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<li id="toc-Treaties_and_establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaties_and_establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Treaties and establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaties_and_establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dervish_uprising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dervish_uprising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Dervish uprising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dervish_uprising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somaliland_Camel_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somaliland_Camel_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Somaliland Camel Corps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somaliland_Camel_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Somaliland_1920–1930" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Somaliland_1920–1930"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>British Somaliland 1920–1930</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Somaliland_1920–1930-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Italian invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1945_Sheikh_Bashir_rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1945_Sheikh_Bashir_rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>1945 Sheikh Bashir rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1945_Sheikh_Bashir_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_and_union_with_the_Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_and_union_with_the_Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Independence and union with the Trust Territory of Somaliland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_and_union_with_the_Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somaliland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somaliland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Somaliland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somaliland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postage_stamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postage_stamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Postage stamps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postage_stamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">British Somaliland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="الصومال البريطاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الصومال البريطاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Брытанскае Самалі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Брытанскае Самалі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Британска Сомалия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Британска Сомалия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Som%C3%A0lia_Brit%C3%A0nica" title="Somàlia Britànica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Somàlia Britànica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britsk%C3%A9_Som%C3%A1lsko" title="Britské Somálsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Britské Somálsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britisk_Somaliland" title="Britisk Somaliland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Britisk Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britisch-Somaliland" title="Britisch-Somaliland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Britisch-Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia_brit%C3%A1nica" title="Somalia británica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Somalia británica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brita_Somalio" title="Brita Somalio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brita Somalio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalilandia_Britainiarra" title="Somalilandia Britainiarra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Somalilandia Britainiarra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalie_britannique" title="Somalie britannique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Somalie britannique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia_brit%C3%A1nica" title="Somalia británica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Somalia británica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD%EB%A0%B9_%EC%86%8C%EB%A7%90%EB%A6%B4%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C" title="영국령 소말릴란드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영국령 소말릴란드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanski_Somaliland" title="Britanski Somaliland – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Britanski Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland_Britania_Raya" title="Somaliland Britania Raya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Somaliland Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia_britannica" title="Somalia britannica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Somalia britannica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="סומלילנד הבריטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סומלילנד הבריטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia_ya_Kiingereza" title="Somalia ya Kiingereza – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Somalia ya Kiingereza" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia_Britannica" title="Somalia Britannica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Somalia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit%C5%B3_Somalilandas" title="Britų Somalilandas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Britų Somalilandas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A1" title="ब्रिटिश सोमालीलँड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ब्रिटिश सोमालीलँड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brits-Somaliland" title="Brits-Somaliland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brits-Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E9%A0%98%E3%82%BD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="イギリス領ソマリランド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イギリス領ソマリランド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britisk_Somaliland" title="Britisk Somaliland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Britisk Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britisk_Somaliland" title="Britisk Somaliland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Britisk Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_Brytyjskie" title="Somali Brytyjskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Somali Brytyjskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalil%C3%A2ndia_Brit%C3%A2nica" title="Somalilândia Britânica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Somalilândia Britânica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia_Britanic%C4%83" title="Somalia Britanică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Somalia Britanică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Британское Сомали – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Британское Сомали" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="British Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhulka_Biritishka_ee_Somaliland" title="Dhulka Biritishka ee Somaliland – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhulka Biritishka ee Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Британски Сомалиленд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Британски Сомалиленд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittil%C3%A4inen_Somalimaa" title="Brittiläinen Somalimaa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brittiläinen Somalimaa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittiska_Somaliland" title="Brittiska Somaliland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brittiska Somaliland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanya_Somalisi" title="Britanya Somalisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Britanya Somalisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Британський Сомаліленд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Британський Сомаліленд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="برطانوی صومالی لینڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برطانوی صومالی لینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland_thu%E1%BB%99c_Anh" title="Somaliland thuộc Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Somaliland thuộc Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=British_Somaliland&params=09_33_38_N_44_03_17_E_source:hewiki_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">09°33′38″N</span> <span class="longitude">44°03′17″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.56056°N 44.05472°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.56056; 44.05472</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British protectorate from 1884 to 1960</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a> or the de facto state of <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox 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.ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Somaliland Protectorate</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Somali-language text"><i lang="so">Maxmiyadda Dhulka Soomaalida</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>)</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1884–1940<br />1941–1960</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_British_Somaliland_(1903%E2%80%931950).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of British Somaliland"><img alt="Flag of British Somaliland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_British_Somaliland_%281903%E2%80%931950%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_British_Somaliland_%281903%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_British_Somaliland_%281903%E2%80%931950%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_British_Somaliland_%281903%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_British_Somaliland_%281903%E2%80%931950%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_British_Somaliland_%281903%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_British_Somaliland_(1952%E2%80%931960).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_British_Somaliland_%281952%E2%80%931960%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_British_Somaliland_%281952%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_British_Somaliland_%281952%E2%80%931960%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_British_Somaliland_%281952%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flag_of_British_Somaliland_%281952%E2%80%931960%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_British_Somaliland_%281952%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Somaliland#Flags_of_British_Somaliland" title="Flag of Somaliland">Flag<br />Top: 1903–1950<br />Bottom: 1952–1960</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Badge_of_British_Somaliland_(1903%E2%80%931950).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Badge (1903–1950) Badge (1952–1960) of British Somaliland"><img alt="Badge (1903–1950) Badge (1952–1960) of British Somaliland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Badge_of_British_Somaliland_%281903%E2%80%931950%29.svg/74px-Badge_of_British_Somaliland_%281903%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="74" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Badge_of_British_Somaliland_%281903%E2%80%931950%29.svg/111px-Badge_of_British_Somaliland_%281903%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Badge_of_British_Somaliland_%281903%E2%80%931950%29.svg/148px-Badge_of_British_Somaliland_%281903%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="505" /></a></span></div> <div>Badge<br />(1903–1950) <div style="padding:3px 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Badge_of_British_Somaliland_(1952%E2%80%931960).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Badge"><img alt="Badge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Badge_of_British_Somaliland_%281952%E2%80%931960%29.svg/74px-Badge_of_British_Somaliland_%281952%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="74" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Badge_of_British_Somaliland_%281952%E2%80%931960%29.svg/111px-Badge_of_British_Somaliland_%281952%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Badge_of_British_Somaliland_%281952%E2%80%931960%29.svg/148px-Badge_of_British_Somaliland_%281952%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="505" /></a></span></div>Badge<br />(1952–1960)</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen" class="mw-redirect" title="God Save the Queen">God Save the Queen</a><br />(1862–1901 & 1952–1960)<br /><a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a><br />(1901–1940 & 1941–1952) <div style="padding-top:0.5em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="64" data-mwtitle="United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga/United_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=nb&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nb" label="norsk bokmål ‪(nb)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUnited_States_Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_Queen.oga&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:1922_Berbera_detail_Map_of_Africa_and_Adjoining_Portions_of_Europe_and_Asia_by_US_National_Geographic_Society_BPL_m0612013.png" class="mw-file-description" title="British Somaliland in 1922"><img alt="British Somaliland in 1922" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/1922_Berbera_detail_Map_of_Africa_and_Adjoining_Portions_of_Europe_and_Asia_by_US_National_Geographic_Society_BPL_m0612013.png/250px-1922_Berbera_detail_Map_of_Africa_and_Adjoining_Portions_of_Europe_and_Asia_by_US_National_Geographic_Society_BPL_m0612013.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/1922_Berbera_detail_Map_of_Africa_and_Adjoining_Portions_of_Europe_and_Asia_by_US_National_Geographic_Society_BPL_m0612013.png/375px-1922_Berbera_detail_Map_of_Africa_and_Adjoining_Portions_of_Europe_and_Asia_by_US_National_Geographic_Society_BPL_m0612013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/1922_Berbera_detail_Map_of_Africa_and_Adjoining_Portions_of_Europe_and_Asia_by_US_National_Geographic_Society_BPL_m0612013.png/500px-1922_Berbera_detail_Map_of_Africa_and_Adjoining_Portions_of_Europe_and_Asia_by_US_National_Geographic_Society_BPL_m0612013.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="728" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">British Somaliland in 1922</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Self-ruling <a href="/wiki/Somali_aristocratic_and_court_titles" title="Somali aristocratic and court titles">sultanates</a> under <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protection</a></span><br />(administered by the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Government of India</a> 1884-1898) and then <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">British colonial government</a> (1 October 1898 onward)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1941)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1941)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia" title="Islam in Somalia">Islam</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland" title="List of colonial governors of British Somaliland">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1884–1888 <span style="font-size:85%;">(first)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Mercer_Hunter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Mercer Hunter (page does not exist)">Frederick Mercer Hunter</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1959–1960 <span style="font-size:85%;">(last)</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Douglas_Hall,_14th_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Douglas Hall, 14th Baronet">Douglas Hall</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• British control </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1884</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Protection treaties </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1886</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap">Somali coast protectorate</span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 July 1887</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Somali)" title="Dervish movement (Somali)">Dervish</a> <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">rebellion</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1900–1920</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">Italian invasion</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 August 1940</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Operation_Appearance" title="Operation Appearance">British recapture</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 April 1941</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">Independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 June 1960</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1904<sup id="cite_ref-britcensus_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britcensus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">137,270 km<sup>2</sup> (53,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1904<sup id="cite_ref-britcensus_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britcensus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">153,018</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rupee" title="Rupee">Rupee</a><br />(1884–1941)<br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_shilling" title="East African shilling">East African shilling</a></span><br />(1941–1962)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Isaaq_Flag.svg/20px-Isaaq_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Isaaq_Flag.svg/30px-Isaaq_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Isaaq_Flag.svg/40px-Isaaq_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="253" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate" title="Habr Yunis Sultanate">Habr Yunis Sultanate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa"><b>1941:</b><br />Italian East Africa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Warsangali_Sultanate" title="Warsangali Sultanate">Warsangali Sultanate</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa"><b>1940:</b><br />Italian East Africa</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/20px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/40px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland"><b>1960:</b><br />State of Somaliland</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i>)</span><br /> <b>∟</b> <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i>)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Somaliland" title="Category:History of Somaliland">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somaliland" title="History of Somaliland">History of <span class="fn org label">Somaliland</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;padding:0.5em 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Somalia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Somalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/225px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/300px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somaliland#Prehistory" title="History of Somaliland">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caves_in_Somaliland" title="Caves in Somaliland">Caves in Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laas_Gaal" class="mw-redirect" title="Laas Gaal">Laas Gaal</a> (10,000 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhambalin" title="Dhambalin">Dhambalin</a> (5,000 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaymoole" title="Dhaymoole">Dhaymoole</a> (5,000~3,500 BC)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somaliland#Ancient" title="History of Somaliland">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a> (2500~2000 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobians" title="Macrobians">Macrobians</a> (525 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara (region)">Land of the Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malao (ancient)">Malao</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Mosylon" title="Mosylon">Mosylon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somaliland#Medieval" title="History of Somaliland">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adal_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Adal Kingdom">Kingdom of Adal</a> (9th-12th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifat_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifat Sultanate">Ifat Sultanate</a> (12th-15th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a> (15th-16th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian–Adal war">Ethiopian–Adal war</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somaliland#Early_modern" title="History of Somaliland">Early modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</a> (17th-19th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate" title="Habr Yunis Sultanate">Habr Yunis Sultanate</a> (18th-19th c.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a> • <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bulhar" title="Bulhar">Bulhar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somaliland#20th_century" title="History of Somaliland">Colonial period<br /><small>(1884–1960)</small></a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British Somaliland</a> (1884-1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Somali)" title="Dervish movement (Somali)">Dervish movement</a> (1884-1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1901-1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign_(1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Somaliland campaign (1920)">Somaliland campaign</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Burao_Tax_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="1922 Burao Tax Revolt">Burao Tax Revolt</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">Italian invasion</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Sheikh_Bashir_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion">Sheikh Bashir Rebellion</a> (1945)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somaliland#Independence" title="History of Somaliland">Modern Somaliland<br /><small>(since 1960)</small></a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a> (1960-1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_revolt_in_Somalia" title="1961 revolt in Somalia">1961 revolt in Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somali Democratic Republic</a> (1969-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence" title="Somaliland War of Independence">Somaliland War of Independence</a> (1981-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq genocide</a> (1982-1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Peace_Process" title="Somaliland Peace Process">Peace process</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Somaliland Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaties_of_the_Somaliland_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace treaties of the Somaliland War of Independence">Peace treaties of the Somaliland War of Independence</a> (1991-1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Somaliland_constitutional_referendum" title="2001 Somaliland constitutional referendum">Constitutional referendum</a> (2001)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Somaliland" title="Portal:Somaliland">Somaliland portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Somaliland" title="Template:History of Somaliland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Somaliland" title="Template talk:History of Somaliland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Somaliland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Somaliland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>British Somaliland</b>, officially the <b>Somaliland Protectorate</b> (<a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>: <i lang="so">Maxmiyadda Dhulka Soomaalida</i>), was a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During its existence, the territory was bordered by <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Somalia">Italian Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Somali_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="French Somali Coast">French Somali Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Abyssinia</a> (temporarily <a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" title="Italian Ethiopia">Italian Ethiopia</a>). From 1940 to 1941, it was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italians</a> and was part of <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a>. </p><p>On 26 June 1960, British Somaliland was formally granted independence by the United Kingdom as the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a>. Five days later, on 1 July 1960, the State of Somaliland voluntarily <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">united</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust Territory of Somalia">Trust Territory of Somalia</a> (the former <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Somalia">Italian Somalia</a>) to form the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wssom1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wssom1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>, an <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">unrecognised independent state</a> that is internationally <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">recognised</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous region">autonomous region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regards itself as the <a href="/wiki/Successor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">successor state</a> to British Somaliland.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Somaliland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaties_and_establishment">Treaties and establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Somaliland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Treaties and establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somaliland_clans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Somaliland_clans.jpg/220px-Somaliland_clans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Somaliland_clans.jpg/330px-Somaliland_clans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Somaliland_clans.jpg/440px-Somaliland_clans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Map of British Somaliland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Somaliland_Protectorate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Map_of_Somaliland_Protectorate.jpg/220px-Map_of_Somaliland_Protectorate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Map_of_Somaliland_Protectorate.jpg/330px-Map_of_Somaliland_Protectorate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Map_of_Somaliland_Protectorate.jpg/440px-Map_of_Somaliland_Protectorate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Map of the British Somaliland Protectorate.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg/220px-Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg/330px-Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg/440px-Isaaq_Chiefs_Hargeisa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="1137" /></a><figcaption>Sultans of the <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Isaaq</a> clan in Hargeisa, Somaliland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Mohamoud_Ali_Shire_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sultan_Mohamoud_Ali_Shire_2.jpg/130px-Sultan_Mohamoud_Ali_Shire_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sultan_Mohamoud_Ali_Shire_2.jpg/195px-Sultan_Mohamoud_Ali_Shire_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sultan_Mohamoud_Ali_Shire_2.jpg/260px-Sultan_Mohamoud_Ali_Shire_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohamoud_Ali_Shire" title="Mohamoud Ali Shire">Mohamoud Ali Shire</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> of the Warsangali clan</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> signed agreements with the <a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi" title="Gadabuursi">Gadabuursi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Issa_(clan)" title="Issa (clan)">Issa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habr_Awal" title="Habr Awal">Habr Awal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garhajis" title="Garhajis">Garhajis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arap" title="Arap">Arap</a> ,<a href="/wiki/Habr_Je%27lo" title="Habr Je'lo">Habr Je'lo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warsangali" title="Warsangali">Warsangeli</a> clans establishing a protectorate.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Issa-Salwe_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Issa-Salwe-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these clans had signed the protection treaties with the British in response to Ethiopian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Menelik%27s_Invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Menelik's Invasions">Menelik's Invasions</a>. The agreements dictated the protection of Somali rights and the maintenance of independence.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British garrisoned the protectorate from <a href="/wiki/Aden_Province" title="Aden Province">Aden</a> and administered it from their <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Empire">British India</a> colony until 1898. British Somaliland was then administered by the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a> until 1905 and afterwards by the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a>. </p><p>Generally, the British did not have much interest in the resource-barren region.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stated purposes of the establishment of the protectorate were to "secure a supply market, check the traffic in slaves, and to exclude the interference of foreign powers."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British principally viewed the protectorate as a source for supplies of meat for their British Indian outpost in <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Aden" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Aden">Aden</a> through the maintenance of order in the coastal areas and protection of the caravan routes from the interior.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, the region's nickname of "Aden's butcher's shop".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonial administration during this period did not extend administrative infrastructure beyond the coast,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contrasted with the more interventionist colonial experience of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Somalia">Italian Somalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dervish_uprising">Dervish uprising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Somaliland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dervish uprising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Somali)" title="Dervish movement (Somali)">Dervish movement (Somali)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-8-36.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-8-36.jpg/130px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-8-36.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-8-36.jpg/195px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-8-36.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-8-36.jpg/260px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-8-36.jpg 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Abdullah Hassan">Mohammed Abdullah Hassan</a>'s main fort in <a href="/wiki/Taleh" title="Taleh">Taleh</a>, the capital of his <a href="/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Somali)" title="Dervish movement (Somali)">Dervish movement</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in 1899, the British were forced to expend considerable human and military capital to contain a decades-long resistance movement mounted by the <a href="/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Somali)" title="Dervish movement (Somali)">Dervish</a> resistance movement.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement was led by <a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Abdullah Hassan">Mohammed Abdullah Hassan</a>, a Somali religious leader referred to colloquially by the British as the "Mad Mullah".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Repeated military expeditions were unsuccessfully launched against Hassan and his Dervishes before <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somalia1911.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Somalia1911.png/130px-Somalia1911.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Somalia1911.png/195px-Somalia1911.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Somalia1911.png/260px-Somalia1911.png 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>1911 map of <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> showing British Somaliland and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 9 August 1913, the Somaliland Camel Constabulary suffered a serious defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dul_Madoba" title="Battle of Dul Madoba">Battle of Dul Madoba</a> at the hands of the Dervishes. Hassan had already evaded several attempts to capture him. At Dul Madoba, his forces killed or wounded 57 members of the 110-man Constabulary unit, including the British commander, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Richard_Corfield" title="Richard Corfield">Richard Corfield</a>. </p><p>In 1914, the British created the <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Camel_Corps" title="Somaliland Camel Corps">Somaliland Camel Corps</a> to assist in maintaining order in British Somaliland. </p><p>In 1920, the British launched their <a href="/wiki/1920_conflict_between_British_forces_and_Somaliland_dervishes" class="mw-redirect" title="1920 conflict between British forces and Somaliland dervishes">fifth and final expedition</a> against Hassan and his followers. Employing the then-new technology of military aircraft, the British finally managed to quell Hassan's twenty-year-long struggle. The British tricked Hassan into preparing for an official visit, then launched bombing raids in the city of <a href="/wiki/Taleh" title="Taleh">Taleh</a> where most of his troops were stationed, causing the mullah to retreat into the desert.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hassan and his Dervish supporters fled to the Ogaden, where Hassan died in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Somaliland_Camel_Corps">Somaliland Camel Corps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Somaliland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Somaliland Camel Corps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Camel_Corps" title="Somaliland Camel Corps">Somaliland Camel Corps</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Engelse_kameelruiters_-_English_camel_troopers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Engelse_kameelruiters_-_English_camel_troopers.jpg/130px-Engelse_kameelruiters_-_English_camel_troopers.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Engelse_kameelruiters_-_English_camel_troopers.jpg/195px-Engelse_kameelruiters_-_English_camel_troopers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Engelse_kameelruiters_-_English_camel_troopers.jpg/260px-Engelse_kameelruiters_-_English_camel_troopers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Camel_Corps" title="Somaliland Camel Corps">Somaliland Camel Corps</a> between <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odweyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Odweyne">Odweyne</a> in 1913.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Camel_Corps" title="Somaliland Camel Corps">Somaliland Camel Corps</a>, also referred to as the Somali Camel Corps, was a unit of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> based in British Somaliland. It lasted from the early 20th century until 1944. The troopers of the Somaliland Camel Corps had a distinctive dress. It was based on the standard British Army <a href="/wiki/Khaki_drill" title="Khaki drill">khaki drill</a> but included a knitted woollen pullover and drill patches on the shoulders. Shorts were worn with woollen socks on <a href="/wiki/Puttees" class="mw-redirect" title="Puttees">puttees</a> and "chaplis", boots or bare feet. Equipment consisted of leather ammunition <a href="/wiki/Bandolier" title="Bandolier">bandolier</a> and a leather waist belt. The officers wore <a href="/wiki/Pith_helmets" class="mw-redirect" title="Pith helmets">pith helmets</a> and khaki drill uniforms. Other ranks wore a "kullah" with "<a href="/wiki/Pagri_(turban)" title="Pagri (turban)">puggree</a>" which ended in a long tail which hung down the back.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "chaplis" is typically a colourful sandal. A "kullah" is a type of cap. A "puggree" is typically a strip of cloth wound around the upper portion of a hat or helmet, particularly a pith helmet, and falling down from behind to act as a shade for the back of the neck. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Somaliland_1920–1930"><span id="British_Somaliland_1920.E2.80.931930"></span>British Somaliland 1920–1930</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Somaliland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: British Somaliland 1920–1930"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-179.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-179.jpg/130px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-179.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-179.jpg/195px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-179.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-179.jpg/260px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-3-179.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="229" /></a><figcaption>Market in <a href="/wiki/Hargeisa" title="Hargeisa">Hargeisa</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the defeat of the Dervish resistance, the two fundamental goals of British policy in British Somaliland were the preservation of stability and the economic self-sufficiency of the protectorate.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second goal remained particularly elusive because of local resistance to taxation that might have been used to support the protectorate's administration.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1930s, the British presence had extended to other parts of British Somaliland. Growth in commercial trade motivated some livestock herders to subsequently leave the pastoral economy and settle in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">Customs taxes</a> also helped pay for British India's patrol of Somalia's <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> Coast.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among military units in British Somaliland during the interwar period was a battalion of the Indian Army <a href="/wiki/4th_Bombay_Grenadiers" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Bombay Grenadiers">4th Bombay Grenadiers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_invasion">Italian invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Somaliland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Italian invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign (World War II)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">Italian invasion of British Somaliland</a></div> <p>In August 1940, during the <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, British Somaliland was invaded by Italy. The few British forces that were present attempted to defend the main road to Berbera, but were dislodged from their positions and retreated after losing the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tug_Argan" title="Battle of Tug Argan">Battle of Tug Argan</a>. During this period, the British rounded up soldiers and governmental officials to evacuate them from the territory through Berbera. In total, 7,000 people, including civilians, were evacuated.<sup id="cite_ref-Playfair178_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Playfair178-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Somalis serving in the <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Camel_Corps" title="Somaliland Camel Corps">Somaliland Camel Corps</a> were given the choice of evacuation or disbandment; the majority chose to remain and were allowed to retain their arms.<sup id="cite_ref-Wavell2724_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wavell2724-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1941, after a six-month Italian occupation, British forces recaptured the protectorate during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Appearance" title="Operation Appearance">Operation Appearance</a>. The final remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_guerrilla_war_in_Ethiopia" title="Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia">Italian guerrilla movement</a> discontinued all resistance in British Somaliland by the autumn of 1943. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1945_Sheikh_Bashir_rebellion">1945 Sheikh Bashir rebellion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Somaliland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1945 Sheikh Bashir rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1945_Sheikh_Bashir_rebellion" title="1945 Sheikh Bashir rebellion">1945 Sheikh Bashir rebellion</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheikh_Bashir_praying.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sheikh_Bashir_praying.jpg/300px-Sheikh_Bashir_praying.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sheikh_Bashir_praying.jpg/450px-Sheikh_Bashir_praying.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sheikh_Bashir_praying.jpg/600px-Sheikh_Bashir_praying.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Sheikh Bashir praying <a href="/wiki/Sunnah_prayer" title="Sunnah prayer">Sunnah prayer</a>, 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion was an uprising by tribesmen of the <a href="/wiki/Habr_Je%27lo" title="Habr Je'lo">Habr Je'lo</a> clan in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Burao" title="Burao">Burao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erigavo" title="Erigavo">Erigavo</a> in the former British Somaliland protectorate against British authorities in July 1945 led by <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Bashir" title="Sheikh Bashir">Sheikh Bashir</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a> religious leader belonging to the Yeesif sub-division.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 July, Sheikh Hamza collected 25 of his followers in the town of <a href="/wiki/Wadamago" title="Wadamago">Wadamago</a> and transported them on a lorry to the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Burao" title="Burao">Burao</a>, where he distributed arms to half of his followers. On the evening of 3 July the group entered Burao and opened fire on the police guard of the central prison in the city, which was filled with prisoners arrested for previous demonstrations. The group also attacked the house of the district commissioner of <a href="/wiki/Burao_District" title="Burao District">Burao District</a>, Major Chambers, resulting in the death of Major Chamber's police guard before escaping to Bur Dhab, a strategic mountain south-east of Burao, where Sheikh Bashir's small unit occupied a fort and took up a defensive position in anticipation of a British counterattack.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British campaign against Sheikh Hamza troops proved abortive after several defeats as his forces kept on the move. No sooner had the expedition left the area, than the news travelled fast among the Somali nomads across the plain. The war had exposed the British administration to humiliation. The government came to a conclusion that another expedition against him would be useless; that they must build a railway, make roads and effectively occupy the whole of the protectorate, or else abandon the interior. The latter course was decided upon and during the first months of 1945, the advance posts were withdrawn and the British administration confined to the coast town of <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sheikh Bashir settled many disputes among the tribes in the vicinity, which kept them from raiding each other. He was generally thought to settle disputes through the use of Islamic <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> and gathered around him a strong following.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sheikh Bashir sent a message to religious figures in the town of <a href="/wiki/Erigavo" title="Erigavo">Erigavo</a> and called on them to revolt and join the rebellion he led. The religious leaders as well as the people of Erigavo heeded his call, and mobilized a substantial number of people armed with rifles and spears and staged a revolt. The British authorities responded rapidly and severely, sending reinforcements to the town and opening fire on the armed mobs in two "local actions" as well as arresting minor religious leaders in the town.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British administration recruited <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> troops, led by police general James David, to fight against Sheikh Bashir and had intelligence plans to capture him alive. The British authorities mobilized a police force, and eventually on 7 July found Sheikh Bashir and his unit in defensive positions behind their fortifications in the mountains of Bur Dhab. After clashes Sheikh Bashir and his second-in-command, Alin Yusuf Ali, nicknamed Qaybdiid, were killed. A third rebel was wounded and was captured along with two other rebels. The rest fled the fortifications and dispersed. On the British side the police general leading the British troops as well as a number of Indian and South African troops perished in the clashes, and a policeman was injured. </p><p>Despite the death of Sheikh Hamza and his followers resistance against British authorities continued in Somaliland, especially in Erigavo where his death stirred further resistance in the town and the town of <a href="/wiki/Badhan,_Sanaag" title="Badhan, Sanaag">Badhan</a> and lead to attacks on British colonial troops throughout the district and the seizing of arms from the rural constabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British authorities was not finished with the rebels even after most of them had died and continued its counter-insurgency campaign. The authorities had quickly learned the names and identities of all the followers of Sheikh Bashir and tried to convince the locals to turn them in. When they refused, the authorities invoked the <i>Collective Punishment Ordinance</i>, under which the authorities seized and impounded a total of 6,000 camels owned by the <a href="/wiki/Habr_Je%27lo" title="Habr Je'lo">Habr Je'lo</a>, the clan that Sheikh Bashir belonged to. The British authorities made the return of the livestock dependent on the turning over and arrest of the escaped rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining rebels were subsequently found and arrested, and transported to the <a href="/wiki/Zeila_Archipelago" title="Zeila Archipelago">Saad-ud-Din archipelago</a>, off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Zeila" title="Zeila">Zeila</a> in northwestern Somaliland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_and_union_with_the_Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland">Independence and union with the Trust Territory of Somaliland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Somaliland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Independence and union with the Trust Territory of Somaliland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(State_of_Somaliland)" title="Independence Day (State of Somaliland)">Independence Day (State of Somaliland)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Somalia)" title="Independence Day (Somalia)">Independence Day (Somalia)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Independence_Day_State_of_Somaliland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Independence_Day_State_of_Somaliland.png/170px-Independence_Day_State_of_Somaliland.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Independence_Day_State_of_Somaliland.png/255px-Independence_Day_State_of_Somaliland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Independence_Day_State_of_Somaliland.png/340px-Independence_Day_State_of_Somaliland.png 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>Agreements and Exchanges of Letters between the Government of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> and the Government of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">Somaliland</a> in connexion with the Attainment of Independence by Somaliland<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Somaliland_Protectorate_Constitutional_Conference,_London.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Somaliland_Protectorate_Constitutional_Conference%2C_London.png/180px-The_Somaliland_Protectorate_Constitutional_Conference%2C_London.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Somaliland_Protectorate_Constitutional_Conference%2C_London.png/270px-The_Somaliland_Protectorate_Constitutional_Conference%2C_London.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/The_Somaliland_Protectorate_Constitutional_Conference%2C_London.png/360px-The_Somaliland_Protectorate_Constitutional_Conference%2C_London.png 2x" data-file-width="1131" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption>The Somaliland Protectorate Constitutional Conference, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, May 1960 in which it was decided that 26 June would be the day of Independence, and so signed on 12 May 1960. Somaliland Delegation: <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal">Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal</a>, Ahmed Haji Dualeh, Ali Garad Jama and Haji Ibrahim Nur. From the Colonial Office: <a href="/wiki/Ian_Macleod" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Macleod">Ian Macleod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Douglas_Hall,_14th_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Douglas Hall, 14th Baronet">D. B. Hall</a>, H. C. F. Wilks (Secretary)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1947, the entire budget for the administration of the British Somaliland protectorate was only £213,139.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1960, the <a href="/wiki/British_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="British Government">British Government</a> stated that it would be prepared to grant independence to the then Somaliland protectorate. The Legislative Council of British Somaliland passed a resolution in April 1960 requesting independence. The legislative councils of the territory agreed to this proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1960, leaders of the two territories met in Mogadishu and agreed to form a unitary state. An elected president was to be head of state. Full executive powers would be held by a prime minister answerable to an elected National Assembly of 123 members representing the two territories. </p><p>On 26 June 1960, the British Somaliland protectorate gained independence as the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a>. Five days later on 1 July 1960 Somaliland officially merged with the Trust Territory of Somaliland to create the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Republic" title="Somali Republic">Somali Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wssom1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wssom1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 July 1960 the legislature elected <a href="/wiki/Haji_Bashir" title="Haji Bashir">Haji Bashir</a>, the old speaker of the Somaliland Assembly, as the first President of the new Republic of Somalia National Assembly, and also on that same day <a href="/wiki/Aden_Adde" title="Aden Adde">Aden Adde</a> was elected as the President of the newly formed Somali Republic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Somaliland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland" title="List of colonial governors of British Somaliland">List of colonial governors of British Somaliland</a></div> <p>Until 1898, Somaliland was administered by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_colonial_administrators_of_Aden" title="List of British colonial administrators of Aden">British resident at Aden</a> as a dependency of the Government of India. From 1898 it was under the purview of the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office">Foreign Office</a>, and from 1905 onward (with the exception of a period of military administration until 1948 following the Italian invasion) it was administered by the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a>. </p><p>Until 1957, executive and legislative power were solely vested in the Governor, although he had a non-statutory council to advise him. In 1947, a Protectorate Advisory Council was established on a tribal basis, with representatives of other communities and official members as well. In 1957, a Legislative Council and an Executive Council were created. From 1959, there were elections to the Legislative Council. A new constitution was introduced in 1960, shortly before independence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Somaliland">Somaliland</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Somaliland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Somaliland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1991, after a <a href="/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence" title="Somaliland War of Independence">bloody civil war for independence</a> in the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somali Democratic Republic</a>, the area which formerly encompassed British Somaliland declared independence. In May 1991, the formation of the "<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Somaliland">Republic of Somaliland</a>" was proclaimed, with the local government regarding it as the successor to the former British Somaliland as well as to the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a>. However, Somaliland’s independence remains <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> by any <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> member state.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postage_stamps">Postage stamps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Somaliland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Postage stamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_of_British_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Postage stamps of British Somaliland">Postage stamps of British Somaliland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somaliland_Protectorate_overprinted_stamps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Somaliland_Protectorate_overprinted_stamps.jpg/440px-Somaliland_Protectorate_overprinted_stamps.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Somaliland_Protectorate_overprinted_stamps.jpg/660px-Somaliland_Protectorate_overprinted_stamps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Somaliland_Protectorate_overprinted_stamps.jpg/880px-Somaliland_Protectorate_overprinted_stamps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3185" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Stamps of the Somaliland Protectorate, 1953 issue. Overprinted in 1957 and 1960 to mark events relating to the Legislative Council</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Somaliland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Somaliland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Somaliland" title="Portal:Somaliland">Somaliland portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-britcensus-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britcensus_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924030396067#page/n245/mode/2up">"Census of the British empire. 1901"</a>. Openlibrary.org. 1906. p. 178<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+the+British+empire.+1901&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Openlibrary.org&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924030396067%23page%2Fn245%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingdom" class="citation web cs1">Kingdom, United. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1297616?ln=en">"Somaliland Protectorate, communicated by the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727103929/https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1297616?ln=en">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Somaliland+Protectorate%2C+communicated+by+the+Government+of+the+United+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Northern+Ireland&rft.aulast=Kingdom&rft.aufirst=United&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitallibrary.un.org%2Frecord%2F1297616%3Fln%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wssom1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wssom1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wssom1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html">"Somalia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060209042342/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Somalia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Somalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldstatesmen.org%2FSomalia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCana1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Somaliland"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Somaliland">"Somaliland" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 378–384.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Somaliland&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=378-384&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cana&rft.aufirst=Frank+Richardson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacey2006" class="citation news cs1">Lacey, Marc (5 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/05/world/africa/05somaliland.html">"The Signs Say Somaliland, but the World Says Somalia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110627215844/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/05/world/africa/05somaliland.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Signs+Say+Somaliland%2C+but+the+World+Says+Somalia&rft.date=2006-06-05&rft.aulast=Lacey&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F06%2F05%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F05somaliland.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325022231/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/hr_docs/countries/docs/charterfeb04.pdf">"The Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pretoria" title="University of Pretoria">University of Pretoria</a>. 1 February 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chr.up.ac.za/hr_docs/countries/docs/charterfeb04.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Transitional+Federal+Charter+of+the+Somali+Republic&rft.pub=University+of+Pretoria&rft.date=2004-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chr.up.ac.za%2Fhr_docs%2Fcountries%2Fdocs%2Fcharterfeb04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span> "The Somali Republic shall have the following boundaries. (a) North; Gulf of Aden. (b) North West; Djibouti. (c) West; Ethiopia. (d) South south-west; Kenya. (e) East; Indian Ocean."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1960/06/26/archives/somaliland-marks-independence-after-73-years-of-british-rule.html">"Somaliland Marks Independence After 73 Years of British Rule"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(fee required)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 26 June 1960. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140105230419/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00A10FB395A1A7A93C4AB178DD85F448685F9">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Somaliland+Marks+Independence+After+73+Years+of+British+Rule&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1960-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1960%2F06%2F26%2Farchives%2Fsomaliland-marks-independence-after-73-years-of-british-rule.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-10740852">"How Britain said farewell to its Empire"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 23 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508075945/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-10740852">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+Britain+said+farewell+to+its+Empire&rft.date=2010-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-10740852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaitin1977" class="citation book cs1">Laitin, David D. (1977). <i>Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience</i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46791-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46791-7"><bdi>978-0-226-46791-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+Language%2C+and+Thought%3A+The+Somali+Experience&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-226-46791-7&rft.aulast=Laitin&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Issa-Salwe-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Issa-Salwe_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIssa-Salwe1996" class="citation book cs1">Issa-Salwe, Abdisalam M. (1996). <i>The Collapse of the Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy</i>. London: Haan Associates. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874209-91-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-874209-91-X"><bdi>1-874209-91-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collapse+of+the+Somali+State%3A+The+Impact+of+the+Colonial+Legacy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=Haan+Associates&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-874209-91-X&rft.aulast=Issa-Salwe&rft.aufirst=Abdisalam+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorman1981" class="citation book cs1">Gorman, Robert F. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YKlyAAAAMAAJ"><i>Political Conflict on the Horn of Africa</i></a>. Praeger. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-059471-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-059471-7"><bdi>978-0-03-059471-7</bdi></a>. <q>Facing the Ethiopian threat, many Somali clans accepted British protection.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Conflict+on+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-03-059471-7&rft.aulast=Gorman&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYKlyAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samatar, Abdi Ismail <i>The State and Rural Transformation in Northern Somalia, 1884–1986</i>, Madison: 1989, University of Wisconsin Press, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samatar p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samatar, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samatar, <i>Unhappy Masses and the Challenge of Political Islam in the Horn of Africa</i>, Somalia Online <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.somaliaonline.com/cgi-bin/ubb/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=9;t=003299;p=0">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230803081909/https://www.somaliaonline.com/community/?ubb=get_topic;f=9;t=003299;p=0">Archived</a> 3 August 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved 10-03-27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samatar, <i>The state and rural transformation in Northern Somalia</i>p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConnell2009" class="citation news cs1">McConnell, Tristan (15 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613171106/http://www.pulitzercenter.org/openitem.cfm?id=2146">"The Invisible Country"</a>. <i>Virginia Quarterly Review</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pulitzercenter.org/openitem.cfm?id=2146">the original</a> on 13 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=The+Invisible+Country&rft.date=2009-01-15&rft.aulast=McConnell&rft.aufirst=Tristan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pulitzercenter.org%2Fopenitem.cfm%3Fid%3D2146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamoud2006" class="citation book cs1">Mohamoud, Abdullah A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ahHabajshuwC&q=Dervish+muslim+resistance+movement&pg=PA71"><i>State Collapse and Post-conflict Development in Africa: The Case of Somalia (1960-2001)</i></a>. Purdue University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557534132" title="Special:BookSources/9781557534132"><bdi>9781557534132</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230803081916/https://books.google.com/books?id=ahHabajshuwC&q=Dervish+muslim+resistance+movement&pg=PA71">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Collapse+and+Post-conflict+Development+in+Africa%3A+The+Case+of+Somalia+%281960-2001%29&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781557534132&rft.aulast=Mohamoud&rft.aufirst=Abdullah+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DahHabajshuwC%26q%3DDervish%2Bmuslim%2Bresistance%2Bmovement%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJardine2015" class="citation book cs1">Jardine, Douglas James (15 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MU02oAEACAAJ"><i>Mad Mullah of Somaliland</i></a>. Naval & Military Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781781519820" title="Special:BookSources/9781781519820"><bdi>9781781519820</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mad+Mullah+of+Somaliland&rft.pub=Naval+%26+Military+Press&rft.date=2015-10-15&rft.isbn=9781781519820&rft.aulast=Jardine&rft.aufirst=Douglas+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMU02oAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss" class="citation web cs1">Ross, Sherwood. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-133755144">"How the United States Reversed Its Policy on Bombing Civilians"</a>. The Humanist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230803081917/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+United+States+Reversed+Its+Policy+on+Bombing+Civilians&rft.pub=The+Humanist&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Sherwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F1G1-133755144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samatar, <i>The state and rural transformation in Northern Somalia</i>, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mollo, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samatar, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samatar, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samatar, pp. 52–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LOC-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOC_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOfcansky_and_LaVerle_Berry" class="citation web cs1">Ofcansky and LaVerle Berry, Thomas P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+et0030)">"Ethiopia in World War II"</a>. <i>A Country Study: Ethiopia</i>. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041029171751/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+et0030)">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Country+Study%3A+Ethiopia&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+in+World+War+II&rft.aulast=Ofcansky+and+LaVerle+Berry&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bet0030%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharma, Gautam (1990). Valour and sacrifice: famous regiments of the Indian Army. Allied Publishers. ISBN 81-7023-140-X, 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Playfair178-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Playfair178_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Playfair (1954), p. 178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wavell2724-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wavell2724_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wavell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/37594/pages/2724">p. 2724</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131109205827/http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/37594/pages/2724">Archived</a> 9 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamed1996" class="citation thesis cs1">Mohamed, Jama (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/14169"><i>Constructing colonial hegemony in the Somaliland protectorate, 1941-1960</i></a> (Thesis thesis). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213326/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/14169">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Constructing+colonial+hegemony+in+the+Somaliland+protectorate%2C+1941-1960&rft.degree=Thesis&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Mohamed&rft.aufirst=Jama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftspace.library.utoronto.ca%2Fhandle%2F1807%2F14169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFof_Rodd1948" class="citation book cs1">of Rodd, Lord Rennell (1948). <i>British Military Administration in Africa 1941–1947</i>. HMSO. p. 481.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Military+Administration+in+Africa+1941%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=481&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=of+Rodd&rft.aufirst=Lord+Rennell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laashin.com/taariikhdii-halgamaa-sheekh-bashiir-sh-yuusuf-wq-prof-yaxye-sheekh-caamir/">"Taariikhdii Halgamaa: Sheekh Bashiir Sh. Yuusuf. W/Q: Prof Yaxye Sheekh Caamir | Laashin iyo Hal-abuur"</a>. 11 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818010238/https://laashin.com/taariikhdii-halgamaa-sheekh-bashiir-sh-yuusuf-wq-prof-yaxye-sheekh-caamir/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taariikhdii+Halgamaa%3A+Sheekh+Bashiir+Sh.+Yuusuf.+W%2FQ%3A+Prof+Yaxye+Sheekh+Caamir+%7C+Laashin+iyo+Hal-abuur&rft.date=2018-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaashin.com%2Ftaariikhdii-halgamaa-sheekh-bashiir-sh-yuusuf-wq-prof-yaxye-sheekh-caamir%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheekh_Caamir2018" class="citation journal cs1">Sheekh Caamir, Prof. Yaxye (11 January 2018). "Taariikhdii Halgamaa: Sheekh Bashiir Sh. Yuusuf". <i>Laashin</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Laashin&rft.atitle=Taariikhdii+Halgamaa%3A+Sheekh+Bashiir+Sh.+Yuusuf&rft.date=2018-01-11&rft.aulast=Sheekh+Caamir&rft.aufirst=Prof.+Yaxye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFof_Rodd1948" class="citation book cs1">of Rodd, Lord Rennell (1948). <i>British Military Administration in Africa 1941–1947</i>. HMSO. p. 482.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Military+Administration+in+Africa+1941%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=482&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=of+Rodd&rft.aufirst=Lord+Rennell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamed2002" class="citation journal cs1">Mohamed, Jama (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600720">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Evils of Locust Bait': Popular Nationalism during the 1945 Anti-Locust Control Rebellion in Colonial Somaliland"</a>. <i>Past & Present</i> (174): 184–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F174.1.184">10.1093/past/174.1.184</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-2746">0031-2746</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600720">3600720</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211119032047/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3600720">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=%27The+Evils+of+Locust+Bait%27%3A+Popular+Nationalism+during+the+1945+Anti-Locust+Control+Rebellion+in+Colonial+Somaliland&rft.issue=174&rft.pages=184-216&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0031-2746&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3600720%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F174.1.184&rft.aulast=Mohamed&rft.aufirst=Jama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3600720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Annual Colonial Office Report on the Somaliland Protectorate, 1948</i>. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+Colonial+Office+Report+on+the+Somaliland+Protectorate%2C+1948&rft.pages=31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114113151/http://foto.archivalware.co.uk/data/Library2/pdf/1960-TS0044.pdf">"Agreements and Exchanges of Letters between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of Somaliland in connexion with the Attainment of Independence by Somaliland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 26 June 1960. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foto.archivalware.co.uk/data/Library2/pdf/1960-TS0044.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agreements+and+Exchanges+of+Letters+between+the+Government+of+the+United+Kingdom+of+Great+Britain+and+Northern+Ireland+and+the+Government+of+Somaliland+in+connexion+with+the+Attainment+of+Independence+by+Somaliland&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1960-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffoto.archivalware.co.uk%2Fdata%2FLibrary2%2Fpdf%2F1960-TS0044.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wardheernews.com/Articles_09/June/Roobdoon_Forum/29_Independence_week_series.html">Somali Independence Week</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928052641/http://wardheernews.com/Articles_09/June/Roobdoon_Forum/29_Independence_week_series.html">Archived</a> 28 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orsam.org.tr//d_hbanaliz/2_MohamedOsmanGuudle_11-2__1.pdf">"Somali State Conflict: Revisiting the Political Economy of the Somali Security State (1969-1991)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128014312/https://orsam.org.tr/d_hbanaliz/2_MohamedOsmanGuudle_11-2__1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Somali+State+Conflict%3A+Revisiting+the+Political+Economy+of+the+Somali+Security+State+%281969-1991%29&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forsam.org.tr%2F%2Fd_hbanaliz%2F2_MohamedOsmanGuudle_11-2__1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+Somaliland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Legend</span></dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd><b>Current territory</b></dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd><sup>†</sup>Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></b> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> 1542–1800 <span style="font-size:85%;">(integrated into the UK)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a><sup>13</sup> 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a><sup>15</sup> 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a><sup>12</sup> 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>14</sup> 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a><sup>13</sup> 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><sup>13</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li><sup>15</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></b> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<sup>26</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a><sup>18</sup> 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup>19</sup> 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>19</sup> 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>18</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><sup>19</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li><sup>26</sup>Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></b> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></b> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">MassachusettsBay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></b> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></b> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></b> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a><sup>21</sup> 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></b> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>22</sup> 1892–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>20</sup> 1900–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>20</sup>Now part of the <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li><sup>21</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><sup>22</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup> 1670–1688</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1833</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>4</sup>Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> since 1833</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</span> 1841–1933</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</span> 1841–1947</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></b><sup>24</sup> since 1908</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>25</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>23</sup>Since 2009 part of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></b>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li><sup>24</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li><sup>25</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Somaliland_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Somaliland_topics" title="Template:Somaliland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Somaliland_topics" title="Template talk:Somaliland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Somaliland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Somaliland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Somaliland_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Somaliland-related_articles" title="Index of Somaliland-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somaliland" title="History of Somaliland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laas_Geel" title="Laas Geel">Laas Geel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhambalin" title="Dhambalin">Dhambalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat" title="Sultanate of Ifat">Sultanate of Ifat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berbera" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Berbera">Battle of Berbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate" title="Habr Yunis Sultanate">Habr Yunis Sultanate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_British_Somaliland" title="Postage stamps and postal history of British Somaliland">Postage stamps and postal history of British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign_(1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Somaliland campaign (1920)">Somaliland campaign (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Burao_Tax_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="1922 Burao Tax Revolt">1922 Burao Tax Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">Italian invasion of British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Camel_Corps" title="Somaliland Camel Corps">Somaliland Camel Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Scouts" title="Somaliland Scouts">Somaliland Scouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Sheikh_Bashir_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion">1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_British_Somaliland" title="List of colonial governors of British Somaliland">List of colonial governors of British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Somaliland" title="State of Somaliland">State of Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence" title="Somaliland War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_National_Movement" title="Somali National Movement">National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Somaliland Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puntland%E2%80%93Somaliland_dispute" title="Puntland–Somaliland dispute">Border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Waheen_Market_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Waheen Market fire">2022 Waheen Market fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Somaliland" title="Outline of Somaliland">Outline of Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Somalia" title="Military history of Somalia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_British_Somaliland" title="Postage stamps and postal history of British Somaliland">Postal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Somaliland" title="Coat of arms of Somaliland"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Somaliland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Somaliland" title="Geography of Somaliland">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Somaliland" title="List of cities in Somaliland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Somaliland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Somaliland" title="Geology of Somaliland">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Somalia" title="Wildlife of Somalia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Waterfalls_of_Somaliland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Waterfalls of Somaliland (page does not exist)">Waterfalls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamadaya" title="Lamadaya">Lamadaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Somaliland" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Somaliland">Mountain ranges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golis_Mountains" title="Golis Mountains">Golis Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal_Madow" title="Cal Madow">Cal Madow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogo_Mountains" title="Ogo Mountains">Ogo Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buur_Dhaab" title="Buur Dhaab">Buur Dhaab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Somaliland" title="Category:Mountains of Somaliland">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Shimbiris" title="Mount Shimbiris">Shimbiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golis_Mountains" title="Golis Mountains">Golis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal_Madow" title="Cal Madow">Cal Madow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buur_Dhaab" title="Buur Dhaab">Buur Dhaab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dul_Madoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Dul Madoba">Dul Madoba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Somaliland" title="Category:Islands of Somaliland">Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ad_ad-Din_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'ad ad-Din Islands">Sa'ad ad-Din Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caves_in_Somaliland" title="Caves in Somaliland">Caves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Somaliland" title="Regions of Somaliland">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awdal" title="Awdal">Awdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroodi_Jeex" title="Maroodi Jeex">Maroodi Jeex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saaxil" class="mw-redirect" title="Saaxil">Saaxil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaag" title="Sanaag">Sanaag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sool,_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sool, Somalia">Sool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togdheer" title="Togdheer">Togdheer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Somaliland" title="Politics of Somaliland">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Somaliland">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Somaliland" title="Constitution of Somaliland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Somaliland" title="Elections in Somaliland">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somaliland" title="Foreign relations of Somaliland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Somaliland" title="List of diplomatic missions in Somaliland">Diplomatic missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Somaliland" title="Government of Somaliland">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_representative_offices_of_Somaliland" title="List of representative offices of Somaliland">Embassies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Somaliland" title="Human rights in Somaliland">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Somaliland">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Somaliland" title="Judiciary of Somaliland">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeer" title="Xeer">Law <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Xeer</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Armed_Forces" title="Somaliland Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Police" title="Somaliland Police">Somaliland Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Somaliland" title="Parliament of Somaliland">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Elders_(Somaliland)" title="House of Elders (Somaliland)">House of Elders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Somaliland)" title="House of Representatives (Somaliland)">House of Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Somaliland" title="List of political parties in Somaliland">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Somaliland" title="President of Somaliland">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Somaliland" title="List of presidents of Somaliland">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-President of Somaliland">Vice-President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-President of Somaliland">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ministers_of_Somaliland" title="Template:Ministers of Somaliland">Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Mayors_of_Somaliland" title="Template:Mayors of Somaliland">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Somaliland" title="Visa policy of Somaliland">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Somaliland" title="Economy of Somaliland">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Somaliland" title="Agriculture in Somaliland">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Somaliland" title="Bank of Somaliland">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Somaliland" title="List of airports in Somaliland">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of companies of Somaliland">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Somalia" title="Exclusive economic zone of Somalia">EEZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Somaliland" title="Energy in Somaliland">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Ports_in_Somaliland" title="Template:Ports in Somaliland">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_shilling" title="Somaliland shilling">Shilling <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Somaliland" title="Telecommunications in Somaliland">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Somaliland" title="Tourism in Somaliland">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in Somaliland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Somaliland" title="Category:Society of Somaliland">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samo_ku_waar" title="Samo ku waar">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Somaliland" title="National emblem of Somaliland">National emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Somalia" title="Demographics of Somalia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Somaliland" title="Education in Somaliland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Somaliland" title="Flag of Somaliland">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Somaliland" title="National Library of Somaliland">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Somaliland" title="Public holidays in Somaliland">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Somaliland)" title="Independence Day (Somaliland)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Somaliland" title="Telephone numbers in Somaliland">Calling code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Somaliland" title="Supreme Court of Somaliland">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Somaliland" title="Culture of Somaliland">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_art" title="Somali art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Somaliland" title="Media of Somaliland">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Somaliland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Somaliland" title="Sports in Somaliland">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_national_football_team" title="Somaliland national football team">Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_Regional_Games" title="Somaliland Regional Games">Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Somaliland" title="Languages of Somaliland">Languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Somaliland" title="Category:Somaliland">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Somaliland" title="Portal:Somaliland">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Somalia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Somalia_topics" title="Template:Somalia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Somalia_topics" title="Template talk:Somalia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Somalia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Somalia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Somalia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Somalia-related_articles" title="Index of Somalia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Somalia" title="History of Somalia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laas_Geel" title="Laas Geel">Laas Geel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walashma_dynasty" title="Walashma dynasty">Walashma dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adal_Sultanate" title="Adal Sultanate">Adal Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate" title="Ajuran Sultanate">Ajuran Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_the_Geledi" title="Sultanate of the Geledi">Sultanate of the Geledi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate" title="Isaaq Sultanate">Isaaq Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majeerteen_Sultanate" title="Majeerteen Sultanate">Majeerteen Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Hobyo" title="Sultanate of Hobyo">Sultanate of Hobyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsangali_Sultanate" title="Warsangali Sultanate">Warsangali Sultanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dervish_movement_(Somali)" title="Dervish movement (Somali)">Dervish movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian Somaliland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somaliland" title="Trust Territory of Somaliland">Trust Territory of Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_War_of_Independence" title="Somaliland War of Independence">Somaliland War of Independence <span style="font-size:85%;">(1981–1991)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaaq_genocide" title="Isaaq genocide">Isaaq genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Rebellion <span style="font-size:85%;">(1986–1992)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_off_the_coast_of_Somalia" title="Piracy off the coast of Somalia">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somalia_War_(2006%E2%80%932009)" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalia War (2006–2009)"><span style="font-size:85%;">Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War_(2009%E2%80%93present)" title="Somali Civil War (2009–present)"><span style="font-size:85%;">(2009–present)</span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Somalia" title="Military history of Somalia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Somalia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Somalia">Postal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia" title="Coat of arms of Somalia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Somalia" title="Geography of Somalia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Somalia" title="List of cities in Somalia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Somalia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Somalia" title="Wildlife of Somalia">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardafui_Channel" title="Guardafui Channel">Guardafui Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafun" title="Hafun">Hafun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_Somalia" title="Category:Waterfalls of Somalia">Waterfalls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iskushuban" title="Iskushuban">Iskushuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamadaya" title="Lamadaya">Lamadaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Somalia" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Somalia">Mountain ranges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cal_Madow" title="Cal Madow">Cal Madow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buur_Dhaab" title="Buur Dhaab">Buur Dhaab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Somalia" title="Category:Mountains of Somalia">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Bahaya" title="Mount Bahaya">Bahaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Somalia" title="Category:Islands of Somalia">Island</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajuni_Islands" title="Bajuni Islands">Bajuni Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Somalia" title="Administrative divisions of Somalia">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awdal" title="Awdal">Awdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakool" title="Bakool">Bakool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banaadir" title="Banaadir">Banaadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bari,_Somalia" title="Bari, Somalia">Bari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay,_Somalia" title="Bay, Somalia">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galguduud" title="Galguduud">Galguduud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedo" title="Gedo">Gedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sool" title="Sool">Sool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaag" title="Sanaag">Sanaag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiran,_Somalia" title="Hiran, Somalia">Hiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Juba" title="Middle Juba">Middle Juba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Juba" title="Lower Juba">Lower Juba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudug" title="Mudug">Mudug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nugal,_Somalia" title="Nugal, Somalia">Nugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Shebelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Shebelle">Middle Shebelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Shebelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Shebelle">Lower Shebelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togdheer" title="Togdheer">Togdheer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woqooyi_Galbeed" class="mw-redirect" title="Woqooyi Galbeed">Woqooyi Galbeed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/States_and_regions_of_Somalia" title="States and regions of Somalia">States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galmudug" title="Galmudug">Galmudug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatumo" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatumo">Khatumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirshabelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirshabelle">Hirshabelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubaland" title="Jubaland">Jubaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puntland" title="Puntland">Puntland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_State_of_Somalia" title="South West State of Somalia">South West Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Somalia" title="Politics of Somalia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Somalia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Somalia" title="Constitution of Somalia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Somalia" title="Elections in Somalia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somalia" title="Foreign relations of Somalia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Somalia" title="Federal Government of Somalia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Somalia" title="Human rights in Somalia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Somalia">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Somalia" title="Judiciary of Somalia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeer" title="Xeer">Law <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Xeer</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Armed_Forces" title="Somali Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_Somalia" title="Political history of Somalia">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia" title="Federal Parliament of Somalia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Somalia" title="List of political parties in Somalia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Somalia" title="President of Somalia">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Somalia" title="List of presidents of Somalia">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Somalia">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Somalia">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Somalia" title="Economy of Somalia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Somalia" title="Agriculture in Somalia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Somalia" title="Central Bank of Somalia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Somalia" title="List of companies of Somalia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Somalia" title="Economic history of Somalia">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_Somalia" title="Exclusive economic zone of Somalia">EEZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Somalia" title="Mineral industry of Somalia">Mineral industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration_in_Puntland" title="Oil exploration in Puntland">Oil industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_shilling" title="Somali shilling">Shilling <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Somalia" title="Communications in Somalia">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Somalia" title="Tourism in Somalia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Somalia" title="Transport in Somalia">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Somalia" title="Category:Society of Somalia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qolobaa_Calankeed" title="Qolobaa Calankeed">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Somalia" title="Child marriage in Somalia">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Somalia" title="Coat of arms of Somalia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Somalia" title="Demographics of Somalia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_diaspora" title="Somali diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Somalia" title="Education in Somalia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Somalia" title="Health in Somalia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_Somalia" title="Mental health in Somalia">Mental health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Somalia" title="Flag of Somalia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Somalia" title="Polygamy in Somalia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Somalia" title="Public holidays in Somalia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Somalia" title="Women in Somalia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Somalia" title="Culture of Somalia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_architecture" title="Somali architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_art" title="Somali art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Somalia" title="Cinema of Somalia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Somalia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Somalia" title="Music of Somalia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Somalia" title="Sports in Somalia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Somalia" title="Languages of Somalia">Languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Somalia" title="Category:Somalia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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