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id="toc-Extent_and_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biggest_seas_in_Atlantic_Ocean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biggest_seas_in_Atlantic_Ocean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biggest seas in Atlantic Ocean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biggest_seas_in_Atlantic_Ocean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bathymetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bathymetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bathymetry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bathymetry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bathymetry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bathymetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-Atlantic_Ridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mid-Atlantic Ridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-Atlantic_Ridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ocean_floor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocean_floor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ocean floor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocean_floor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Water characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Water_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Water characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Water_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Salinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Salinity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_masses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_masses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Water masses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_masses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gyres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gyres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Gyres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gyres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sargasso_Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sargasso_Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Sargasso Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sargasso_Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Climate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Natural hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology_and_plate_tectonics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology_and_plate_tectonics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Geology and plate tectonics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geology_and_plate_tectonics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geology and plate tectonics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geology_and_plate_tectonics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_Atlantic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Atlantic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Central Atlantic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Atlantic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Atlantic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Atlantic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>North Atlantic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Atlantic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Atlantic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Atlantic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>South Atlantic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Atlantic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closure_of_the_Atlantic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closure_of_the_Atlantic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Closure of the Atlantic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closure_of_the_Atlantic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Human origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_World" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_World"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Old World</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_World-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_World" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_World"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>New World</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_World-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atlantic_World" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atlantic_World"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Atlantic World</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atlantic_World-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fisheries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fisheries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Fisheries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fisheries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Environmental issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environmental issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Endangered_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endangered_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Endangered species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endangered_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waste_and_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waste_and_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Waste and pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waste_and_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories_of_natural_delimitation_between_the_Atlantic_and_Pacific_oceans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_of_natural_delimitation_between_the_Atlantic_and_Pacific_oceans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Theories of natural delimitation between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories_of_natural_delimitation_between_the_Atlantic_and_Pacific_oceans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Atlantic Ocean</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 239 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-239" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">239 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C3%B4t_Atlantik" title="Laôt Atlantik – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Laôt Atlantik" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D_%D0%A5%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%85%D1%83%D1%8D" title="Атлантикэ Хышхуэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Атлантикэ Хышхуэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Атлант Океан – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Атлант Океан" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantiese_Oseaan" title="Atlantiese Oseaan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Atlantiese Oseaan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantik" title="Atlantik – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Atlantik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%89%B5%E1%88%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B2%E1%8A%AD_%E1%8B%8D%E1%89%85%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%96%E1%88%B5" title="አትላንቲክ ውቅያኖስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አትላንቲክ ውቅያኖስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlant_v%C3%A4ldimeer%C3%A2" title="Atlant väldimeerâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Atlant väldimeerâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="अंध महासागर – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अंध महासागर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wests%C3%A6" title="Westsæ – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Westsæ" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Атлантикатә аокеан – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Атлантикатә аокеан" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="المحيط الأطلسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المحيط الأطلسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano_Atlantico" title="Oceano Atlantico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Oceano Atlantico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%98%DC%A9%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%98%DC%A3_%DC%90%DC%9B%DC%A0%DC%A2%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܐܘܩܝܢܘܣ ܐܛܠܢܛܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܘܩܝܢܘܣ ܐܛܠܢܛܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A8an_Atlantico" title="Ocèan Atlantico – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ocèan Atlantico" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0" title="আটলাণ্টিক মহাসাগৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আটলাণ্টিক মহাসাগৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9anu_Atl%C3%A1nticu" title="Océanu Atlánticu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Océanu Atlánticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="एटलान्टिक महासागर – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="एटलान्टिक महासागर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguasu_Atl%C3%A1ntiko" title="Paraguasu Atlántiko – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Paraguasu Atlántiko" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B1_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Атлантикияб океан – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Атлантикияб океан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantik_okean" title="Atlantik okean – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Atlantik okean" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88" title="اطلس اوقیانوسو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اطلس اوقیانوسو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Atlantik" title="Samudra Atlantik – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Samudra Atlantik" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantik_Kogoji" title="Atlantik Kogoji – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Atlantik Kogoji" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0" title="আটলান্টিক মহাসাগর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আটলান্টিক মহাসাগর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lautan_Atlantik" title="Lautan Atlantik – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Lautan Atlantik" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81i-se-i%C3%BB%E2%81%BF" title="Tāi-se-iûⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tāi-se-iûⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Атлантик океан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Атлантик океан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Атлантычны акіян – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Атлантычны акіян" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Атлянтычны акіян – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Атлянтычны акіян" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="अटलांटिक महासागर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अटलांटिक महासागर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadagatan_Atlantiko" title="Kadagatan Atlantiko – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kadagatan Atlantiko" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Атлантически океан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атлантически океан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantischa_Ozean" title="Atlantischa Ozean – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Atlantischa Ozean" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%9A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ནུབ་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ཆེན་པོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ནུབ་རྒྱ་མཚོ་ཆེན་པོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantski_okean" title="Atlantski okean – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Atlantski okean" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meurvor_Atlantel" title="Meurvor Atlantel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Meurvor Atlantel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Атлантын далай – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Атлантын далай" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oce%C3%A0_Atl%C3%A0ntic" title="Oceà Atlàntic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oceà Atlàntic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%C4%95" title="Атлантика океанĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Атлантика океанĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadagatang_Atlantiko" title="Kadagatang Atlantiko – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kadagatang Atlantiko" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantsk%C3%BD_oce%C3%A1n" title="Atlantský oceán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Atlantský oceán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gungwa_re_Atlandiki" title="Gungwa re Atlandiki – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Gungwa re Atlandiki" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanu_Atlanticu" title="Oceanu Atlanticu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Oceanu Atlanticu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefnfor_yr_Iwerydd" title="Cefnfor yr Iwerydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cefnfor yr Iwerydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanterhavet" title="Atlanterhavet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Atlanterhavet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="لموحيط لأطلاسي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لموحيط لأطلاسي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A1nta" title="Atlánta – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Atlánta" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantischer_Ozean" title="Atlantischer Ozean – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atlantischer Ozean" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantiski_ocean" title="Atlantiski ocean – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Atlantiski ocean" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="आन्ध्र महासागर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="आन्ध्र महासागर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlandi_ookean" title="Atlandi ookean – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Atlandi ookean" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%84%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A9%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ατλαντικός Ωκεανός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ατλαντικός Ωκεανός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9ano_Atl%C3%A1ntico" title="Océano Atlántico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Océano Atlántico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantiko" title="Atlantiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atlantiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanu_Al%C3%A1nticu" title="Oceanu Alánticu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Oceanu Alánticu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozeano_Atlantikoa" title="Ozeano Atlantikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ozeano Atlantikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%B3" title="اقیانوس اطلس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقیانوس اطلس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Atlantic Ocean" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantshavi%C3%B0" title="Atlantshavið – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Atlantshavið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9an_Atlantique" title="Océan Atlantique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Océan Atlantique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantyske_Oseaan" title="Atlantyske Oseaan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Atlantyske Oseaan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maayo_filtiingo_Atalantika" title="Maayo filtiingo Atalantika – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Maayo filtiingo Atalantika" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Atlantic" title="Ocean Atlantic – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ocean Atlantic" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tAig%C3%A9an_Atlantach" title="An tAigéan Atlantach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tAigéan Atlantach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Keayn_Sheear" title="Yn Keayn Sheear – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Keayn Sheear" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuan_Siar" title="Cuan Siar – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cuan Siar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9ano_Atl%C3%A1ntico" title="Océano Atlántico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Océano Atlántico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Малхбузера оакафорд – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Малхбузера оакафорд" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B" title="大西洋 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="大西洋" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%B3_%D9%9A_%D8%A7%DB%8A%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8A%D8%B3" title="أطلس ٚ اۊقیانۊس – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="أطلس ٚ اۊقیانۊس" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B0" title="એટલાન્ટિક મહાસાગર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એટલાન્ટિક મહાસાગર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai-s%C3%AE-y%C3%B2ng" title="Thai-sî-yòng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thai-sî-yòng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%84%9C%EC%96%91" title="대서양 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대서양" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekun_Atalanta" title="Tekun Atalanta – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tekun Atalanta" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moana_%CA%BBAkelanika" title="Moana ʻAkelanika – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Moana ʻAkelanika" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%85%D5%BE%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Ատլանտյան օվկիանոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ատլանտյան օվկիանոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="अटलांटिक महासागर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अटलांटिक महासागर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantiski_ocean" title="Atlantiski ocean – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Atlantiski ocean" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantski_ocean" title="Atlantski ocean – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Atlantski ocean" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awuhu_Atlantik" title="Awuhu Atlantik – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Awuhu Atlantik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano_Atlantiko" title="Oceano Atlantiko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Oceano Atlantiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92r%C3%ACm%C3%ACl%C3%AC_Atlantic" title="Òrìmìlì Atlantic – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Òrìmìlì Atlantic" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taaw_Atlantiko" title="Taaw Atlantiko – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Taaw Atlantiko" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Atlantik" title="Samudra Atlantik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Samudra Atlantik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano_Atlantic" title="Oceano Atlantic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Oceano Atlantic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Atlantic Ocean" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Атлантикон фурд – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Атлантикон фурд" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantshaf" title="Atlantshaf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Atlantshaf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano_Atlantico" title="Oceano Atlantico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oceano Atlantico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99" title="האוקיינוס האטלנטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האוקיינוס האטלנטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samodra_Atlantika" title="Samodra Atlantika – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Samodra Atlantika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/At%C9%A9lantiki_L%C9%A9%C5%8Bam%CA%8B%CA%8B" title="Atɩlantiki Lɩŋamʋʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Atɩlantiki Lɩŋamʋʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0" title="ಅಟ್ಲಾಂಟಿಕ್ ಮಹಾಸಾಗರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಟ್ಲಾಂಟಿಕ್ ಮಹಾಸಾಗರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantiko_Kadayatmalatan" title="Atlantiko Kadayatmalatan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Atlantiko Kadayatmalatan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="ატლანტის ოკეანე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ატლანტის ოკეანე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BC%D2%B1%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Атлант мұхиты – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Атлант мұхиты" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynvor_Iwerydh" title="Keynvor Iwerydh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Keynvor Iwerydh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantiki" title="Atlantiki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Atlantiki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantika_Welfa" title="Atlantika Welfa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Atlantika Welfa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseyan_Atlantik" title="Oseyan Atlantik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Oseyan Atlantik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los%C3%A9yan_Atlantik" title="Loséyan Atlantik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Loséyan Atlantik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okyan%C3%BBsa_Atlant%C3%AEk" title="Okyanûsa Atlantîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Okyanûsa Atlantîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Атлантика океаны – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Атлантика океаны" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Атланти океан – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Атланти океан" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozean_Atlantich" title="Ozean Atlantich – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ozean Atlantich" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseano_Atlantiko" title="Oseano Atlantiko – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Oseano Atlantiko" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%9D%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81" title="ມະຫາສະໝຸດອັດລັງຕິກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມະຫາສະໝຸດອັດລັງຕິກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanus_Atlanticus" title="Oceanus Atlanticus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oceanus Atlanticus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantijas_oke%C4%81ns" title="Atlantijas okeāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atlantijas okeāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanteschen_Ozean" title="Atlanteschen Ozean – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Atlanteschen Ozean" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Атлантик океан – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Атлантик океан" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanto_vandenynas" title="Atlanto vandenynas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atlanto vandenynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C3%A7eano_Atlantico" title="Oçeano Atlantico – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Oçeano Atlantico" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantische_Oceaan" title="Atlantische Oceaan – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Atlantische Oceaan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlant%C3%ADki" title="Atlantíki – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Atlantíki" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_Atlantica" title="Mar Atlantica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mar Atlantica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantan_valdumeri" title="Atlantan valdumeri – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Atlantan valdumeri" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/atlantik._zei_braxamsi" title="atlantik. zei braxamsi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="atlantik. zei braxamsi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucean_Atlantich" title="Ucean Atlantich – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ucean Atlantich" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanti-%C3%B3ce%C3%A1n" title="Atlanti-óceán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Atlanti-óceán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="आन्ध्र महासागर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="आन्ध्र महासागर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Атлантски Океан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Атлантски Океан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranomasimbe_Atlantika" title="Ranomasimbe Atlantika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ranomasimbe Atlantika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="അറ്റ്‌ലാന്റിക് മഹാസമുദ്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അറ്റ്‌ലാന്റിക് മഹാസമുദ്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C4%8Bean_Atlantiku" title="Oċean Atlantiku – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Oċean Atlantiku" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="अटलांटिक महासागर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अटलांटिक महासागर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="ატლანტიშ ოკიანე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ატლანტიშ ოკიანე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%89" title="المحيط الاطلنطى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المحيط الاطلنطى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="اطلس اوقیانوس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اطلس اوقیانوس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lautan_Atlantik" title="Lautan Atlantik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lautan Atlantik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9B_%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%A1" title="ꯑꯠꯂꯥꯟꯇꯤꯛ ꯏꯔꯦꯟꯄꯨꯡ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯠꯂꯥꯟꯇꯤꯛ ꯏꯔꯦꯟꯄꯨꯡ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fat mw-list-item"><a href="https://fat.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean – Fanti" lang="fat" hreflang="fat" data-title="Atlantic Ocean" data-language-autonym="Mfantse" data-language-local-name="Fanti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mfantse</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Atlantik" title="Samudra Atlantik – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Samudra Atlantik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2i-s%C4%83%CC%A4-i%C3%B2ng" title="Dâi-să̤-iòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dâi-să̤-iòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouceano_Atl%C3%A1ntico" title="Ouceano Atlántico – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ouceano Atlántico" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Атлантикань оцюведь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Атлантикань оцюведь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Атлантын далай – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Атлантын далай" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="အတ္တလန္တိတ်သမုဒ္ဒရာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အတ္တလန္တိတ်သမုဒ္ဒရာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantische_Oceaan" title="Atlantische Oceaan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Atlantische Oceaan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantische_Ozeoan" title="Atlantische Ozeoan – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Atlantische Ozeoan" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="आन्ध्र महासागर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आन्ध्र महासागर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="एट्लान्टिक महासागर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एट्लान्टिक महासागर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B" title="大西洋 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大西洋" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano_Atlanteco" title="Oceano Atlanteco – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Oceano Atlanteco" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Атлантикин Ӏапказ – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Атлантикин Ӏапказ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantisk_Oosean" title="Atlantisk Oosean – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Atlantisk Oosean" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etlantic_Oshen" title="Etlantic Oshen – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Etlantic Oshen" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanterhavet" title="Atlanterhavet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Atlanterhavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanterhavet" title="Atlanterhavet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Atlanterhavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Atlantic" title="Ocean Atlantic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ocean Atlantic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A5%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Атлантик тептеҥыз – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Атлантик тептеҥыз" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garba_Kibba_cabbii" title="Garba Kibba cabbii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Garba Kibba cabbii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantika_okeani" title="Atlantika okeani – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Atlantika okeani" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0" title="ਅੰਧ ਮਹਾਂਸਾਗਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅੰਧ ਮਹਾਂਸਾਗਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayat_Atlantic" title="Dayat Atlantic – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Dayat Atlantic" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بحر اوقیانوس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بحر اوقیانوس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="အတ်တလန်တိတ် သမုဒ္ဒရာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အတ်တလန်တိတ် သမုဒ္ဒရာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os%C3%A9ano_Atl%C3%A1ntiko" title="Oséano Atlántiko – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Oséano Atlántiko" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%DA%A9_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="اتلانتيک سمندر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اتلانتيک سمندر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantik_Uoshan" title="Atlantik Uoshan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Atlantik Uoshan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Атлантика океан – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Атлантика океан" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80" title="មហាសមុទ្រអាត្លង់ទិក – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មហាសមុទ្រអាត្លង់ទិក" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Och%C3%A9an_Atlantike" title="Ochéan Atlantike – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Ochéan Atlantike" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A9an_Atl%C3%A0ntich" title="Océan Atlàntich – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Océan Atlàntich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solwara_Atlantik" title="Solwara Atlantik – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Solwara Atlantik" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantik" title="Atlantik – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Atlantik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Atlantycki" title="Ocean Atlantycki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ocean Atlantycki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceano_Atl%C3%A2ntico" title="Oceano Atlântico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oceano Atlântico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantika_okean%C4%B1" title="Atlantika okeanı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Atlantika okeanı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantik_okean" title="Atlantik okean – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Atlantik okean" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanul_Atlantic" title="Oceanul Atlantic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oceanul Atlantic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_Atlantic" title="Ocean Atlantic – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Ocean Atlantic" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantiku_mama_qucha" title="Atlantiku mama qucha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Atlantiku mama qucha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Атлантічный океан – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Атлантічный океан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Атлантический океан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атлантический океан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Атлантика – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Атлантика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa_Atalani" title="Vasa Atalani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Vasa Atalani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83" title="अट्लाण्टिक्-महासागरः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अट्लाण्टिक्-महासागरः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0_%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱟᱴᱞᱟᱱᱴᱤᱠ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱴᱞᱟᱱᱴᱤᱠ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otz%C3%A8anu_Atl%C3%A0nticu" title="Otzèanu Atlànticu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Otzèanu Atlànticu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Atlantic Ocean" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantisken_Ozean" title="Atlantisken Ozean – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Atlantisken Ozean" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Atlantic Ocean" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Atlantic Ocean" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oqeani_Atlantik" title="Oqeani Atlantik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Oqeani Atlantik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oc%C3%A8anu_Atl%C3%A0nticu" title="Ocèanu Atlànticu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ocèanu Atlànticu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Atlantic Ocean" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%BD%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%BD%DA%AA_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%DA%8A" title="ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantick%C3%BD_oce%C3%A1n" title="Atlantický oceán – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Atlantický oceán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantski_ocean" title="Atlantski ocean – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Atlantski ocean" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantycki_Uocean" title="Atlantycki Uocean – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Atlantycki Uocean" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badweynta_Atlaantik" title="Badweynta Atlaantik – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Badweynta Atlaantik" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ئۆقیانووسی ئاتلانتیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆقیانووسی ئاتلانتیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Атлантски океан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атлантски океан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantik" title="Atlantik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Atlantik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Atlantik" title="Samudra Atlantik – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Samudra Atlantik" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantin_valtameri" title="Atlantin valtameri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Atlantin valtameri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanten" title="Atlanten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Atlanten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karagatang_Atlantiko" title="Karagatang Atlantiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karagatang Atlantiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="அத்திலாந்திக்குப் பெருங்கடல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அத்திலாந்திக்குப் பெருங்கடல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaru_A%E1%B9%ADlanti" title="Agaru Aṭlanti – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Agaru Aṭlanti" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaraw_ana%E1%B9%ADlas" title="Agaraw anaṭlas – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agaraw anaṭlas" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceane_Atl%C3%A0ndeche" title="Oceane Atlàndeche – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Oceane Atlàndeche" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Атлантик океан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Атлантик океан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="అట్లాంటిక్ మహాసముద్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అట్లాంటిక్ మహాసముద్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="มหาสมุทรแอตแลนติก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาสมุทรแอตแลนติก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D2%9B%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Уқёнуси Атлас – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Уқёнуси Атлас" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A7%E1%8E%B8%E1%8E%AC_%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%BA%E1%8F%89%E1%8E%AF" title="ᏗᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏗᎧᎸᎬ ᎠᎺᏉᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Okyanusu" title="Atlas Okyanusu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Atlas Okyanusu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantik_okean" title="Atlantik okean – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Atlantik okean" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1gba%CC%B1ndang_Kyai_A%CC%B1sa%CC%B1khwot_Ati%CC%B1lantik" title="A̱gba̱ndang Kyai A̱sa̱khwot Ati̱lantik – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱gba̱ndang Kyai A̱sa̱khwot Ati̱lantik" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Атлант океан – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Атлант океан" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Атлантической океан – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Атлантической океан" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Атлантичний океан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Атлантичний океан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="بحر اوقیانوس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بحر اوقیانوس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%83_%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئاتلانتىك ئوكيان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئاتلانتىك ئوكيان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasihyangz" title="Dasihyangz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dasihyangz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os%C3%A8ano_Atl%C3%A0ntego" title="Osèano Atlàntego – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Osèano Atlàntego" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantine_valdmeri" title="Atlantine valdmeri – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Atlantine valdmeri" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_T%C3%A2y_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đại Tây Dương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại Tây Dương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latlantean" title="Latlantean – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Latlantean" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlandi_suurmeri" title="Atlandi suurmeri – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Atlandi suurmeri" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceyan_atlantike" title="Oceyan atlantike – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Oceyan atlantike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B" title="大西洋 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="大西洋" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantischn_Oceoan" title="Atlantischn Oceoan – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Atlantischn Oceoan" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalawdan_Atlantico" title="Kalawdan Atlantico – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kalawdan Atlantico" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mb%C3%A0mbulaanug_Atlas" title="Mbàmbulaanug Atlas – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Mbàmbulaanug Atlas" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B" title="大西洋 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大西洋" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%9F" title="אטלאנטישער אקעאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אטלאנטישער אקעאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92kun_Atl%C3%A1nt%C3%ADk%C3%AC" title="Òkun Atlántíkì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Òkun Atlántíkì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B" title="大西洋 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大西洋" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okyanuso_Atlantik" title="Okyanuso Atlantik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Okyanuso Atlantik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantischen_Oceaon" title="Atlantischen Oceaon – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Atlantischen Oceaon" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_ond%C4%97n%C4%ABns" title="Atlanta ondėnīns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Atlanta ondėnīns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B" title="大西洋 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大西洋" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laotan_Atlantik" title="Laotan Atlantik – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Laotan Atlantik" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Atlantik" title="Samudra Atlantik – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Samudra Atlantik" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A1_%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%9F%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%89" title="ⴰⴳⴰⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵙⵉ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atlantic_Ocean&params=0_N_25_W_region:ZZ_type:waterbody"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">0°N</span> <span class="longitude">25°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">0°N 25°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">0; -25</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ocean between Africa, Europe, and the Americas</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Atlantic (disambiguation)">Atlantic (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="North Atlantic (disambiguation)">North Atlantic (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="South Atlantic (disambiguation)">South Atlantic (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Basin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Atlantic Basin (disambiguation)">Atlantic Basin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Atlantic Ocean</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_Ocean_-_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the Arctic Ocean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Atlantic_Ocean_-_en.png/264px-Atlantic_Ocean_-_en.png" decoding="async" width="264" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Atlantic_Ocean_-_en.png 1.5x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="328" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Atlantic Ocean excluding its <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> regions</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Geographical coordinates">Coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Atlantic_Ocean&params=0_N_25_W_region:ZZ_type:waterbody"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">0°N</span> <span class="longitude">25°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">0°N 25°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">0; -25</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-CIA-World_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-World-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_bordering_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of countries and territories bordering the Atlantic Ocean">List of bordering countries (not drainage basin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_and_harbours_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of ports and harbours of the Atlantic Ocean">ports</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface area</th><td class="infobox-data">85,133,000 km<sup>2</sup> (32,870,000 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_Ocean_–_Britannica_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic_Ocean_–_Britannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />North Atlantic: 41,490,000 km<sup>2</sup> (16,020,000 sq mi),<br /> South Atlantic 40,270,000 km<sup>2</sup> (15,550,000 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-ETOPO1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETOPO1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Average depth</th><td class="infobox-data">3,646 m (11,962 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-ETOPO1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETOPO1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. depth</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Trench" title="Puerto Rico Trench">Puerto Rico Trench</a><br /> 8,376 m (27,480 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Water volume</th><td class="infobox-data">310,410,900 km<sup>3</sup> (74,471,500 cu mi)<sup id="cite_ref-ETOPO1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETOPO1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Shore length<sup>1</sup></th><td class="infobox-data">111,866 km (69,510 mi) including marginal seas<sup id="cite_ref-CIA-World_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-World-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_by_body_of_water" title="Category:Islands by body of water">Islands</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">List of islands</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Trenches</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Trench" title="Puerto Rico Trench">Puerto Rico</a>; <a href="/wiki/South_Sandwich_Trench" title="South Sandwich Trench">South Sandwich</a>; <a href="/wiki/Romanche_Trench" title="Romanche Trench">Romanche</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settlements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_and_harbours_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of ports and harbours of the Atlantic Ocean">List</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff; border-top: 1px solid #cedeff"><sup>1</sup> Shore length is <a href="/wiki/Coastline_paradox" title="Coastline paradox">not a well-defined measure</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Atlantic_Ocean_to_Africa.ogv/220px--Atlantic_Ocean_to_Africa.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="147" data-durationhint="37" data-mwtitle="Atlantic_Ocean_to_Africa.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Atlantic_Ocean_to_Africa.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Atlantic_Ocean_to_Africa.ogv/Atlantic_Ocean_to_Africa.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="720" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Atlantic_Ocean_to_Africa.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="840" data-height="560" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Atlantic_Ocean_to_Africa.ogv/Atlantic_Ocean_to_Africa.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="216" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Atlantic_Ocean_to_Africa.ogv/Atlantic_Ocean_to_Africa.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="360" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Atlantic_Ocean_to_Africa.ogv/Atlantic_Ocean_to_Africa.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fa/Atlantic_Ocean_to_Africa.ogv/Atlantic_Ocean_to_Africa.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="540" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>This video was taken by the crew of <a href="/wiki/Expedition_29" title="Expedition 29">Expedition 29</a> on board the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a>. The pass starts from just northeast of the island of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> over the North Atlantic Ocean to central Africa, over <a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Atlantic Ocean</b> is the second-largest of the world's five <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_oceans" title="Borders of the oceans">oceanic divisions</a>, with an area of about 85,133,000 km<sup>2</sup> (32,870,000 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_Ocean_–_Britannica_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic_Ocean_–_Britannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It covers approximately 17% of <a href="/wiki/Earth#Surface" title="Earth">Earth's surface</a> and about 24% of its water surface area. During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, it was known for separating the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>) from the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Afro-Eurasia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>). </p><p>Through its separation of Afro-Eurasia from the Americas, the Atlantic Ocean has played a central role in the development of human society, globalization, and the histories of many nations. While the <a href="/wiki/Norse_exploration_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse exploration of North America">Norse</a> were the first known humans to cross the Atlantic, it was the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_Christopher_Columbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Expedition of Christopher Columbus">expedition of Christopher Columbus</a> in 1492 that proved to be the most consequential. Columbus' expedition ushered in an <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">age of exploration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Americas_by_European_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the Americas by European powers">colonization of the Americas by European powers</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">France</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">United Kingdom</a>. From the 16th to 19th centuries, the Atlantic Ocean was the center of both <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">an eponymous slave trade</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a> while occasionally hosting naval battles. Such naval battles, as well as growing trade from regional American powers like the United States and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, both increased in degree during the early 20th century, and while no major military conflicts have taken place in the Atlantic recently,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Define what we mean by recently because there is the Falklands War, the naval operations of the Mexican drug war, and the Black Sea naval operations in Ukraine (May 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the ocean remains a core component of trade around the world. </p><p>The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Europe and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. As one component of the interconnected <a href="/wiki/World_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="World Ocean">World Ocean</a>, it is connected in the north to the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> in the southwest, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> in the southeast, and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> in the south. Other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. The Atlantic Ocean is divided in two parts, the northern and southern Atlantic, by the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1710_De_La_Feuille_Map_of_Africa_-_Geographicus_-_Africa-lafeuille-1710.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/1710_De_La_Feuille_Map_of_Africa_-_Geographicus_-_Africa-lafeuille-1710.jpg/220px-1710_De_La_Feuille_Map_of_Africa_-_Geographicus_-_Africa-lafeuille-1710.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/1710_De_La_Feuille_Map_of_Africa_-_Geographicus_-_Africa-lafeuille-1710.jpg/330px-1710_De_La_Feuille_Map_of_Africa_-_Geographicus_-_Africa-lafeuille-1710.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/1710_De_La_Feuille_Map_of_Africa_-_Geographicus_-_Africa-lafeuille-1710.jpg/440px-1710_De_La_Feuille_Map_of_Africa_-_Geographicus_-_Africa-lafeuille-1710.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="1745" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Aethiopian_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Aethiopian Ocean">Aethiopian Ocean</a> depicted in a 1710 French map of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest known mentions of an "Atlantic" sea come from <a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a> around mid-sixth century BC (Sch. A. R. 1. 211):<sup id="cite_ref-MangasPlácido1998_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MangasPlácido1998-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Atlantikôi pelágei</i></span> (Ancient Greek: <span lang="grc">Ἀτλαντικῷ πελάγει</span>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the Atlantic sea</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <abbr title="etymologically">etym</abbr>. <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Sea of <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and in <i><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">The Histories</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> around 450 BC (Hdt. 1.202.4): <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Atlantis thalassa</i></span> (Ancient Greek: <span lang="grc">Ἀτλαντὶς θάλασσα</span>, <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Sea of Atlas</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the Atlantic sea</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) where the name refers to "the sea beyond the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Heracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillars of Heracles">pillars of Heracles</a>" which is said to be part of the sea that surrounds all land.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these uses, the name refers to <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, who supported the heavens and who later appeared as a frontispiece in medieval maps and also lent his name to modern <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlas (geography)">atlases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford-Dict_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-Dict-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, to early <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> sailors and in ancient Greek mythological literature such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>, this all-encompassing ocean was instead known as <a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">Oceanus</a>, the gigantic river that encircled the world; in contrast to the enclosed seas well known to the Greeks: the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the term "Atlantic" originally referred specifically to the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a> in Morocco and the sea off the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> and the West African coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford-Dict_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-Dict-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "<b><a href="/wiki/Aethiopian_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Aethiopian Ocean">Aethiopian Ocean</a></b>", derived from <a href="/wiki/Aethiopia" title="Aethiopia">Ancient Ethiopia</a>, was applied to the southern Atlantic as late as the mid-19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-AmCyclo-1873_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmCyclo-1873-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, the Atlantic was also known to English cartographers as the <b>Great Western Ocean</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Steele1986_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steele1986-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kill_pier,_Clare_Island,_Co_Mayo_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kill_pier%2C_Clare_Island%2C_Co_Mayo_02.jpg/220px-Kill_pier%2C_Clare_Island%2C_Co_Mayo_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kill_pier%2C_Clare_Island%2C_Co_Mayo_02.jpg/330px-Kill_pier%2C_Clare_Island%2C_Co_Mayo_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kill_pier%2C_Clare_Island%2C_Co_Mayo_02.jpg/440px-Kill_pier%2C_Clare_Island%2C_Co_Mayo_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="1028" /></a><figcaption>The Atlantic as it crashed against the shores of <a href="/wiki/Clare_Island" title="Clare Island">Clare Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> in 1981 (Note: upturned native <a href="/wiki/Currach" title="Currach">currach</a> boat in the foreground)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>The pond</b> is a term often used by British and American speakers in reference to the northern Atlantic Ocean, as a form of <a href="/wiki/Meiosis_(figure_of_speech)" title="Meiosis (figure of speech)">meiosis</a>, or ironic understatement. It is used mostly when referring to events or circumstances "on this side of the pond" or "on the other side of the pond" or "across the pond", rather than to discuss the ocean itself.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term dates to 1640, first appearing in print in a pamphlet released during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>, and reproduced in 1869 in <a href="/wiki/Nehemiah_Wallington" title="Nehemiah Wallington">Nehemiah Wallington</a>'s <i>Historical Notices of Events Occurring Chiefly in The Reign of Charles I</i>, where "great Pond" is used in reference to the Atlantic Ocean by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Windebank" title="Francis Windebank">Francis Windebank</a>, Charles I's <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">Secretary of State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extent_and_data">Extent and data</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Extent and data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For complete lists of marginal seas and borders of the Atlantic, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_seas#Atlantic_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="List of seas">List of seas § Atlantic Ocean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_oceans#Atlantic_Ocean" title="Borders of the oceans">Borders of the oceans § Atlantic Ocean</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the extent of the Southern Ocean, see <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean#Definitions_and_use" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean § Definitions and use</a>.</div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a> (IHO) defined the limits of the oceans and seas in 1953,<sup id="cite_ref-IHO-1953_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHO-1953-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but some of these definitions have been revised since then and some are not recognized by various authorities, institutions, and countries, for example the <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a>. Correspondingly, the extent and number of oceans and seas vary. </p><p>The Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America. It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the <a href="/wiki/Denmark_Strait" title="Denmark Strait">Denmark Strait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a>. To the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe: the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a> (where it connects with the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> – one of its <a href="/wiki/Marginal_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal sea">marginal seas</a> – and, in turn, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, both of which also touch upon Asia) and Africa. </p><p>In the southeast, the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean. The <a href="/wiki/20th_meridian_east" title="20th meridian east">20° East meridian</a>, running south from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Agulhas" title="Cape Agulhas">Cape Agulhas</a> to <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> defines its border. In the 1953 definition it extends south to Antarctica, while in later maps it is bounded at the <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_south" title="60th parallel south">60° parallel</a> by the Southern Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-IHO-1953_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHO-1953-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays, gulfs and seas. These include the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Davis_Strait" title="Davis Strait">Davis Strait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark_Strait" title="Denmark Strait">Denmark Strait</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Drake_Passage" title="Drake Passage">Drake Passage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a>, almost all of the <a href="/wiki/Scotia_Sea" title="Scotia Sea">Scotia Sea</a>, and other tributary water bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA-World_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-World-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Including these marginal seas the coast line of the Atlantic measures 111,866 km (69,510 mi) compared to 135,663 km (84,297 mi) for the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA-World_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-World-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Including its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers an area of 106,460,000 km<sup>2</sup> (41,100,000 sq mi) or 23.5% of the global ocean and has a volume of 310,410,900 km<sup>3</sup> (74,471,500 cu mi) or 23.3% of the total volume of the Earth's oceans. Excluding its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers 81,760,000 km<sup>2</sup> (31,570,000 sq mi) and has a volume of 305,811,900 km<sup>3</sup> (73,368,200 cu mi). The North Atlantic covers 41,490,000 km<sup>2</sup> (16,020,000 sq mi) (11.5%) and the South Atlantic 40,270,000 km<sup>2</sup> (15,550,000 sq mi) (11.1%).<sup id="cite_ref-ETOPO1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETOPO1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average depth is 3,646 m (11,962 ft) and the maximum depth, the <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Deep" title="Milwaukee Deep">Milwaukee Deep</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Trench" title="Puerto Rico Trench">Puerto Rico Trench</a>, is 8,376 m (27,480 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biggest_seas_in_Atlantic_Ocean">Biggest seas in Atlantic Ocean</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biggest seas in Atlantic Ocean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Top large seas:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a> – 3.5 million km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> – 2.754 million km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> – 2.510 million km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a> – 2.35 million km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> – 1.550 million km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a> – 1.383 million km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a> – 1.205 million km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sea" title="Argentine Sea">Argentine Sea</a> – 1 million km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a> – 841,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminger_Sea" title="Irminger Sea">Irminger Sea</a> – 780,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a> – 689,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> – 575,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> – 436,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> – 377,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a> – 350,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a> – 320,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a> – 300,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a> – 275,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Saint_Lawrence" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Saint Lawrence">Gulf of Saint Lawrence</a> – 226,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a> – 223,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> – 214,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a> – 169,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a> – 150,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> – 138,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a> – 116,300 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a> – 95,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a> – 93,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a> – 80,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> – 75,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a> – 68,300 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Sea" title="Bothnian Sea">Bothnian Sea</a> – 66,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a> – 57,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_the_Hebrides" title="Sea of the Hebrides">Sea of the Hebrides</a> – 47,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> – 46,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a> – 39,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bothnian Bay</a> – 36,800 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a> – 17,840 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche" title="Bay of Campeche">Bay of Campeche</a> – 16,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</a> – 15,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a> – 11,350 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a> – 10,000 km<sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</a> – 8,300 km<sup>2</sup></li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bathymetry">Bathymetry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bathymetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_bathymetry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Atlantic_bathymetry.jpg/220px-Atlantic_bathymetry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Atlantic_bathymetry.jpg/330px-Atlantic_bathymetry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Atlantic_bathymetry.jpg/440px-Atlantic_bathymetry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/False_color" title="False color">False color</a> map of ocean depth in the Atlantic basin</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bathymetry" title="Bathymetry">bathymetry</a> of the Atlantic is dominated by a <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">submarine mountain range</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a> (MAR). It runs from 87°N or 300 km (190 mi) south of the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> to the subantarctic <a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a> at <a href="/wiki/54th_parallel_south" title="54th parallel south">54°S</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHC-MAR_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHC-MAR-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expeditions to explore the bathymertry of the Atlantic include the <a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition"><i>Challenger</i> expedition</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_Meteor_expedition" title="German Meteor expedition">German <i>Meteor</i> expedition</a>; as of 2001<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lamont%E2%80%93Doherty_Earth_Observatory" title="Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory">Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Hydrographic_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Navy Hydrographic Office">United States Navy Hydrographic Office</a> conduct research on the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-USN-2001_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN-2001-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-Atlantic_Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mid-Atlantic Ridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a></div> <p>The MAR divides the Atlantic longitudinally into two halves, in each of which a series of basins are delimited by secondary, transverse ridges. The MAR reaches above 2,000 m (6,600 ft) along most of its length, but is interrupted by larger transform faults at two places: the <a href="/wiki/Romanche_Trench" title="Romanche Trench">Romanche Trench</a> near the Equator and the <a href="/wiki/Gibbs_fracture_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibbs fracture zone">Gibbs fracture zone</a> at <a href="/wiki/53rd_parallel_north" title="53rd parallel north">53°N</a>. The MAR is a barrier for bottom water, but at these two transform faults deep water currents can pass from one side to the other.<sup id="cite_ref-LevGood-2003_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LevGood-2003-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The MAR rises 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) above the surrounding ocean floor and its <a href="/wiki/Rift_valley" title="Rift valley">rift valley</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">divergent boundary</a> between the <a href="/wiki/North_American_plate" title="North American plate">North American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_plate" title="Eurasian plate">Eurasian</a> plates in the North Atlantic and the <a href="/wiki/South_American_plate" title="South American plate">South American</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_plate" title="African plate">African</a> plates in the South Atlantic. The MAR produces <a href="/wiki/Basaltic_lava" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic lava">basaltic volcanoes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eyjafjallaj%C3%B6kull" title="Eyjafjallajökull">Eyjafjallajökull</a>, Iceland, and <a href="/wiki/Pillow_lava" title="Pillow lava">pillow lava</a> on the ocean floor.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The depth of water at the apex of the ridge is less than 2,700 m (1,500 <a href="/wiki/Fathom" title="Fathom">fathoms</a>; 8,900 <a href="/wiki/Foot_(unit)" title="Foot (unit)">ft</a>) in most places, while the bottom of the ridge is three times as deep.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The MAR is intersected by two perpendicular ridges: the <a href="/wiki/Azores%E2%80%93Gibraltar_Transform_Fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault">Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault</a>, the boundary between the <a href="/wiki/Nubian_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubian plate">Nubian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_plate" title="Eurasian plate">Eurasian plates</a>, intersects the MAR at the <a href="/wiki/Azores_triple_junction" title="Azores triple junction">Azores triple junction</a>, on either side of the Azores microplate, near the <a href="/wiki/40th_parallel_north" title="40th parallel north">40°N</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A much vaguer, nameless boundary, between the North American and South American plates, intersects the MAR near or just north of the <a href="/wiki/Fifteen-Twenty_fracture_zone" title="Fifteen-Twenty fracture zone">Fifteen-Twenty fracture zone</a>, approximately at <a href="/wiki/16th_parallel_north" title="16th parallel north">16°N</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1870s, the <a href="/wiki/Challenger_expedition" title="Challenger expedition"><i>Challenger</i> expedition</a> discovered parts of what is now known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, or: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>An elevated ridge rising to an average height of about 1,900 fathoms [3,500 m; 11,400 ft] below the surface traverses the basins of the North and South Atlantic in a meridianal direction from Cape Farewell, probably its far south at least as Gough Island, following roughly the outlines of the coasts of the Old and the New Worlds.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The remainder of the ridge was discovered in the 1920s by the <a href="/wiki/German_Meteor_expedition" title="German Meteor expedition">German <i>Meteor</i> expedition</a> using echo-sounding equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exploration of the MAR in the 1950s led to the general acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Seafloor_spreading" title="Seafloor spreading">seafloor spreading</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHC-MAR_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHC-MAR-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the MAR runs under water but where it reaches the surfaces it has produced volcanic islands. While nine of these have collectively been nominated a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> for their geological value, four of them are considered of "Outstanding Universal Value" based on their cultural and natural criteria: <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eingvellir_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Þingvellir National Park">Þingvellir</a>, Iceland; <a href="/wiki/Landscape_of_the_Pico_Island_Vineyard_Culture" title="Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture">Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture</a>, Portugal; <a href="/wiki/Gough_and_Inaccessible_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Gough and Inaccessible Islands">Gough and Inaccessible Islands</a>, United Kingdom; and Brazilian Atlantic Islands: <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Noronha" title="Fernando de Noronha">Fernando de Noronha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atol_das_Rocas" class="mw-redirect" title="Atol das Rocas">Atol das Rocas</a> Reserves, Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-WHC-MAR_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHC-MAR-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ocean_floor">Ocean floor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ocean floor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of fracture zones in the Atlantic, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_fracture_zones#Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of fracture zones">List of fracture zones § Atlantic Ocean</a>.</div> <p>Continental shelves in the Atlantic are wide off Newfoundland, southernmost South America, and northeastern Europe. In the western Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_platform" title="Carbonate platform">carbonate platforms</a> dominate large areas, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Blake_Plateau" title="Blake Plateau">Blake Plateau</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda_Rise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bermuda Rise (page does not exist)">Bermuda Rise</a>. The Atlantic is surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">passive margins</a> except at a few locations where <a href="/wiki/Active_margin" class="mw-redirect" title="Active margin">active margins</a> form deep <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">trenches</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Trench" title="Puerto Rico Trench">Puerto Rico Trench</a> (8,376 m or 27,480 ft maximum depth) in the western Atlantic and <a href="/wiki/South_Sandwich_Trench" title="South Sandwich Trench">South Sandwich Trench</a> (8,264 m or 27,113 ft) in the South Atlantic. There are numerous submarine canyons off northeastern North America, western Europe, and northwestern Africa. Some of these canyons extend along the continental rises and farther into the abyssal plains as deep-sea channels.<sup id="cite_ref-LevGood-2003_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LevGood-2003-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1922, a historic moment in cartography and oceanography occurred. The USS <i>Stewart</i> used a Navy Sonic Depth Finder to draw a continuous map across the bed of the Atlantic. This involved little guesswork because the idea of sonar is straightforward with pulses being sent from the vessel, which bounce off the ocean floor, then return to the vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-the_Atlantic_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the_Atlantic-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deep ocean floor is thought to be fairly flat with occasional deeps, <a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">abyssal plains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">trenches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">seamounts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">basins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_plateau" title="Oceanic plateau">plateaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">canyons</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Guyot" title="Guyot">guyots</a>. Various shelves along the margins of the continents constitute about 11% of the bottom topography with few deep channels cut across the continental rise. </p><p>The mean depth between <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_north" title="60th parallel north">60°N</a> and <a href="/wiki/60th_parallel_south" title="60th parallel south">60°S</a> is 3,730 m (12,240 ft), or close to the average for the global ocean, with a modal depth between 4,000 and 5,000 m (13,000 and 16,000 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-LevGood-2003_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LevGood-2003-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the South Atlantic the <a href="/wiki/Walvis_Ridge" title="Walvis Ridge">Walvis Ridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_Rise" title="Rio Grande Rise">Rio Grande Rise</a> form barriers to ocean currents. The <a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Abyss" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentian Abyss">Laurentian Abyss</a> is found off the eastern coast of Canada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_characteristics">Water characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Water characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gulf_Stream_Sea_Surface_Currents_and_Temperatures_NASA_SVS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Visualisation of the Gulf Stream stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to Western Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gulf_Stream_Sea_Surface_Currents_and_Temperatures_NASA_SVS.jpg/400px-Gulf_Stream_Sea_Surface_Currents_and_Temperatures_NASA_SVS.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gulf_Stream_Sea_Surface_Currents_and_Temperatures_NASA_SVS.jpg/600px-Gulf_Stream_Sea_Surface_Currents_and_Temperatures_NASA_SVS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gulf_Stream_Sea_Surface_Currents_and_Temperatures_NASA_SVS.jpg/800px-Gulf_Stream_Sea_Surface_Currents_and_Temperatures_NASA_SVS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6840" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>As the Gulf Stream meanders across the North Atlantic from the North American east coast to Western Europe its temperature drops by 20 °C (36 °F).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circulacion_termohalina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map displaying a looping line with arrows indicating that water flows eastward in the far Southern Ocean, angling northeast of Australia, turning sough-after passing Alaska, then crossing the mid-Pacific to flow north of Australia, continuing west below Africa, then turning northwest until reaching eastern Canada, then angling east to southern Europe, then finally turning south just below Greenland and flowing down the Americas' eastern coast, and resuming its flow eastward to complete the circle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Circulacion_termohalina.jpg/220px-Circulacion_termohalina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Circulacion_termohalina.jpg/330px-Circulacion_termohalina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Circulacion_termohalina.jpg/440px-Circulacion_termohalina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Path of the <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a>. Purple paths represent deep-water currents, while blue paths represent surface currents.</figcaption></figure> <p>Surface water temperatures, which vary with latitude, current systems, and season and reflect the latitudinal distribution of solar energy, range from below −2 °C (28 °F) to over 30 °C (86 °F). Maximum temperatures occur north of the equator, and minimum values are found in the polar regions. In the middle latitudes, the area of maximum temperature variations, values may vary by 7–8 °C (13–14 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-USN-2001_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN-2001-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From October to June the surface is usually covered with sea ice in the <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark_Strait" title="Denmark Strait">Denmark Strait</a>, and Baltic Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-USN-2001_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN-2001-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Coriolis_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriolis effect">Coriolis effect</a> circulates North Atlantic water in a clockwise direction, whereas South Atlantic water circulates counter-clockwise. The south <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">tides</a> in the Atlantic Ocean are semi-diurnal; that is, two high tides occur every 24 lunar hours. In latitudes above <a href="/wiki/40th_parallel_north" title="40th parallel north">40° North</a> some east–west oscillation, known as the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_oscillation" title="North Atlantic oscillation">North Atlantic oscillation</a>, occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-USN-2001_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN-2001-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salinity">Salinity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Salinity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On average, the Atlantic is the saltiest major ocean; surface water <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> in the open ocean ranges from 33 to 37 parts per thousand (3.3–3.7%) by mass and varies with latitude and season. Evaporation, precipitation, river inflow and <a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">sea ice</a> melting influence surface salinity values. Although the lowest salinity values are just north of the equator (because of heavy tropical rainfall), in general, the lowest values are in the high latitudes and along coasts where large rivers enter. Maximum salinity values occur at about <a href="/wiki/25th_parallel_north" title="25th parallel north">25° north</a> and <a href="/wiki/25th_parallel_south" title="25th parallel south">south</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> regions with low rainfall and high evaporation.<sup id="cite_ref-USN-2001_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN-2001-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The high surface salinity in the Atlantic, on which the Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a> is dependent, is maintained by two processes: the <a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Current#Agulhas_leakage_and_rings" title="Agulhas Current">Agulhas Leakage/Rings</a>, which brings salty Indian Ocean waters into the South Atlantic, and the "Atmospheric Bridge", which evaporates subtropical Atlantic waters and exports it to the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_masses">Water masses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Water masses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size: 0.9em; text-align: center;"> <caption>Temperature-salinity characteristics for Atlantic water masses<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Water mass</th> <th>Temperature</th> <th>Salinity </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Upper waters (0–500 m or 0–1,600 ft) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Atlantic Subarctic<br />Upper Water (ASUW)</td> <td>0.0–4.0 °C</td> <td>34.0–35.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Western North Atlantic<br />Central Water (WNACW)</td> <td>7.0–20 °C</td> <td>35.0–36.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Eastern North Atlantic<br />Central Water (ENACW)</td> <td>8.0–18.0 °C</td> <td>35.2–36.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">South Atlantic<br />Central Water (SACW)</td> <td>5.0–18.0 °C</td> <td>34.3–35.8 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Intermediate waters (500–1,500 m or 1,600–4,900 ft) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Western Atlantic Subarctic<br />Intermediate Water (WASIW)</td> <td>3.0–9.0 °C</td> <td>34.0–35.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Eastern Atlantic Subarctic<br />Intermediate Water (EASIW)</td> <td>3.0–9.0 °C</td> <td>34.4–35.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Mediterranean Water (MW)</td> <td>2.6–11.0 °C</td> <td>35.0–36.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Arctic Intermediate Water (AIW)</td> <td>−1.5–3.0 °C</td> <td>34.7–34.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Deep and abyssal waters (1,500 m–bottom or 4,900 ft–bottom) </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">North Atlantic<br />Deep Water (NADW)</td> <td>1.5–4.0 °C</td> <td>34.8–35.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW)</td> <td>−0.9–1.7 °C</td> <td>34.6–34.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Arctic Bottom Water (ABW)</td> <td>−1.8 to −0.5 °C</td> <td>34.9–34.9 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Atlantic Ocean consists of four major, upper <a href="/wiki/Water_mass" title="Water mass">water masses</a> with distinct temperature and salinity. The Atlantic subarctic upper water in the northernmost North Atlantic is the source for subarctic intermediate water and North Atlantic intermediate water. North Atlantic central water can be divided into the eastern and western North Atlantic central water since the western part is strongly affected by the Gulf Stream and therefore the upper layer is closer to underlying fresher subpolar intermediate water. The eastern water is saltier because of its proximity to Mediterranean water. North Atlantic central water flows into South Atlantic central water at <a href="/wiki/15th_parallel_north" title="15th parallel north">15°N</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Emery-Atlantic_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emery-Atlantic-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are five intermediate waters: four low-salinity waters formed at subpolar latitudes and one high-salinity formed through evaporation. Arctic intermediate water flows from the north to become the source for North Atlantic deep water, south of the Greenland-Scotland sill. These two intermediate waters have different salinity in the western and eastern basins. The wide range of salinities in the North Atlantic is caused by the asymmetry of the northern subtropical <a href="/wiki/Gyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyre">gyre</a> and a large number of contributions from a wide range of sources: Labrador Sea, Norwegian-Greenland Sea, Mediterranean, and South Atlantic Intermediate Water.<sup id="cite_ref-Emery-Atlantic_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emery-Atlantic-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Deep_Water" title="North Atlantic Deep Water">North Atlantic deep water</a> (NADW) is a complex of four water masses, two that form by deep convection in the open ocean – classical and upper Labrador sea water – and two that form from the inflow of dense water across the Greenland-Iceland-Scotland sill – Denmark Strait and Iceland-Scotland overflow water. Along its path across Earth the composition of the NADW is affected by other water masses, especially <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Bottom_Water" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Bottom Water">Antarctic bottom water</a> and Mediterranean overflow water.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NADW is fed by a flow of warm shallow water into the northern North Atlantic which is responsible for the anomalous warm climate in Europe. Changes in the formation of NADW have been linked to global climate changes in the past. Since human-made substances were introduced into the environment, the path of the NADW can be traced throughout its course by measuring tritium and radiocarbon from <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapon test">nuclear weapon tests</a> in the 1960s and <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">CFCs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gyres">Gyres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gyres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:302px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:194px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:0px; top:0px; width:300px; position:absolute;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oceanic_gyres.png" class="mw-file-description" title="World map of the five major ocean gyres"><img alt="Map showing 5 circles. The first is between western Australia and eastern Africa. The second is between eastern Australia and western South America. The third is between Japan and western North America. Of the two in the Atlantic, one is in hemisphere." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Oceanic_gyres.png/300px-Oceanic_gyres.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Oceanic_gyres.png/450px-Oceanic_gyres.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Oceanic_gyres.png/600px-Oceanic_gyres.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1225" /></a></span></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> <div id="annotation_200x_35" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top: 35px; font-weight:bold; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:black;">North Atlantic <br />gyre</span></div> <div id="annotation_202x_37" style="position:absolute; left:202px; top: 37px; font-weight:bold; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:black;">North Atlantic <br />gyre</span></div> <div id="annotation_201x_36" style="position:absolute; left:201px; top: 36px; font-weight:bold; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:white;">North Atlantic <br />gyre</span></div> <div id="annotation__75x140" style="position:absolute; left: 75px; top:140px; font-weight:bold; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:white;">Indian<br />Ocean <br />gyre</span></div> <div id="annotation_125x_58" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top: 58px; font-weight:bold; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:white;">North<br />Pacific<br />gyre</span></div> <div id="annotation_165x115" style="position:absolute; left:165px; top:115px; font-weight:bold; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:white;">South<br />Pacific<br />gyre</span></div> <div id="annotation_220x160" style="position:absolute; left:220px; top:160px; font-weight:bold; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:white;">South Atlantic<br />        gyre</span></div> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Oceanic_gyres.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing 5 circles. The first is between western Australia and eastern Africa. The second is between eastern Australia and western South America. The third is between Japan and western North America. Of the two in the Atlantic, one is in hemisphere." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Oceanic_gyres.png/300px-Oceanic_gyres.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Oceanic_gyres.png/450px-Oceanic_gyres.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Oceanic_gyres.png/600px-Oceanic_gyres.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1225" /></a></span></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Oceanic_gyres.png" title="File:Oceanic gyres.png"> </a></div>World map of the five major ocean gyres</div> </div></div> <p>The clockwise warm-water <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Gyre" title="North Atlantic Gyre">North Atlantic Gyre</a> occupies the northern Atlantic, and the counter-clockwise warm-water <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Gyre" title="South Atlantic Gyre">South Atlantic Gyre</a> appears in the southern Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-USN-2001_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN-2001-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the North Atlantic, surface circulation is dominated by three inter-connected currents: the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a> which flows north-east from the North American coast at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Hatteras" title="Cape Hatteras">Cape Hatteras</a>; the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Current" title="North Atlantic Current">North Atlantic Current</a>, a branch of the Gulf Stream which flows northward from the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Banks_of_Newfoundland" title="Grand Banks of Newfoundland">Grand Banks</a>; and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subpolar_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subpolar Front (page does not exist)">Subpolar Front</a>, an extension of the North Atlantic Current, a wide, vaguely defined region separating the subtropical gyre from the subpolar gyre. This system of currents transports warm water into the North Atlantic, without which temperatures in the North Atlantic and Europe would plunge dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Atlantic_Circulation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/North_Atlantic_Circulation.gif/220px-North_Atlantic_Circulation.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/North_Atlantic_Circulation.gif/330px-North_Atlantic_Circulation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/North_Atlantic_Circulation.gif/440px-North_Atlantic_Circulation.gif 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>In the subpolar gyre of the North Atlantic warm subtropical waters are transformed into colder subpolar and polar waters. In the Labrador Sea this water flows back to the subtropical gyre.</figcaption></figure> <p>North of the North Atlantic Gyre, the cyclonic <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Atlantic_Subpolar_Gyre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre (page does not exist)">North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre</a> plays a key role in climate variability. It is governed by ocean currents from marginal seas and regional topography, rather than being steered by wind, both in the deep ocean and at sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subpolar gyre forms an important part of the global <a href="/wiki/Thermohaline_circulation" title="Thermohaline circulation">thermohaline circulation</a>. Its eastern portion includes <a href="/wiki/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)" title="Eddy (fluid dynamics)">eddying</a> branches of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Current" title="North Atlantic Current">North Atlantic Current</a> which transport warm, saline waters from the subtropics to the northeastern Atlantic. There this water is cooled during winter and forms return currents that merge along the eastern continental slope of Greenland where they form an intense (40–50 <a href="/wiki/Sverdrup" title="Sverdrup">Sv</a>) current which flows around the continental margins of the <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a>. A third of this water becomes part of the deep portion of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Deep_Water" title="North Atlantic Deep Water">North Atlantic Deep Water</a> (NADW). The NADW, in turn, feeds the <a href="/wiki/Meridional_overturning_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Meridional overturning circulation">meridional overturning circulation</a> (MOC), the northward heat transport of which is threatened by anthropogenic climate change. Large variations in the subpolar gyre on a decade-century scale, associated with the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_oscillation" title="North Atlantic oscillation">North Atlantic oscillation</a>, are especially pronounced in <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea_Water" title="Labrador Sea Water">Labrador Sea Water</a>, the upper layers of the MOC.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The South Atlantic is dominated by the anti-cyclonic southern subtropical gyre. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Atlantic_Central_Water&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Atlantic Central Water (page does not exist)">South Atlantic Central Water</a> originates in this gyre, while <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Intermediate_Water" title="Antarctic Intermediate Water">Antarctic Intermediate Water</a> originates in the upper layers of the circumpolar region, near the <a href="/wiki/Drake_Passage" title="Drake Passage">Drake Passage</a> and the Falkland Islands. Both these currents receive some contribution from the Indian Ocean. On the African east coast, the small cyclonic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angola_Gyre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angola Gyre (page does not exist)">Angola Gyre</a> lies embedded in the large subtropical gyre.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The southern subtropical gyre is partly masked by a wind-induced <a href="/wiki/Ekman_layer" title="Ekman layer">Ekman layer</a>. The residence time of the gyre is 4.4–8.5 years. <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Deep_Water" title="North Atlantic Deep Water">North Atlantic Deep Water</a> flows southward below the <a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">thermocline</a> of the subtropical gyre.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sargasso_Sea">Sargasso Sea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sargasso Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sargasso.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sargasso.png/200px-Sargasso.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sargasso.png/300px-Sargasso.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sargasso.png/400px-Sargasso.png 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="331" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Approximate extent of the Sargasso Sea</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HanaOZ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/HanaOZ.jpg/200px-HanaOZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/HanaOZ.jpg/300px-HanaOZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/HanaOZ.jpg/400px-HanaOZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Sargassum fish (<i>Histrio histrio</i>)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Sargasso Sea in the western North Atlantic can be defined as the area where two species of <i><a href="/wiki/Sargassum" title="Sargassum">Sargassum</a></i> (<i>S. fluitans</i> and <i>natans</i>) float, an area 4,000 km (2,500 mi) wide and encircled by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Drift" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Drift">North Atlantic Drift</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Equatorial_Current" title="North Equatorial Current">North Equatorial Current</a>. This population of seaweed probably originated from Tertiary ancestors on the European shores of the former <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys Ocean</a> and has, if so, maintained itself by <a href="/wiki/Vegetative_reproduction" title="Vegetative reproduction">vegetative growth</a>, floating in the ocean for millions of years.<sup id="cite_ref-Lün-p223_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lün-p223-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other species endemic to the Sargasso Sea include the <a href="/wiki/Sargassum_fish" title="Sargassum fish">sargassum fish</a>, a predator with algae-like appendages which hovers motionless among the <i>Sargassum</i>. Fossils of similar fishes have been found in fossil bays of the former Tethys Ocean, in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian</a> region, that were similar to the Sargasso Sea. It is possible that the population in the Sargasso Sea migrated to the Atlantic as the Tethys closed at the end of the Miocene around 17 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-Lün-p223_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lün-p223-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of the Sargasso fauna and flora remained enigmatic for centuries. The fossils found in the Carpathians in the mid-20th century often called the "quasi-Sargasso assemblage", finally showed that this assemblage originated in the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Basin">Carpathian Basin</a> from where it migrated over <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> to the central Atlantic where it evolved into modern species of the Sargasso Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The location of the spawning ground for European eels <a href="/wiki/Eel_life_history#Search_for_the_spawning_grounds" title="Eel life history">remained unknown for decades</a>. In the early 19th century it was discovered that the southern Sargasso Sea is the spawning ground for both the <a href="/wiki/European_eel" title="European eel">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_eel" title="American eel">American eel</a> and that the former migrate more than 5,000 km (3,100 mi) and the latter 2,000 km (1,200 mi). Ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream transport eel larvae from the Sargasso Sea to foraging areas in North America, Europe, and northern Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent but disputed research suggests that eels possibly use <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a> to navigate through the ocean both as larvae and as adults.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_hurricane_graphic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of Caribbean showing seven approximately parallel westward-pointing arrows that extend from east of the Virgin Islands to Cuba. The southern arrows bend northward just east of the Dominican Republic before straightening out again." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Atlantic_hurricane_graphic.png/220px-Atlantic_hurricane_graphic.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Atlantic_hurricane_graphic.png/330px-Atlantic_hurricane_graphic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Atlantic_hurricane_graphic.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>Waves in the <a href="/wiki/Trade_winds" title="Trade winds">trade winds</a> in the Atlantic Ocean – areas of converging winds that move along the same track as the prevailing wind – create instabilities in the atmosphere that may lead to the formation of hurricanes.</figcaption></figure> <p>The climate is influenced by the temperatures of the surface waters and water currents as well as winds. Because of the ocean's great capacity to store and release heat, maritime climates are more moderate and have less extreme seasonal variations than inland climates. <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">Precipitation</a> can be approximated from coastal weather data and air temperature from water temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-USN-2001_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN-2001-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oceans are the major source of atmospheric moisture that is obtained through evaporation. Climatic zones vary with latitude; the warmest zones stretch across the Atlantic north of the equator. The coldest zones are in high latitudes, with the coldest regions corresponding to the areas covered by sea ice. Ocean currents influence the climate by transporting warm and cold waters to other regions. The winds that are cooled or warmed when blowing over these currents influence adjacent land areas.<sup id="cite_ref-USN-2001_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN-2001-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a> and its northern extension towards Europe, the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Current" title="North Atlantic Current">North Atlantic Drift</a> is thought to have at least some influence on climate. For example, the Gulf Stream helps moderate winter temperatures along the coastline of southeastern North America, keeping it warmer in winter along the coast than inland areas. The Gulf Stream also keeps extreme temperatures from occurring on the Florida Peninsula. In the higher latitudes, the North Atlantic Drift, warms the atmosphere over the oceans, keeping the British Isles and northwestern Europe mild and cloudy, and not severely cold in winter, like other locations at the same high latitude. The cold water currents contribute to heavy fog off the coast of eastern Canada (the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Banks_of_Newfoundland" title="Grand Banks of Newfoundland">Grand Banks of Newfoundland</a> area) and Africa's northwestern coast. In general, winds transport moisture and air over land areas.<sup id="cite_ref-USN-2001_25-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN-2001-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_hazards">Natural hazards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Natural hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iceberg_A22A,_South_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Iceberg_A22A%2C_South_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg/220px-Iceberg_A22A%2C_South_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Iceberg_A22A%2C_South_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg/330px-Iceberg_A22A%2C_South_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Iceberg_A22A%2C_South_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg/440px-Iceberg_A22A%2C_South_Atlantic_Ocean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2345" data-file-height="1553" /></a><figcaption>Iceberg A22A in the South Atlantic Ocean</figcaption></figure> <p>Every winter, the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Low" title="Icelandic Low">Icelandic Low</a> produces frequent storms. <a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">Icebergs</a> are common from early February to the end of July across the shipping lanes near the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Banks_of_Newfoundland" title="Grand Banks of Newfoundland">Grand Banks of Newfoundland</a>. The ice season is longer in the polar regions, but there is little shipping in those areas.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane" title="Atlantic hurricane">Hurricanes</a> are a hazard in the western parts of the North Atlantic during the summer and autumn. Due to a consistently strong <a href="/wiki/Wind_shear" title="Wind shear">wind shear</a> and a weak <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_tropical_cyclone" title="South Atlantic tropical cyclone">South Atlantic tropical cyclones</a> are rare.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology_and_plate_tectonics">Geology and plate tectonics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Geology and plate tectonics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Atlantic Ocean is underlain mostly by dense <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> oceanic crust made up of <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">gabbro</a> and overlain by fine clay, silt and siliceous ooze on the abyssal plain. The continental margins and continental shelf mark lower density, but greater thickness <a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">felsic</a> continental rock that is often much older than that of the seafloor. The oldest oceanic crust in the Atlantic is up to 145 million years and is situated off the west coast of Africa and the east coast of North America, or on either side of the South Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many places, the continental shelf and continental slope are covered in thick sedimentary layers. For instance, on the North American side of the ocean, large carbonate deposits formed in warm shallow waters such as Florida and the Bahamas, while coarse river outwash sands and silt are common in shallow shelf areas like the <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bank" title="Georges Bank">Georges Bank</a>. Coarse sand, boulders, and rocks were transported into some areas, such as off the coast of Nova Scotia or the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> ice ages.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Atlantic">Central Atlantic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Central Atlantic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blakey_200Ma_-_COL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Blakey_200Ma_-_COL.jpg/180px-Blakey_200Ma_-_COL.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Blakey_200Ma_-_COL.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="189" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blakey_170Ma_-_COL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Blakey_170Ma_-_COL.jpg/180px-Blakey_170Ma_-_COL.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Blakey_170Ma_-_COL.jpg/270px-Blakey_170Ma_-_COL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Blakey_170Ma_-_COL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Opening of the central Atlantic 200–170 Ma</div></div></div></div> <p>The break-up of Pangaea began in the central Atlantic, between North America and Northwest Africa, where rift basins opened during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic. This period also saw the first stages of the uplift of the Atlas Mountains. The exact timing is controversial with estimates ranging from 200 to 170 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The opening of the Atlantic Ocean coincided with the initial break-up of the supercontinent <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a>, both of which were initiated by the eruption of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Atlantic_Magmatic_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Atlantic Magmatic Province">Central Atlantic Magmatic Province</a> (CAMP), one of the most extensive and voluminous <a href="/wiki/Large_igneous_province" title="Large igneous province">large igneous provinces</a> in Earth's history associated with the <a href="/wiki/Triassic%E2%80%93Jurassic_extinction_event" title="Triassic–Jurassic extinction event">Triassic–Jurassic extinction event</a>, one of Earth's major <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">extinction events</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theoliitic <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dikes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_sill" title="Aquatic sill">sills</a>, and lava flows from the CAMP eruption at 200 Ma have been found in West Africa, eastern North America, and northern South America. The extent of the volcanism has been estimated to 4.5<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>6</sup> km<sup>2</sup> (1.7<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>6</sup> sq mi) of which 2.5<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>6</sup> km<sup>2</sup> (9.7<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>5</sup> sq mi) covered what is now northern and central Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The formation of the <a href="/wiki/Central_American_Isthmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Central American Isthmus">Central American Isthmus</a> closed the <a href="/wiki/Central_American_Seaway" title="Central American Seaway">Central American Seaway</a> at the end of the Pliocene 2.8 Ma ago. The formation of the isthmus resulted in the migration and extinction of many land-living animals, known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Interchange" title="Great American Interchange">Great American Interchange</a>, but the closure of the seaway resulted in a "Great American Schism" as it affected ocean currents, salinity, and temperatures in both the Atlantic and Pacific. Marine organisms on both sides of the isthmus became isolated and either diverged or went extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Atlantic">North Atlantic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: North Atlantic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Opening_of_the_North_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Opening of the North Atlantic Ocean">Opening of the North Atlantic Ocean</a> and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></div> <p>Geologically, the northern Atlantic is the area delimited to the south by two conjugate margins, Newfoundland and Iberia, and to the north by the Arctic <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Basin" title="Eurasian Basin">Eurasian Basin</a>. The opening of the northern Atlantic closely followed the margins of its predecessor, the <a href="/wiki/Iapetus_Ocean" title="Iapetus Ocean">Iapetus Ocean</a>, and spread from the central Atlantic in six stages: <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a>–<a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porcupine_Bank" title="Porcupine Bank">Porcupine</a>–North America, Eurasia–Greenland, Eurasia–North America. Active and inactive spreading systems in this area are marked by the interaction with the <a href="/wiki/Iceland_hotspot" title="Iceland hotspot">Iceland hotspot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seafloor spreading led to the extension of the crust and the formation of troughs and sedimentary basins. The Rockall Trough opened between 105 and 84 million years ago although the rift failed along with one leading into the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFittonLarsen199915_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFittonLarsen199915-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spreading began opening the <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a> around 61 million years ago, continuing until 36 million years ago. Geologists distinguish two magmatic phases. One from 62 to 58 million years ago predates the separation of Greenland from northern Europe while the second from 56 to 52 million years ago happened as the separation occurred. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Iceland_Plateau" title="Iceland Plateau">Iceland</a> began to form 62 million years ago due to a particularly concentrated mantle plume. Large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> erupted at this time period are found on Baffin Island, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and Scotland, with ash falls in Western Europe acting as a stratigraphic marker.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFittonLarsen199910_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFittonLarsen199910-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opening of the North Atlantic caused a significant uplift of continental crust along the coast. For instance, despite 7 km thick basalt, Gunnbjorn Field in East Greenland is the highest point on the island, elevated enough that it exposes older Mesozoic sedimentary rocks at its base, similar to old lava fields above sedimentary rocks in the uplifted Hebrides of western Scotland. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFittonLarsen199923–24_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFittonLarsen199923–24-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The North Atlantic Ocean contains about 810 <a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">seamounts</a>, most of them situated along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/OSPAR_Convention" title="OSPAR Convention">OSPAR</a> database (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) mentions 104 seamounts: 74 within national <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zones</a>. Of these seamounts, 46 are located close to the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Atlantic">South Atlantic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: South Atlantic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gondwana115Ma_hg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gondwana115Ma_hg.png/180px-Gondwana115Ma_hg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gondwana115Ma_hg.png/270px-Gondwana115Ma_hg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Gondwana115Ma_hg.png/360px-Gondwana115Ma_hg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="463" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gondwana065Ma_hg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gondwana065Ma_hg.png/180px-Gondwana065Ma_hg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gondwana065Ma_hg.png/270px-Gondwana065Ma_hg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Gondwana065Ma_hg.png/360px-Gondwana065Ma_hg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="463" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gondwana038ma_hg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gondwana038ma_hg.png/180px-Gondwana038ma_hg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gondwana038ma_hg.png/270px-Gondwana038ma_hg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Gondwana038ma_hg.png/360px-Gondwana038ma_hg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="463" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The opening of the South Atlantic</div></div></div></div> <p>West Gondwana (South America and Africa) broke up in the Early Cretaceous to form the South Atlantic. The apparent fit between the coastlines of the two continents was noted on the first maps that included the South Atlantic and it was also the subject of the first computer-assisted plate tectonic reconstructions in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-Eagles-intro_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eagles-intro-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This magnificent fit, however, has since then proven problematic and later reconstructions have introduced various deformation zones along the shorelines to accommodate the northward-propagating break-up.<sup id="cite_ref-Eagles-intro_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eagles-intro-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intra-continental rifts and deformations have also been introduced to subdivide both continental plates into sub-plates.<sup id="cite_ref-Seton-2012-p217_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seton-2012-p217-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geologically, the South Atlantic can be divided into four segments: equatorial segment, from 10°N to the Romanche fracture zone (RFZ); central segment, from RFZ to Florianopolis fracture zone (FFZ, north of Walvis Ridge and Rio Grande Rise); southern segment, from FFZ to the Agulhas–Falkland fracture zone (AFFZ); and Falkland segment, south of AFFZ.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik2009-p1316_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik2009-p1316-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the southern segment the Early Cretaceous (133–130 Ma) intensive <a href="/wiki/Magmatism" title="Magmatism">magmatism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_and_Etendeka_traps" title="Paraná and Etendeka traps">Paraná–Etendeka Large Igneous Province</a> produced by the <a href="/wiki/Tristan_hotspot" title="Tristan hotspot">Tristan hotspot</a> resulted in an estimated volume of 1.5<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>6</sup> to 2.0<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>6</sup> km<sup>3</sup> (3.6<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>5</sup> to 4.8<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>5</sup> cu mi). It covered an area of 1.2<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>6</sup> to 1.6<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>6</sup> km<sup>2</sup> (4.6<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>5</sup> to 6.2<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>5</sup> sq mi) in Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay and 0.8<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>5</sup> km<sup>2</sup> (3.1<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>4</sup> sq mi) in Africa. <a href="/wiki/Dyke_swarm" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyke swarm">Dyke swarms</a> in Brazil, Angola, eastern Paraguay, and Namibia, however, suggest the LIP originally covered a much larger area and also indicate failed rifts in all these areas. Associated offshore basaltic flows reach as far south as the Falkland Islands and South Africa. Traces of magmatism in both offshore and onshore basins in the central and southern segments have been dated to 147–49 Ma with two peaks between 143 and 121 Ma and 90–60 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-Torsvik2009-p1316_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Torsvik2009-p1316-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Falkland segment rifting began with dextral movements between the Patagonia and Colorado sub-plates between the Early Jurassic (190 Ma) and the Early Cretaceous (126.7 Ma). Around 150 Ma sea-floor spreading propagated northward into the southern segment. No later than 130 Ma rifting had reached the Walvis Ridge–Rio Grande Rise.<sup id="cite_ref-Seton-2012-p217_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seton-2012-p217-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the central segment, rifting started to break Africa in two by opening the <a href="/wiki/Benue_Trough" title="Benue Trough">Benue Trough</a> around 118 Ma. Rifting in the central segment, however, coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_reversal#Superchrons" title="Geomagnetic reversal">Cretaceous Normal Superchron</a> (also known as the Cretaceous quiet period), a 40 Ma period without magnetic reversals, which makes it difficult to date sea-floor spreading in this segment.<sup id="cite_ref-Seton-2012-p217_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seton-2012-p217-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The equatorial segment is the last phase of the break-up, but, because it is located on the Equator, magnetic anomalies cannot be used for dating. Various estimates date the propagation of seafloor spreading in this segment and consequent opening of the Equatorial Atlantic Gateway (EAG) to the period 120–96 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-GiorgioniEtAl2015_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GiorgioniEtAl2015-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LateAptianPalaeoceanography_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LateAptianPalaeoceanography-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This final stage, nevertheless, coincided with or resulted in the end of continental extension in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Seton-2012-p217_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seton-2012-p217-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 50 Ma the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Drake_Passage" title="Drake Passage">Drake Passage</a> resulted from a change in the motions and separation rate of the South American and Antarctic plates. First, small ocean basins opened and a shallow gateway appeared during the Middle Eocene. 34–30 Ma a deeper seaway developed, followed by an <a href="/wiki/Eocene%E2%80%93Oligocene_extinction_event" title="Eocene–Oligocene extinction event">Eocene–Oligocene climatic deterioration</a> and the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_ice_sheet" title="Antarctic ice sheet">Antarctic ice sheet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closure_of_the_Atlantic">Closure of the Atlantic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Closure of the Atlantic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pangaea_Proxima" title="Pangaea Proxima">Pangaea Proxima</a></div> <p>An embryonic subduction margin is potentially developing west of Gibraltar. The <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar_Arc" title="Gibraltar Arc">Gibraltar Arc</a> in the western Mediterranean is migrating westward into the central Atlantic where it joins the converging African and Eurasian plates. Together these three tectonic forces are slowly developing into a new subduction system in the eastern Atlantic Basin. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Scotia_Arc" title="Scotia Arc">Scotia Arc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_plate" title="Caribbean plate">Caribbean plate</a> in the western Atlantic Basin are eastward-propagating subduction systems that might, together with the Gibraltar system, represent the beginning of the closure of the Atlantic Ocean and the final stage of the Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Wilson_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilson cycle">Wilson cycle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Category:History of the Atlantic Ocean">History of the Atlantic Ocean</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_origin">Human origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Human origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Humans evolved</a> in Africa; around 7 mya; then developing stone tools around 2.6 mya; to finally evolve as <a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern human">modern humans</a> around 200 kya. The earliest evidence for the complex behavior associated with this <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">behavioral modernity</a> has been found in the Greater <a href="/wiki/Cape_Floristic_Region" title="Cape Floristic Region">Cape Floristic Region</a> (GCFR) along the coast of South Africa. During the latest glacial stages, the now-submerged plains of the <a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Bank" title="Agulhas Bank">Agulhas Bank</a> were exposed above sea level, extending the South African coastline farther south by hundreds of kilometers. A small population of modern humans – probably fewer than a thousand reproducing individuals – survived glacial maxima by exploring the high diversity offered by these Palaeo-Agulhas plains. The GCFR is delimited to the north by the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fold_Belt" title="Cape Fold Belt">Cape Fold Belt</a> and the limited space south of it resulted in the development of social networks out of which complex Stone Age technologies emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human history thus begins on the coasts of South Africa where the Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Benguela_Current" title="Benguela Current">Benguela Upwelling</a> and the Indian Ocean <a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Current" title="Agulhas Current">Agulhas Current</a> meet to produce an intertidal zone on which shellfish, fur seal, fish and sea birds provided the necessary protein sources.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The African origin of this modern behaviour is evidenced by 70,000 years-old engravings from <a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a>, South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_World">Old World</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Old World"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">Mitochondrial DNA</a> (mtDNA) studies indicate that 80–60,000 years ago a major demographic expansion within Africa, derived from a single, small population, coincided with the emergence of behavioral complexity and the rapid <a href="/wiki/Marine_isotope_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine isotope stage">MIS</a> 5–4 environmental changes. This group of people not only expanded over the whole of Africa, but also started to disperse <a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">out of Africa</a> into Asia, Europe, and Australasia around 65,000 years ago and quickly replaced the archaic humans in these regions.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> (LGM) 20,000 years ago humans had to abandon their initial settlements along the European North Atlantic coast and retreat to the Mediterranean. Following rapid climate changes at the end of the LGM this region was repopulated by <a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian</a> culture. Other hunter-gatherers followed in waves interrupted by large-scale hazards such as the <a href="/wiki/Laacher_See" title="Laacher See">Laacher See</a> volcanic eruption, the inundation of <a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>), and the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European coasts of the North Atlantic were permanently populated about 9–8.5 thousand years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This human dispersal left abundant traces along the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. 50 kya-old, deeply stratified <a href="/wiki/Shell_midden" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell midden">shell middens</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Ysterfontein" class="mw-redirect" title="Ysterfontein">Ysterfontein</a> on the western coast of South Africa are associated with the Middle Stone Age (MSA). The MSA population was small and dispersed and the rate of their reproduction and exploitation was less intense than those of later generations. While their middens resemble 12–11 kya-old Late Stone Age (LSA) middens found on every inhabited continent, the 50–45 kya-old <a href="/wiki/Enkapune_Ya_Muto" title="Enkapune Ya Muto">Enkapune Ya Muto</a> in Kenya probably represents the oldest traces of the first modern humans to disperse out of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meilgaard-boplads.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Meilgaard-boplads.jpg/220px-Meilgaard-boplads.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Meilgaard-boplads.jpg/330px-Meilgaard-boplads.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Meilgaard-boplads.jpg/440px-Meilgaard-boplads.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>Excavation of the <a href="/wiki/Erteb%C3%B8lle_culture" title="Ertebølle culture">Ertebølle</a> middens in 1880</figcaption></figure> <p>The same development can be seen in Europe. In <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Riera_Cave&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Riera Cave (page does not exist)">La Riera Cave</a> (23–13 kya) in Asturias, Spain, only some 26,600 molluscs were deposited over 10 kya. In contrast, 8–7 kya-old shell middens in Portugal, Denmark, and Brazil generated thousands of tons of debris and artefacts. The <a href="/wiki/Erteb%C3%B8lle_culture" title="Ertebølle culture">Ertebølle</a> middens in Denmark, for example, accumulated 2,000 m<sup>3</sup> (71,000 cu ft) of shell deposits representing some 50 million molluscs over only a thousand years. This intensification in the exploitation of marine resources has been described as accompanied by new technologies – such as boats, harpoons, and fish hooks  – because many caves found in the Mediterranean and on the European Atlantic coast have increased quantities of marine shells in their upper levels and reduced quantities in their lower. The earliest exploitation, however, took place on the now submerged shelves, and most settlements now excavated were then located several kilometers from these shelves. The reduced quantities of shells in the lower levels can represent the few shells that were exported inland.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_World">New World</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: New World"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brendan_the_Navigator#Tale_of_reaching_North_America" title="Brendan the Navigator">Brendan of Clonfert</a></div> <p>During the LGM the <a href="/wiki/Laurentide_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentide Ice Sheet">Laurentide Ice Sheet</a> covered most of northern North America while <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a> connected Siberia to Alaska. In 1973, late American geoscientist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Schultz_Martin" title="Paul Schultz Martin">Paul S. Martin</a> proposed a "blitzkrieg" colonization of the Americas by which <a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis hunters</a> migrated into North America around 13,000 years ago in a single wave through an ice-free corridor in the ice sheet and "spread southward explosively, briefly attaining a density sufficiently large to overkill much of their prey."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others later proposed a "three-wave" migration over the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Land_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bering Land Bridge">Bering Land Bridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These hypotheses remained the long-held view regarding the <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_migration_and_settlement_of_the_Americas_from_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric migration and settlement of the Americas from Asia">settlement of the Americas</a>, a view challenged by more recent archaeological discoveries: the oldest archaeological sites in the Americas have been found in South America; sites in northeast Siberia report virtually no human presence there during the LGM; and most Clovis artefacts have been found in eastern North America along the Atlantic coast.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, colonisation models based on mtDNA, <a href="/wiki/YDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="YDNA">yDNA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/AtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="AtDNA">atDNA</a> data respectively support neither the "blitzkrieg" nor the "three-wave" hypotheses but they also deliver mutually ambiguous results. Contradictory data from archaeology and genetics will most likely deliver future hypotheses that will, eventually, confirm each other.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A proposed route across the Pacific to South America could explain early South American finds and another hypothesis proposes a northern path, through the Canadian Arctic and down the North American Atlantic coast.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early settlements across the Atlantic have been suggested by alternative theories, ranging from purely hypothetical to mostly disputed, including the <a href="/wiki/Solutrean_hypothesis" title="Solutrean hypothesis">Solutrean hypothesis</a> and some of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norse-world.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Norse-world.png/220px-Norse-world.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Norse-world.png/330px-Norse-world.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Norse-world.png/440px-Norse-world.png 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Based on the medieval <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is"><a href="/wiki/Sagas_of_Icelanders" title="Sagas of Icelanders">Íslendingasögur</a></i></span> sagas, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Greenland_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenland saga">Grœnlendinga saga</a></i>, this interpretative map of the "Norse World" shows that Norse knowledge of the Americas and the Atlantic remained limited.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse settlement</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> began during the 9th and 10th centuries. A settlement on <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> was established before 1000 CE, but contact with it was lost in 1409 and it was finally abandoned during the early <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a>. This setback was caused by a range of factors: an unsustainable economy resulted in erosion and denudation, while conflicts with the local <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> resulted in the failure to adapt their Arctic technologies; a colder climate resulted in starvation, and the colony got economically marginalized as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plague" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Plague">Great Plague</a> harvested its victims on Iceland in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iceland was initially settled 865–930 CE following a warm period when winter temperatures hovered around 2 °C (36 °F) which made farming favorable at high latitudes. This did not last, however, and temperatures quickly dropped; at 1080 CE summer temperatures had reached a maximum of 5 °C (41 °F). The <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is"><a href="/wiki/Landn%C3%A1mab%C3%B3k" title="Landnámabók">Landnámabók</a></i></span> (<i>Book of Settlement</i>) records disastrous famines during the first century of settlement – "men ate foxes and ravens" and "the old and helpless were killed and thrown over cliffs" – and by the early 1200s hay had to be abandoned for short-season crops such as <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atlantic_World">Atlantic World</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Atlantic World"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic world">Atlantic world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_history" title="Atlantic history">Atlantic history</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_notable_crossings_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="List of notable crossings of the Atlantic Ocean">List of notable crossings of the Atlantic Ocean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Portuguese_Carreira_da_India.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_Portuguese_Carreira_da_India.gif/220px-Map_of_Portuguese_Carreira_da_India.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_Portuguese_Carreira_da_India.gif/330px-Map_of_Portuguese_Carreira_da_India.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_Portuguese_Carreira_da_India.gif/440px-Map_of_Portuguese_Carreira_da_India.gif 2x" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>The Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Gyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyre">Gyres</a> influenced the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese discoveries">Portuguese discoveries</a> and trading port routes, here shown in the India Run ("<i>Carreira da Índia</i>"), which would be developed in subsequent years.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> <a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">reached the Americas</a> in 1492, sailing under the Spanish flag.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamb-184_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamb-184-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six years later <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> reached India under the Portuguese flag, by navigating south around the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>, thus proving that the Atlantic and Indian Oceans are connected. In 1500, in his voyage to India following Vasco da Gama, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a> reached Brazil, taken by the currents of the <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Gyre" title="South Atlantic Gyre">South Atlantic Gyre</a>. Following these explorations, Spain and Portugal quickly <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the Americas">conquered and colonized</a> large territories in the New World and forced the Amerindian population into slavery in order to exploit the vast quantities of silver and gold they found. Spain and Portugal monopolized this trade in order to keep other European nations out, but conflicting interests nevertheless led to a series of Spanish-Portuguese wars. A peace treaty mediated by the Pope divided the conquered territories into Spanish and Portuguese sectors while keeping other colonial powers away. England, France, and the Dutch Republic enviously watched the Spanish and Portuguese wealth grow and allied themselves with <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Atlantic_World" title="Piracy in the Atlantic World">pirates</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Mainwaring" title="Henry Mainwaring">Henry Mainwaring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Exquemelin" title="Alexandre Exquemelin">Alexandre Exquemelin</a>. They could explore the convoys leaving the Americas because prevailing winds and currents made the transport of heavy metals slow and predictable.<sup id="cite_ref-Chamb-184_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chamb-184-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_slavetrade_estimates.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_slavetrade_estimates.png/220px-Atlantic_slavetrade_estimates.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_slavetrade_estimates.png/330px-Atlantic_slavetrade_estimates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_slavetrade_estimates.png/440px-Atlantic_slavetrade_estimates.png 2x" data-file-width="1146" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>Embarked and disembarked slaves in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> 1525–1863 (first and last slave voyages)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the colonies of the Americas, depredation, <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> and other diseases, and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> quickly reduced the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous population of the Americas</a> to the extent that the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> had to be introduced to replace them – a trade that became the norm and an integral part of the colonization. Between the 15th century and 1888, when <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Brazil</a> became the last part of the Americas to end the slave trade, an estimated ten million Africans were exported as slaves, most of them destined for agricultural labour. The slave trade was officially abolished in the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_British_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the British Isles">British Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">United States</a> in 1808, and slavery itself was abolished in the British Empire in 1838 and in the United States in 1865 after the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From Columbus to the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> trans-Atlantic trade, including colonialism and slavery, became crucial for Western Europe. For European countries with direct access to the Atlantic (including Britain, France, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain) 1500–1800 was a period of sustained growth during which these countries grew richer than those in Eastern Europe and Asia. Colonialism evolved as part of the trans-Atlantic trade, but this trade also strengthened the position of merchant groups at the expense of monarchs. Growth was more rapid in non-absolutist countries, such as Britain and the Netherlands, and more limited in <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutist monarchies</a>, such as Portugal, Spain, and France, where profit mostly or exclusively benefited the monarchy and its allies.<sup id="cite_ref-Acem-p546_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acem-p546-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trans-Atlantic trade also resulted in increasing urbanization: in European countries facing the Atlantic, urbanization grew from 8% in 1300, 10.1% in 1500, to 24.5% in 1850; in other European countries from 10% in 1300, 11.4% in 1500, to 17% in 1850. Likewise, GDP doubled in Atlantic countries but rose by only 30% in the rest of Europe. By the end of the 17th century, the volume of the Trans-Atlantic trade had surpassed that of the Mediterranean trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Acem-p546_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acem-p546-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Atlantic has contributed significantly to the development and economy of surrounding countries. Besides major transatlantic transportation and communication routes, the Atlantic offers abundant petroleum deposits in the <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a> of the continental shelves.<sup id="cite_ref-USN-2001_25-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN-2001-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanstadsamlingen_-_NMF010005-01347.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kanstadsamlingen_-_NMF010005-01347.jpg/220px-Kanstadsamlingen_-_NMF010005-01347.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kanstadsamlingen_-_NMF010005-01347.jpg/330px-Kanstadsamlingen_-_NMF010005-01347.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kanstadsamlingen_-_NMF010005-01347.jpg/440px-Kanstadsamlingen_-_NMF010005-01347.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8710" data-file-height="8696" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fishery</a> in Norway</figcaption></figure> <p>The Atlantic harbors petroleum and gas fields, fish, <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a> and whales), <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> aggregates, <a href="/wiki/Placer_deposit" title="Placer deposit">placer deposits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polymetallic_nodules" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymetallic nodules">polymetallic nodules</a>, and precious stones.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gold deposits are a mile or two underwater on the ocean floor, however, the deposits are also encased in rock that must be mined through. Currently, there is no cost-effective way to mine or extract gold from the ocean to make a profit.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various international treaties attempt to reduce pollution caused by environmental threats such as oil spills, <a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">marine debris</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">incineration</a> of toxic wastes at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-USN-2001_25-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN-2001-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fisheries">Fisheries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Fisheries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ocean_fisheries#Atlantic_Ocean" title="Ocean fisheries">Ocean fisheries § Atlantic Ocean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fishing_down_the_food_web" title="Fishing down the food web">Fishing down the food web</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">shelves</a> of the Atlantic hosts one of the world's richest <a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">fishing resources</a>. The most productive areas include the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Banks_of_Newfoundland" title="Grand Banks of Newfoundland">Grand Banks of Newfoundland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scotian_Shelf" title="Scotian Shelf">Scotian Shelf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bank" title="Georges Bank">Georges Bank</a> off <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bahama_Banks" title="Bahama Banks">Bahama Banks</a>, the waters around Iceland, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dogger_Bank" title="Dogger Bank">Dogger Bank</a> of the North Sea, and the Falkland Banks.<sup id="cite_ref-USN-2001_25-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN-2001-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisheries have, however, undergone significant changes since the 1950s and global catches can now be divided into three groups of which only two are observed in the Atlantic: fisheries in the eastern-central and southwest Atlantic oscillate around a globally stable value, the rest of the Atlantic is in overall decline following historical peaks. The third group, "continuously increasing trend since 1950", is only found in the Indian Ocean and western Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-NOA-2016-p39_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOA-2016-p39-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>UN <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> partitioned the Atlantic into major fishing areas: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northeast_Atlantic_bathymetry.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Northeast_Atlantic_bathymetry.png/220px-Northeast_Atlantic_bathymetry.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Northeast_Atlantic_bathymetry.png/330px-Northeast_Atlantic_bathymetry.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Northeast_Atlantic_bathymetry.png 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption>Banks of the northeast Atlantic</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Northeast Atlantic</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p>Northeast Atlantic is schematically limited to the 40°00' west longitude (except around Greenland), south to the 36°00' north latitude, and to the 68°30' east longitude, with both the west and east longitude limits reaching to the north pole. The Atlantic's subareas include: <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a>; <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spitzbergen" class="mw-redirect" title="Spitzbergen">Spitzbergen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bear_Island_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear Island (Norway)">Bear Island</a>; <a href="/wiki/Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat">Kattegat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">Sound</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belt_Sea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belt Sea (page does not exist)">Belt Sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>; <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>; <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faroes_Grounds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faroes Grounds (page does not exist)">Faroes Grounds</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rockall" title="Rockall">Rockall</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northwest_Coast_of_Scotland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northwest Coast of Scotland (page does not exist)">Northwest Coast of Scotland</a>, and North Ireland; <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a>, West of Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Porcupine_Bank" title="Porcupine Bank">Porcupine Bank</a>, and eastern and western <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Waters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portuguese Waters (page does not exist)">Portuguese Waters</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azores_Grounds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azores Grounds (page does not exist)">Azores Grounds</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeast_Atlantic_South&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northeast Atlantic South (page does not exist)">Northeast Atlantic South</a>; North of <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>; and East <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>. There are also two defunct subareas.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>In the Northeast Atlantic total catches decreased between the mid-1970s and the 1990s and reached 8.7 million tons in 2013. <a href="/wiki/Blue_whiting" title="Blue whiting">Blue whiting</a> reached a 2.4 million tons peak in 2004 but was down to 628,000 tons in 2013. Recovery plans for cod, sole, and plaice have reduced mortality in these species. <a href="/wiki/Arctic_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic cod">Arctic cod</a> reached its lowest levels in the 1960s–1980s but is now recovered. <a href="/wiki/Pollachius_virens" title="Pollachius virens">Arctic saithe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a> are considered fully fished; <a href="/wiki/Sand_eel" title="Sand eel">Sand eel</a> is overfished as was <a href="/wiki/Capelin" title="Capelin">capelin</a> which has now recovered to fully fished. Limited data makes the state of <a href="/wiki/Redfish" title="Redfish">redfishes</a> and deep-water species difficult to assess but most likely they remain vulnerable to overfishing. Stocks of <a href="/wiki/Northern_shrimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern shrimp">northern shrimp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_lobster" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian lobster">Norwegian lobster</a> are in good condition. In the Northeast Atlantic, 21% of stocks are considered overfished.<sup id="cite_ref-NOA-2016-p39_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOA-2016-p39-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>This zone makes almost three-quarters (72.8%) of <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> fishing catches in 2020. Main fishing EU countries are Denmark, France, the Netherlands and Spain. Most common species include <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">sprats</a>.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StLawrence_Gulf_bathymetry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/StLawrence_Gulf_bathymetry.jpg/220px-StLawrence_Gulf_bathymetry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/StLawrence_Gulf_bathymetry.jpg/330px-StLawrence_Gulf_bathymetry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/StLawrence_Gulf_bathymetry.jpg/440px-StLawrence_Gulf_bathymetry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Banks of the northwest Atlantic</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Northwest Atlantic</dt> <dd>In the Northwest Atlantic landings have decreased from 4.2 million tons in the early 1970s to 1.9 million tons in 2013. During the 21st century, some species have shown weak signs of recovery, including <a href="/wiki/Greenland_halibut" title="Greenland halibut">Greenland halibut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellowtail_flounder" title="Yellowtail flounder">yellowtail flounder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_halibut" title="Atlantic halibut">Atlantic halibut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spiny_dogfish" title="Spiny dogfish">spiny dogfish</a>, while other stocks shown no such signs, including cod, <a href="/wiki/Witch_(righteye_flounder)" title="Witch (righteye flounder)">witch flounder</a>, and redfish. Stocks of invertebrates, in contrast, remain at record levels of abundance. 31% of stocks are overfished in the northwest Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-NOA-2016-p39_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOA-2016-p39-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Time_series_for_collapse_of_Atlantic_northwest_cod.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Time_series_for_collapse_of_Atlantic_northwest_cod.png/220px-Time_series_for_collapse_of_Atlantic_northwest_cod.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Time_series_for_collapse_of_Atlantic_northwest_cod.png/330px-Time_series_for_collapse_of_Atlantic_northwest_cod.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Time_series_for_collapse_of_Atlantic_northwest_cod.png/440px-Time_series_for_collapse_of_Atlantic_northwest_cod.png 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption>Capture of Atlantic northwest cod in million tons</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1497, <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Western_European" class="mw-redirect" title="Western European">Western European</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> to explore mainland North America and one of his major discoveries was the abundant resources of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic cod</a> off <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>. Referred to as "Newfoundland Currency" this discovery yielded some 200 million tons of fish over five centuries. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, new fisheries started to exploit <a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobster</a>. From the 1950s to the 1970s, the introduction of European and Asian distant-water fleets in the area dramatically increased the fishing capacity and the number of exploited species. It also expanded the exploited areas from near-shore to the open sea and to great depths to include deep-water species such as <a href="/wiki/Sebastes" title="Sebastes">redfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland_halibut" title="Greenland halibut">Greenland halibut</a>, witch flounder, and <a href="/wiki/Grenadiers_(fish)" title="Grenadiers (fish)">grenadiers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a> in the area was recognized as early as the 1960s but, because this was occurring on <a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">international waters</a>, it took until the late 1970s before any attempts to regulate was made. In the early 1990s, this finally resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Atlantic_northwest_cod_fishery" title="Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery">collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery</a>. The population of a number of deep-sea fishes also collapsed in the process, including <a href="/wiki/American_plaice" title="American plaice">American plaice</a>, redfish, and Greenland halibut, together with flounder and grenadier.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Eastern central-Atlantic</dt> <dd>In the eastern central-Atlantic small <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic fishes</a> constitute about 50% of landings with sardine reaching 0.6–1.0 million tons per year. Pelagic fish stocks are considered fully fished or overfished, with sardines south of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Bojador" title="Cape Bojador">Cape Bojador</a> the notable exception. Almost half of the stocks are fished at biologically unsustainable levels. Total catches have been fluctuating since the 1970s; reaching 3.9 million tons in 2013 or slightly less than the peak production in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-NOA-2016-p39_90-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOA-2016-p39-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahamas.A2001138.1550.250m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bahamas.A2001138.1550.250m.jpg/170px-Bahamas.A2001138.1550.250m.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bahamas.A2001138.1550.250m.jpg/255px-Bahamas.A2001138.1550.250m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bahamas.A2001138.1550.250m.jpg/340px-Bahamas.A2001138.1550.250m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bahama_Banks" title="Bahama Banks">Bahama Banks</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Western central-Atlantic</dt> <dd>In the western central-Atlantic, catches have been decreasing since 2000 and reached 1.3 million tons in 2013. The most important species in the area, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_menhaden" title="Gulf menhaden">Gulf menhaden</a>, reached a million tons in the mid-1980s but only half a million tons in 2013 and is now considered fully fished. <a href="/wiki/Round_sardinella" title="Round sardinella">Round sardinella</a> was an important species in the 1990s but is now considered overfished. <a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">Groupers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutjanidae" title="Lutjanidae">snappers</a> are overfished and <a href="/wiki/Northern_brown_shrimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern brown shrimp">northern brown shrimp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_oyster" title="Eastern oyster">American cupped oyster</a> are considered fully fished approaching overfished. 44% of stocks are being fished at unsustainable levels.<sup id="cite_ref-NOA-2016-p39_90-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOA-2016-p39-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agulhas_Bank_NOAA_ETOPO1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Agulhas_Bank_NOAA_ETOPO1.jpg/220px-Agulhas_Bank_NOAA_ETOPO1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Agulhas_Bank_NOAA_ETOPO1.jpg/330px-Agulhas_Bank_NOAA_ETOPO1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Agulhas_Bank_NOAA_ETOPO1.jpg/440px-Agulhas_Bank_NOAA_ETOPO1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Bank" title="Agulhas Bank">Agulhas Bank</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Southeast Atlantic</dt> <dd>In the southeast Atlantic catches have decreased from 3.3 million tons in the early 1970s to 1.3 million tons in 2013. <a href="/wiki/Horse_mackerel" title="Horse mackerel">Horse mackerel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hake" title="Hake">hake</a> are the most important species, together representing almost half of the landings. Off South Africa and Namibia <a href="/wiki/Merluccius_paradoxus" title="Merluccius paradoxus">deep-water hake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merluccius_capensis" title="Merluccius capensis">shallow-water Cape hake</a> have recovered to sustainable levels since regulations were introduced in 2006 and the states of <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_pilchard" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern African pilchard">southern African pilchard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_African_anchovy" title="Southern African anchovy">anchovy</a> have improved to fully fished in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-NOA-2016-p39_90-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOA-2016-p39-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Southwest Atlantic</dt> <dd>In the southwest Atlantic, a peak was reached in the mid-1980s and catches now fluctuate between 1.7 and 2.6 million tons. The most important species, the <a href="/wiki/Illex_argentinus" title="Illex argentinus">Argentine shortfin squid</a>, which reached half a million tons in 2013 or half the peak value, is considered fully fished to overfished. Another important species was the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_sardinella" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian sardinella">Brazilian sardinella</a>, with a production of 100,000 tons in 2013 it is now considered overfished. Half the stocks in this area are being fished at unsustainable levels: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitehead%27s_round_herring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Whitehead's round herring (page does not exist)">Whitehead's round herring</a> has not yet reached fully fished but <a href="/wiki/Cunene_horse_mackerel" title="Cunene horse mackerel">Cunene horse mackerel</a> is overfished. The sea snail <a href="/wiki/Haliotis_midae" title="Haliotis midae">perlemoen abalone</a> is targeted by <a href="/wiki/Illegal_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal fishing">illegal fishing</a> and remains overfished.<sup id="cite_ref-NOA-2016-p39_90-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOA-2016-p39-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Environmental issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endangered_species">Endangered species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Endangered species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Endangered marine species include the <a href="/wiki/Manatee" title="Manatee">manatee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a>, sea lions, turtles, and whales. <a href="/wiki/Drift_net" class="mw-redirect" title="Drift net">Drift net</a> fishing can kill dolphins, <a href="/wiki/Albatross" title="Albatross">albatrosses</a> and other seabirds (<a href="/wiki/Petrel" title="Petrel">petrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auk" title="Auk">auks</a>), hastening the fish stock decline and contributing to international disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waste_and_pollution">Waste and pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Waste and pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a> is a generic term for the entry into the ocean of potentially hazardous chemicals or particles. The biggest culprits are rivers and with them many agriculture <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> chemicals as well as livestock and human waste. The excess of oxygen-depleting chemicals leads to <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">hypoxia</a> and the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">dead zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nesocichla_eremita_-Inaccessible_Island,_British_overseas_territory-8_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nesocichla_eremita_-Inaccessible_Island%2C_British_overseas_territory-8_%283%29.jpg/220px-Nesocichla_eremita_-Inaccessible_Island%2C_British_overseas_territory-8_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nesocichla_eremita_-Inaccessible_Island%2C_British_overseas_territory-8_%283%29.jpg/330px-Nesocichla_eremita_-Inaccessible_Island%2C_British_overseas_territory-8_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nesocichla_eremita_-Inaccessible_Island%2C_British_overseas_territory-8_%283%29.jpg/440px-Nesocichla_eremita_-Inaccessible_Island%2C_British_overseas_territory-8_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3814" data-file-height="2543" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a> strewn over the beaches of the South Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Inaccessible_Island" title="Inaccessible Island">Inaccessible Island</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a>, which is also known as marine litter, describes human-created waste floating in a body of water. Oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_gyres" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic gyres">gyres</a> and coastlines, frequently washing aground where it is known as beach litter. The <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_garbage_patch" title="North Atlantic garbage patch">North Atlantic garbage patch</a> is estimated to be hundreds of kilometers across in size.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other pollution concerns include agricultural and municipal waste. Municipal pollution comes from the eastern United States, southern Brazil, and eastern Argentina; <a href="/wiki/Oil_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil pollution">oil pollution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Maracaibo" title="Lake Maracaibo">Lake Maracaibo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>; and industrial waste and municipal sewage pollution in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea. </p><p>A USAF <a href="/wiki/C-124_Globemaster_II" class="mw-redirect" title="C-124 Globemaster II">C-124</a> aircraft from <a href="/wiki/Dover_Air_Force_Base" title="Dover Air Force Base">Dover Air Force Base</a>, Delaware was carrying three <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_bombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear bombs">nuclear bombs</a> over the Atlantic Ocean when it experienced a loss of power. For their own safety, the crew jettisoned two nuclear bombs, which were never recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shutdown_of_thermohaline_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutdown of thermohaline circulation">Shutdown of thermohaline circulation</a></div> <p>North Atlantic hurricane activity has increased over past decades because of increased <a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">sea surface temperature</a> (SST) at tropical latitudes, changes that can be attributed to either the natural <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Multidecadal_Oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation">Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation</a> (AMO) or to <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic climate change">anthropogenic climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2005 report indicated that the Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Meridional_overturning_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Meridional overturning circulation">meridional overturning circulation</a> (AMOC) slowed down by 30% between 1957 and 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, the research highlighted a significant weakening of the AMOC by approximately 12% over the past two decades.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the AMO were responsible for SST variability, the AMOC would have increased in strength, which is apparently not the case. Furthermore, it is clear from statistical analyses of annual tropical cyclones that these changes do not display multidecadal cyclicity.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, these changes in SST must be caused by human activities.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ocean <a href="/wiki/Mixed_layer" title="Mixed layer">mixed layer</a> plays an important role in heat storage over seasonal and decadal time scales, whereas deeper layers are affected over millennia and have a heat capacity about 50 times that of the mixed layer. This heat uptake provides a time-lag for climate change but it also results in thermal expansion of the oceans which contributes to <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>. 21st-century global warming will probably result in an <a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_level" title="Equilibrium level">equilibrium sea-level</a> rise five times greater than today, whilst melting of glaciers, including that of the Greenland ice sheet, expected to have virtually no effect during the 21st century, will likely result in a sea-level rise of 3–6 metres (9.8–19.7 ft) over a millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories_of_natural_delimitation_between_the_Atlantic_and_Pacific_oceans">Theories of natural delimitation between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Theories of natural delimitation between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Natural_delimitation_between_the_Pacific_and_South_Atlantic_oceans_by_the_Shackleton_Fracture_Zone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Natural_delimitation_between_the_Pacific_and_South_Atlantic_oceans_by_the_Shackleton_Fracture_Zone.svg/300px-Natural_delimitation_between_the_Pacific_and_South_Atlantic_oceans_by_the_Shackleton_Fracture_Zone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Natural_delimitation_between_the_Pacific_and_South_Atlantic_oceans_by_the_Shackleton_Fracture_Zone.svg/450px-Natural_delimitation_between_the_Pacific_and_South_Atlantic_oceans_by_the_Shackleton_Fracture_Zone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Natural_delimitation_between_the_Pacific_and_South_Atlantic_oceans_by_the_Shackleton_Fracture_Zone.svg/600px-Natural_delimitation_between_the_Pacific_and_South_Atlantic_oceans_by_the_Shackleton_Fracture_Zone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the proposal presented by the thesis entitled "<a href="/wiki/Natural_delimitation_between_the_Pacific_and_South_Atlantic_oceans_by_the_Shackleton_Fracture_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural delimitation between the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans by the Shackleton Fracture Zone">Natural delimitation between the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans by the Shackleton Fracture Zone</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>Scientific researchers have proposed delimiting the boundary between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by two different natural boundaries, <a href="/wiki/Natural_delimitation_between_the_Pacific_and_South_Atlantic_oceans_by_the_Shackleton_Fracture_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural delimitation between the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans by the Shackleton Fracture Zone">by the Shackleton fracture zone</a><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_delimitation_between_the_Pacific_and_South_Atlantic_oceans_by_the_Scotia_Arc" title="Natural delimitation between the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans by the Scotia Arc">by the Scotia Arc</a><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the former being more current than the latter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shipwrecks_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Category:Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean">Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Atlantic_hurricanes" title="Category:Atlantic hurricanes">Atlantic hurricanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Atlantic_World" title="Piracy in the Atlantic World">Piracy in the Atlantic World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_crossing" title="Transatlantic crossing">Transatlantic crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone">South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_delimitation_between_the_Pacific_and_South_Atlantic_oceans_by_the_Scotia_Arc" title="Natural delimitation between the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans by the Scotia Arc">Natural delimitation between the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans by the Scotia Arc</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIA-World-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA-World_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA-World_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA-World_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA-World_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCIA_World_Factbook:_Atlantic_Ocean">CIA World Factbook: Atlantic Ocean</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlantic_Ocean_–_Britannica-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_Ocean_–_Britannica_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_Ocean_–_Britannica_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Atlantic-Ocean">"Atlantic Ocean"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215072935/https://www.britannica.com/place/Atlantic-Ocean">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atlantic+Ocean&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FAtlantic-Ocean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ETOPO1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ETOPO1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ETOPO1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ETOPO1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ETOPO1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEakinsSharman2010">Eakins & Sharman 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2018" class="citation web cs1">Dean, Josh (21 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popsci.com/victor-vescovo-five-deeps-submarine">"An inside look at the first solo trip to the deepest point of the Atlantic"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=An+inside+look+at+the+first+solo+trip+to+the+deepest+point+of+the+Atlantic&rft.date=2018-12-21&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.popsci.com%2Fvictor-vescovo-five-deeps-submarine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf"><i>Limits of Oceans and Seas</i>, 3rd ed. (1953)</a>, pages 4 and 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MangasPlácido1998-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MangasPlácido1998_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMangasPlácidoElíceguiRodríguez_Somolinos1998" class="citation book cs1">Mangas, Julio; Plácido, Domingo; Elícegui, Elvira Gangutia; Rodríguez Somolinos, Helena (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pZBSML97Ya0C&pg=PA283"><i>La Península Ibérica en los autores griegos: de Homero a Platón – SLG / (Sch. A. R. 1. 211)</i></a>. Editorial Complutense. p. 283.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Pen%C3%ADnsula+Ib%C3%A9rica+en+los+autores+griegos%3A+de+Homero+a+Plat%C3%B3n+%E2%80%93+SLG+%2F+%28Sch.+A.+R.+1.+211%29&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Editorial+Complutense&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Mangas&rft.aufirst=Julio&rft.au=Pl%C3%A1cido%2C+Domingo&rft.au=El%C3%ADcegui%2C+Elvira+Gangutia&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez+Somolinos%2C+Helena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpZBSML97Ya0C%26pg%3DPA283&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180101191304/http://dge.cchs.csic.es/xdge/%E1%BC%88%CF%84%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%82">"Ἀτλαντίς, DGE Diccionario Griego-Español"</a>. <i>dge.cchs.csic.es</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dge.cchs.csic.es/xdge/%E1%BC%88%CF%84%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%82">the original</a> on 1 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dge.cchs.csic.es&rft.atitle=%E1%BC%88%CF%84%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%82%2C+DGE+Diccionario+Griego-Espa%C3%B1ol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdge.cchs.csic.es%2Fxdge%2F%25E1%25BC%2588%25CF%2584%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CF%2584%25CE%25AF%25CF%2582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHdt._1.202.4">Hdt. 1.202.4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-Dict-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford-Dict_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford-Dict_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOxford_Dictionaries2015">Oxford Dictionaries 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJanni2015">Janni 2015</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AmCyclo-1873-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AmCyclo-1873_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRipleyAnderson_Dana1873">Ripley & Anderson Dana 1873</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steele1986-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steele1986_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele1986" class="citation book cs1">Steele, Ian Kenneth (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N2fmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14"><i>The English Atlantic, 1675–1740: An Exploration of Communication and Community</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503968-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503968-9"><bdi>978-0-19-503968-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Atlantic%2C+1675%E2%80%931740%3A+An+Exploration+of+Communication+and+Community&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503968-9&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Ian+Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN2fmCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514104509/https://www.lexico.com/definition/pond?locale=en">"pond"</a>. <i>Oxford English and Spanish Dictionary, Synonyms, and Spanish to English Translator</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Voyage+of+the+%27Challenger.%27+The+Atlantic%3A+A+Preliminary+Account+of+the+General+Results+of+the+Exploring+Voyage+of+H.M.S.+Challenger+During+the+Year+1873+and+the+Early+Part+of+the+Year+1876&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.lib.noaa.gov%2Frescue%2Foceanheritage%2FQ115C591877v2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorsvikRousseLabailsSmethurst2009" class="citation journal cs1">Torsvik, T.H.; Rousse, S.; Labails, C.; Smethurst, M.A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-246X.2009.04137.x">"A new scheme for the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and the dissection of an Aptian salt basin"</a>. <i>Geophysical Journal International</i>. <b>177</b> (3): 1315–1333. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009GeoJI.177.1315T">2009GeoJI.177.1315T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-246X.2009.04137.x">10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04137.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Journal+International&rft.atitle=A+new+scheme+for+the+opening+of+the+South+Atlantic+Ocean+and+the+dissection+of+an+Aptian+salt+basin&rft.volume=177&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1315-1333&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-246X.2009.04137.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009GeoJI.177.1315T&rft.aulast=Torsvik&rft.aufirst=T.H.&rft.au=Rousse%2C+S.&rft.au=Labails%2C+C.&rft.au=Smethurst%2C+M.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-246X.2009.04137.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTréguierTheettenChassignetPenduff2005" class="citation journal cs1">Tréguier, A.M.; Theetten, S.; Chassignet, E.P.; Penduff, T.; Smith, R.; Talley, L.; Beismann, J.O.; Böning, C. 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United States Geological Survey. October 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mapping+of+the+Puerto+Rico+Trench%2C+the+Deepest+Part+of+the+Atlantic%2C+is+Nearing+Completion&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsoundwaves.usgs.gov%2F2003%2F10%2Ffieldwork.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Navy2001" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010302140751/http://oceanographer.navy.mil/atlantic.html">"Atlantic Ocean Facts"</a>. United States Navy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanographer.navy.mil/atlantic.html">the original</a> on 2 March 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2001</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Atlantic+Ocean+Facts&rft.pub=United+States+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foceanographer.navy.mil%2Fatlantic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebsterHollandCurryChang2005" class="citation journal cs1">Webster, P.J.; Holland, G.J.; Curry, J.A.; Chang, H.R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1116448">"Changes in tropical cyclone number, duration, and intensity in a warming environment"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>309</b> (5742): 1844–1846. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...309.1844W">2005Sci...309.1844W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1116448">10.1126/science.1116448</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16166514">16166514</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35666312">35666312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Changes+in+tropical+cyclone+number%2C+duration%2C+and+intensity+in+a+warming+environment&rft.volume=309&rft.issue=5742&rft.pages=1844-1846&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1116448&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35666312%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16166514&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Sci...309.1844W&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=P.J.&rft.au=Holland%2C+G.J.&rft.au=Curry%2C+J.A.&rft.au=Chang%2C+H.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1116448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Heritage_Centre:_Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/504/">"The Mid-Atlantic Ridge"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2007–2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mid-Atlantic+Ridge&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.date=2007%2F2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Factivities%2F504%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickson1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Newton_Dickson" title="Henry Newton Dickson">Dickson, Henry Newton</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Atlantic Ocean"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Atlantic_Ocean">"Atlantic Ocean" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). pp. 855–857.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atlantic+Ocean&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=855-857&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=Henry+Newton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinchester2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Winchester" title="Simon Winchester">Winchester, Simon</a> (2010). <i>Atlantic: A Vast Ocean of a Million Stories</i>. HarperCollins UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-734137-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-734137-5"><bdi>978-0-00-734137-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlantic%3A+A+Vast+Ocean+of+a+Million+Stories&rft.pub=HarperCollins+UK&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-00-734137-5&rft.aulast=Winchester&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic+Ocean" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic_Ocean&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Atlantic_Ocean" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Atlantic Ocean</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" class="extiw" title="wikt:Atlantic Ocean">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" class="extiw" title="c:Atlantic Ocean">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/CIA_World_Fact_Book,_2004/Atlantic_Ocean" class="extiw" title="s:CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Atlantic Ocean">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" class="extiw" title="voy:Atlantic Ocean">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090829012101/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/geoghist/histories/history/hiscountries/A/atlanticocean.html">Atlantic Ocean</a>. 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_oceans" title="Borders of the oceans">oceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">seas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Sea" title="Amundsen Sea">Amundsen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Sea" title="Bellingshausen Sea">Bellingshausen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Sea" title="Cooperation Sea">Cooperation Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Sea" title="Cosmonauts Sea">Cosmonauts Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Sea" title="Davis Sea">Davis Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Urville_Sea" title="D'Urville Sea">D'Urville Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Haakon_VII_Sea" title="King Haakon VII Sea">King Haakon VII Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarev_Sea" title="Lazarev Sea">Lazarev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawson_Sea" title="Mawson Sea">Mawson Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_Sea" title="Riiser-Larsen Sea">Riiser-Larsen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_Sea" title="Scotia Sea">Scotia Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somov_Sea" title="Somov Sea">Somov Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Gulf" title="Amundsen Gulf">Amundsen Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Siberian_Sea" title="East Siberian Sea">East Siberian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Boothia" title="Gulf of Boothia">Gulf of Boothia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laptev_Sea" title="Laptev Sea">Laptev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Sea" title="Lincoln Sea">Lincoln Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pechora_Sea" title="Pechora Sea">Pechora Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gustaf_Adolf_Sea" title="Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea">Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Sea" title="Queen Victoria Sea">Queen Victoria Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandel_Sea" title="Wandel Sea">Wandel Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atlantic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Mediterranean_Sea" title="American Mediterranean Sea">American Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sea" title="Argentine Sea">Argentine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bay of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche" title="Bay of Campeche">Bay of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Sea" title="Bothnian Sea">Bothnian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxe_Basin" title="Foxe Basin">Foxe Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminger_Sea" title="Irminger Sea">Irminger Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_%C3%85land" title="Sea of Åland">Sea of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_the_Hebrides" title="Sea of the Hebrides">Sea of the Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_Sea" title="Flores Sea">Flores Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_Sea" title="Timor Sea">Timor Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea">Arafura Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Sea" title="Bali Sea">Bali Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Sea" title="Banda Sea">Banda Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Sea" title="Bismarck Sea">Bismarck Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohol_Sea" title="Bohol Sea">Bohol Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camotes_Sea" title="Camotes Sea">Camotes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sea" title="Chilean Sea">Chilean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska" title="Gulf of Alaska">Gulf of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Anadyr" title="Gulf of Anadyr">Gulf of Anadyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Fonseca" title="Gulf of Fonseca">Gulf of Fonseca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Panama" title="Gulf of Panama">Gulf of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmahera_Sea" title="Halmahera Sea">Halmahera Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_Sea" title="Koro Sea">Koro Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_de_Grau" title="Mar de Grau">Mar de Grau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molucca_Sea" title="Molucca Sea">Molucca Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Gulf" title="Moro Gulf">Moro Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea" title="Philippine Sea">Philippine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_Sea" title="Salish Sea">Salish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savu_Sea" title="Savu Sea">Savu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seram_Sea" title="Seram Sea">Seram Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea" title="Seto Inland Sea">Seto Inland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantar_Sea" title="Shantar Sea">Shantar Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibuyan_Sea" title="Sibuyan Sea">Sibuyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sea" title="Solomon Sea">Solomon Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_Sea" title="Visayan Sea">Visayan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">Endorheic basins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superocean" title="Superocean">Superocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Seas" title="Category:Seas">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marginal_seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marginal_seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Template:Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marginal_seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Template talk:Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marginal_seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marginal seas of the Atlantic Ocean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marginal_seas_of_the_Atlantic_Ocean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Marginal seas of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atlantic Ocean</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foxe_Basin" title="Foxe Basin">Foxe Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche" title="Bay of Campeche">Bay of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bothnian Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottles_Bay" title="Pottles Bay">Pottles Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gulfs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Mediterranean_Sea" title="American Mediterranean Sea">American Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sea" title="Argentine Sea">Argentine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Sea" title="Bothnian Sea">Bothnian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarian_Sea" title="Icarian Sea">Icarian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminger_Sea" title="Irminger Sea">Irminger Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattegat" title="Kattegat">Kattegat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_%C3%85land" title="Sea of Åland">Sea of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_the_Hebrides" title="Sea of the Hebrides">Sea of the Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s primary <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">Worlds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean Rim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">Global East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Global Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Global Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Global Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Global Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Global Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Global West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth">Continents of Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas">List of seas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth">Physical Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ocean_currents_and_gyres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ocean" title="Template:Ocean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ocean" title="Template talk:Ocean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ocean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ocean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ocean_currents_and_gyres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Ocean currents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">gyres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Currents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arctic Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Greenland_Current" title="East Greenland Current">East Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Icelandic_Jet" title="North Icelandic Jet">North Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Current" title="Norwegian Current">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpolar_Drift_Stream" title="Transpolar Drift Stream">Transpolar Drift Stream</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atlantic Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola_Current" title="Angola Current">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antilles_Current" title="Antilles Current">Antilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azores_Current" title="Azores Current">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island_Current" title="Baffin Island Current">Baffin Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benguela_Current" title="Benguela Current">Benguela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_Current" title="Brazil Current">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Current" title="Canary Current">Canary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn_Current" title="Cape Horn Current">Cape Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Current" title="Caribbean Current">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Greenland_Current" title="East Greenland Current">East Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Iceland_Current" title="East Iceland Current">East Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Current" title="Falkland Current">Falkland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Current" title="Florida Current">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_Current" title="Guinea Current">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminger_Current" title="Irminger Current">Irminger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Current" title="Labrador Current">Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomonosov_Current" title="Lomonosov Current">Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_Current" title="Loop Current">Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Current" title="North Atlantic Current">North Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Brazil_Current" title="North Brazil Current">North Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Equatorial_Current" title="North Equatorial Current">North Equatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Current" title="Norwegian Current">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_Current" title="Portugal Current">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Current" title="South Atlantic Current">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Equatorial_Current" title="South Equatorial Current">South Equatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Greenland_Current" title="West Greenland Current">West Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Spitsbergen_Current" title="West Spitsbergen Current">West Spitsbergen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Current" title="Agulhas Current">Agulhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Return_Current" title="Agulhas Return Current">Agulhas Return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Madagascar_Current" title="East Madagascar Current">East Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Counter_Current" title="Equatorial Counter Current">Equatorial Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Monsoon_Current" title="Indian Monsoon Current">Indian Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Throughflow" title="Indonesian Throughflow">Indonesian Throughflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeuwin_Current" title="Leeuwin Current">Leeuwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Current" title="Madagascar Current">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Current" title="Mozambique Current">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Madagascar_Current" title="North Madagascar Current">North Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Current" title="Somali Current">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Equatorial_Current" title="South Equatorial Current">South Equatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Australian_Current" title="West Australian Current">West Australian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Current" title="Alaska Current">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Current" title="Aleutian Current">Aleutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Current" title="California Current">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwell_Current" title="Cromwell Current">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davidson_Current" title="Davidson Current">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Australian_Current" title="East Australian Current">East Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Korea_Warm_Current" title="East Korea Warm Current">East Korea Warm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Counter_Current" title="Equatorial Counter Current">Equatorial Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Throughflow" title="Indonesian Throughflow">Indonesian Throughflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Current" title="Kamchatka Current">Kamchatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuroshio_Current" title="Kuroshio Current">Kuroshio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao_Current" title="Mindanao Current">Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Equatorial_Current" title="North Equatorial Current">North Equatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_Cold_Current" title="North Korea Cold Current">North Korea Cold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Current" title="North Pacific Current">North Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyashio_Current" title="Oyashio Current">Oyashio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Equatorial_Current" title="South Equatorial Current">South Equatorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Front" title="Tasman Front">Tasman Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Ocean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circumpolar_Current" title="Antarctic Circumpolar Current">Antarctic Circumpolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Outflow" title="Tasman Outflow">Tasman Outflow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_gyre" title="Ocean gyre">Gyres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major gyres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Gyre" title="Indian Ocean Gyre">Indian Ocean Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Gyre" title="North Atlantic Gyre">North Atlantic Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Gyre" title="South Atlantic Gyre">South Atlantic Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Gyre" title="North Pacific Gyre">North Pacific Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Gyre" title="South Pacific Gyre">South Pacific Gyre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other gyres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Gyre" title="Beaufort Gyre">Beaufort Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Gyre" title="Ross Gyre">Ross Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Gyre" title="Weddell Gyre">Weddell Gyre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">Atmospheric circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_current" title="Boundary current">Boundary current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis_force" title="Coriolis force">Coriolis force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekman_transport" title="Ekman transport">Ekman transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_patch" title="Garbage patch">Marine garbage patches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific</a></li> <li><a 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