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<li id="toc-Background_and_pre-unification_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_and_pre-unification_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background and pre-unification era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_and_pre-unification_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scramble_for_an_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scramble_for_an_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Scramble for an empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scramble_for_an_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>World War I and aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fascism_and_the_Italian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fascism_and_the_Italian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Fascism and the Italian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fascism_and_the_Italian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>End of the empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_colonies,_protectorates_and_occupied_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_colonies,_protectorates_and_occupied_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Former colonies, protectorates and occupied areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_colonies,_protectorates_and_occupied_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Italian Empire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الإمبراطورية الاستعمارية الإيطالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإمبراطورية الاستعمارية الإيطالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96_%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%96" title="Калоніі Італіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калоніі Італіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Италианска империя – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Италианска империя" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_itali%C3%A0" title="Imperi italià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi italià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italsk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Italská říše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Italská říše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_italienske_koloniimperium" title="Det italienske koloniimperium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det italienske koloniimperium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italienische_Kolonien" title="Italienische Kolonien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Italienische Kolonien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ιταλική αποικιοκρατία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιταλική αποικιοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_colonial_italiano" title="Imperio colonial italiano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imperio colonial italiano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itala_Imperio" title="Itala Imperio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Itala Imperio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiar_Inperioa" title="Italiar Inperioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Italiar Inperioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="امپراتوری ایتالیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری ایتالیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_colonial_italien" title="Empire colonial italien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Empire colonial italien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperio_Italiano" title="Imperio Italiano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperio Italiano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="이탈리아 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이탈리아 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talijansko_kolonijalno_carstvo" title="Talijansko kolonijalno carstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Talijansko kolonijalno carstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperium_Italia" title="Imperium Italia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Imperium Italia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonialismo_italiano" title="Colonialismo italiano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colonialismo italiano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האימפריה האיטלקית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האימפריה האיטלקית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijos_kolonijin%C4%97_imperija" title="Italijos kolonijinė imperija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Italijos kolonijinė imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Италијанско колонијално царство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Италијанско колонијално царство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="इटालियन वसाहती साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इटालियन वसाहती साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiaanse_koloni%C3%ABn" title="Italiaanse koloniën – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Italiaanse koloniën" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E6%A4%8D%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="イタリア植民地帝国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イタリア植民地帝国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਇਤਾਲਵੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਤਾਲਵੀ ਸਾਮਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="اطالوی سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اطالوی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolonie_w%C5%82oskie" title="Kolonie włoskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kolonie włoskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Italiano" title="Império Italiano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Italiano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperiul_colonial_italian" title="Imperiul colonial italian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperiul colonial italian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Колонии Италии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колонии Италии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A8riu_coloniale_Italianu" title="Impèriu coloniale Italianu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Impèriu coloniale Italianu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perandoria_Italiane" title="Perandoria Italiane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Perandoria Italiane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="سلطنت اطاليه – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سلطنت اطاليه" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijanski_imperij" title="Italijanski imperij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Italijanski imperij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Италијанско колонијално царство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Италијанско колонијално царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijansko_kolonijalno_carstvo" title="Italijansko kolonijalno carstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Italijansko kolonijalno carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the modern Italian colonial empire. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Italy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Imperial Italy (disambiguation)">Imperial Italy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the ancient Roman Empire, see <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country 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.ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Italian Empire</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Impero italiano</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1882–1960</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Italian Empire"><img alt="Flag of Italian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/125px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/188px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/250px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/125px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/188px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/250px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy#Italian_unification" title="Flag of Italy">Flag of Italy<br />Top (until 1946)<br />Bottom (from 1946)</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1890).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Italian Empire"><img alt="Coat of arms of Italian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_%281890%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="726" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Italy"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_empire_in_1939_jpg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Italian colonies and protectorates in 1939"><img alt="Italian colonies and protectorates in 1939" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Italian_empire_in_1939_jpg.jpg/350px-Italian_empire_in_1939_jpg.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Italian_empire_in_1939_jpg.jpg/525px-Italian_empire_in_1939_jpg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Italian_empire_in_1939_jpg.jpg/700px-Italian_empire_in_1939_jpg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Italian colonies and protectorates in 1939</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_language" title="Tigrinya language">Tigrinya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Monarchy</a> (until 1946)<br /><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Republic">Republic</a> (after 1946)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1869–1878 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1878–1900 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Umberto_I_of_Italy" title="Umberto I of Italy">Umberto I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1900–1946 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1946 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Umberto_II_of_Italy" title="Umberto II of Italy">Umberto II</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Assab#History" title="Assab">Purchase of Assab</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1869</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1882</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Italo-Ethiopian_War_of_1887%E2%80%931889" title="Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889">Eritrea War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1887–1889</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Somalia">Italian Somalia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1889</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1899–1901</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1911–1912</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_over_Albania" title="Italian protectorate over Albania">Albanian Protectorate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1917–1920</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacification of Libya">Pacification of Libya</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1923–1932</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">2nd Italo-Ethiopian War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1935–1937</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albanian Protectorate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1939–1943</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa Campaign</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1940–1941</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North African campaign</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1940–1943</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_with_Italy,_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947">Empire formally relinquished</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1947</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland" title="Trust Territory of Somaliland">Trust Territory of Somaliland</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1950–1960</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,775,294 km<sup>2</sup> (1,457,649 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1938<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">3,798,000 km<sup>2</sup> (1,466,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1941<sup id="cite_ref-SoldatenAtlas_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SoldatenAtlas-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">3,824,879 km<sup>2</sup> (1,476,794 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="285" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire"><b>1936:</b><br />Ethiopian Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Albania_%281939%E2%80%931943%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Albania_%281939%E2%80%931943%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Albania_%281939%E2%80%931943%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Albania_%281939%E2%80%931943%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Albania_%281939%E2%80%931943%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Albania_%281939%E2%80%931943%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)"><b>1939:</b><br />Kingdom of Albania</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/20px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/30px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/40px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><b>1941:</b><br />Kingdom of Greece</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy (Rep.)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire"><b>1941:</b><br />Ethiopian Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="285" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania"><b>1944:</b><br />Communist Albania</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Albania_%281946%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Kingdom of Greece</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/20px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/30px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/40px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia"> Yugoslavia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom of Libya"><b>1951:</b><br />United Kingdom of Libya</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/20px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/30px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/40px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic"><b>1960:</b><br />Somalia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Italy" title="Category:History of Italy">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History of <span class="fn org label">Italy</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old map of Italian peninsula"><img alt="Old map of Italian peninsula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/150px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/225px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/300px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4584" data-file-height="6272" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistoric Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a> (18th–3rd c. BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a> (12th–6th c. BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> (8th–3rd c. BC)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> (753 BC–509 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a> (509 BC–27 BC) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman expansion in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Populares" class="mw-redirect" title="Populares">Populares</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Optimates" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimates">Optimates</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> (27 BC–286 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> (286 AD–476 AD) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Praetorian prefecture of Italy</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer's</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 476–493</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 493–553</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 435–534</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombard</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 568–774</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Frankish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 774–962</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)#Imperial_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 962–1801</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Italy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantine reconquest of Italy</a> (6th–8th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a> in southern Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> (14th–16th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a> (1494–1559)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic revival</a> (1545–1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Mid-16th c. to early 19th c.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> Italy (1801–1814)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic_(Napoleonic)" title="Italian Republic (Napoleonic)">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Risorgimento</a></i> (1815–1871)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Italy" title="Young Italy">Young Italy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy</a> (1861–1946)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colonial Empire</a> (1882–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy in World War I</a> (1914–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascism</a> (1922–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy in World War II</a> (1940–1945)</li> <li>Fascist <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Partisans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a> (1943–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> (1946–<i>present</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a> (1970s–1980s) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a> (1986–1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></i> (1992–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> (2007–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_European_migrant_crisis" title="2015 European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a> (2014–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">COVID-19 pandemic</a> (2020–<i>present</i>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a 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data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Italy" title="Template:History of Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Italy" title="Template talk:History of Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Italian colonial empire</b> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Impero coloniale italiano</i>), also known as the <b>Italian Empire</b> (<i>Impero italiano</i>) between 1936 and 1941, was founded in Africa in the 19th century. It comprised the <a href="/wiki/Colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonies">colonies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protectorates" class="mw-redirect" title="Protectorates">protectorates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concession_(territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Concession (territory)">concessions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependencies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>. In Africa, the colonial empire included the territories of present-day <a href="/wiki/Italian_colonization_of_Libya" title="Italian colonization of Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Somalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Ethiopia</a> (the last three being officially named "<a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Africa Orientale Italiana</a>", AOI); outside Africa, Italy possessed the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Aegean_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Aegean Islands">Dodecanese Islands</a> (following the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a>), Albania (<a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_over_Albania" title="Italian protectorate over Albania">1917–1920</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">1939–1943</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Nigel_Thomas_2001._Pp._17_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nigel_Thomas_2001._Pp._17-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also had some <a href="/wiki/Concessions_of_Italy_in_China" title="Concessions of Italy in China">concessions in China</a>. </p><p>The Fascist government that came to power under the leadership of the dictator <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> after 1922 <a href="/wiki/Italian_imperialism_under_fascism" title="Italian imperialism under fascism">sought to increase the size of the Italian empire</a> and it also sought to satisfy the claims of <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentists" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian irredentists">Italian irredentists</a>. Systematic "<a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">demographic colonization</a>" was encouraged by the government,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 1939, Italian settlers numbered 120,000<sup id="cite_ref-Istat_2010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Istat_2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–150,000<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Italian Libya and 165,000<sup id="cite_ref-Istat_2010_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Istat_2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Italian East Africa. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Italy allied itself with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in 1940 and it also occupied British Somaliland, western Egypt, much of Yugoslavia, Tunisia, parts of south-eastern France and most of Greece; however, it then lost those conquests and its African colonies to the invading Allied forces by 1943. In 1947, Italy officially relinquished claims on its former colonies. In 1950, former Italian Somaliland, then under British administration, was turned into the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland" title="Trust Territory of Somaliland">Trust Territory of Somaliland</a> until it became independent in 1960. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Empire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_and_pre-unification_era">Background and pre-unification era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Empire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background and pre-unification era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italy_and_the_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Italy and the colonization of the Americas">Italy and the colonization of the Americas</a></div> <p>Imperialism in Italy dates back to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, and the Latin notion of <i><a href="/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum">mare nostrum</a></i> ("Our Sea", referring to the Mediterranean) has historically been the basis for Italian imperialism, especially during the fascist era.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Middle Ages and the modern period, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> controlled networks of "colonies" in the Mediterranean region known as the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Empire">Venetian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Genoese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoese Empire">Genoese Empire</a> respectively. Between the 15th and 16th centuries, Italian explorers contributed to the colonial enterprises of other European countries in the Americas: <a href="/wiki/Cristopher_Columbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristopher Columbus">Cristopher Columbus</a> from Genoa served Spain, <a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a> from Florence served Portugal, the <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">Cabot</a> brothers from Venice served England, and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzano" title="Giovanni da Verrazzano">Giovanni da Verrazzano</a> from Florence served France. However, no Italian power took an active role in the scramble for the Americas, with the notable exception of the Pope who acted as an arbiter between European colonial powers during the Renaissance. The geographical position of Italy, located in the center of an internal sea, without an open free access to the ocean, contributed to this purely Mediterranean policy. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_I_de%27_Medici" title="Ferdinando I de' Medici">Ferdinand I</a>, Grand Duke of Tuscany, made the only Italian attempt to create a colony in the Americas, in what is now <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>, organizing in 1608 an <a href="/wiki/Thornton_expedition" title="Thornton expedition">expedition</a> to explore the north of Brazil and the Amazon river in 1608 under the command of the English captain <a href="/wiki/Robert_Thornton_(explorer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Thornton (explorer)">Robert Thornton</a>. However, Thornton, on his return from the preparatory expedition in 1609, found Ferdinand I dead and his successor, <a href="/wiki/Cosimo_II_de%27_Medici" title="Cosimo II de' Medici">Cosimo II</a>, was not interested in the project. In 1651, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Paolo_Lascaris" title="Giovanni Paolo Lascaris">Giovanni Paolo Lascaris</a>, Italian nobleman and Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights Hospitaller</a> of Malta (at the time a vassal state of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>), possessed four <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> islands: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Christopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix" title="Saint Croix">Saint Croix</a>, which were <a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Hospitaller colonization of the Americas">colonized</a> from 1651 until 1665.<sup id="cite_ref-Dubé2005_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubé2005-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mifsud1914_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mifsud1914-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No other colonial attempt in the ocean was made and, by 1797, the Venetian and Genoese possessions in the Mediterranean were lost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scramble_for_an_empire">Scramble for an empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Empire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scramble for an empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Somalia">Italian Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania" title="Italian Tripolitania">Italian Tripolitania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Cyrenaica" title="Italian Cyrenaica">Italian Cyrenaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Islands_of_the_Aegean" title="Italian Islands of the Aegean">Italian Islands of the Aegean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concessions_of_Italy_in_China" title="Concessions of Italy in China">Concessions of Italy in China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_concession_of_Tientsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian concession of Tientsin">Italian concession of Tientsin</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italo-Ethiopian_War_of_1887%E2%80%931889" title="Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889">Eritrea War</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">First Italo-Ethiopian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slap_of_Tunis" title="Slap of Tunis">Slap of Tunis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Crispi_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Francesco_Crispi_crop.jpg/170px-Francesco_Crispi_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Francesco_Crispi_crop.jpg/255px-Francesco_Crispi_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Francesco_Crispi_crop.jpg/340px-Francesco_Crispi_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Francesco Crispi</a> promoted Italian colonialism in Africa in the late 1800s.</figcaption></figure> <p>Once unified as a nation-state in the late 19th century, Italy intended to compete with the other European powers for the new age of European colonial expansion. It saw its interests in the Mediterranean and in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, a region yet to be colonized and with access to the ocean. Italy had arrived late to the colonial race and its status as the <a href="/wiki/Least_of_the_Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Least of the Great Powers">least of the Great Powers</a>, a position of relative weakness in international affairs, meant that it was dependent on the acquiescence of Britain, France and Germany towards its empire-building.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy had long considered the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Ottoman province of Tunisia</a>, where a large community of <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Italians" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian Italians">Tunisian Italians</a> lived, within its economic sphere of influence. It did not consider annexing it until 1879, when it became apparent that Britain and Germany were encouraging France to add it to its colonial holdings in <a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">North Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A last-minute offer by Italy to share Tunisia between the two countries was refused, and France, confident in German support, ordered its troops in from <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a>, imposing a protectorate over Tunisia in May 1881 under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bardo" title="Treaty of Bardo">Treaty of Bardo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shock of the "<a href="/wiki/Slap_of_Tunis" title="Slap of Tunis">Slap of Tunis</a>", as it was referred to in the Italian press, and the sense of Italy's isolation in Europe, led it into signing the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> in 1882 with Germany and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Possessions_italiennes_en_Afrique-1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Possessions_italiennes_en_Afrique-1896.jpg/220px-Possessions_italiennes_en_Afrique-1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Possessions_italiennes_en_Afrique-1896.jpg/330px-Possessions_italiennes_en_Afrique-1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Possessions_italiennes_en_Afrique-1896.jpg/440px-Possessions_italiennes_en_Afrique-1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption>Italian possessions and spheres of influence in the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> in 1896</figcaption></figure> <p>While attempts were made to buy the Nicobar Islands from Denmark in 1864 and 1865,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the genesis of the Italian colonial empire was the purchase in 1869 of <a href="/wiki/Assab" title="Assab">Assab Bay</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> by an Italian navigation company which intended to establish a coaling station at the time the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> was being opened to navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was taken over by the Italian government in 1882, becoming modern Italy's first overseas territory.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Italy's search for colonies continued until February <a href="/wiki/1885_in_Italy" title="1885 in Italy">1885</a>, when, by secret agreement with Britain, it annexed the port of <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> from the crumbling <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Egyptian Empire</a>. Italian annexation of Massawa denied the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yohannes_IV_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Yohannes IV of Ethiopia">Yohannes IV</a> an outlet to the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led <a href="/wiki/Ras_Alula" title="Ras Alula">Ras Alula</a> to unsuccessfully <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Saati" title="Siege of Saati">besiege the Italian possession of Saati</a>. He then ambushed and killed five hundred Italian troops at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dogali" title="Battle of Dogali">Battle of Dogali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This caused the Italian government to send reinforcements, which occupied the Eritrean highlands, including Keren and Asmara in 1889. The Italian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Crispi" title="Francesco Crispi">Francesco Crispi</a>, who coveted Ethiopia itself, signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wuchale" title="Treaty of Wuchale">Treaty of Wuchale</a> in 1889 with <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Menelik II</a>, the new emperor. This treaty ceded Ethiopian territory around Massawa to Italy to form the colony of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a>, and – at least, according to the Italian version of the treaty – made Ethiopia an Italian <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relations between Italy and Menelik deteriorated over the next few years until the <a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">First Italo-Ethiopian War</a> broke out in 1895, when Crispi ordered Italian troops into the country. Vastly outnumbered and poorly equipped,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the result was a decisive defeat for Italy at the hands of Ethiopian forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adwa" title="Battle of Adwa">Battle of Adwa</a> in 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Italy's side, the death toll was 6,889, including 4,133 Italians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017202_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017202-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ethiopians suffered at least 4,000 dead and 10,000 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017202_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017202-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italoturca1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Italoturca1.jpg/220px-Italoturca1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Italoturca1.jpg/330px-Italoturca1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Italoturca1.jpg/440px-Italoturca1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Italian troops during the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a>, 1911</figcaption></figure> <p>Around the same time, Italy occupied territory on the south side of the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">horn of Africa</a>, forming what would become <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy also fought in the <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a>, and since 1890 it defeated Mahdist troops in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Serobeti" title="Battle of Serobeti">Battle of Serobeti</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Agordat" title="First Battle of Agordat">First Battle of Agordat</a>. In December 1893, Italian colonial troops and Mahdists fought again in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Agordat" title="Second Battle of Agordat">Second Battle of Agordat</a>; Ahmed Ali campaigned against the Italian forces in eastern Sudan and led about 10–12,000 men east from Kassala, encountering 2,400 Italians and their <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Ascari" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean Ascari">Eritrean Ascaris</a> commanded by Colonel Arimondi. The Italians won again, and the outcome of the battle constituted "the first decisive victory yet won by Europeans against the Sudanese revolutionaries".<sup id="cite_ref-GJB_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GJB-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A year later, Italian colonial forces seized Kassala after the successful <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kassala" title="Battle of Kassala">Battle of Kassala</a>; Italy returned the city to the British at the end of the war three years later. </p><p>In 1898, in the wake of the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Kiautschou_Bay_concession" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiautschou Bay concession">leased territories by Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangzhouwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangzhouwan">France</a> in China earlier that year, the Italian government, as a matter of national prestige and to assert Italy's great power status, demanded the cession of <a href="/wiki/Sanmen_County" title="Sanmen County">Sanmen Bay</a> to serve as a coaling station. Aware that Italy did not have sufficient naval power in Asian waters to back up its demand, the Chinese imperial government rejected the ultimatum and all subsequent requests, arguing that Italy had no real political or economic interests in China. Italy's main newspaper considered this a national humiliation and claimed it made the country appear "like a third or fourth-rate power", provoking the fall of the Italian government. This prompted Italy to take part in <a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">the international expedition in Beijing</a> at the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> the following year, and resulted in the acquisition of a <a href="/wiki/Italian_concession_of_Tientsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian concession of Tientsin">concession in Tianjin</a> in 1901, the only example of Italian colonialism in Asia, and other minor concessions, these not administrated by the Italian government.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concession was administered by the Italian consul in Tianjin. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1912_map_-_Le_nuove_province_Italiane_-_Tripolitania_e_Cirenaica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/1912_map_-_Le_nuove_province_Italiane_-_Tripolitania_e_Cirenaica.jpg/300px-1912_map_-_Le_nuove_province_Italiane_-_Tripolitania_e_Cirenaica.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/1912_map_-_Le_nuove_province_Italiane_-_Tripolitania_e_Cirenaica.jpg/450px-1912_map_-_Le_nuove_province_Italiane_-_Tripolitania_e_Cirenaica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/1912_map_-_Le_nuove_province_Italiane_-_Tripolitania_e_Cirenaica.jpg/600px-1912_map_-_Le_nuove_province_Italiane_-_Tripolitania_e_Cirenaica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="14880" data-file-height="10720" /></a><figcaption>Italian Libya in 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>A wave of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> that swept Italy at the turn of the 20th century led to the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Nationalist_Association" title="Italian Nationalist Association">Italian Nationalist Association</a>, which pressed for the expansion of Italy's empire. Newspapers were filled with talk of revenge for the humiliations suffered in Ethiopia at the end of the previous century, and of nostalgia for the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> era. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, it was suggested, as an ex-Roman colony, should be "taken back" to provide a solution to the problems of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>'s population growth. Fearful of being excluded altogether from North Africa by Britain and France, and mindful of public opinion, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giolitti" title="Giovanni Giolitti">Giovanni Giolitti</a> ordered the declaration of war on the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, of which Libya was part, in October 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a>, Italy gained <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Libya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese Islands</a> from the Ottoman Empire. </p><p>The 1912 Libya desert war featured the first use of an armoured fighting vehicle in military history and marked the first significant employment of air power in warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017353_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017353-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_and_aftermath">World War I and aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Empire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War I and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Military history of Italy during World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition of the Ottoman Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_empire_1914.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Italian_empire_1914.png/220px-Italian_empire_1914.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Italian_empire_1914.png/330px-Italian_empire_1914.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Italian_empire_1914.png/440px-Italian_empire_1914.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Italy and its colonial possessions in 1914</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vlora_zur_Zeit_der_italienischen_Besatzung_1916-1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Vlora_zur_Zeit_der_italienischen_Besatzung_1916-1920.jpg/220px-Vlora_zur_Zeit_der_italienischen_Besatzung_1916-1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Vlora_zur_Zeit_der_italienischen_Besatzung_1916-1920.jpg/330px-Vlora_zur_Zeit_der_italienischen_Besatzung_1916-1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Vlora_zur_Zeit_der_italienischen_Besatzung_1916-1920.jpg/440px-Vlora_zur_Zeit_der_italienischen_Besatzung_1916-1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>The flag of Italy shown hanging alongside an Albanian flag from the balcony of the Italian <a href="/wiki/Prefecture" title="Prefecture">prefecture</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> during World War I</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TreatyOfSevres.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/TreatyOfSevres.png/220px-TreatyOfSevres.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/TreatyOfSevres.png/330px-TreatyOfSevres.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/TreatyOfSevres.png/440px-TreatyOfSevres.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>The Partition of Turkey in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> of 1919. The light green marked area is the territory from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> allocated to an Italian <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a>. Sèvres was overturned by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> of 1923 where Turkey was restored to all of Anatolia.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1914 Italy remained neutral and did not join its ally Germany in World War I. The Allies made promises and in 1915 <a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy joined them</a>. It was promised <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">territorial spoils</a> mainly from Austria and Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to direct intervention in World War I, Italy occupied the Albanian port of <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a> in December 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-Nigel_Thomas_2001._Pp._17_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nigel_Thomas_2001._Pp._17-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the fall of 1916, Italy started to occupy southern <a href="/wiki/Albania_(toponym)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania (toponym)">Albania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nigel_Thomas_2001._Pp._17_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nigel_Thomas_2001._Pp._17-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1916, Italian forces recruited Albanian irregulars to serve alongside them.<sup id="cite_ref-Nigel_Thomas_2001._Pp._17_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nigel_Thomas_2001._Pp._17-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy, with permission of the Allied command, occupied <a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a> on 23 August 1916, forcing the neutralist Greek Army to withdraw its occupation forces from there.<sup id="cite_ref-Nigel_Thomas_2001._Pp._17_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nigel_Thomas_2001._Pp._17-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1917, Italy proclaimed central and southern Albania as a protectorate of Italy while Northern Albania was allocated to the states of <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nigel_Thomas_2001._Pp._17_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nigel_Thomas_2001._Pp._17-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 31 October 1918, French and Italian forces expelled the Austro-Hungarian Army from Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-Nigel_Thomas_2001._Pp._17_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nigel_Thomas_2001._Pp._17-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1920, an <a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Albanian rebellion</a> led the Italians to agree to return the occupied regions to Albania, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Sazan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Sazan Island">Sazan Island</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> was a strategic region during World War I that both Italy and Serbia intended to seize from Austria-Hungary. The Treaty of London guaranteed Italy the right to annex a large portion of Dalmatia in exchange for Italy's participation on the Allied side. From 5–6 November 1918, Italian forces were reported to have reached <a href="/wiki/Vis_(island)" title="Vis (island)">Lissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lastovo" title="Lastovo">Lagosta</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ibenik" title="Šibenik">Sebenico</a>, and other localities on the Dalmatian coast.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of hostilities in November 1918, the Italian military had seized control of the entire portion of Dalmatia that had been guaranteed to Italy by the Treaty of London and by 17 November had seized Fiume as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_O_2005._Pp._17_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_O_2005._Pp._17-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1918, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Millo" title="Enrico Millo">Enrico Millo</a> declared himself Italy's Governor of Dalmatia.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_O_2005._Pp._17_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_O_2005._Pp._17-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Famous Italian nationalist <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">Gabriele D'Annunzio</a> supported the seizure of Dalmatia, and proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zara</a> (today's Zadar) in an Italian warship in December 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the concluding <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> in 1919, Italy received less in Europe than had been promised and none overseas mandate except for a promise of colonial compensations made on 7 May 1919 during the partition of Germany's colonies between France and Britain. To satisfy this promise, France and Britain directly or indirectly gave Italy, from 1919 to 1935, a number of territories to expand Libya (Cufra, Sarra, Giarabub, the Aouzou strip, other lands in the Sahara), Somalia (Jubaland), the Dodecanese (Kastellorizo), and Eritrea (Raheita, the Hanish islands). In April 1920, it was agreed between the British and Italian foreign ministers that <a href="/wiki/Jubaland" title="Jubaland">Jubaland</a> would be Italy's first compensation from Britain, but London held back on the deal for several years, aiming to use it as leverage to force Italy to cede the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> to Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fascism_and_the_Italian_Empire">Fascism and the Italian Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Empire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fascism and the Italian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Ethiopia">Italian Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacification of Libya">Pacification of Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_imperialism_under_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian imperialism under Fascism">Italian imperialism under Fascism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png/220px-Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png/330px-Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png/440px-Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Ambitions of fascist Italy in Europe in 1936.<br />Legend:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#073A09; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Metropolitan Italy and dependent territories;</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0F7612; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client states</a>;</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#083A39; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Claimed territories to be annexed;</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#107776; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Territories to be transformed into client states.</div> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, which was a client state, was considered a territory to be annexed.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ProgettoImperoItaliano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ProgettoImperoItaliano.jpg/220px-ProgettoImperoItaliano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/ProgettoImperoItaliano.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>Map of <i>Great Italy</i> according to the 1940 fascist project in case Italy had won the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> (the orange line delimits metropolitan Italy, the green line the borders of the enlarged Italian Empire)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZaptiefromItalianSomalia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ZaptiefromItalianSomalia.jpg/220px-ZaptiefromItalianSomalia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ZaptiefromItalianSomalia.jpg/330px-ZaptiefromItalianSomalia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/ZaptiefromItalianSomalia.jpg/440px-ZaptiefromItalianSomalia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>Group of <a href="/wiki/Zapti%C3%A9" title="Zaptié">Zaptié</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tripoli,_Suk_el_Turk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tripoli%2C_Suk_el_Turk.jpg/220px-Tripoli%2C_Suk_el_Turk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tripoli%2C_Suk_el_Turk.jpg/330px-Tripoli%2C_Suk_el_Turk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tripoli%2C_Suk_el_Turk.jpg/440px-Tripoli%2C_Suk_el_Turk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="965" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_settlers_in_Libya" title="Italian settlers in Libya">Italian settlers</a> and indigenous Libyans in Tripoli, capital of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania" title="Italian Tripolitania">Italian Tripolitania</a> and later of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1922, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian fascist</a> movement, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, became Prime Minister and dictator. Mussolini resolved the question of sovereignty over the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> at the 1923 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>, which formalized Italian administration of both Libya and the Dodecanese Islands, in return for a payment to Turkey, the successor state to the Ottoman Empire, though he failed in an attempt to extract a mandate of a portion of Iraq from Britain. </p><p>The month following the ratification of the Lausanne treaty, Mussolini ordered the invasion of the Greek island of <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Corfu_incident" title="Corfu incident">Corfu incident</a>. The Italian press supported the move, noting that Corfu had been a <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Ionian_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Ionian Islands">Venetian possession</a> for four hundred years. The matter was taken by Greece to the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, where Mussolini was convinced by Britain to evacuate Italian troops, in return for reparations from Greece. The confrontation led Britain and Italy to resolve the question of Jubaland in 1924, which was merged into <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late 1920s, imperial expansion became an increasingly favoured theme in Mussolini's speeches.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amongst Mussolini's aims were that Italy had to become the dominant power in the Mediterranean that would be able to challenge France or Britain, as well as attain access to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Oceans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mussolini alleged that Italy required uncontested access to the world's oceans and shipping lanes to ensure its national sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-salerno_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salerno-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was elaborated on in a document he later drew up in 1939 called "The March to the Oceans", and included in the official records of a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Fascism" title="Grand Council of Fascism">Grand Council of Fascism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-salerno_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salerno-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This text asserted that maritime position determined a nation's independence: countries with free access to the high seas were independent; while those who lacked this, were not. Italy, which only had access to an inland sea without French and British acquiescence, was only a "semi-independent nation", and alleged to be a "prisoner in the Mediterranean":<sup id="cite_ref-salerno_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salerno-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The bars of this prison are <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. The guards of this prison are <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a>. Corsica is a pistol pointed at the heart of Italy; Tunisia at Sicily. Malta and Cyprus constitute a threat to all our positions in the eastern and western Mediterranean. Greece, Turkey, and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> have been ready to form a chain with Great Britain and to complete the politico-military encirclement of Italy. Thus Greece, Turkey, and Egypt must be considered vital enemies of Italy's expansion ... The aim of Italian policy, which cannot have, and does not have continental objectives of a European territorial nature except Albania, is first of all to break the bars of this prison ... Once the bars are broken, Italian policy can only have one motto – to march to the oceans.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Benito Mussolini, The March to the Oceans<sup id="cite_ref-salerno_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salerno-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, the Fascist regime claimed <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> and held ambitions over <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia" title="Vardar Macedonia">Vardar Macedonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> based on the precedent of previous Roman dominance in these regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Bideleux_1998._Pp._467_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Bideleux_1998._Pp._467-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalmatia and Slovenia were to be directly annexed into Italy while the remainder of the Balkans was to be transformed into Italian client states.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regime also sought to establish protective patron-client relationships with <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Bideleux_1998._Pp._467_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Bideleux_1998._Pp._467-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In both 1932 and 1935, Italy demanded a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a> of the former <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German Cameroon</a> and a free hand in Ethiopia from France in return for Italian support against Germany (see <a href="/wiki/Stresa_Front" title="Stresa Front">Stresa Front</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-burgwyn_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burgwyn-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was refused by French Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Herriot" title="Édouard Herriot">Édouard Herriot</a>, who was not yet sufficiently worried about the prospect of a German resurgence.<sup id="cite_ref-burgwyn_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burgwyn-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Depiction_of_Mussolini_in_Mekelle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Depiction_of_Mussolini_in_Mekelle.jpg/220px-Depiction_of_Mussolini_in_Mekelle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Depiction_of_Mussolini_in_Mekelle.jpg/330px-Depiction_of_Mussolini_in_Mekelle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Depiction_of_Mussolini_in_Mekelle.jpg/440px-Depiction_of_Mussolini_in_Mekelle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2465" /></a><figcaption>Ethiopians greeting a depiction of Mussolini at <a href="/wiki/Mekelle" title="Mekelle">Mekelle</a>, 1935</figcaption></figure> <p>In its <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">second invasion of Ethiopia</a> in 1935–36, Italy was successful and it merged its <a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Ethiopia">new conquest</a> with its older east African colonies to create <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Africa Orientale Italiana</i>). On 9 May 1936 Mussolini proclaimed the establishment of the Italian Empire in East Africa ("l'Impero"), with <a href="/wiki/King_Victor_Emmanuel_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Victor Emmanuel III">King Victor Emmanuel III</a> as Emperor of Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939, <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italy invaded Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">incorporated it</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist state</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> (1939–1945), Italy <a href="/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_British_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian conquest of British Somaliland">occupied British Somaliland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_France" title="Italian occupation of France">parts of south-eastern France</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece#The_Italian_occupation_zone" title="Axis occupation of Greece">most of Greece</a>, but then lost those conquests and its African colonies, including Ethiopia, to the invading <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">allied forces</a> by 1943. It was forced in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_with_Italy,_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947">peace treaty of 1947</a> to relinquish sovereignty over all its colonies. It was granted a <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland" title="Trust Territory of Somaliland">trust to administer former Italian Somaliland</a> under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> supervision in 1950. When <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> became independent in 1960, Italy's eight-decade experiment with colonialism had ended. </p><p>The Second Italo-Ethiopian War cost Italy 4,359 killed in action—2,313 Italians, 1,086 Eritreans, 507 Somalis and Libyans, and 453 Italian laborers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017355_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017355-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethiopian military and civilian dead, many of them from Italian bomb and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mustard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur mustard">mustard gas</a> attacks, were estimated as high as 275,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017355_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017355-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1936, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> of the Nationalist faction in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> requested Italian support against the ruling Republican faction, and guaranteed that, if Italy supported the Nationalists, "future relations would be more than friendly" and that Italian support "would have permitted the influence of Rome to prevail over that of Berlin in the future politics of Spain".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy intervened in the civil war with the intention of occupying the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a> and creating a <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy sought the control of the Balearic Islands due to its strategic position – Italy could use the islands as a base to disrupt the lines of communication between France and its North African colonies and between British Gibraltar and Malta.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the victory by Franco and the Nationalists in the war, Italy pressured Franco to permit an Italian occupation of the Balearic Islands but he did not do so.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unione_tunisi_31octobre1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Unione_tunisi_31octobre1938.jpg/220px-Unione_tunisi_31octobre1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Unione_tunisi_31octobre1938.jpg/330px-Unione_tunisi_31octobre1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Unione_tunisi_31octobre1938.jpg/440px-Unione_tunisi_31octobre1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2301" data-file-height="1766" /></a><figcaption>Italian newspaper in Tunisia from October 1938 that represented Italians living in the <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">French protectorate of Tunisia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the United Kingdom signed the Anglo-Italian <a href="/wiki/Easter_Accords" title="Easter Accords">Easter Accords</a> in 1938, Mussolini and foreign minister Ciano issued demands for concessions in the Mediterranean by France, particularly regarding <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and the French-run <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_Mathewson_Salerno_1940._p82-83_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_Mathewson_Salerno_1940._p82-83-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three weeks later, Mussolini told Ciano that he intended for Italy to demand an Italian takeover of Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds_Mathewson_Salerno_1940._p82-83_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds_Mathewson_Salerno_1940._p82-83-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mussolini professed that Italy would only be able to "breathe easily" if it had acquired a contiguous colonial domain in Africa from the Atlantic to the Indian Oceans, and when ten million Italians had settled in them.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938, Italy demanded a <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, specifically demanding that the French-dominated <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Canal Company">Suez Canal Company</a> accept an Italian representative on its <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LIFE_1938._Pp._23_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LIFE_1938._Pp._23-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy opposed the French monopoly over the Suez Canal because, under the French-dominated Suez Canal Company, all Italian merchant traffic to its colony of <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a> was forced to pay tolls on entering the canal.<sup id="cite_ref-LIFE_1938._Pp._23_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LIFE_1938._Pp._23-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1939, Italy <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">invaded and captured Albania</a> and made it a part of the Italian Empire as a protectorate and separate kingdom in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Italian crown</a>. The region of modern-day Albania had been an early part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, which had actually been held before northern parts of Italy had been taken by the Romans, but had long since been populated by <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>, even though Italy had retained strong links with the Albanian leadership and considered it firmly within its <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickson_2001_pg_69_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickson_2001_pg_69-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that Mussolini simply wanted a spectacular success over a smaller neighbour to match Germany's <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">absorption of Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickson_2001_pg_69_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickson_2001_pg_69-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a> took the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Albania" title="King of Albania">Albanian crown</a>, and a fascist government under <a href="/wiki/Shefqet_Verlaci" class="mw-redirect" title="Shefqet Verlaci">Shefqet Verlaci</a> was established to <a href="/wiki/Albania_under_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under Italy">rule over Albania</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Empire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Italian_governorate_of_Montenegro" title="Italian governorate of Montenegro">Italian governorate of Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ljubljana" title="Province of Ljubljana">Province of Ljubljana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Dalmatia" title="Governorate of Dalmatia">Governorate of Dalmatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Hellenic State (1941–1944)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Military history of Italy during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amadeo_Aosta3rd_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Amadeo_Aosta3rd_01.jpg/170px-Amadeo_Aosta3rd_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Amadeo_Aosta3rd_01.jpg/255px-Amadeo_Aosta3rd_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Amadeo_Aosta3rd_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amedeo,_3rd_Duke_of_Aosta" class="mw-redirect" title="Amedeo, 3rd Duke of Aosta">Prince Amedeo of Savoy-Aosta</a> led Italian forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amba_Alagi_(1941)" title="Battle of Amba Alagi (1941)">Battle of Amba Alagi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_empire_1940.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Italian_empire_1940.PNG/170px-Italian_empire_1940.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Italian_empire_1940.PNG/255px-Italian_empire_1940.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Italian_empire_1940.PNG/340px-Italian_empire_1940.PNG 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>Italy and its colonial possessions in 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>Mussolini entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in June 1940 on the side of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> with plans to enlarge Italy's territorial holdings. He had designs on an area of western <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, southern France, Corsica, Malta, Tunisia, part of Algeria, an Atlantic port in Morocco, <a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">French Somaliland</a> and British-controlled Egypt and Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CH-NB_-_Italienisch-Ostafrika,_Massana_(Massawa,_Massaua)-_Hafen_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-23-129.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/CH-NB_-_Italienisch-Ostafrika%2C_Massana_%28Massawa%2C_Massaua%29-_Hafen_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-23-129.jpg/220px-CH-NB_-_Italienisch-Ostafrika%2C_Massana_%28Massawa%2C_Massaua%29-_Hafen_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-23-129.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/CH-NB_-_Italienisch-Ostafrika%2C_Massana_%28Massawa%2C_Massaua%29-_Hafen_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-23-129.jpg/330px-CH-NB_-_Italienisch-Ostafrika%2C_Massana_%28Massawa%2C_Massaua%29-_Hafen_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-23-129.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/CH-NB_-_Italienisch-Ostafrika%2C_Massana_%28Massawa%2C_Massaua%29-_Hafen_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-23-129.jpg/440px-CH-NB_-_Italienisch-Ostafrika%2C_Massana_%28Massawa%2C_Massaua%29-_Hafen_-_Annemarie_Schwarzenbach_-_SLA-Schwarzenbach-A-5-23-129.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4341" data-file-height="4292" /></a><figcaption>Italian settlers in <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 10 June 1940, Mussolini declared war on Britain and France; both countries had been at war with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> since September of the previous year. In July 1940, Italian foreign minister Count Ciano presented Hitler with a list of Italy's goals that included: the annexation of Corsica, Nice, and Malta; protectorate in Tunisia and a buffer zone in Eastern Algeria; independence with Italian military presence and bases in Lebanon, Palestine, Syria, and Transjordan as well as expropriation of oil companies in those territories; military occupation of <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perim" title="Perim">Perim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sokotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokotra">Sokotra</a>; Cyprus given to Greece in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Ionian_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian islands">Ionian islands</a> and Ciamuria given to Italy; Italy is given British Somaliland, Djibuti, French Equatorial Africa up to <a href="/wiki/Ubangi-Shari" title="Ubangi-Shari">Ubangi-Shari</a>, as well as Ciano adding at the meeting that Italy wanted Kenya and Uganda as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Santi_Corvaja_2008._Pp._132_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santi_Corvaja_2008._Pp._132-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler made no promises.<sup id="cite_ref-Santi_Corvaja_2008._Pp._132_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santi_Corvaja_2008._Pp._132-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1940, Mussolini ordered the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">invasion of Greece</a> from <a href="/wiki/Albania_under_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under Italy">Albania</a>, but the operation was unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1941, Germany launched an <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">invasion of Yugoslavia</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Greece">attacked Greece</a>. Italy and other German allies supported both actions. The German and Italian armies overran Yugoslavia in about two weeks and, despite British support in Greece, the Axis troops overran that country by the end of April. The Italians gained control over portions of both <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Yugoslavia">occupied Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis occupation of Greece during World War II">occupied Greece</a>. A member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Aimone,_Duke_of_Aosta" title="Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta">Prince Aimone, 4th Duke of Aosta</a>, was appointed king of the newly created <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a>. </p><p>During the height of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>, the Italians launched an <a href="/wiki/Italian_Invasion_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Invasion of Egypt">invasion of Egypt</a> in the hope of capturing the Suez Canal. By 16 September 1940, the Italians advanced 100 kilometres (60 mi) across the border. However, in December, the British launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Operation Compass</a> and, by February 1941, the British had cut off and captured the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Army_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenth Army (Italy)">Italian 10th Army</a> and had driven deep into Libya.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sonnenblume" title="Operation Sonnenblume">German intervention</a> prevented the fall of Libya and the combined Axis attacks drove the British back into Egypt until summer 1942, before being <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">stopped at El Alamein</a>. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Allied intervention against Vichy French-held Morocco and Algeria</a> created a two-front campaign. German and Italian forces entered Tunisia in late 1942 in response, however, forces in Egypt were soon forced to make a major retreat into Libya. By May 1943, Axis forces in Tunisia were forced to surrender. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign</a> started with Italian advances into British-held <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1940, Italian armed forces <a href="/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_British_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian conquest of British Somaliland">successfully invaded all of British Somaliland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, in the spring of 1941, the British had counter-attacked and pushed deep into <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a>. By 5 May, <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia">Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia</a> had returned to <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> to reclaim his throne. In November, the last organised Italian resistance ended with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gondar" title="Battle of Gondar">fall of Gondar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, following the surrender of East Africa, some Italians <a href="/wiki/Italian_guerrilla_war_in_Ethiopia" title="Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia">conducted a guerrilla war</a> which lasted for two more years. </p><p>In November 1942, when the Germans occupied <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> during <a href="/wiki/Case_Anton" title="Case Anton">Case Anton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian-occupied_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian-occupied France">Italian-occupied France</a> was expanded with the occupation of <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_empire">End of the empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Empire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: End of the empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keren_Battlefield_008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Keren_Battlefield_008.jpg/220px-Keren_Battlefield_008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Keren_Battlefield_008.jpg/330px-Keren_Battlefield_008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Keren_Battlefield_008.jpg/440px-Keren_Battlefield_008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Italian war cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Keren,_Eritrea" title="Keren, Eritrea">Keren, Eritrea</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LA_CATTEDRALE_DI_TRIPOLI_1960.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/LA_CATTEDRALE_DI_TRIPOLI_1960.jpg/220px-LA_CATTEDRALE_DI_TRIPOLI_1960.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/LA_CATTEDRALE_DI_TRIPOLI_1960.jpg/330px-LA_CATTEDRALE_DI_TRIPOLI_1960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/LA_CATTEDRALE_DI_TRIPOLI_1960.jpg/440px-LA_CATTEDRALE_DI_TRIPOLI_1960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tripoli_Cathedral" title="Tripoli Cathedral">Cathedral of Tripoli</a> and the former <a href="/wiki/FIAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FIAT">FIAT</a> centre in the 1960s</figcaption></figure> <p>By the autumn of 1943, the Italian Empire and all <a href="/wiki/Italian_imperialism_under_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian imperialism under Fascism">dreams of an Imperial Italy</a> effectively came to an end. On 7 May, the surrender of <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis forces</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tunisia_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisia Campaign">Tunisia</a> and other near continuous Italian reversals, led King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III</a> to plan the removal of Mussolini. Following the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Sicily">Invasion of Sicily</a>, all support for Mussolini evaporated. A meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Fascism" title="Grand Council of Fascism">Grand Council of Fascism</a> was held on 24 July, which managed to impose a <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">vote of no confidence to Mussolini</a>. The "Duce" was subsequently deposed and arrested by the King on the following afternoon. Afterwards, Mussolini remained a prisoner of the King until 12 September, when, on the orders of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>, he was rescued by German paratroops and became leader of the newly established <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>. </p><p>After 25 July, the new Italian government under the King and Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Pietro Badoglio</a> remained outwardly part of the Axis. But, secretly, it started negotiations with the Allies. On the eve of the Allied landings at <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a>, which started the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a>, the new Italian government <a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Italy_and_Allied_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces">secretly signed an armistice with the Allies</a>. On 8 September, the armistice was made public. In <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a>, and other territories still held by the Italians, German military forces successfully attacked their former Italian allies and ended Italy's rule. During the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodecanese Campaign">Dodecanese Campaign</a>, an Allied attempt to take the Dodecanese with the cooperation of the Italian troops ended in total German victory. In China, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> occupied Italy's concession in Tientsin after getting news of the armistice. Later in 1943 the Italian Social Republic formally ceded control of the concession to Japan's puppet regime in China, the <a href="/wiki/Reorganized_National_Government_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganized National Government of China">Reorganized National Government of China</a> under <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a>. </p><p>In 1947, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_peace_with_Italy_(1947)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of peace with Italy (1947)">Treaty of Peace with Italy</a> formally ended the empire that was now totally defunct. There were discussions to maintain <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania" title="Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a> (a province of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a>) as the last Italian colony, but these were not successful. In November 1949 the former <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a> then under British military administration, was made a 10-year <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Trust Territory">United Nations Trust Territory</a> under Italian administration (<a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland" title="Trust Territory of Somaliland">Trust Territory of Somaliland</a>). On 1 July 1960, Somalia merged with <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a> to form the independent <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somali Republic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Former_colonies,_protectorates_and_occupied_areas"><span id="Former_colonies.2C_protectorates_and_occupied_areas"></span>Former colonies, protectorates and occupied areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Empire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Former colonies, protectorates and occupied areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_German_Reich_in_1942.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Greater_German_Reich_in_1942.png/275px-Greater_German_Reich_in_1942.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Greater_German_Reich_in_1942.png/413px-Greater_German_Reich_in_1942.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Greater_German_Reich_in_1942.png/550px-Greater_German_Reich_in_1942.png 2x" data-file-width="1829" data-file-height="1647" /></a><figcaption>Italian Empire (green) with its occupied territories in 1942, and its ally the German Reich (red) with other allies and occupied territories (brown)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a> (1882–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Somalia">Italian Somalia</a> (1889–1947) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oltre_Giuba" title="Oltre Giuba">Trans-Juba</a> (1924–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland" title="Trust Territory of Somaliland">Trust Territory of Somaliland</a> (1950–1960)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_colonization_of_Libya" title="Italian colonization of Libya">Libya</a> (1911–1947) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania" title="Italian Tripolitania">Italian Tripolitania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Cyrenaica" title="Italian Cyrenaica">Italian Cyrenaica</a> (1911–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a> (1934–1943)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a> (1936–1941) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Ethiopia">Italian Ethiopia</a> (1936–1941)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concessions_of_Italy_in_China" title="Concessions of Italy in China">Italian concessions in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_concession_of_Tientsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian concession of Tientsin">Italian concession of Tientsin</a> (1901–1943)</li></ul></li> <li>Italian Albania (<a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_over_Albania" title="Italian protectorate over Albania">1917–1920</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">1939–1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Islands_of_the_Aegean" title="Italian Islands of the Aegean">Italian Islands of the Aegean</a> (1912–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_France" title="Italian occupation of France">Italian occupation of France</a> (1940–1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Corsica" title="Italian occupation of Corsica">Italian occupation of Corsica</a> (1942-1943)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian occupation of Montenegro">Italian occupation of Montenegro</a> (1941–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Hellenic State</a> (1941–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Shore" title="Fourth Shore">Tunisia</a> (1942–1943)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Empire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Total Italian, Eritrean, and Somali deaths, including those from disease, were estimated at 9,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017202_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017202-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nine Italian aircraft flew both combat and support missions during the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017353_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017353-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the Italian <a href="/wiki/Dirigible" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirigible">dirigibles</a> <i>P2</i> and <i>P3</i> discover and make a highly effective bombing attack against <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Army">Ottoman Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Zanzur_(1912)" title="Battles of Zanzur (1912)">battle at Zanzur</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a>, making an important contribution to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Army" title="Italian Army">Italian Army</a>'s offense in this battle. History's first war death of a pilot occurred when an aircraft crashed during a recon sortie.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017353_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017353-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Empire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Harrison3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harrison3_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2000" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Mark (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgFu2p5uogwC"><i>The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521785037" title="Special:BookSources/9780521785037"><bdi>9780521785037</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161016200113/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgFu2p5uogwC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+World+War+II%3A+Six+Great+Powers+in+International+Comparison&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780521785037&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZgFu2p5uogwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SoldatenAtlas-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SoldatenAtlas_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Tornisterschrift-des-Oberkommandos-der-Wehrmacht-Soldaten-Atlas"><i>Soldaten-Atlas (Tornisterschrift des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht, Heft 39)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bibliographisches_Institut" title="Bibliographisches Institut">Bibliographisches Institut</a>. 1941. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldaten-Atlas+%28Tornisterschrift+des+Oberkommandos+der+Wehrmacht%2C+Heft+39%29&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Bibliographisches+Institut&rft.date=1941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTornisterschrift-des-Oberkommandos-der-Wehrmacht-Soldaten-Atlas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nigel_Thomas_2001._Pp._17-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nigel_Thomas_2001._Pp._17_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nigel_Thomas_2001._Pp._17_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nigel_Thomas_2001._Pp._17_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nigel_Thomas_2001._Pp._17_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nigel_Thomas_2001._Pp._17_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nigel_Thomas_2001._Pp._17_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nigel_Thomas_2001._Pp._17_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nigel Thomas. <i>Armies in the Balkans 1914–18</i>. Osprey Publishing, 2001, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Chapin_Metz" title="Helen Chapin Metz">Chapin Metz, Helen</a>, ed., <i>Libya: A Country Study</i>. Chapter XIX.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Istat_2010-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Istat_2010_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Istat_2010_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIstat2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Statistics (Italy)">Istat</a> (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140803195051/http://www3.istat.it/dati/catalogo/20120911_00/Annali_serie_XII_vol_2_anno_141_I_Censimenti_nell'Italia_unita_bis.pdf">"I censimenti nell'Italia unita I censimenti nell'Italia unita Le fonti di stato della popolazione tra il XIX e il XXI secolo ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DI STATISTICA SOCIETÀ ITALIANA DI DEMOGRAFIA STORICA Le fonti di stato della popolazione tra il XIX e il XXI secolo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annali di Statistica</i>. XII. <b>2</b>: 263. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.istat.it/dati/catalogo/20120911_00/Annali_serie_XII_vol_2_anno_141_I_Censimenti_nell'Italia_unita_bis.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annali+di+Statistica&rft.atitle=I+censimenti+nell%27Italia+unita+I+censimenti+nell%27Italia+unita+Le+fonti+di+stato+della+popolazione+tra+il+XIX+e+il+XXI+secolo+ISTITUTO+NAZIONALE+DI+STATISTICA+SOCIET%C3%80+ITALIANA+DI+DEMOGRAFIA+STORICA+Le+fonti+di+stato+della+popolazione+tra+il+XIX+e+il+XXI+secolo&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=263&rft.date=2010-12&rft.au=Istat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.istat.it%2Fdati%2Fcatalogo%2F20120911_00%2FAnnali_serie_XII_vol_2_anno_141_I_Censimenti_nell%27Italia_unita_bis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-46562/Libya">"Libya - History, People, & Government"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Libya+-+History%2C+People%2C+%26+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-46562%2FLibya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Betts (1975), p.12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dubé2005-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dubé2005_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubé2005" class="citation book cs1">Dubé, Jean-Claude (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chevalierdemontm0000dube"><i>The Chevalier de Montmagny (1601-1657): First Governor of New France</i></a></span>. Translated by Elizabeth Rapley. University of Ottawa Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chevalierdemontm0000dube/page/263">263</a>–287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7766-0559-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7766-0559-3"><bdi>978-0-7766-0559-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chevalier+de+Montmagny+%281601-1657%29%3A+First+Governor+of+New+France&rft.pages=263-287&rft.pub=University+of+Ottawa+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7766-0559-3&rft.aulast=Dub%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchevalierdemontm0000dube&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mifsud1914-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mifsud1914_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMifsud1914" class="citation book cs1">Mifsud, A. (1914). "Attempts to reestablish the Tongue". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_yK80AQAAMAAJ"><i>Knights Hospitallers of the Ven. Tongue of England in Malta</i></a>. AMS Press. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780404170097" title="Special:BookSources/9780404170097"><bdi>9780404170097</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Attempts+to+reestablish+the+Tongue&rft.btitle=Knights+Hospitallers+of+the+Ven.+Tongue+of+England+in+Malta&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=AMS+Press&rft.date=1914&rft.isbn=9780404170097&rft.aulast=Mifsud&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_yK80AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Betts (1975), p.97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowe, p.21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowe, p.24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowe, p.27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Storia Militare della Colonia Eritrea, Vol. I</i>. Roma: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ministero_della_Guerra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministero della Guerra (page does not exist)">Ministero della Guerra</a>. 1935. pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+Militare+della+Colonia+Eritrea%2C+Vol.+I&rft.place=Roma&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=Ministero+della+Guerra&rft.date=1935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mia Fuller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199846733/obo-9780199846733-0150.xml">"Italian Colonial Rule"</a>, <i>Oxford Bibliographies Online</i>. Retrieved 12 October 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodore M. Vestal, "Reflections on the Battle of Adwa and Its Significance for Today", in <i>The Battle of Adwa: Reflections on Ethiopia's Historic Victory Against European Colonialism</i> (Algora, 2005), p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pakenham (1992), p.280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Killinger (2002), p.122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pakenham, p.470</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Killinger, p.122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pakenham (1992), p.7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017202-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017202_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017202_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017202_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter 2017</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pakenham, p.281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GJB-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GJB_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarclay1973" class="citation book cs1">Barclay, Glen St John (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallof00barc"><i>The rise and fall of the new Roman empire: Italy's bid for world power, 1890–1943</i></a></span>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780283978623" title="Special:BookSources/9780283978623"><bdi>9780283978623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rise+and+fall+of+the+new+Roman+empire%3A+Italy%27s+bid+for+world+power%2C+1890%E2%80%931943&rft.place=London&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780283978623&rft.aulast=Barclay&rft.aufirst=Glen+St+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frisefallof00barc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n5hEAgAAQBAJ&dq=Italy%2C+sanmen+bay.+1898&pg=PT59">Italy’s Encounters with Modern China: Imperial Dreams, Strategic Ambitions</a>, edited by Maurizio Marinelli and Giovanni Andornino, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurizio Marinelli, <i>Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror: Colonial Italy Reflects on Tianjin</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://journals.openedition.org/transtexts/147?file=1">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Killinger (2002), p.133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017353-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017353_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017353_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017353_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter 2017</a>, p. 353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Renzi, 1968.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giuseppe Praga, Franco Luxardo. <i>History of Dalmatia</i>. Giardini, 1993. Pp. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul_O_2005._Pp._17-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_O_2005._Pp._17_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_O_2005._Pp._17_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul O'Brien. <i>Mussolini in the First World War: the Journalist, the Soldier, the Fascist</i>. Oxford, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Berg, 2005. Pp. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Rossi. <i>The Rise of Italian Fascism: 1918–1922</i>. New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 2010. Pp. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowe, p.187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowe, pp. 191–199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Dennis Mack (1981). <i>Mussolini</i>, p. 170. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-salerno-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-salerno_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salerno_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salerno_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salerno_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Salerno, Reynolds Mathewson (2002). <i>Vital crossroads: Mediterranean origins of the Second World War, 1935–1940</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vitalcrossroadsm00sale/page/106">pp. 105–106</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_Bideleux_1998._Pp._467-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Bideleux_1998._Pp._467_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Bideleux_1998._Pp._467_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Bideleux, Ian Jeffries. <i>A history of eastern Europe: crisis and change</i>. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 1998. Pp. 467.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allan R. Millett, Williamson Murray. <i>Military Effectiveness, Volume 2</i>. New edition. New York, New York, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2010. P. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burgwyn-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burgwyn_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-burgwyn_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burgwyn, James H. (1997). <i>Italian foreign policy in the interwar period, 1918–1940</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PNHxISN-dmQC&dq=mussolini+cameroons&pg=PA68">p. 68</a>. Praeger Publishers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Guida dell'Africa Orientale Italiana</i> (in Italian). Milano: CTI. 1938. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guida+dell%27Africa+Orientale+Italiana&rft.place=Milano&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=CTI&rft.date=1938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017355-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017355_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017355_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter 2017</a>, p. 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebastian Balfour, Paul Preston. Spain and the Great Powers in the Twentieth Century. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 1999. P. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. J. B. Bosworth. <i>The Oxford handbook of fascism</i>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2009. Pp. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John J. Mearsheimer. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. W. W. Norton & Company, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Road to Oran: Anglo-French Naval Relations, September 1939 – July 1940. Pp. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds_Mathewson_Salerno_1940._p82-83-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_Mathewson_Salerno_1940._p82-83_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_Mathewson_Salerno_1940._p82-83_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reynolds Mathewson Salerno. Vital Crossroads: Mediterranean Origins of the Second World War, 1935–1940. Cornell University, 2002. p 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LIFE_1938._Pp._23-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LIFE_1938._Pp._23_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LIFE_1938._Pp._23_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"French Army breaks a one-day strike and stands on guard against a land-hungry Italy", <i>LIFE</i>, 19 Dec 1938. Pp. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dickson_2001_pg_69-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dickson_2001_pg_69_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dickson_2001_pg_69_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dickson (2001), pg. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Time Magazine <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090829184022/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,790095,00.html">Aosta on Alag?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calvocoressi (1999) p.166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Santi_Corvaja_2008._Pp._132-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Santi_Corvaja_2008._Pp._132_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Santi_Corvaja_2008._Pp._132_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Santi Corvaja, Robert L. Miller. Hitler & Mussolini: The Secret Meetings. New York, New York, USA: Enigma Books, 2008. Pp. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dickson (2001) p.100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dickson (2001) p.101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centrorsi.it/notizie/images/stories/casssa/cassa%20nastro%20azzurro117.jpg">Italian Map showing with green lines the territories conquered in 1940 by the Italians in Sudan and Kenya. British and French somaliland are shown in white, as part of the A.O.I. (Africa Orientale Italiana)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dickson (2001) p.103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jowett (2001) p.7</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Empire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Andall, Jacqueline and Derek Duncan, eds. (2005). <i>Italian Colonialism: Legacy and Memory</i>.</li> <li>Ben-Ghiat, Ruth and Mia Fuller, eds. (2005). <i>Italian Colonialism</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetts1975" class="citation book cs1">Betts, Raymond (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/falsedawneuropea0000bett"><i>The False Dawn: European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century</i></a></span>. University of Minnesota. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816607624" title="Special:BookSources/9780816607624"><bdi>9780816607624</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+False+Dawn%3A+European+Imperialism+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780816607624&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffalsedawneuropea0000bett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker1971" class="citation book cs1">Barker, A. J. (1971). <i>The Rape of Ethiopia</i>. Ballantine Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rape+of+Ethiopia&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2005" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, R. J. B. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mussolinisitalyl00bosw"><i>Mussolini's Italy: Life Under the Fascist Dictatorship, 1915–1945</i></a></span>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594200786" title="Special:BookSources/9781594200786"><bdi>9781594200786</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini%27s+Italy%3A+Life+Under+the+Fascist+Dictatorship%2C+1915%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781594200786&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=R.+J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmussolinisitalyl00bosw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, M. (2017). <i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015</i> (4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786474707" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786474707"><bdi>978-0786474707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932015&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0786474707&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickson2001" class="citation book cs1">Dickson, Keith (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldwariifordum00dick"><i>World War II For Dummies</i></a></span>. Wiley Publishing, INC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780764553523" title="Special:BookSources/9780764553523"><bdi>9780764553523</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+For+Dummies&rft.pub=Wiley+Publishing%2C+INC&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780764553523&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldwariifordum00dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Finaldi, Giuseppe (2016). <i>A History of Italian Colonialism, 1860–1907: Europe’s Last Empire</i> (Taylor & Francis).</li> <li>Hofmann, Reto (2015). <i>The Fascist Effect: Japan and Italy, 1915–1952</i> (Cornell UP) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt20d88b6">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowett1995" class="citation book cs1">Jowett, Philip (1995). <i>Axis Forces in Yugoslavia 1941–45</i>. Osprey Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Axis+Forces+in+Yugoslavia+1941%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJowett2001" class="citation book cs1">Jowett, Philip (2001). <i>The Italian Army 1940–45 (2): Africa 1940–43</i>. Osprey Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Army+1940%E2%80%9345+%282%29%3A+Africa+1940%E2%80%9343&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kelly, Saul (2000). "Britain, the United States, and the end of the Italian empire in Africa, 1940–52." <i>Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</i> 28.3: 51–70.</li> <li>Kelly, Saul (2000). <i>Cold War in the Desert: Britain, the United States & the Italian Colonies, 1945–52</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillinger2002" class="citation book cs1">Killinger, Charles (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofitaly00kill"><i>The History of Italy</i></a></span>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313314834" title="Special:BookSources/9780313314834"><bdi>9780313314834</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Italy&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780313314834&rft.aulast=Killinger&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofitaly00kill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2002" class="citation book cs1">Lowe, C.J. (2002). <i>Italian Foreign Policy 1870–1940</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Foreign+Policy+1870%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=C.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>McGuire, Valerie (2020). <i>Italy's Sea: Empire and Nation in the Mediterranean, 1895–1945</i> (Liverpool University Press).</li> <li>Marinelli, Maurizio and Giovanni Andornino (2014). <i>Italy's Encounter with Modern China: Imperial dreams, strategic ambitions</i>, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakenham1992" class="citation book cs1">Pakenham, Thomas (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scrambleforafric00pake_0"><i>The Scramble for Africa: White Man's Conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912</i></a></span>. New York: Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780380719990" title="Special:BookSources/9780380719990"><bdi>9780380719990</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scramble+for+Africa%3A+White+Man%27s+Conquest+of+the+Dark+Continent+from+1876+to+1912&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Perennial&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780380719990&rft.aulast=Pakenham&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscrambleforafric00pake_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Palumbo, Patrizia (2003). <i>Place in the Sun: Africa in Italian Colonial Culture from Post-Unification to the Present</i>, since 1860.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeretti2024" class="citation journal cs1">Peretti, Luca (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1369801X.2023.2292165">"Built to last? Material legacies of Italian colonialism. Interviews with Ruth Ben-Ghiat, Alessandra Ferrini, Viviana Gravano, Hannes Obermair, Resistenze in Cirenaica, Igiaba Scego, and Colletivo Tezeta"</a>. <i>Interventions. International Journal of Postcolonial Studies</i>. Taylor & Francis: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1369801X.2023.2292165">10.1080/1369801X.2023.2292165</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interventions.+International+Journal+of+Postcolonial+Studies&rft.atitle=Built+to+last%3F+Material+legacies+of+Italian+colonialism.+Interviews+with+Ruth+Ben-Ghiat%2C+Alessandra+Ferrini%2C+Viviana+Gravano%2C+Hannes+Obermair%2C+Resistenze+in+Cirenaica%2C+Igiaba+Scego%2C+and+Colletivo+Tezeta&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1369801X.2023.2292165&rft.aulast=Peretti&rft.aufirst=Luca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F1369801X.2023.2292165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalian+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pergher, Roberta (2017). <i>Mussolini's Nation-Empire: Sovereignty and Settlement in Italy's Borderlands, 1922–1943</i> (Cambridge UP).</li> <li>Poddar, Prem, and Lars Jensen, eds. (2008). <i>A historical companion to postcolonial literatures: Continental Europe and Its Empires</i> (Edinburgh UP), "Italy and its colonies" pp 262–313. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Historical-Companion-Postcolonial-Literatures-Continental/dp/0748623949/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Renzi, William A. (1968). "Italy's neutrality and entrance into the Great War: a re-examination." <i>American Historical Review</i> 73.5: 1414–32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1851376">online</a></li> <li>Shinn, Christopher A. (2016). "Inside the Italian Empire: Colonial Africa, Race Wars, and the ‘Southern Question’", in <i>Shades of Whiteness</i> (Brill), pp. 35–51.</li> <li>Srivastava, Neelam (2018). <i>Italian Colonialism and Resistances to Empire, 1930–1970</i> (Palgrave Macmillan).</li> <li>Steinmetz, George (2018). "Ruth Ben-Ghiat’s Italian Fascism’s Empire Cinema." <i>American Journal of Cultural Sociology</i> 6.1: 212–22 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/George_Steinmetz/publication/307867589_Ruth_Ben-Ghiat%27s_Italian_Fascism%27s_Empire_Cinema/links/5ead8ef6299bf18b958f122a/Ruth-Ben-Ghiats-Italian-Fascisms-Empire-Cinema.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Tripodi, Paolo (1999). <i>Colonial Legacy in Somalia: Rome & Mogadishu from Colonial Administration to Operation Restore Hope</i>, covers 19th century to 1999.</li> <li>Wright, Patricia (1973). "Italy's African Dream: Part I, The Adowa Nightmare". <i>History Today</i> (Mar), Vol. 23, Issue 3, pp. 153–60, online: <ul><li>"Italy's African Dream. Part 2: Fatal Victory, 1935–6." <i>History Today</i> (April 1973), Vol. 23, Issue 4, pp. 256–65.</li> <li>"Italy's African Dream. Part 3: Nemesis in 1941," <i>History Today</i> (May 1973), Vol. 23, Issue 5, pp. 336–34.</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_Empire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amshistorica.unibo.it/diglib.php?inv=166">Atlas of Italian colonies</a>, written by Baratta Mario and Visintin Luigi in 1928</li> <li>Simona Berhe: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/colonies_italy/">Colonies (Italy)</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html/">1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Dalmatia" title="Governorate of Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Hellenic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_the_Pindus" title="Principality of the Pindus">Principality of the Pindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfiot_Italians#World_War_II" title="Corfiot Italians">Ionian Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ljubljana" title="Province of Ljubljana">Italian Province of Lubiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_governorate_of_Montenegro" title="Italian governorate of Montenegro">Governorate of Montenegro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oltre_Giuba" title="Oltre Giuba">Oltre Giuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea_Governorate" title="Eritrea Governorate">Eritrea Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia_Governorate" title="Somalia Governorate">Somalia Governorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_Governorate" title="Amhara Governorate">Amhara Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harar_Governorate" title="Harar Governorate">Harar Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galla-Sidamo_Governorate" title="Galla-Sidamo Governorate">Galla-Sidamo Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scioa_Governorate" title="Scioa Governorate">Scioa Governorate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Ethiopia">Italian Ethiopia</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_colonization_of_Libya" title="Italian colonization of Libya">Libya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Tripolitania" title="Italian Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Cyrenaica" title="Italian Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli_Province" title="Tripoli Province">Tripoli Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misrata_Governorate" title="Misrata Governorate">Misrata Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi_Province" title="Benghazi Province">Benghazi Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derna_Province" title="Derna Province">Derna Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Military_Territory" title="Southern Military Territory">Southern Military Territory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_concession_of_Tianjin" title="Italian concession of Tianjin">Italian concession of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concessions_of_Italy_in_China" title="Concessions of Italy in China">Concessions & Forts of Italy in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned expansion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Adalia" title="Italian occupation of Adalia">Adalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Italian invasion of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Majorca" title="Italian occupation of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_French_Somaliland" class="extiw" title="simple:Italian invasion of French Somaliland">Tentative to occupy French Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)#British_East_Africa_(Kenya)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)#Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="East African campaign (World War II)">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Herkules" title="Operation Herkules">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tannenbaum" title="Operation Tannenbaum">Ticino, Valais and Grisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Impero_italiano.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Impero_italiano.svg/280px-Impero_italiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Impero_italiano.svg/420px-Impero_italiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Impero_italiano.svg/560px-Impero_italiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>The Italian empire before WWII is shown in red. Pink areas were annexed/occupied for various periods between 1940 and 1943. Italian concessions and forts in China are not shown.</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlers and Irredentism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlers and colonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_colonists_in_Albania" title="Italian colonists in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_colonists_in_the_Dodecanese" title="Italian colonists in the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritreans" title="Italian Eritreans">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Ethiopia" title="Italians of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_settlers_in_Libya" title="Italian settlers in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalis" title="Italian Somalis">Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Irredentism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Corsica" title="Italian irredentism in Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Nice" title="Italian irredentism in Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Savoy" title="Italian irredentism in Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Dalmatia" title="Italian irredentism in Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Istria" title="Italian irredentism in Istria">Istria-Venezia Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Malta" title="Italian irredentism in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Switzerland" title="Italian irredentism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfiot_Italians#Corfiot_Italians_and_the_Risorgimento" title="Corfiot Italians">Corfu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_Palace_of_Mogadishu" title="Governor's Palace of Mogadishu">Governor's Palace <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mogadishu) </span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Tripoli" title="Royal Palace of Tripoli">Governor's Palace <span style="font-size:85%;">(Tripoli) </span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_Palace,_Asmara" title="Governor's Palace, Asmara">Governor's Palace <span style="font-size:85%;">(Asmara) </span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmara_President%27s_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Asmara President's Office">Asmara Presidential Palace <span style="font-size:85%;">(Asmara) </span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_Cathedral" title="Mogadishu Cathedral">Mogadishu Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Rosary,_Asmara" title="Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara">Church of Our Lady of the Rosary, Asmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi_Cathedral" title="Benghazi Cathedral">Benghazi Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli_Cathedral" title="Tripoli Cathedral">Tripoli Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Impero" title="Cinema Impero">Cinema Impero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_Tagliero_Building" title="Fiat Tagliero Building">Fiat Tagliero Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Arch_(Libya)" title="Marble Arch (Libya)">Marble Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmara_Theatre" title="Asmara Theatre">Asmara Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Guardafui#Lighthouse_"Francesco_Crispi"" title="Cape Guardafui">Lighthouse "Francesco Crispi" (Cape Guardafui)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urbanism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya#Italian_era" title="Tripoli, Libya">Italian Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu_under_Italian_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogadishu under Italian rule">Mogadishu under Italian rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Benghazi" title="Italian Benghazi">Italian Benghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmara#Italian_Asmera" title="Asmara">Italian Asmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massawa#Italian_rule" title="Massawa">Italian Massaua</a></li> <li><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Abeba" class="extiw" title="simple:Addis Abeba">Addis Abeba under Italian rule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mogadishu%E2%80%93Villabruzzi_Railway" title="Mogadishu–Villabruzzi Railway">Mogadishu–Villabruzzi Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethio-Djibouti_Railways" title="Ethio-Djibouti Railways">Ethio-Djibouti Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Railway" title="Eritrean Railway">Eritrean Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmara-Massawa_Cableway" title="Asmara-Massawa Cableway">Asmara-Massawa Cableway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Eritrea" title="List of railway stations in Eritrea">Railway stations in Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Somalia" title="Rail transport in Somalia">Rail transport in Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Coastal_Highway" title="Libyan Coastal Highway">Via Balbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_della_Vittoria" title="Via della Vittoria">Via della Vittoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Line" title="Imperial Line">Linea dell'Impero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya_Railways" title="Italian Libya Railways">Italian Libya Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_stations_in_Libya" title="Railway stations in Libya">Libyan Railway stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_colonial_railways" title="Italian colonial railways">History of Italian colonial railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_imperialism_under_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian imperialism under Fascism">Greater Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum">Mare Nostrum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spazio_vitale" title="Spazio vitale">Spazio vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Shore" title="Fourth Shore">Fourth Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_of_the_Roman_Empire#Risorgimento_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Succession of the Roman Empire">Third Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Police and military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_African_Police" title="Italian African Police">Italian African Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bands_(Italian_Army_irregulars)" title="Bands (Italian Army irregulars)">Bands (Italian Army irregulars)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapti%C3%A9" title="Zaptié">Zaptié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubat" title="Dubat">Dubat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savari" title="Savari">Savari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Spahis" title="Italian Spahis">Spahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Colonial_Troops" title="Royal Corps of Colonial Troops">Royal Corps of Colonial Troops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Eritrean_Colonial_Troops" title="Royal Corps of Eritrean Colonial Troops">Eritrean Ascari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Corps_of_Somali_Colonial_Troops" title="Royal Corps of Somali Colonial Troops">Somali Ascari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascari_del_Cielo" title="Ascari del Cielo">Ascari del Cielo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_1st_Eritrean_Division" title="Italian 1st Eritrean Division">Italian 1st Eritrean Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_2nd_Eritrean_Division" title="Italian 2nd Eritrean Division">Italian 2nd Eritrean Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Libyan_Division_Sibille" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Libyan Division Sibille">1st Libyan Division Sibille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Libyan_Division_Pescatori" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Libyan Division Pescatori">2nd Libyan Division Pescatori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Libyan_Colonial_Division" title="Italian Libyan Colonial Division">Italian Libyan Colonial Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somali_Divisions_(101_and_102)" title="Italian Somali Divisions (101 and 102)">Italian Somali Divisions (101 and 102)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maletti_Group" title="Maletti Group">Maletti Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legione_Redenta" title="Legione Redenta">Legione Redenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_guerrilla_war_in_Ethiopia" title="Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia">Italian guerrilla units (A.O.I.)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currencies and Stamps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_tallero" title="Eritrean tallero">Eritrean tallero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_East_African_lira" title="Italian East African lira">Italian East African lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland_lira" title="Italian Somaliland lira">Italian Somaliland lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland_rupia" title="Italian Somaliland rupia">Italian Somaliland rupia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalo" title="Somalo">Somalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italian_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italian East Africa">Postage stamps and postal history of Italian East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Oltre_Giuba" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Oltre Giuba">Postage stamps and postal history of Oltre Giuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_of_Italian_Libya" title="Postage stamps of Italian Libya">Postage stamps of Italian Libya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonial_conflicts_in_the_Italian_Empire90" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italian_colonial_campaigns" title="Template:Italian colonial campaigns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italian_colonial_campaigns" title="Template talk:Italian colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italian_colonial_campaigns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italian colonial campaigns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonial_conflicts_in_the_Italian_Empire90" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Colonial conflicts in the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italian Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Ethiopian_War_of_1887%E2%80%931889" title="Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889">Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War in Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">Italo-Ethiopian War of 1895–96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banadir_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Banadir Resistance">Banadir Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Italo-Ethiopian War of 1935–36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">World War II Campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image plainlist" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Italy"><img alt="Flag of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/76px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="76" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/114px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/152px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Senussi_War" title="Second Italo-Senussi War">Second Italo-Senussi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">World War II campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">Italian Blockade of Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Italian Invasion of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_intervention" title="Siberian intervention">Siberian intervention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Intervention_in_Northern_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Intervention in Northern Russia">Italian Intervention in Northern Russia</a> (<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpo_di_spedizione_italiano_in_Murmania" class="extiw" title="it:Corpo di spedizione italiano in Murmania">it</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Constantinople">Occupation of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles419" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Italy" title="Category:Italy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empires160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empires" title="Template:Empires"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empires" title="Template talk:Empires"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empires" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empires"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empires160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empires</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">colonies</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Orontid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">Hunnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a></li> <li>Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kingdom of Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vaspurakan" title="Kingdom of Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire#Shift_of_the_Sayfuwa_court_from_Kanem_to_Bornu" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Sultanate_(1368%E2%80%931888)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888)">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bulgarian Empire (disambiguation)">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">First</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Solomonic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Kannauj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_Empire" title="Rashtrakuta Empire">Rashtrakuta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persian Empire (disambiguation)">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_period" title="Yamato period">Yamato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakura_shogunate" title="Kamakura shogunate">Kamakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_shogunate" title="Ashikaga shogunate">Muromachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Edo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Empire" title="Latin Empire">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgesveldet" class="mw-redirect" title="Norgesveldet">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Empire" title="North Sea Empire">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_the_Morea" title="Despotate of the Morea">Morea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku_Empire" title="Tiwanaku Empire">Tiwanaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toltec_Empire" title="Toltec Empire">Toltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Great Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarezmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uighur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Khaganate" title="Kyrgyz Khaganate">Kyrgyz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90inh_dynasty" title="Đinh dynasty">Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Early Lê dynasty">Early Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BD_dynasty" title="Lý dynasty">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Trần dynasty">Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_dynasty" title="Hồ dynasty">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Tr%E1%BA%A7n_dynasty" title="Later Trần dynasty">Later Tran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Lê dynasty">Later Le</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Wagadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wari_Empire" title="Wari Empire">Wari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Empire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Burmese Empire (disambiguation)">Burmese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan" title="Northern Yuan">Mongol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirat_Confederation" title="Oirat Confederation">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut_Khanate" title="Khoshut Khanate">Khoshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Khanate" title="Kalmyk Khanate">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Sultanate" title="Saadi Sultanate">Saadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">'Alawi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_imperialism#Contemporary_Russian_imperialism" title="Russian imperialism">Contemporary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">Somali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga_Empire" title="Tuʻi Tonga Empire">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1c_dynasty" title="Mạc dynasty">Mạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_L%C3%AA_dynasty" title="Revival Lê dynasty">Revival Lê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2y_S%C6%A1n_dynasty" title="Tây Sơn dynasty">Tay Sơn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Dainam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Colonial28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Empire" title="Chinese Empire">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_overseas_colonies" title="Danish overseas colonies">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Empire" title="Omani Empire">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curonian_colonisation" title="Curonian colonisation">Couronian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_attempts_by_Poland" title="Colonization attempts by Poland">attempts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_overseas_colonies" title="Swedish overseas colonies">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_empires" title="List of empires">Empires</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_empires" title="List of largest empires">largest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">Ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">Medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">Modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">European colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_empires" class="mw-redirect" title="African empires">African empires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist F" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Empire" as a description of foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_empire" title="Soviet empire">Soviet empire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_Empire&oldid=1277430803">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italian_Empire&oldid=1277430803</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Italian_Empire" title="Category:Italian Empire">Italian 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