia:Disruptive editing">Disruptive editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_disrupt_Wikipedia_to_illustrate_a_point" title="Wikipedia:Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point">Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gaming_the_system" title="Wikipedia:Gaming the system">Gaming the system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_do_not_bite_the_newcomers" title="Wikipedia:Please do not bite the newcomers">Please do not bite the newcomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Courtesy_vanishing" title="Wikipedia:Courtesy vanishing">Courtesy vanishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Responding_to_threats_of_harm" title="Wikipedia:Responding to threats of harm">Responding to threats of harm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines">Talk page guidelines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">Signatures</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Deletion <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="explains the processes by which pages, revisions, and logs may be deleted">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy" title="Wikipedia:Deletion policy">Deletion policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion">Proposed deletion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion_of_biographies_of_living_people" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion of biographies of living people">Biographies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion">Criteria for speedy deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attack_page" title="Wikipedia:Attack page">Attack page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Oversight" title="Wikipedia:Oversight">Oversight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Revision_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Revision deletion">Revision deletion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Enforcement <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="explains the various means by which standards may be enforced">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators" title="Wikipedia:Administrators">Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Banning_policy" title="Wikipedia:Banning policy">Banning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy" title="Wikipedia:Protection policy">Page protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Editing <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="documents the various protocols about style and grouping">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editing_policy" title="Wikipedia:Editing policy">Editing policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">Summary style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_bold" title="Wikipedia:Be bold">Be bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation">Disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Broad-concept_article" title="Wikipedia:Broad-concept article">Broad-concept article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;">Style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Contents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Template namespace">Template namespace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Project content <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="protocols related to administration">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="G" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">Project namespace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide">WikiProjects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Userboxes" title="Wikipedia:Userboxes">User boxes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;;background: #dddddd;color:inherit;"><abbr title="Wikimedia Foundation">WMF</abbr> <abbr title="official policies and statements of the Wikimedia Foundation">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal; background: #e6e6e6;color:inherit;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct" class="extiw" title="wmf:Policy:Universal Code of Conduct">Universal Code of Conduct</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="wmf:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policies" class="extiw" title="wmf:Policies">List of policies</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Friendly_space_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Friendly space policy">Friendly space policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Resolution:Licensing policy">Licensing and copyright</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;;font-weight: normal;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines">List of all policies and guidelines</a></b> <ul><li><b><span style="color:#118811;"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></span></b>: <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">List of policies</a></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></span></b>: <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">List of guidelines</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Principles" title="Wikipedia:Principles">Summaries of values and principles</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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