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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Original_homeland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_homeland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Original homeland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_homeland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Varna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Varna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foundation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Foundation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_of_Sanchi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_of_Sanchi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Art of Sanchi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_of_Sanchi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Western_Satraps_invasion_under_Nahapana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Western_Satraps_invasion_under_Nahapana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>First Western Satraps invasion under Nahapana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Western_Satraps_invasion_under_Nahapana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>First revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Western_Satraps_invasion_under_Rudradaman_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Western_Satraps_invasion_under_Rudradaman_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Second Western Satraps invasion under Rudradaman I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Western_Satraps_invasion_under_Rudradaman_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Second revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_extent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_extent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Territorial extent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_extent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inscriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inscriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Inscriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inscriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Coinage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Coinage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Coinage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Other examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_achievements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_achievements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Cultural achievements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_achievements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural achievements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sculptures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sculptures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Sculptures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sculptures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Bronze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Paintings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_of_Amaravati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_of_Amaravati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Art of Amaravati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_of_Amaravati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>List of rulers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of rulers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_based_on_Archeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_based_on_Archeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>List based on Archeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_based_on_Archeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_based_on_Puranas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_based_on_Puranas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>List based on Puranas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_based_on_Puranas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_rulers_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_rulers_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.1</span> <span>List of rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_rulers_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-Chronology_of_Satavahana_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-Chronology_of_Satavahana_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Mid-Chronology of Satavahana rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-Chronology_of_Satavahana_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_by_Shailendra_Bhandare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_by_Shailendra_Bhandare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3.1</span> <span>List by Shailendra Bhandare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_by_Shailendra_Bhandare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shailendra_Bhandare's_edited_list_by_Andrew_Ollett" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shailendra_Bhandare's_edited_list_by_Andrew_Ollett"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3.2</span> <span>Shailendra Bhandare's edited list by Andrew Ollett</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shailendra_Bhandare's_edited_list_by_Andrew_Ollett-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Satavahana dynasty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ساتافاهانا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساتافاهانا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6" title="সাতবাহন ৰাজবংশ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সাতবাহন ৰাজবংশ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Satav%C3%A1jana" title="Dinastía Satavájana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dinastía Satavájana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="সাতবাহন সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাতবাহন সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperi_Satavahana" title="Imperi Satavahana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperi Satavahana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1tav%C3%A1hanov%C3%A9" title="Sátaváhanové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sátaváhanové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satavahana" title="Satavahana – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Satavahana" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Satav%C3%A1jana" title="Dinastía Satavájana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Satavájana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satavahana_dinastio" title="Satavahana dinastio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Satavahana dinastio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satavahana" title="Satavahana – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Satavahana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="دودمان ساتواهنه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان ساتواهنه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satavahana" title="Satavahana – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Satavahana" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B6" title="સાતવાહન વંશ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સાતવાહન વંશ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%83%80%EB%B0%94%ED%95%98%EB%82%98_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="사타바하나 왕조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사타바하나 왕조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8" title="सातवाहन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सातवाहन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Satawahana" title="Dinasti Satawahana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Satawahana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_s%C4%81tav%C4%81hana" title="Impero sātavāhana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero sātavāhana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%94" title="שושלת סאטווהאנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שושלת סאטווהאנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ಶಾತವಾಹನರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಾತವಾಹನರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სატავაჰანას დინასტია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სატავაჰანას დინასტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satavahan%C5%B3_dinastija" title="Satavahanų dinastija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Satavahanų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ശതവാഹന സാമ്രാജ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശതവാഹന സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="सातवाहन साम्राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सातवाहन साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სატავაჰანაშ დინასტია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სატავაჰანაშ დინასტია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satavahanadynastie" title="Satavahanadynastie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Satavahanadynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="सातवाहन वंश – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सातवाहन वंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8F%E3%83%8A%E6%9C%9D" title="サータヴァーハナ朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サータヴァーハナ朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%81tav%C4%81hanariket" title="Sātavāhanariket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sātavāhanariket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="ساتواہن سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ساتواہن سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Satavana" title="Império Satavana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Satavana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сатавахана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сатавахана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="සාතවාහන රාජවංශය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සාතවාහන රාජවංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сатавахана царство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сатавахана царство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Satavahana" title="Dinastija Satavahana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dinastija Satavahana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%81tav%C4%81hana" title="Sātavāhana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sātavāhana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satavahana" title="Satavahana – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Satavahana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="சாதவாகனர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாதவாகனர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="శాతవాహనులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శాతవాహనులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0" title="ราชวงศ์สาตวาหนะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์สาตวาหนะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satavahana_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Satavahana Hanedanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Satavahana Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сатавагана – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сатавагана" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="ساتواہن سلطنت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ساتواہن سلطنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E4%B9%98%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="百乘王朝 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="百乘王朝" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E4%B9%98%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="百乘王朝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="百乘王朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5257#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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.ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Satavahana Empire</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 228 BCE</span>–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 224 CE</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:280px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:280px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:280px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Satavahana dynasty is located in South Asia"><img alt="Satavahana dynasty is located in South Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/280px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/420px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/560px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Satavahanas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Map_of_the_Satavahanas.png/280px-Map_of_the_Satavahanas.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Map_of_the_Satavahanas.png/420px-Map_of_the_Satavahanas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Map_of_the_Satavahanas.png/560px-Map_of_the_Satavahanas.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span></div><div id="annotation_220x5" style="position:absolute; left:220px; top:5px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/50_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="50 CE"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">South-Asia<br />0-50 CE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_160x130" style="position:absolute; left:160px; top:130px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Mahameghavahana_dynasty" title="Mahameghavahana dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MAHAMEGHA-<br />VAHANAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_200x115" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:115px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Samatata" title="Samatata"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SAMATATAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_65x35" style="position:absolute; left:65px; top:35px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">INDO-<br />SCYTHIANS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_90x50" style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:50px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">INDO-<br />GREEKS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_115x192" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:192px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chutu_dynasty" title="Chutu dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">CHUTUS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_100x70" style="position:absolute; left:100px; top:70px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Satraps" title="Northern Satraps"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">NORTHERN<br />SATRAPS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_150x100" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:100px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Mitra_dynasty_(Kosambi)" title="Mitra dynasty (Kosambi)"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MITRAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_45x95" style="position:absolute; left:45px; top:95px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">WESTERN<br />SATRAPS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_20x20" style="position:absolute; left:20px; top:20px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">YUEZHIS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_20x60" style="position:absolute; left:20px; top:60px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_kingdom" title="Indo-Parthian kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">INDO-<br />PARTHIANS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_115x220" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:220px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PANDYAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_115x205" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:205px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">CHOLAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_252x240" style="position:absolute; left:252px; top:240px; font-size:12px; font-weight:bold; font-size:12; line-height:14px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_Asia_in_150_BCE" title="Template:South Asia in 150 BCE"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"> ◁ </span></a> <a href="/wiki/Template:South_Asia_in_125_CE" title="Template:South Asia in 125 CE"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"> ▷ </span></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Approximate extent of the Satavahana Empire, in the early 1st century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pratishthana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratishthana">Pratishthana</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Amaravathi_village,_Guntur_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaravathi village, Guntur district">Amaravati</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> (Rarely)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001172_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001172-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-academic.oup.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academic.oup.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 228–205 BCE </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Simuka" title="Simuka">Simuka</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 217–224 CE </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Pulumavi IV (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Classical_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical India">Classical India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 228 BCE</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 224 CE</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva dynasty</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Kshatrapas" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Kshatrapas">Western Kshatrapas</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvaku" title="Andhra Ikshvaku">Andhra Ikshvaku</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Chutu_dynasty" title="Chutu dynasty">Chutu dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Abhira_dynasty" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#CD853F"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satavahana kings</a><br /><span style="font-size:80%;">100 BCE–2nd c. CE</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#D2B48C;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Gautamiputra_Sri_Yajna_Satakarni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coin_of_Gautamiputra_Sri_Yajna_Satakarni.jpg/170px-Coin_of_Gautamiputra_Sri_Yajna_Satakarni.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coin_of_Gautamiputra_Sri_Yajna_Satakarni.jpg/255px-Coin_of_Gautamiputra_Sri_Yajna_Satakarni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coin_of_Gautamiputra_Sri_Yajna_Satakarni.jpg/340px-Coin_of_Gautamiputra_Sri_Yajna_Satakarni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1131" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td><td style="background-color:#D2B48C;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vashishtiputra_Sri_Satakarni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Vashishtiputra_Sri_Satakarni.jpg/85px-Vashishtiputra_Sri_Satakarni.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Vashishtiputra_Sri_Satakarni.jpg/128px-Vashishtiputra_Sri_Satakarni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Vashishtiputra_Sri_Satakarni.jpg/170px-Vashishtiputra_Sri_Satakarni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="1359" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#DEB887;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Simuka" title="Simuka">Simuka</a></td><td style="background-color:#DEB887;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">100-70 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#D2B48C;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Kanha_(Satavahana_dynasty)" title="Kanha (Satavahana dynasty)">Kanha</a></td><td style="background-color:#D2B48C;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">70-60 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#DEB887;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Satakarni" title="Satakarni">Satakarni I</a></td><td style="background-color:#DEB887;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">70-60 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#D2B48C;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Satakarni_II" title="Satakarni II">Satakarni II</a></td><td style="background-color:#D2B48C;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">50-25 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#DEB887;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Sivasvati" title="Sivasvati">Sivasvati</a></td><td style="background-color:#DEB887;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">1st c. CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#D2B48C;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Gautamiputra_Satakarni" title="Gautamiputra Satakarni">Gautamiputra Satakarni</a></td><td style="background-color:#D2B48C;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">2nd c. CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#DEB887;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Vasishthiputra_Pulumavi" title="Vasishthiputra Pulumavi">Vasishthiputra Pulumavi</a></td><td style="background-color:#DEB887;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">2nd c. CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#D2B48C;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Vashishtiputra_Satakarni" title="Vashishtiputra Satakarni">Vashishtiputra Satakarni</a></td><td style="background-color:#D2B48C;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">2nd c. CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#DEB887;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Shivaskanda_Satakarni" title="Shivaskanda Satakarni">Shivaskanda Satakarni</a></td><td style="background-color:#DEB887;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">2nd c. CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="background-color:#D2B48C;font-weight:bold;border-right:1px #fefefe solid"><a href="/wiki/Yajna_Sri_Satakarni" title="Yajna Sri Satakarni">Yajna Sri Satakarni</a></td><td style="background-color:#D2B48C;font-weight:bold;border-left:1px #fefefe solid">2nd c. CE</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Satavahana" title="Template:Satavahana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Satavahana" title="Template talk:Satavahana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Satavahana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Satavahana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Satavahanas</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <i>Sādavāhana</i> or <i>Sātavāhana</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sātavāhana</i></span>), also referred to as the <b>Andhras</b> (also <i>Andhra-bhṛtyas</i> or <i>Andhra-jatiyas</i>) in the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>, were an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynasty</a>. Most modern scholars believe that the Satavahana rule began in the late second century BCE and lasted until the early third century CE, although some assign the beginning of their rule to as early as the 3rd century BCE based on the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>, but uncorroborated by archaeological evidence. The Satavahana kingdom mainly comprised the present-day <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>. At different times, their rule extended to parts of modern <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>. The dynasty had different capital cities at different times, including Kotalingala (Telangana), <a href="/wiki/Pratishthana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratishthana">Pratishthana</a> (Paithan) and <a href="/wiki/Amaravathi_village,_Guntur_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaravathi village, Guntur district">Amaravati</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dharanikota" title="Dharanikota">Dharanikota</a>). </p><p>The origin of the dynasty is uncertain, but according to the <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Puranas</a>, their first king overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva dynasty</a>. In the post-<a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Maurya</a> era, the Satavahanas established peace in the Deccan region and resisted the onslaught of foreign invaders. In particular their struggles with the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Saka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a>) went on for a long time. The dynasty reached its zenith under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Gautamiputra_Satakarni" title="Gautamiputra Satakarni">Gautamiputra Satakarni</a> and his successor <a href="/wiki/Vasisthiputra_Sri_Pulamavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi">Vasisthiputra Pulamavi</a>. The kingdom had fragmented into smaller states by the early 3rd century CE. </p><p>The Satavahanas were early issuers of Indian state <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coinage</a> struck with images of their rulers. They formed a cultural bridge and played a vital role in trade and the transfer of ideas and culture to and from the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a> to the <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">southern tip of India</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div> <p>The date and place of origin of the Satavahanas, as well as the meaning of the dynasty's name, are a matter of debate among historians. Some of these debates have happened in the context of <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">regionalism</a>, with the present-day <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> being variously claimed as the original homeland of the Satavahanas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001168_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001168-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Satkarni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Coin_of_Satkarni.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Satkarni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Coin_of_Satkarni.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Satkarni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Coin_of_Satkarni.jpg/440px-Coin_of_Satkarni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="321" /></a><figcaption>Early coin of <a href="/wiki/Satakarni_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Satakarni I">Satakarni I</a> (70-60 BCE). Obverse legend:<br /><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1226570325">.mw-parser-output .script-brahmi{font-family:"Noto Sans Brahmi","Segoe UI Historic"}</style><span class="script-brahmi">(𑀲𑀺𑀭𑀺) 𑀲𑀸</span></b><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_ashoka_t.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gupta_ashoka_t.svg/9px-Gupta_ashoka_t.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gupta_ashoka_t.svg/14px-Gupta_ashoka_t.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gupta_ashoka_t.svg/18px-Gupta_ashoka_t.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupta_allahabad_k.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gupta_allahabad_k.svg/9px-Gupta_allahabad_k.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gupta_allahabad_k.svg/14px-Gupta_allahabad_k.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gupta_allahabad_k.svg/18px-Gupta_allahabad_k.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀡𑀺(𑀲)</span></b>, <i>(Siri) Sātakaṇi(sa)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śātavāhana, Śālivāhana, Śātakarṇi</i></span> seem to be <a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">Sanskritised</a> versions of the indigenous name <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sātakaṇi</i></span>, which appear as <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sālavāhaṇa</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> vernacular.<sup id="cite_ref-sat_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sat-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to one theory, the word "Satavahana" (<a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>: <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀲𑀸𑀤𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀦</span></b> <i>Sādavāhana</i> or <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀲𑀸𑀢𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀦</span></b> <i>Sātavāhana</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sātavāhana</i></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> form of the Sanskrit <i>Sapta-Vahana</i> ("driven by seven"; in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a>, the chariot of the <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">sun god</a> is drawn by seven horses). This would indicate that the Satavahanas originally claimed association with the legendary <a href="/wiki/Solar_dynasty" title="Solar dynasty">solar dynasty</a>, as was common in ancient India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShastri199820–21_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShastri199820–21-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Inguva_Kartikeya_Sarma" title="Inguva Kartikeya Sarma">Inguva Kartikeya Sarma</a>, the dynasty's name is derived from the words <i>sata</i> ("sharpened", "nimble" or "swift") and <i>vahana</i> ("vehicle"); the expression thus means "one who rides a nimble horse".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarma19803_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma19803-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another theory connects their name to the earlier Satiyaputa dynasty. Yet another theory derives their name from the <a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a> words <i>Sadam</i> ("horse") and <i>Harpan</i> ("son"), implying "son of the performer of a <a href="/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha">horse sacrifice</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several rulers of the dynasty bear the name or title "Satakarni". Satavahana, Satakarni, Satakani and <a href="/wiki/Shalivahana" title="Shalivahana">Shalivahana</a> appear to be variations of the same word. <a href="/wiki/Damodar_Dharmanand_Kosambi" class="mw-redirect" title="Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi">Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi</a> theorised that the word "Satakarni" is derived from the Munda words <i>sada</i> ("horse") and <i>kon</i> ("son").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosambi1975243_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosambi1975243-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> use the name "Andhra" for the Satavahanas. The term "Andhra" may refer to the ethnicity or territory of the dynasty (see <a href="#Original_homeland">Original homeland</a> below). It does not appear in the dynasty's own records.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001166_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001166-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Tamil epic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Silappatikaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Silappatikaram">Cilappatikaram</a></i> mentions a "Nurruvar Kannar", who helped <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a> king <a href="/wiki/Senguttuvan" class="mw-redirect" title="Senguttuvan">Senguttuvan</a> during his Himalayan campaign. The direct translation of the term Nurruvar Kannar is "the hundred Karnas" or "Satakarni"; Nurruvar Kannar has therefore been identified with the Satavahana dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kathasaritsagara" title="Kathasaritsagara">Kathasaritsagara</a> ascribes a mythical etymology in which a widowed, childless king named Deepakarni was prophesied to find a lion-riding child as his heir. During a jungle hunt, he found such a child riding a <a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">yaksha</a>-turned-lion named Sāta. After adoption, the child became the king eventually and came to be known as Sātavāhana or Sāta-supported.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_homeland">Original homeland</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pillar_with_Naga_Muchalinda_over_the_throne_of_the_Buddha._Pauni_(Bhandara_District)._Railing_pillar_from_Jagannath_Tekri._2nd-1st_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pillar_with_Naga_Muchalinda_over_the_throne_of_the_Buddha._Pauni_%28Bhandara_District%29._Railing_pillar_from_Jagannath_Tekri._2nd-1st_century_BCE.jpg/220px-Pillar_with_Naga_Muchalinda_over_the_throne_of_the_Buddha._Pauni_%28Bhandara_District%29._Railing_pillar_from_Jagannath_Tekri._2nd-1st_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pillar_with_Naga_Muchalinda_over_the_throne_of_the_Buddha._Pauni_%28Bhandara_District%29._Railing_pillar_from_Jagannath_Tekri._2nd-1st_century_BCE.jpg/330px-Pillar_with_Naga_Muchalinda_over_the_throne_of_the_Buddha._Pauni_%28Bhandara_District%29._Railing_pillar_from_Jagannath_Tekri._2nd-1st_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pillar_with_Naga_Muchalinda_over_the_throne_of_the_Buddha._Pauni_%28Bhandara_District%29._Railing_pillar_from_Jagannath_Tekri._2nd-1st_century_BCE.jpg/440px-Pillar_with_Naga_Muchalinda_over_the_throne_of_the_Buddha._Pauni_%28Bhandara_District%29._Railing_pillar_from_Jagannath_Tekri._2nd-1st_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3242" data-file-height="4867" /></a><figcaption>Early sculpture from <a href="/wiki/Pauni" title="Pauni">Pauni</a>, ancient <a href="/wiki/Vidarbha" title="Vidarbha">Vidarbha</a>, where coins of <a href="/wiki/Satakarni" title="Satakarni">Satakarni</a> were also found.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pillar with Naga <a href="/wiki/Mucalinda" title="Mucalinda">Mucalinda</a> protecting the throne of the Buddha at <a href="/wiki/Pauni" title="Pauni">Pauni</a> (Bhandara District). 2nd-1st century BCE. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_India" title="National Museum of India">National Museum of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The use of the names "Andhra" and "Andhra-Jatiya" in the Puranas has led some scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/E._J._Rapson" title="E. J. Rapson">E. J. Rapson</a> and <a href="/wiki/R._G._Bhandarkar" title="R. G. Bhandarkar">R.G Bhandarkar</a>, to believe that the dynasty originated in the eastern Deccan region (the historic <a href="/wiki/Andhra_in_Indian_epic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra in Indian epic literature">Andhra</a> region, present-day <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001167_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001167-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Kotilingala" title="Kotilingala">Kotilingala</a> in Telangana, coins bearing the legend "Rano Siri Chimuka Satavahanasa" were found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay198643_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay198643-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epigraphist and numismatist P. V. P. Sastry initially identified Chimuka with the dynasty's founder Simuka,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShastri1999306_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShastri1999306-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coins attributed to Simuka's successors <a href="/wiki/Kanha_(Satavahana_dynasty)" title="Kanha (Satavahana dynasty)">Kanha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satakarni_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Satakarni I">Satakarni I</a> were also discovered at Kotilingala.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao19935_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERao19935-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on these discoveries, historians such as Ajay Mitra Shastri, D. R. Reddy, S. Reddy, and Shankar R. Goyal theorised that Kotlingala was the original home of the Satavahanas. <a href="/wiki/Ajay_Mitra_Shastri" title="Ajay Mitra Shastri">Ajay Mitra Shastri</a> stated that the finding of the coins at Kotilingala give "a clear pointer to the region where we have to locate the original center of the Satavahana political authority."<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the coin samples from Kotlingala are small, and it is not certain if these coins were minted there or reached there from somewhere else.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001169_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001169-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the identification of Chimuka of Kotilingala with the dynasty's founder Simuka has been contested by several scholars including P. L. Gupta and <a href="/wiki/I._K._Sarma" class="mw-redirect" title="I. K. Sarma">I. K. Sarma</a>, who identified Chimuka as a later ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarma1980126–130_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma1980126–130-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShimada201245_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimada201245-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> P. V. P. Sastry also later changed his view and stated that the two kings were different.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShastri1999306_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShastri1999306-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the Kotilinga find, a coin of the Satavahana prince Saktikumara, who was in the fourth generation of the founder, has been reported as a stratified find from the <a href="/wiki/Kurnool_district" title="Kurnool district">Kurnool district</a> of Andhra Pradesh.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for the Puranas, these texts could have been compiled at a later date and it is not certain if the Satavahanas were referred to as Andhras during their time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShimada201245_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimada201245-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another section of scholars believe that the Satavahanas originated in western Deccan (present-day <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001167_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001167-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All four extant inscriptions from the early Satavahana period (c. 1st century BCE) have been found in and around this region. One of the earliest known Satavahana inscriptions was that found at <a href="/wiki/File:Nasik_cave_19.jpg" title="File:Nasik cave 19.jpg">Cave No.19</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pandavleni_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandavleni Caves">Pandavleni Caves</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nashik_district" title="Nashik district">Nashik district</a>, which was issued during the reign of Kanha (100–70 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An inscription found at <a href="/wiki/Naneghat" title="Naneghat">Naneghat</a> was issued by Nayanika (or Naganika), the widow of <a href="/wiki/Satakarni_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Satakarni I">Satakarni I</a>; another inscription found at Naneghat has been dated to the same period on a paleographic basis. A slightly later inscription dated to the reign of Satakarni II has been found at <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, located to the north of Maharashtra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001168_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001168-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the other Satavahana inscriptions have also been found in western Deccan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001169_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001169-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the epigraphic evidence from eastern Deccan does not mention the Satavahanas before the 4th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShimada201245_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimada201245-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Nevasa" title="Nevasa">Nevasa</a>, a seal and coins attributed to Kanha have been discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao19768_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERao19768-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coins attributed to Satakarni I have also been discovered at Nashik, Nevasa, and <a href="/wiki/Pauni" title="Pauni">Pauni</a> in Maharashtra (besides places in eastern Deccan and present-day Madhya Pradesh).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay198643_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay198643-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on this evidence, some historians argue that the Satavahanas initially came to power in the area around their capital <a href="/wiki/Pratishthana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratishthana">Pratishthana</a> (modern Paithan, Maharashtra) and then expanded their territory to eastern Deccan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008381–382_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008381–382-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carla Sinopoli cautions that the inference about the western Deccan origin of the Satavahanas is "tentative at best" given the small sample of early inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001168–170_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001168–170-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Inscription of king Kanha (100–70 BCE)</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:209px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasik_cave_19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Nasik_cave_19.jpg/288px-Nasik_cave_19.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Nasik_cave_19.jpg/432px-Nasik_cave_19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Nasik_cave_19.jpg/576px-Nasik_cave_19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="672" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Cave No.19 of Satavahana king <a href="/wiki/Kanha_(Satavahana_dynasty)" title="Kanha (Satavahana dynasty)">Kanha</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Nasik_Caves" title="Nasik Caves">Nasik Caves</a>, 1st century BCE.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:57px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscription_Cave_19_Nasik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Inscription_Cave_19_Nasik.jpg/288px-Inscription_Cave_19_Nasik.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Inscription_Cave_19_Nasik.jpg/432px-Inscription_Cave_19_Nasik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Inscription_Cave_19_Nasik.jpg/576px-Inscription_Cave_19_Nasik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="209" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Inscription of king <a href="/wiki/Kanha_(Satavahana_dynasty)" title="Kanha (Satavahana dynasty)">Kanha</a> in cave No.19, Nasik Caves. This is one of the oldest known Satavahana inscription, circa 100–70 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001168_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001168-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>:<br /><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀲𑀸𑀤𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀦𑀓𑀼𑀮𑁂 𑀓𑀦𑁆𑀳𑁂𑀭𑀸𑀚𑀺𑀦𑀺 𑀦𑀸𑀲𑀺𑀓𑁂𑀦</span></b><br /><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀲𑀫𑀡𑁂𑀦 𑀫𑀳𑀸𑀫𑀸𑀢𑁂𑀡 𑀮𑁂𑀡 𑀓𑀸𑀭𑀢</span></b><br /> <i>Sādavāhanakule Kanhe rājini Nāsikakena Samaṇena mahāmāteṇa leṇa kārita</i><br />"Under King Kanha of the Satavahana family this cave has been caused to be made by the officer in charge of the <a href="/wiki/Sramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sramana">Sramanas</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nasik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasik">Nasik</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Complete_view_of_Inscription_in_cave_at_Naneghat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Complete_view_of_Inscription_in_cave_at_Naneghat.jpg/290px-Complete_view_of_Inscription_in_cave_at_Naneghat.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Complete_view_of_Inscription_in_cave_at_Naneghat.jpg/435px-Complete_view_of_Inscription_in_cave_at_Naneghat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Complete_view_of_Inscription_in_cave_at_Naneghat.jpg/580px-Complete_view_of_Inscription_in_cave_at_Naneghat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="1126" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Naneghat" title="Naneghat">Naneghat</a> inscription. Dated to 70-60 BCE, in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Satakarni_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Satakarni I">Satakarni I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001168_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001168-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Kanha's Pandavleni mentions the term <i>maha-matra</i> (officer-in-charge), which indicates that the early Satavahanas followed the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan</a> administrative model.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya197417–56_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya197417–56-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> C. Margabandhu theorised that the Satavahanas were called Andhras because they were natives of eastern Deccan (the Andhra region), although they first established their empire in western Deccan after having served as Mauryan subordinates. Himanshu Prabha Ray (1986) opposes this theory, stating that the Andhra was originally an ethnic term, and did not come to denote the geographical region of eastern Deccan until well after the Satavahana period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001168_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001168-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Vidya_Dehejia" title="Vidya Dehejia">Vidya Dehejia</a>, the writers of the Puranas (which could have been written after the Satavahana period) mistook the Satavahana presence in eastern Deccan as evidence for their origin in that region, and wrongly labelled them as "Andhra".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001167–168_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001167–168-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Puranas called the Satavahana kings as Andhra, Andhra-bhṛtya, or Andhra-jatiya. Andhra is both a tribal and a territorial name, the latter territorial denotation of present Telugu lands came into usage only well after the Satavahana period had ended, which meant that the term Andhra represented only the Andhra tribe (who had originated in North India along the Yamuna river banks as per Rigveda) and not the present Andhra region or its Telugu people. The term <i>Andhrabhrityas</i> (Andhra servants) may imply two things, one being that the Andhras were originally servants of the Mauryas or the Sungas. The other one, as per some scholars is that the expression is taken to indicate the servants of some other Andhra rulers. These scholars also suggest Kannada origin for the Satavahanas meaning that the dynasty originated in present-day <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, and initially owed allegiance to some Andhra rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999172-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Satavahana inscription found on a slab of the upper drum (medhi) of the <a href="/wiki/Kanaganahalli" title="Kanaganahalli">Kanaganahalli</a> mahastupa mentions year 16 of Vasisthiputra Sri Chimuka Satavahana's reign, which can be dated from ca. 110 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOllett2017194_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOllett2017194-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto7_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Sitaram_Sukthankar" title="Vishnu Sitaram Sukthankar">V. S. Sukthankar</a> theorised that the territorial division Satavahani-Satahani (Satavahanihara or Satahani-rattha), in present-day <a href="/wiki/Bellary_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellary district">Bellary district</a>, was the homeland of the Satavahana family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaychaudhuri2006342,_360,_363–364_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaychaudhuri2006342,_360,_363–364-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Dr. Gopalchari challenged Sukthankar's theory by pointing out that not a single inscription of the early Satavahanas is found in Bellary District and that the only Satavahana inscription in Bellary District was that of Pulumavi, who belongs to the later-phase of Satavahana history.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A stupa in <a href="/wiki/Kanaganahalli" title="Kanaganahalli">Kanaganahalli</a> village of Karnataka, dated between the first century BCE and first century CE, features limestone panels depicting portraits of Chimuka (Simuka), Satakani (Satakarni) and other Satavahana rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShimada201243_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimada201243-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As per historian Parmanand Gupta, in the medieval times, Srisailam region or the Sriparvata area was known as <i>Kannadu</i> and <i>Kannavisaya</i> which is the contracted form of <i>Satakarninadu</i> and <i>Satakarnivisaya</i>, which seem to be identical with the territorial indicator <i>Satavahanihara</i> of the Myakadoni inscription of Pulumayi or the <i>Satavahaniratta</i> of the Hirahadagalli grant consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Bellary_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Bellary district">Ballari</a> region indicated to be the original homeland of the Satavahanas as per another historian V. S. Sukthankar.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varna">Varna</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varna</a> of the dynasty is debated by modern scholars, who have variously argued for <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmana</a> origins of the dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> call the founder of the Satavahana family a <i>vṛṣala</i> (Shudra or low-born).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nashik inscription of Gautami Balashri describes her son Gautamiputra Satakarni as <i>eka-bamhana</i> (Sanskrit: <i>eka-brahmana</i>). Some scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Vasudev_Vishnu_Mirashi" title="Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi">V.V. Mirashi</a>, have interpreted the term as "sole Brahmana", and argued that Satavahanas were Brahmanas.<sup id="cite_ref-VSRS_1990_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VSRS_1990-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hem_Chandra_Raychaudhuri" title="Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri">Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri</a> interprets the term as "unique Brahmana", and notes that the inscription also describes Gautamiputra as "the destroyer of the pride and conceit of Kshatriyas", which according to him strongly suggests that Gautamiputra claimed to be a Brahmana.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The critics of this theory point out that Gautamiputra's family had matrimonial relations with the non-Brahmana <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Shakas</a>, and the Satavahanas could not have been Brahmanas because the same inscription also describes Gautamiputra as the one who stopped admixture of varnas (<i>vinivatita chatu vana sankara</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian V. Sundara Rama Sastry argues that the interpretation of the term "eka-bamhana" as "the only Brahmana" does not make sense as the king was obviously not the only member of his varna: instead, he interprets the term as an epithet indicating that the king "excelled even the Brahmans".<sup id="cite_ref-VSRS_1990_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VSRS_1990-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/R._G._Bhandarkar" title="R. G. Bhandarkar">R. G. Bhandarkar</a> interprets the term "the only protector" of the Brahmanas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999173–174_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999173–174-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Jain</a> works and the <i><a href="/wiki/Singhasan_Battisi" title="Singhasan Battisi">Dvātriṃśat-Puttalikā</a></i> represent <a href="/wiki/Shalivahana" title="Shalivahana">Shalivahana</a> (whom some modern scholars identify as a Satavahana king) as of mixed Brahmana and Naga origin. Based on this, some scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Dineshchandra_Sircar" title="Dineshchandra Sircar">D.C. Sircar</a>, theorize that the Satavahanas were originally non-Brahmanas who started claiming Brahmana status after establishing matrimonial relations with some Brahmana families.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>Information about the Satavahanas comes from the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>, some Buddhist and Jain texts, the dynasty's inscriptions and coins, and foreign (Greek and Roman) accounts that focus on trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001162–163_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001162–163-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The information provided by these sources is not sufficient to reconstruct the dynasty's history with absolute certainty. As a result, there are multiple theories about the Satavahana chronology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar1996133_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar1996133-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:290px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Satavahana dynasty is located in South Asia"><img alt="Satavahana dynasty is located in South Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/290px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/435px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/580px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span><div id="annotation_230x5" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:5px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/150_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="150 BCE"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>South Asia<br />150 BCE</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_105x160" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:160px; font-size:9px; font-weight:bold; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SATAVAHANAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_150x130" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:130px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Mahameghavahana_dynasty" title="Mahameghavahana dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MAHAMEGHA-<br />VAHANAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_200x120" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:120px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Samatata" title="Samatata"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SAMATATAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_110x60" style="position:absolute; left:110px; top:60px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Audumbaras" title="Audumbaras"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">AUDUMBARAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_90x80" style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:80px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Yaudheya" title="Yaudheya"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">YAUDHEYAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_135x80" style="position:absolute; left:135px; top:80px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pauravas" title="Pauravas"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PAURAVAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_100x70" style="position:absolute; left:100px; top:70px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Vrishni" title="Vrishni"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">VRISHNIS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_135x70" style="position:absolute; left:135px; top:70px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KUNINDAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_70x40" style="position:absolute; left:70px; top:40px; font-size:9px; font-weight:bold; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">INDO-<br />GREEKS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_5x5" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:5px; font-size:9px; font-weight:bold; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrians"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">GRECO-<br />BACTRIANS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_115x90" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:90px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Mitra_dynasty_(Mathura)" title="Mitra dynasty (Mathura)"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MITRAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_140x90" style="position:absolute; left:140px; top:90px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Arjunayanas" title="Arjunayanas"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">ARJUNAYANAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_90x115" style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:115px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Malavas" title="Malavas"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MALAVAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_140x105" style="position:absolute; left:140px; top:105px; font-size:9px; font-weight:bold; font-size:9; line-height:11px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Shungas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shungas"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SHUNGAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_115x220" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:220px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PANDYAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_125x205" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top:205px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">CHOLAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_105x195" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:195px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">CHERAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_200x1" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:1px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">LOULAN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_135x5" style="position:absolute; left:135px; top:5px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#006400FF">HAN DYNASTY</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" title="File:South Asia non political, with rivers.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">South Asia circa 150 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Simuka" title="Simuka">Simuka</a> is mentioned as the first king in a list of royals in a Satavahana inscription at <a href="/wiki/Naneghat" title="Naneghat">Naneghat</a>. The various <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> state that the first king of the dynasty ruled for 23 years, and mention his name variously as Sishuka, Sindhuka, Chhismaka, Shipraka, etc. These are believed to be corrupted spellings of Simuka, resulting from copying and re-copying of manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShastri199842_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShastri199842-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simuka cannot be dated with certainty based on available evidence. Based on the following theories, the beginning of the Satavahana rule is dated variously from 271 BCE to 30 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008381–384_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008381–384-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Puranas, the first Andhra king overthrew the <a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva</a> rule. He is named as Balipuccha in some texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2013296_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2013296-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> D. C. Sircar dated this event to c. 30 BCE, a theory supported by many other scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar1996133_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar1996133-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Matsya Purana</i> mentions that the Andhra dynasty ruled for around 450 years. As the Satavahana rule ended in the early 3rd century, the beginning of their rule can be dated to the 3rd century BCE. The <i><a href="/wiki/Indica_(Megasthenes)" title="Indica (Megasthenes)">Indica</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a> (350 – 290 BCE) mentions a powerful tribe named "Andarae", whose king maintained an army of 100,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalry and 1,000 elephants. If Andarae is identified with the Andhras, this can be considered additional evidence of Satavahana rule starting in the 3rd century BCE. The <i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i> states that "the four Kanvas will rule the earth for 45 years; <i>then</i> (it) will <i>again</i> go to the Andhras". Based on this statement, the proponents of this theory argue that the Satavahana rule began immediately after the <a href="/wiki/Maurya" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurya">Maurya</a> rule, followed by a Kanva <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a>, and then, a revival of the Satavahana rule. According to one version of the theory Simuka succeeded the Mauryans. A variation of the theory is that Simuka was the person who restored the Satavahana rule by overthrowing the Kanvas; the compiler of the Puranas confused him with the founder of the dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya197417–56_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya197417–56-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most modern scholars believe that the Satavahana ruler began in the first century BCE and lasted until the second century CE. This theory is based on Puranic records as well as archaeological and numismatic evidence. The theory that dates their rule to an earlier period is now largely discredited because the various Puranas contradict each other, and are not fully supported by epigraphic or numismatic evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001166_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001166-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest Satavahana inscription is the one found on a slab of the upper drum (medhi) of the <a href="/wiki/Kanaganahalli" title="Kanaganahalli">Kanaganahalli</a> Great Stupa mentioning year 16 of Vasisthiputra Sri Chimuka Satavahana's reign, which can be dated from ca. 110 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOllett2017194_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOllett2017194-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>𑀭𑀸𑀜𑁄 𑀲𑀺𑀭𑀺 𑀙𑀺𑀫𑀼𑀓 𑀲𑀸𑀢𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀦𑀲 𑀲𑁄𑀟𑁂 𑀯𑀙𑀭𑁂 𑁛𑁗 𑀫𑀸𑀢𑀺𑀲𑁂𑀓<br /> </p><p><i>Rano siri chimu(ka) sātavāhanasa soḍe vachare 10 6 mātiseka</i><br /> </p><p> "In the year sixteen 16 of King Siri Chimuka Sātavāhana"</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Kanaganahalli inscription of the 16th year of Simuka.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>On another stone slab at Kanaganahalli, the king is possibly shown together with a <a href="/wiki/Nagaraja" title="Nagaraja">Nagaraja</a>, and the inscription reads: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>𑀭𑀸𑀚𑀸 𑀲𑀺𑀭𑀺 𑀙𑀺𑀫𑀼𑀓𑁄 𑀲𑀸𑀤𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀦𑁄 𑀦𑀸𑀕𑀭𑀸𑀬 𑀲𑀔𑀥𑀸𑀪𑁄<br /><i>Rājā Siri Chimuko Sādavāhano nāgarāya Sakhadhābho</i><br />"Lord King Simuka the Satavahana, <a href="/wiki/Nagaraja" title="Nagaraja">Nagaraja</a> Sakhadhābho"</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Kanaganahalli inscription of Simuka.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_expansion">Early expansion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Sanchi donations (50 BCE- 0 CE)</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:227px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4383_with_arrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/South_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4383_with_arrow.jpg/151px-South_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4383_with_arrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/South_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4383_with_arrow.jpg/227px-South_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4383_with_arrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/South_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4383_with_arrow.jpg/302px-South_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4383_with_arrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The southern gateway of the Great Stupa at <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a> was, according to an inscription (see arrow), donated under the rule of "King Satakarni", probably <a href="/wiki/Satakarni_II" title="Satakarni II">Satakarni II</a>.Sinopoli<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001169_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001169-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:235px;max-width:235px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:227px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siri-Satakani_inscription_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Southern_Gateway_Rear_of_top_architrave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Siri-Satakani_inscription_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Southern_Gateway_Rear_of_top_architrave.jpg/233px-Siri-Satakani_inscription_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Southern_Gateway_Rear_of_top_architrave.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Siri-Satakani_inscription_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Southern_Gateway_Rear_of_top_architrave.jpg/350px-Siri-Satakani_inscription_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Southern_Gateway_Rear_of_top_architrave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Siri-Satakani_inscription_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Southern_Gateway_Rear_of_top_architrave.jpg/466px-Siri-Satakani_inscription_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Southern_Gateway_Rear_of_top_architrave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="1089" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The inscription appears on the relief of a stupa at the center of the top architrave, at the rear. It is written in three lines in early <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> over the dome of the stupa in this relief.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dated circa 50 BCE- 0 CE.</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Text of the inscription:<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀭𑀸𑀜𑁄 𑀲𑀺𑀭𑀺 𑀲𑀸𑀢𑀓𑀡𑀺𑀲</span> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀆𑀯𑁂𑀲𑀡𑀺𑀲 𑀯𑀸𑀲𑀺𑀣𑀻𑀧𑀼𑀢𑀲</span> / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀆𑀦𑀁𑀤𑀲 𑀤𑀸𑀦𑀁</span><br /><i>Rāño Siri Sātakaṇisa</i> / <i>āvesaṇisa vāsitḥīputasa</i> / <i>Ānaṁdasa dānaṁ</i><br />"Gift of Ananda, the son of Vasithi, the foreman of the artisans of <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">rajan</a> <a href="/wiki/Satakarni_II" title="Satakarni II">Siri Satakarni</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>Simuka was succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/Kanha_(Satavahana_dynasty)" title="Kanha (Satavahana dynasty)">Kanha</a> (also known as Krishna), who extended the kingdom up to Nashik in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya197417–56_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya197417–56-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His successor <a href="/wiki/Satakarni" title="Satakarni">Satakarni I</a> conquered western <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anupa_kingdom" title="Anupa kingdom">Anupa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Narmada" class="mw-redirect" title="Narmada">Narmada</a> valley) and <a href="/wiki/Vidarbha" title="Vidarbha">Vidarbha</a>, taking advantage of the turmoil caused by <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Greek</a> invasions of northern India. He performed <a href="/wiki/Vedic_sacrifice" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic sacrifice">Vedic sacrifices</a> including <a href="/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha">Ashvamedha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajasuya" title="Rajasuya">Rajasuya</a>. Instead of the Buddhists, he patronised Brahmins and donated a substantial amount of wealth to them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hathigumpha_inscription" title="Hathigumpha inscription">Hathigumpha inscription</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a> king <a href="/wiki/Kharavela" title="Kharavela">Kharavela</a> mentions a king named "Satakani" or "Satakamini", who some<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008382_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008382-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identify with Satakarni I. The inscription describes dispatching of an army and Kharavela's threat to a city. Since the inscription is only partially legible, different scholars interpret the events described in the inscription differently. According to R. D. Banerji and Sailendra Nath Sen, Kharavela sent out an army against Satakarni.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999176–177_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999176–177-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Bhagwal Lal, Satakarni wanted to avoid an invasion of his kingdom by Kharavela. So, he sent horses, elephants, chariots and men to Kharavela as a tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhagwan_1883_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhagwan_1883-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya, Kharavela's army diverted its course after failing to advance against Satakarni.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya197444–50_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya197444–50-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Alain Daniélou, Kharavela was friendly with Satakarni, and only crossed his kingdom without any clashes.<sup id="cite_ref-Alan_2003_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alan_2003-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Satakarni's successor <a href="/wiki/Satakarni_II" title="Satakarni II">Satakarni II</a> ruled for 56 years, during which he captured eastern <a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shungas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed him access to the Buddhist site of <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a>, in which he is credited with the building of the decorated gateways around the original <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Mauryan Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunga">Sunga</a> <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Satakarni II is known from a dedicatory inscription at <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001169_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001169-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was succeeded by Lambodara. The coins of Lambodara's son and successor Apilaka have been found in eastern Madhya Pradesh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Andrew Ollett argues that there is only one Satakarni, as the alleged first Satakarni is assigned ten years, and the second, fifty years by other scholars, but the only dated inscription of this king is Candankheda seal from his reign's year 30, around 60 BCE, and he ruled ca. 88–42 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOllett2017190,_195_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOllett2017190,_195-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Art_of_Sanchi">Art of Sanchi</h4></div> <p>The Satavahanas contributed greatly to the embellishment of the Buddhist stupa of <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a>. It was heavily repaired under King Satakarni II. The gateways and the balustrade were built after 70 BCE, and appear to have been commissioned by the Satavahanas. An inscription on the Southern Gateway records that it was the work of Satakarni II's royal architect Ananda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200419_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200419-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An inscription records the gift of one of the top <a href="/wiki/Architrave" title="Architrave">architraves</a> of the Southern Gateway by the artisans of the Satavahana Emperor <a href="/wiki/Satakarni" title="Satakarni">Satakarni</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Gift of Ananda, the son of Vasithi, the foreman of the artisans of rajan Siri Satakarni<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%; width: 100%;" align="center" cellpadding="3"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center" colspan="3" style="background:#FFDAB9; font-size: 100%;"><b>Sanchi under the Satavahanas</b><br />1st century BCE/CE. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center" style="font-size: 100%; width: 1%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4398.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/East_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4398.JPG/250px-East_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4398.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/East_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4398.JPG/375px-East_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4398.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/East_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4398.JPG/500px-East_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4398.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span> </td> <td><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi_6-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Architrave"><img alt="Architrave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sanchi_6-09.jpg/264px-Sanchi_6-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sanchi_6-09.jpg/397px-Sanchi_6-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Sanchi_6-09.jpg/528px-Sanchi_6-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="994" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Architrave</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 153.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 151.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi2_N-MP-220.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Architrave"><img alt="Architrave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sanchi2_N-MP-220.jpg/227px-Sanchi2_N-MP-220.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sanchi2_N-MP-220.jpg/340px-Sanchi2_N-MP-220.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sanchi2_N-MP-220.jpg/453px-Sanchi2_N-MP-220.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4541" data-file-height="4509" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Architrave</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 95.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 93.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yakshini_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yakshini."><img alt="Yakshini." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Yakshini_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway.jpg/140px-Yakshini_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Yakshini_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway.jpg/210px-Yakshini_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Yakshini_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway.jpg/279px-Yakshini_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="499" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 117.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 115.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elephants_Eastern_Gateway_Stupa_1_Sanchi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pillar capital."><img alt="Pillar capital." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Elephants_Eastern_Gateway_Stupa_1_Sanchi.jpg/173px-Elephants_Eastern_Gateway_Stupa_1_Sanchi.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Elephants_Eastern_Gateway_Stupa_1_Sanchi.jpg/259px-Elephants_Eastern_Gateway_Stupa_1_Sanchi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Elephants_Eastern_Gateway_Stupa_1_Sanchi.jpg/345px-Elephants_Eastern_Gateway_Stupa_1_Sanchi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1478" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pillar capital.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi_lion_pillar_with_flame_palmette.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lion pillar capital."><img alt="Lion pillar capital." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sanchi_lion_pillar_with_flame_palmette.jpg/139px-Sanchi_lion_pillar_with_flame_palmette.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sanchi_lion_pillar_with_flame_palmette.jpg/209px-Sanchi_lion_pillar_with_flame_palmette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sanchi_lion_pillar_with_flame_palmette.jpg/278px-Sanchi_lion_pillar_with_flame_palmette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2289" data-file-height="3704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lion pillar capital.</div> </li> </ul><br /> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 148.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 146.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chankrama_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway_Left_pillar_Front_top_panel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Miracle of Walking in the air at Savrasti."><img alt="The Miracle of Walking in the air at Savrasti." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chankrama_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway_Left_pillar_Front_top_panel.jpg/220px-Chankrama_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway_Left_pillar_Front_top_panel.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chankrama_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway_Left_pillar_Front_top_panel.jpg/331px-Chankrama_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway_Left_pillar_Front_top_panel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Chankrama_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway_Left_pillar_Front_top_panel.jpg/441px-Chankrama_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway_Left_pillar_Front_top_panel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2285" data-file-height="2332" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Miracle of Walking in the air at Savrasti.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pipal_tree_temple_of_Bodh_Gaya_depicted_in_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pipal tree."><img alt="Pipal tree." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pipal_tree_temple_of_Bodh_Gaya_depicted_in_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway.jpg/199px-Pipal_tree_temple_of_Bodh_Gaya_depicted_in_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pipal_tree_temple_of_Bodh_Gaya_depicted_in_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway.jpg/299px-Pipal_tree_temple_of_Bodh_Gaya_depicted_in_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pipal_tree_temple_of_Bodh_Gaya_depicted_in_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway.jpg/398px-Pipal_tree_temple_of_Bodh_Gaya_depicted_in_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2459" data-file-height="2782" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pipal_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipal tree">Pipal tree</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miracle_of_the_Buddha_walking_on_a_River_-_East_Face_-_South_Pillar_-_East_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Miracle of the Buddha walking on the River Nairanjana"><img alt="Miracle of the Buddha walking on the River Nairanjana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Miracle_of_the_Buddha_walking_on_a_River_-_East_Face_-_South_Pillar_-_East_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi.jpg/166px-Miracle_of_the_Buddha_walking_on_a_River_-_East_Face_-_South_Pillar_-_East_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Miracle_of_the_Buddha_walking_on_a_River_-_East_Face_-_South_Pillar_-_East_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi.jpg/249px-Miracle_of_the_Buddha_walking_on_a_River_-_East_Face_-_South_Pillar_-_East_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Miracle_of_the_Buddha_walking_on_a_River_-_East_Face_-_South_Pillar_-_East_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi.jpg/331px-Miracle_of_the_Buddha_walking_on_a_River_-_East_Face_-_South_Pillar_-_East_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2525" data-file-height="3429" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Miracle of the Buddha walking on the River <a href="/wiki/Nairanjana" title="Nairanjana">Nairanjana</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 118px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 116px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bimbisara_with_his_royal_cortege_issuing_from_the_city_of_Rajagriha_to_visit_the_Buddha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bimbisara with his royal cortege issuing from the city of Rajagriha to visit the Buddha."><img alt="Bimbisara with his royal cortege issuing from the city of Rajagriha to visit the Buddha." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bimbisara_with_his_royal_cortege_issuing_from_the_city_of_Rajagriha_to_visit_the_Buddha.jpg/174px-Bimbisara_with_his_royal_cortege_issuing_from_the_city_of_Rajagriha_to_visit_the_Buddha.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bimbisara_with_his_royal_cortege_issuing_from_the_city_of_Rajagriha_to_visit_the_Buddha.jpg/261px-Bimbisara_with_his_royal_cortege_issuing_from_the_city_of_Rajagriha_to_visit_the_Buddha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Bimbisara_with_his_royal_cortege_issuing_from_the_city_of_Rajagriha_to_visit_the_Buddha.jpg/348px-Bimbisara_with_his_royal_cortege_issuing_from_the_city_of_Rajagriha_to_visit_the_Buddha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2612" data-file-height="3375" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bimbisara" title="Bimbisara">Bimbisara</a> with his royal cortege issuing from the city of <a href="/wiki/Rajagriha" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajagriha">Rajagriha</a> to visit the Buddha.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foreigners_making_a_dedication_to_Stupa_1at_the_Northern_Gateway_of_Stupa_1_Sanchi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Foreigners making a dedication to the Great Stupa at Sanchi."><img alt="Foreigners making a dedication to the Great Stupa at Sanchi." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Foreigners_making_a_dedication_to_Stupa_1at_the_Northern_Gateway_of_Stupa_1_Sanchi.jpg/156px-Foreigners_making_a_dedication_to_Stupa_1at_the_Northern_Gateway_of_Stupa_1_Sanchi.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Foreigners_making_a_dedication_to_Stupa_1at_the_Northern_Gateway_of_Stupa_1_Sanchi.jpg/235px-Foreigners_making_a_dedication_to_Stupa_1at_the_Northern_Gateway_of_Stupa_1_Sanchi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Foreigners_making_a_dedication_to_Stupa_1at_the_Northern_Gateway_of_Stupa_1_Sanchi.jpg/312px-Foreigners_making_a_dedication_to_Stupa_1at_the_Northern_Gateway_of_Stupa_1_Sanchi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2140" data-file-height="3082" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Foreigners making a dedication to the Great Stupa at Sanchi.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 68px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 66px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Procession_of_king_Suddhodana_from_Kapilavastu_in_full_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Procession of king Suddhodana from Kapilavastu."><img alt="Procession of king Suddhodana from Kapilavastu." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Procession_of_king_Suddhodana_from_Kapilavastu_in_full_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway.jpg/99px-Procession_of_king_Suddhodana_from_Kapilavastu_in_full_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Procession_of_king_Suddhodana_from_Kapilavastu_in_full_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway.jpg/149px-Procession_of_king_Suddhodana_from_Kapilavastu_in_full_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Procession_of_king_Suddhodana_from_Kapilavastu_in_full_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway.jpg/199px-Procession_of_king_Suddhodana_from_Kapilavastu_in_full_Sanchi_Stupa_1_Eastern_Gateway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1711" data-file-height="3873" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Procession of king <a href="/wiki/Suddhodana" class="mw-redirect" title="Suddhodana">Suddhodana</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kapilavastu_(ancient_city)" title="Kapilavastu (ancient city)">Kapilavastu</a>.</div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Western_Satraps_invasion_under_Nahapana">First Western Satraps invasion under Nahapana</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saka-Satavahana_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Saka-Satavahana Wars">Saka-Satavahana Wars</a></div> <p>Little is known about Apilaka's successors, except cryptic references to one Kuntala Satakarni. The next well-known ruler of the dynasty was <a href="/wiki/H%C4%81la" title="Hāla">Hāla</a>, who composed <i><a href="/wiki/Gaha_Sattasai" title="Gaha Sattasai">Gaha Sattasai</a></i> in Maharashtri Prakrit. Like Hala, his four successors also ruled for very short periods (a total of 12 years), indicating troubled times for the Satavahanas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Epigraphic and numismatic evidence suggests that the Satavahanas earlier controlled the northern <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a>, the northern <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a> coastal plains, and the mountain passes connecting these two regions. During 15–40 CE, their northern neighbours – the <a href="/wiki/Western_Kshatrapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Kshatrapa">Western Kshatrapas</a> – extended their influence into these regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFynes199543_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFynes199543-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Western Kshatrapa ruler <a href="/wiki/Nahapana" title="Nahapana">Nahapana</a> is known to have ruled the former Satavahana territory, as attested by the inscriptions of his governor and son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Rishabhadatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rishabhadatta">Rishabhadatta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFynes199544_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFynes199544-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_revival">First revival</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gautamiputra_Sri_Satakarni_overstruck_on_a_coin_of_Nahapana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gautamiputra_Sri_Satakarni_overstruck_on_a_coin_of_Nahapana.jpg/220px-Gautamiputra_Sri_Satakarni_overstruck_on_a_coin_of_Nahapana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gautamiputra_Sri_Satakarni_overstruck_on_a_coin_of_Nahapana.jpg/330px-Gautamiputra_Sri_Satakarni_overstruck_on_a_coin_of_Nahapana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Gautamiputra_Sri_Satakarni_overstruck_on_a_coin_of_Nahapana.jpg/440px-Gautamiputra_Sri_Satakarni_overstruck_on_a_coin_of_Nahapana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="1420" /></a><figcaption>A coin of <a href="/wiki/Nahapana" title="Nahapana">Nahapana</a> restruck by the <a href="/wiki/Satavahana" class="mw-redirect" title="Satavahana">Satavahana</a> king <a href="/wiki/Gautamiputra_Satakarni" title="Gautamiputra Satakarni">Gautamiputra Satakarni</a>. Nahapana's profile and coin legend are still clearly visible.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saka-Yavana-Pahlava_inscription_in_the_Nasik_cave_3_inscription_of_Queen_Gotami_Balasiri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Saka-Yavana-Pahlava_inscription_in_the_Nasik_cave_3_inscription_of_Queen_Gotami_Balasiri.jpg/220px-Saka-Yavana-Pahlava_inscription_in_the_Nasik_cave_3_inscription_of_Queen_Gotami_Balasiri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Saka-Yavana-Pahlava_inscription_in_the_Nasik_cave_3_inscription_of_Queen_Gotami_Balasiri.jpg/330px-Saka-Yavana-Pahlava_inscription_in_the_Nasik_cave_3_inscription_of_Queen_Gotami_Balasiri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Saka-Yavana-Pahlava_inscription_in_the_Nasik_cave_3_inscription_of_Queen_Gotami_Balasiri.jpg/440px-Saka-Yavana-Pahlava_inscription_in_the_Nasik_cave_3_inscription_of_Queen_Gotami_Balasiri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption>The defeated "<a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Saka</a>-<a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Yavana</a>-<a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthians">Palhava</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>: <b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀲𑀓 𑀬𑀯𑀦 𑀧𑀮𑁆𑀳𑀯)</span></b> mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Nasik_Caves" title="Nasik Caves">Nasik cave 3</a> inscription of Queen Gotami Balasiri (end of line 5 of the inscription).<sup id="cite_ref-EI60_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI60-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Satavahana power was revived by <a href="/wiki/Gautamiputra_Satakarni" title="Gautamiputra Satakarni">Gautamiputra Satakarni</a>, who is considered the greatest of the Satavahana rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles Higham dates his reign <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 103</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 127 CE</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> S. Nagaraju dates it 106–130 CE,<sup id="cite_ref-RKS_2013_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RKS_2013-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the new consensus is shared by Shailendra Bhandare, Akira Shimada, and Oskar von Hinuber, who regard <a href="/wiki/Gautamiputra_Satakarni" title="Gautamiputra Satakarni">Gautamiputra Satakarni</a>'s reign was ca. 60–85 CE, as it is evident from history that "Gautamiputra Saatakarni" in the year 78 CE defeated Vikramaditya of Ujjain, which in turn was celebrated and named "Yug Aadi" means Beginning of New Era (New Year for Andhra, Karnataka, Maharashtra (Gudi padwa), Telangana states). Ever since these states people followed Saatavaahana calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andrew Ollett considers it as 60–84 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOllett2017189_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOllett2017189-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king defeated by him appears to have been the Western Kshatrapa ruler <a href="/wiki/Nahapana" title="Nahapana">Nahapana</a>, as suggested by Nahapana's coins overstuck with names and titles of Gautamiputra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFynes199544_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFynes199544-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Prashasti" title="Prashasti">prashasti</a></i> inscription of Gautamiputra's mother Gautami Balashri, dated to the 20th year after his death, records his achievements. The most liberal interpretation of the inscription suggests that his kingdom extended from the present-day Rajasthan in the north to Krishna river in the south, and from Saurashtra in the west to Kalinga in the east. He assumed the titles <i>Raja-Raja</i> (King of Kings) and <i>Maharaja</i> (Great King), and was described as the Lord of <a href="/wiki/Vindhya_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindhya range">Vindhya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the last years of his reign, his administration was apparently handled by his mother, which could have been a result of an illness or military preoccupation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Nasik inscription made by his mother Gautami Balashri, he was the one ...<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>… who crushed down the pride and conceit of the <a href="/wiki/Kshatriyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kshatriyas">Kshatriyas</a>; who destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Sakas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a>), <a href="/wiki/Yavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana">Yavanas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Indo-Greeks</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Pahlava" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahlava">Pahlavas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthians">Indo-Parthians</a>),... who rooted out the Khakharata family (the Kshaharata family of <a href="/wiki/Nahapana" title="Nahapana">Nahapana</a>); who restored the glory of the Satavahana race.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Inscription of Queen Mother Gautami Balashri at <a href="/wiki/Pandavleni_Caves#Cave_No.3,_"Gautamiputra_vihara"_(circa_150_CE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandavleni Caves">Cave No.3</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pandavleni_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandavleni Caves">Pandavleni Caves</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a>.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Gautamiputra was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Vasisthiputra_Sri_Pulamavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi">Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi</a> (or Pulumayi). According to Sailendra Nath Sen, Pulumavi ruled from 96 to 119 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Charles Higham, he ascended the throne around 110 CE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to Shailendra Bhandare, Akira Shimada, and Oskar von Hinuber <a href="/wiki/Vasisthiputra_Sri_Pulamavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi">Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi</a> ruled ca. 85–125 CE,<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Andrew Ollett considers it to be ca. 84–119 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOllett2017189_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOllett2017189-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pulumavi features in a large number of Satavahana inscriptions and his coins have been found distributed over a wide area. This indicates that he maintained Gautamiputra's territory, and ruled a prosperous kingdom. He is believed to have added the Bellary region to Satakarni's kingdom. His coins featuring ships with double mast have been found on the <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a>, indicating involvement in maritime trade and naval power. The old <a href="/wiki/Amaravati_Stupa" title="Amaravati Stupa">stupa at Amaravati</a> was perhaps renovated during his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though recent scholarship tends to spread the dates of this wider. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Western_Satraps_invasion_under_Rudradaman_I">Second Western Satraps invasion under Rudradaman I</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vashishtiputra_Sri_Satakarni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Vashishtiputra_Sri_Satakarni.jpg/220px-Vashishtiputra_Sri_Satakarni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Vashishtiputra_Sri_Satakarni.jpg/330px-Vashishtiputra_Sri_Satakarni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Vashishtiputra_Sri_Satakarni.jpg/440px-Vashishtiputra_Sri_Satakarni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="1359" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Vashishtiputra_Satakarni" title="Vashishtiputra Satakarni">Vashishtiputra Satakarni</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pulumavi's successor was his brother <a href="/wiki/Vashishtiputra_Satakarni" title="Vashishtiputra Satakarni">Vashishtiputra Satakarni</a>. According to S. N. Sen he ruled during 120–149 CE;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to Charles Higham, his regnal years spanned 138–145 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299_61-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He entered into a marriage alliance with the Western Satraps, marrying the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Rudradaman_I" title="Rudradaman I">Rudradaman I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Junagadh" title="Junagadh">Junagadh</a> inscription of Rudradaman I states that he defeated Satakarni, the lord of Dakshinapatha (Deccan), twice. It also states that he spared the life of the defeated ruler because of close relations:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299_61-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Rudradaman (...) who obtained good report because he, in spite of having twice in fair fight completely defeated Satakarni, the lord of <a href="/wiki/Dakshinapatha" title="Dakshinapatha">Dakshinapatha</a>, on account of the nearness of their connection did not destroy him."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Junagadh rock inscription</cite></div></blockquote> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/D._R._Bhandarkar" class="mw-redirect" title="D. R. Bhandarkar">D. R. Bhandarkar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dineshchandra_Sircar" title="Dineshchandra Sircar">Dineshchandra Sircar</a>, the ruler defeated by Rudradaman was Gautamiputra Satakarni. However, <a href="/wiki/E._J._Rapson" title="E. J. Rapson">E. J. Rapson</a> believed that the defeated ruler was his son <a href="/wiki/Vasishthiputra_Pulumavi" title="Vasishthiputra Pulumavi">Vasishthiputra Pulumavi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutta199052_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutta199052-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shailendra Nath Sen and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Higham_(archaeologist)" title="Charles Higham (archaeologist)">Charles Higham</a> believe that the defeated ruler was Vashishtiputra's successor Shivaskanda or Shiva Sri Pulumayi (or Pulumavi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299_61-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of his victories, Rudradaman regained all the former territories previously held by Nahapana, except for the extreme south territories of <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasik" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasik">Nasik</a>. Satavahana dominions were limited to their original base in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a> and eastern central India around <a href="/wiki/Amaravathi_village,_Guntur_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaravathi village, Guntur district">Amaravati</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_revival">Second revival</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gautamiputra_Rajni_Shri_Satakarni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gautamiputra_Rajni_Shri_Satakarni.jpg/220px-Gautamiputra_Rajni_Shri_Satakarni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gautamiputra_Rajni_Shri_Satakarni.jpg/330px-Gautamiputra_Rajni_Shri_Satakarni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gautamiputra_Rajni_Shri_Satakarni.jpg/440px-Gautamiputra_Rajni_Shri_Satakarni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="1229" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Yajna_Sri_Satakarni" title="Yajna Sri Satakarni">Yajna Sri Satakarni</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sri_Yajna_S%C4%81takarni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Yajna Sātakarni">Sri Yajna Sātakarni</a>, the last person belonging to the main Satavahana dynastic line, briefly revived the Satavahana rule. According to S. N. Sen, he ruled during 170–199 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles Higham dates the end of his reign to 181 CE. His coins feature images of ships, which suggest naval and marine trade success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299_61-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wide distribution of his coins, and inscriptions at Nashik, Kanheri and Guntur indicate that his rule extended over both eastern and western parts of Deccan. He recovered much of the territory lost the Western Kshatrapas, and issued silver coinage, imitating them. During the last years of his reign, the <a href="/wiki/Abhira_dynasty#Abhira_Sivadatta" title="Abhira dynasty">Abhiras</a> captured the northern parts of the kingdom, around Nashik region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3></div> <p>After Yajna Satakarni, the dynasty was soon extinguished following the rise of its feudatories, perhaps on account of a decline in central power.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, the Western Satraps would continue to prosper for the next two centuries, until their extinction by the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>. Yajna Sri was succeeded by Madhariputra Swami Isvarasena. The next king Vijaya ruled for 6 years. His son Vasishthiputra Sri Chadha Satakarni ruled for 10 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pulumavi IV, the last king of the main line, ruled until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 225 CE</span>. During his reign, several Buddhist monuments were constructed at sites including <a href="/wiki/Nagarjunakonda" title="Nagarjunakonda">Nagarjunakonda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amaravati_Stupa" title="Amaravati Stupa">Amaravati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299_61-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madhya Pradesh was also part of his kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the death of Pulumavi IV, the Satavahana empire fragmented into five smaller kingdoms:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Northern part, ruled by a collateral branch of the Satavahanas (which ended in early 4th century<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299_61-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>Western part around <a href="/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a>, ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Abhira_dynasty" title="Abhira dynasty">Abhira dynasty</a></li> <li>Eastern part (<a href="/wiki/Krishna_district" title="Krishna district">Krishna</a>-<a href="/wiki/Guntur_district" title="Guntur district">Guntur</a> region), ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvaku" title="Andhra Ikshvaku">Andhra Ikshvakus</a></li> <li>South-western parts (northern Karanataka), ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Chutu_dynasty" title="Chutu dynasty">Chutus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Banavasi" title="Banavasi">Banavasi</a></li> <li>South-eastern part, ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallavas</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territorial_extent">Territorial extent</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Satavahana dynasty is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Satavahana dynasty is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div id="annotation_275x03" style="position:absolute; left:275px; top:03px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=BCE_100&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCE 100 (page does not exist)"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">-100</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_125x89" style="position:absolute; left:125px; top:89px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">INDO-<br />GREEKS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_99x95" style="position:absolute; left:99px; top:95px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sakastan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakastan"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SAKAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_115x27" style="position:absolute; 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left:177px; top:30px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Tesinsky</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_135x59" style="position:absolute; left:135px; top:59px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">WUSUN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_148x82" style="position:absolute; left:148px; top:82px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khotan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Khotan</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_170x75" style="position:absolute; 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left:02px; top:100px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PTOLE-<br />MIES</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_58x87" style="position:absolute; left:58px; top:87px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PARTHIAN<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_150x113" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:113px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sunga_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunga Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SUNGAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_135x125" style="position:absolute; left:135px; top:125px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SATAVA-<br />HANAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_235x94" style="position:absolute; left:235px; top:94px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">HAN<br />DYNASTY</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_200x52" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:52px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#4F311CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">XIONGNU</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Main polities in Asia, circa -100.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The Satavahana territory included northern <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a> region, spanning the present-day <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a> states. At times, their rule also extended to present-day <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>. The Nashik <i><a href="/wiki/Prashasti" title="Prashasti">prashasti</a></i> inscription issued by Gautami Balashri, the mother of <a href="/wiki/Gautamiputra_Satakarni" title="Gautamiputra Satakarni">Gautamiputra Satakarni</a>, claims that her son ruled an extensive territory that stretched from <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/North_Karnataka" title="North Karnataka">northern Karnataka</a> in the south. It is not clear if Gautamiputra had effective control over these claimed territories. In any case, historical evidence suggests that his control over these territories did not last long.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001170_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001170-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, this realm was not continuous: many areas in this region remained under the control of the hunter-gatherers and other tribal communities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001439_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001439-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As per historian <a href="/wiki/M._Govinda_Pai" title="M. Govinda Pai">M. Govinda Pai</a>, Ptolemy (100–170 CE) states that when Siro Polemaios (<a href="/wiki/Vasishthiputra_Pulumavi" title="Vasishthiputra Pulumavi">Vasishthiputra Sri Pulumayi</a>) was ruling from his capital Paithan in the north (reign c. 85-125 CE), another Satavahana prince called Baleokouros or Baleokoura (Vilivayakura) was ruling from Hippokoura (<a href="/wiki/Huvina_Hipparagi" title="Huvina Hipparagi">Huvina Hipparagi</a>) of Basavana Bagewadi taluk of <a href="/wiki/Vijayapura_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayapura district">Vijayapura district</a> of present Karnataka in the south who was none other than his own son. Pai identifies this prince Vilivaya-kura as another form of Vilivaya Kumara (meaning the son of Vilivaya), and he goes on to prove that Vilivaya is indeed merely another rendering of Pulumayi which was transformed as per <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> rules, the spoken form of this language during that period, and due to common parlance. Thus, Vilivayakura means a son of <a href="/wiki/Vasishthiputra_Pulumavi" title="Vasishthiputra Pulumavi">Pulumayi</a> who was ruling from Huvina Hipparagi in present Karnataka. Pai identifies all the 10 cities mentioned by Ptolemy as lying between the river Benda (or Binda) or <a href="/wiki/Bhima_River" title="Bhima River">Bhima river</a> in the north and Banaouasei (<a href="/wiki/Banavasi" title="Banavasi">Banavasi</a>) in the south, viz. Nagarouris (Nagur), Tabaso (Tavasi), Inde (<a href="/wiki/Indi,_Karnataka" title="Indi, Karnataka">Indi</a>), Tiripangalida (<a href="/wiki/Gadhinglaj" title="Gadhinglaj">Gadhinglaj</a>), Hippokoura (<a href="/wiki/Huvina_Hipparagi" title="Huvina Hipparagi">Huvina Hipparagi</a>), Soubouttou (<a href="/wiki/Savadi,_Gadag" title="Savadi, Gadag">Savadi</a>), Sirimalaga (<a href="/wiki/Malkheda" title="Malkheda">Malkhed</a>), Kalligeris (<a href="/wiki/Kalkeri" title="Kalkeri">Kalkeri</a>), Modogoulla (<a href="/wiki/Mudgal" title="Mudgal">Mudgal</a>) and Petirgala (<a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a>), as being located in Northern Karnataka.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Satavahana capital kept shifting with time. The Nashik inscription describes Gautamiputra as the lord of Benakataka, suggesting that this was the name of his capital. <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> (2nd century CE) mentioned <a href="/wiki/Pratishthana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratishthana">Pratishthana</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Paithan" title="Paithan">Paithan</a>) as the capital of Pulumavi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001170_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001170-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At other times, the Satavahana capitals included <a href="/wiki/Dharanikota" title="Dharanikota">Dharanikota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Junnar" title="Junnar">Junnar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sat_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sat-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/M._K._Dhavalikar" class="mw-redirect" title="M. K. Dhavalikar">M. K. Dhavalikar</a> theorised that the original Satavahana capital was located at Junnar, but had to be moved to Pratishthana because of <a href="/wiki/Western_Kshatrapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Kshatrapa">Saka</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kushana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushana">Kushana</a> incursions from the north-west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200422_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200422-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several Satavahana-era inscriptions record grants to religious monasteries. The settlements most frequently mentioned as the residences of donors in these inscriptions include the sea ports of <a href="/wiki/Sopara" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopara">Sopara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalyan" title="Kalyan">Kalyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Bharuch</a>, Kuda (unidentified), and <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a>. The most frequently mentioned inland settlements include Dhanyakatakam/<a href="/wiki/Dharanikota" title="Dharanikota">Dharanikota</a>, Junnar, <a href="/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a>, Paithan, and <a href="/wiki/Karad" title="Karad">Karad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001170_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001170-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other important Satavahana sites in western Deccan include Govardhana, Nevasa, <a href="/wiki/Ter,_Maharashtra" title="Ter, Maharashtra">Ter</a>, and Vadgaon-Madhavpur. The ones in eastern Deccan include Amaravati, Dhulikatta, Kotalingala and Peddabankur.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001171_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001171-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanaganahalli_Asoka_with_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kanaganahalli_Asoka_with_inscription.jpg/170px-Kanaganahalli_Asoka_with_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kanaganahalli_Asoka_with_inscription.jpg/255px-Kanaganahalli_Asoka_with_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Kanaganahalli_Asoka_with_inscription.jpg/340px-Kanaganahalli_Asoka_with_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1871" data-file-height="2996" /></a><figcaption>Ashoka with his Queens, at <a href="/wiki/Sannati" title="Sannati">Sannati</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kanaganahalli" title="Kanaganahalli">Kanaganahalli Stupa</a>), 1st-3rd century CE. The inscription "Rāya Asoko" (<b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀭𑀸𑀬 𑀅𑀲𑁄𑀓𑁄</span></b>, "King Ashoka") in <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> is carved on the relief.<sup id="cite_ref-auto8_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto8-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008333_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008333-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001176_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001176-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Satavahanas followed the administration guidelines of the <a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>. Their government was less top-heavy than that of the Mauryans, and featured several levels of feudatories:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Rajan, the hereditary rulers</li> <li>Rajas, petty princes who struck coins in their own names</li> <li>Maharathis, hereditary lords who could grant villages in their own names and maintained matrimonial relations with the ruling family</li> <li>Mahabhojas</li> <li>Mahasenapati (civil administrator under Pulumavi II; governor of a <a href="/wiki/Janapada" title="Janapada">janapada</a> under Pulumavi IV)</li> <li>Mahatalavara ("great watchman")</li></ul> <p>The royal princes (<i>kumara</i>s) were appointed as viceroys of the provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Prakrit languages romanization"><i lang="pra-Latn">ahara</i></span> appears to have been the largest geographical subdivision of the Satavahana polity. Several inscriptions refer to <span title="Prakrit languages romanization"><i lang="pra-Latn">aharas</i></span> named after the governors appointed to rule them (e.g. Govardhanahara, Mamalahara, Satavanihara and Kapurahara).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001170_90-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001170-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggests that the Satavahanas attempted to build a formal administrative and revenue collection structure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001173_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001173-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inscriptions of Gautamiputra Satakarni suggest the existence of a bureaucratic structure, although it is not certain how stable and effective this structure was. For example, two inscriptions from Nashik Cave 11 record donations of agricultural land to ascetic communities. They state that the ascetics would enjoy tax exemption and non-interference from the royal officials. The first inscription states that the grant was approved by Gautamiputra's minister Sivagupta on the king's verbal orders, and preserved by the "great lords". The second inscription records a grant by Gautamiputra and his mother, and mentions Syamaka as the minister of the Govardhana <span title="Prakrit languages romanization"><i lang="pra-Latn">ahara</i></span>. It states that the charter was approved by a woman named Lota, who according to archaeologist <a href="/wiki/James_Burgess_(archaeologist)" title="James Burgess (archaeologist)">James Burgess</a>' interpretation, was the chief <a href="/wiki/Lady-in-waiting" title="Lady-in-waiting">lady-in-waiting</a> of Gautamiputra's mother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001177_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001177-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Satavahana-era inscriptions mention three types of settlements: <i>nagara</i> (city), <i>nigama</i> (market town) and <i>gāma</i> (village).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001170_90-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001170-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Sastri, "the Satavahanas were described as 'lords of the three oceans' and promoted overseas colonization and trade. Under them, Buddhist art attained the superb forms of beauty and elegance preserved to this day in the cave-temples of western India and the survivals from the stupa of Amaravati, Goli, Nagarjunikonda".<sup id="cite_ref-kans-ahosi_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kans-ahosi-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tradition was followed by successors of Satavahana in the eastern and western Deccan.<sup id="cite_ref-kans-ahosi_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kans-ahosi-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_ship_on_lead_coin_of_Vashishtiputra_Shri_Pulumavi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Indian_ship_on_lead_coin_of_Vashishtiputra_Shri_Pulumavi.jpg/150px-Indian_ship_on_lead_coin_of_Vashishtiputra_Shri_Pulumavi.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Indian_ship_on_lead_coin_of_Vashishtiputra_Shri_Pulumavi.jpg/225px-Indian_ship_on_lead_coin_of_Vashishtiputra_Shri_Pulumavi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Indian_ship_on_lead_coin_of_Vashishtiputra_Shri_Pulumavi.jpg/300px-Indian_ship_on_lead_coin_of_Vashishtiputra_Shri_Pulumavi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="1435" /></a><figcaption>Indian ship on lead coin of <a href="/wiki/Vasisthiputra_Sri_Pulamavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi">Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi</a>, testimony to the naval, seafaring and trading capabilities of the Satavahanas during the 1st–2nd century CE.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Satavahanas participated in (and benefited from) economic expansion through intensification of agriculture, increased production of other commodities, and trade within and beyond the Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001178_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001178-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Satavahana period, several large settlements emerged in the fertile areas, especially along the major rivers. The amount of land under agricultural use also expanded significantly, as a result of forest clearance and construction of irrigation reservoirs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001173_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001173-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The exploitation of sites with mineral resources may have increased during the Satavahana period, leading to the emergence of new settlements in these areas. Such sites facilitated commerce and crafts (such as ceramic ware). The increased craft production during the Satavahana period is evident from archaeological discoveries at sites such as <a href="/wiki/Kotalingala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotalingala">Kotalingala</a>, as well as epigraphic references to artisans and <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001173_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001173-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Satavahanas controlled the Indian sea coast, and as a result, they dominated the growing Indian trade with the Roman Empire. The <i><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></i> mentions two important Satavahana trade centres: Pratishthana and Tagara. Other important urban centres included Kondapur, Banavasi and Madhavpur. <a href="/wiki/Nanaghat" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanaghat">Nanaghat</a> was the site of an important pass that linked the Satavahana capital Pratishthana to the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299_61-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statuetta_indiana_di_Lakshmi,_avorio,_da_pompei,_1-50_dc_ca.,_149425,_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Statuetta_indiana_di_Lakshmi%2C_avorio%2C_da_pompei%2C_1-50_dc_ca.%2C_149425%2C_02.JPG/200px-Statuetta_indiana_di_Lakshmi%2C_avorio%2C_da_pompei%2C_1-50_dc_ca.%2C_149425%2C_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="397" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Statuetta_indiana_di_Lakshmi%2C_avorio%2C_da_pompei%2C_1-50_dc_ca.%2C_149425%2C_02.JPG/300px-Statuetta_indiana_di_Lakshmi%2C_avorio%2C_da_pompei%2C_1-50_dc_ca.%2C_149425%2C_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Statuetta_indiana_di_Lakshmi%2C_avorio%2C_da_pompei%2C_1-50_dc_ca.%2C_149425%2C_02.JPG/400px-Statuetta_indiana_di_Lakshmi%2C_avorio%2C_da_pompei%2C_1-50_dc_ca.%2C_149425%2C_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1398" data-file-height="2778" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pompeii_Lakshmi" title="Pompeii Lakshmi">Pompeii Lakshmi</a> ivory statuette was found in the ruin of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> (destroyed in an eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a> in 79 CE). It is thought to have come from <a href="/wiki/Bhokardan" title="Bhokardan">Bhokardan</a> in the Satavahana realm in the first half of the 1st century CE. It testifies to <a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo-Roman trade relations</a> in the beginning of our era.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Satavahanas patronized <a href="/wiki/Brahmanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanism">Brahmanism</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedic_sacrifices&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vedic sacrifices (page does not exist)">Vedic sacrifices</a>, and claimed <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmanical</a> status,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001172_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001172-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although they also made generous donations to Buddhist monasteries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001176_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001176-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lay people in the Satavahana period perhaps generally did not exclusively support a particular religious group .<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFynes199543_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFynes199543-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Naneghat" title="Naneghat">Naneghat</a> inscription of Nayanika, recorded on the walls of a cave, mentions that her husband Satakarni I performed several <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> sacrifices, including <i><a href="/wiki/Ashvamedha" title="Ashvamedha">ashvamedha</a></i> (horse sacrifice), <i><a href="/wiki/Rajasuya" title="Rajasuya">rajasuya</a></i> (royal consecration), and <i>agnyadheya</i> (fire ceremony).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001175_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001175-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription also records substantial fees paid to Brahmin priests and attendees for these sacrifices. For example, 10,001 cows were granted for the <i>Bhagala-Dasaratra</i> sacrifice; and 24,400 coins were granted for another sacrifice, whose name is not clear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001175–176_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001175–176-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of Buddhist monastic sites emerged in the Deccan region during the Satavahana period. However, the exact relations between these monasteries and the Satavahana government is not clear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001171_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001171-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pandavleni_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandavleni Caves">Pandavleni Caves</a> inscription issued during the reign of Kanha states that the cave was excavated by <i>maha-matra</i> (officer-in-charge) of the <a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">shramanas</a> (non-<a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> ascetics). Based on this, Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya concludes that Kanha favoured <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, and had an administrative department dedicated to the welfare of Buddhist monks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya197417–56_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya197417–56-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Carla M. Sinopoli notes that although there are some records of donations to the Buddhist monasteries by the Satavahana royals, the vast majority of the donations were made by the non-royals. The most common among these donors were merchants, and many of the monasteries were located along the important trade routes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001171_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001171-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The merchants probably donated to the monasteries, because these sites facilitated trade by serving as rest houses, and possibly by directly participating in the trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001172_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001172-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monasteries appear to have been an important venue for displaying charitable donations, including the donations made to non-Buddhists (especially Brahmins).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001176_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001176-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2></div> <p>Most of the Satavahana inscriptions and coin legends are in a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle Indo-Aryan language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOllett201741_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOllett201741-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This language has been termed "<a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>" by some modern scholars, but this terminology can be considered correct only if the term "Prakrit" is defined broadly to include every Middle Indo-Aryan language that is "not exactly Sanskrit". The language of the inscriptions is actually closer to Sanskrit than to the literary Prakrit used in the <i><a href="/wiki/Gaha_Sattasai" title="Gaha Sattasai">Gaha Sattasai</a></i> anthology attributed to the Satavahana king Hala.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOllett201738_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOllett201738-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Satvahanas also used <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> in political inscriptions, but rarely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOllett201739_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOllett201739-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fragmentary inscription found close to the Nashik <a href="/wiki/Prashasti" title="Prashasti">prashasti</a> of Gautamiputra Satakarni uses Sanskrit verses in <i>vasanta-tilaka</i> metre to describe a deceased king (probably Gautamiputra). A Sanskrit inscription found at <a href="/wiki/Sannati" title="Sannati">Sannati</a> probably refers to Gautamiputra Shri Satakarni, one of whose coins also features a Sanskrit legend.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOllett201741_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOllett201741-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Gunadya, besides Sanskrit and Prakrit there is another language called 'Desi' which may mean the native language or the language of common man. Commenting on the Desi language Dr.D.C.Sircar remarks "It was apparently Early <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> which was in older times very much closer to <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> than it is now was the mother tongue of the common people". Later Satavahana kings like Gauthamiputra Satakarni, Vastistiputra pulamovi and Yajna Satakarni had their names in two languages i.e.; Prakrit and Desi (possibly <a href="/wiki/Old_Telugu" title="Old Telugu">Old Telugu</a>), a native language.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Satavahanas also issued bilingual coins featuring Middle Indo-Aryan language on one side, and Desi language (possibly <a href="/wiki/Old_Tamil" title="Old Tamil">Old Tamil</a>) on the other side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOllett201743_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOllett201743-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inscriptions">Inscriptions</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:017_Cave_3,_Inscription_(33928306816).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/017_Cave_3%2C_Inscription_%2833928306816%29.jpg/400px-017_Cave_3%2C_Inscription_%2833928306816%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/017_Cave_3%2C_Inscription_%2833928306816%29.jpg/600px-017_Cave_3%2C_Inscription_%2833928306816%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/017_Cave_3%2C_Inscription_%2833928306816%29.jpg/800px-017_Cave_3%2C_Inscription_%2833928306816%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5391" data-file-height="1983" /></a><figcaption>Inscription of <a href="/wiki/Gautamiputra_Satakarni" title="Gautamiputra Satakarni">Gautamiputra Satakarni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasik_Caves" title="Nasik Caves">Nasik Caves</a> No.3, Inscription No.4. Circa 150 CE.</figcaption></figure> <p>Several <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> inscriptions are available from the Satavahana period, but most of these record donations to Buddhist institutions by individuals, and do not provide much information about the dynasty. The inscriptions issued by the Satavahana royals themselves also primarily concern religious donations, although some of them provide some information about the rulers and the imperial structure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001163_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001163-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest extant Satavahana inscription is from <a href="/wiki/Nasik_Caves" title="Nasik Caves">Nashik Cave 19</a>, which states that the cave was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Mahamatra" title="Mahamatra">Mahamatra</a> Saman of Nashik during the reign of king Kanha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001168_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001168-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Naneghat" title="Naneghat">Naneghat</a>, an inscription issued by Nayanika, the widow of <a href="/wiki/Satakarni_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Satakarni I">Satakarni I</a>, has been found. It records Nayanika's lineage and mentions the Vedic sacrifices performed by the royal family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001168_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001168-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another inscription at Naneghat comprises names of Satavahana royals, appearing as labels over their <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">bas-relief</a> portraits. The portraits are now completely eroded, but the inscription is believed to be contemporary to Nayanika's inscription on a paleographic basis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001169_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001169-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next oldest Satavahana-era inscription appears on a sculpted gateway element of Stupa 1 at <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a>. It states that the element was donated by Ananda, who was the son of Siri Satakarni's foreman of artisans. This inscription is probably from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Satakarni_II" title="Satakarni II">Satakarni II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001169_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001169-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coinage">Coinage</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Satavahana bilingual coinage in Prakrit and Dravidian (possibly <a href="/wiki/Old_Telugu" title="Old Telugu">Old Telugu</a>) (c.150 CE)</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Satavahanas._Sri_Vasisthiputra_Pulumavi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Satavahanas._Sri_Vasisthiputra_Pulumavi.jpg/288px-Satavahanas._Sri_Vasisthiputra_Pulumavi.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Satavahanas._Sri_Vasisthiputra_Pulumavi.jpg/432px-Satavahanas._Sri_Vasisthiputra_Pulumavi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Satavahanas._Sri_Vasisthiputra_Pulumavi.jpg/576px-Satavahanas._Sri_Vasisthiputra_Pulumavi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="624" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:74px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasishthiputra_Pulumavi_coin_legend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Vasishthiputra_Pulumavi_coin_legend.jpg/288px-Vasishthiputra_Pulumavi_coin_legend.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Vasishthiputra_Pulumavi_coin_legend.jpg/432px-Vasishthiputra_Pulumavi_coin_legend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Vasishthiputra_Pulumavi_coin_legend.jpg/576px-Vasishthiputra_Pulumavi_coin_legend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="285" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bilingual coinage of Sri <a href="/wiki/Vasishthiputra_Pulumavi" title="Vasishthiputra Pulumavi">Vasishthiputra Pulumavi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian language">Dravidian</a> (possibly <a href="/wiki/Old_Tamil" title="Old Tamil">Old Tamil</a>), and transcription of the obverse <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> legend.<br /><br /><b>Obverse:</b> Portrait of the king. Legend in <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> (starting at 12 o'clock):<br /><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀭𑀜𑁄 𑀯𑀸𑀲𑀺𑀣𑀺𑀧𑀼𑀢𑀲 𑀲𑀺𑀭𑀺 𑀧𑀼𑀎𑀼𑀫𑀸𑀯𑀺𑀲</span></b><br /><i>Raño Vāsiṭhiputasa Siri-Puḷumāvisa</i><br />"Of King Lord Pulumavi, son of Vasishthi"<br /><br /><b>Reverse:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arched-hill_symbol" title="Arched-hill symbol">arched-hill</a> symbols. Legend in <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> (more closer to <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sircar113_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sircar113-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Dravidian script,<sup id="cite_ref-Sircar113_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sircar113-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> essentially similar to the Brahmi script<sup id="cite_ref-AEX_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEX-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (starting at 12 o'clock):<br /><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1226570325"><span class="script-brahmi">𑀅𑀭𑀳𑀡𑀓𑀼 𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀺𑀣𑀺 𑀫𑀸𑀓𑀡𑀓𑀼 𑀢𑀺𑀭𑀼 𑀧𑀼𑀮𑀼𑀫𑀸𑀯𑀺𑀓𑀼</span></b><br /><i>Arahaṇaku Vāhitti Mākaṇaku Tiru Pulumāviku</i><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />or: <i>Aracanaku Vācitti Makaṇaku Tiru Pulumāviku</i><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />"Of King Tiru Pulumavi, son of Vasishthi"<sup id="cite_ref-AEX_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEX-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Satavahanas were the earliest Indian rulers to issue their own coins with portraits of their rulers, starting with king <a href="/wiki/Gautamiputra_Satakarni" title="Gautamiputra Satakarni">Gautamiputra Satakarni</a>, a practice derived from that of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Kshatrapas" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Kshatrapas">Western Kshatrapas</a> he defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Western Satraps themselves had been following the features of the coins of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Indo-Greek</a> kings to the northwest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200853_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200853-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thousands of lead, copper and <a href="/wiki/Potin" title="Potin">potin</a> Satavahana coins have been discovered in the Deccan region; a few gold and silver coins are also available. These coins do not feature uniform design or size, and suggest that multiple minting locations existed within the Satavahana territory, leading to regional differences in coinage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001163_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001163-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coin legends of the Satavahanas, in all areas and all periods, used a <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> dialect without exception. In addition, some reverse coin legends are in <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidian language">Dravidian</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sircar113_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sircar113-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (more similar to <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a><sup id="cite_ref-RP_1969_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RP_1969-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> than <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sircar113_110-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sircar113-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001163_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001163-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Dravidian script (similar to the <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> apart from a few variations).<sup id="cite_ref-Sircar113_110-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sircar113-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AEX_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEX-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several coins carry titles or matronyms that were common to multiple rulers (e.g. Satavahana, Satakarni, and Pulumavi), so the number of rulers attested by coinage cannot be determined with certainty. The names of 16 to 20 rulers appear on the various coins. Some of these rulers appear to be local elites rather than the Satavahana monarchs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001163_109-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001163-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Satavahana coins give unique indications as to their chronology, language, and even facial features (curly hair, long ears and strong lips). They issued mainly lead and copper coins; their portrait-style silver coins were usually struck over coins of the Western Kshatrapa kings. The Satavahana coins also display various traditional symbols, such as elephants, lions, horses and chaityas (<a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a>), as well as the "<a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a> symbol", a cross with four circles at the end. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_examples">Other examples</h3></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Satkarni.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Early Satavahana coinage, Satakarni issue, Maharashtra – Vidarbha type, 1st century BCE."><img alt="Early Satavahana coinage, Satakarni issue, Maharashtra – Vidarbha type, 1st century BCE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Coin_of_Satkarni.jpg/360px-Coin_of_Satkarni.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Coin_of_Satkarni.jpg/540px-Coin_of_Satkarni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Coin_of_Satkarni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="321" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Early Satavahana coinage, <a href="/wiki/Satakarni" title="Satakarni">Satakarni</a> issue, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vidarbha" title="Vidarbha">Vidarbha</a> type, 1st century BCE.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 124.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 122.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Satavahana1stCenturyBCECoinInscribedInBrahmi(Sataka)Nisa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Satavahana 1st century BCE coin inscribed in Brahmi: "(Sataka)Nisa". British Museum"><img alt="Satavahana 1st century BCE coin inscribed in Brahmi: "(Sataka)Nisa". British Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Satavahana1stCenturyBCECoinInscribedInBrahmi%28Sataka%29Nisa.jpg/184px-Satavahana1stCenturyBCECoinInscribedInBrahmi%28Sataka%29Nisa.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Satavahana1stCenturyBCECoinInscribedInBrahmi%28Sataka%29Nisa.jpg/276px-Satavahana1stCenturyBCECoinInscribedInBrahmi%28Sataka%29Nisa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Satavahana1stCenturyBCECoinInscribedInBrahmi%28Sataka%29Nisa.jpg/369px-Satavahana1stCenturyBCECoinInscribedInBrahmi%28Sataka%29Nisa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1690" data-file-height="1651" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Satavahana 1st century BCE coin inscribed in Brahmi: "(Sataka)Nisa". <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Gautamiputra_Sri_Yajna_Satakarni.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Gautamiputra Yajna Satakarni (r. 167 – 196 CE)."><img alt="Coin of Gautamiputra Yajna Satakarni (r. 167 – 196 CE)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coin_of_Gautamiputra_Sri_Yajna_Satakarni.jpg/361px-Coin_of_Gautamiputra_Sri_Yajna_Satakarni.jpg" decoding="async" width="241" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coin_of_Gautamiputra_Sri_Yajna_Satakarni.jpg/541px-Coin_of_Gautamiputra_Sri_Yajna_Satakarni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coin_of_Gautamiputra_Sri_Yajna_Satakarni.jpg/721px-Coin_of_Gautamiputra_Sri_Yajna_Satakarni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1131" data-file-height="565" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coin of Gautamiputra <a href="/wiki/Yajna_Satakarni" class="mw-redirect" title="Yajna Satakarni">Yajna Satakarni</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 167 – 196 CE</span>).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_achievements">Cultural achievements</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:010_Cave_3,_Exterior_(33156264563).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/010_Cave_3%2C_Exterior_%2833156264563%29.jpg/220px-010_Cave_3%2C_Exterior_%2833156264563%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/010_Cave_3%2C_Exterior_%2833156264563%29.jpg/330px-010_Cave_3%2C_Exterior_%2833156264563%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/010_Cave_3%2C_Exterior_%2833156264563%29.jpg/440px-010_Cave_3%2C_Exterior_%2833156264563%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5133" data-file-height="3422" /></a><figcaption>Satavahana architecture at <a href="/wiki/Pandavleni_Caves#Cave_No.3,_"Gautamiputra_vihara"_(circa_150_CE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandavleni Caves">Cave No.3</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pandavleni_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandavleni Caves">Pandavleni Caves</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a>. This cave was probably started during the reign of Gautamiputra Satakarni, and was finished and dedicated to the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Samgha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samgha">Samgha</a> during the reign of his son <a href="/wiki/Vasishthiputra_Pulumavi" title="Vasishthiputra Pulumavi">Vasishthiputra Pulumavi</a>, circa 150 CE.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Satavahanas patronised the <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> language instead of <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Satavahana king <a href="/wiki/H%C4%81la" title="Hāla">Hāla</a> is famous for compiling the collection of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtri" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtri">Maharashtri</a> poems known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Gaha_Sattasai" title="Gaha Sattasai">Gaha Sattasai</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <i lang="sa">Gāthā Saptashatī</i>), although from linguistic evidence it seems that the work now extant must have been re-edited in the succeeding century or two. Through this book, it was evident that agriculture was the main means of livelihood. Also many sorts of superstitions had prevailed. Additionally, Gunadhya, the minister of Hala, was the author of <a href="/wiki/Brihatkatha" title="Brihatkatha">Brihatkatha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sculptures">Sculptures</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Madhukar_Keshav_Dhavalikar" title="Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar">Madhukar Keshav Dhavalikar</a> writes that "The Satavahana sculptures unfortunately has never been recognized as an independent school in spite of the fact it has its own distinctive characteristic features. The earliest in point of time is that in the Bhaja Vihara cave which marks the beginning of sculptural art in the Satavahana dominion around 200BC. It is profusely decorated with carvings, and even pillars have a lotus capital crowned with sphinx-like mythic animals."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200457_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200457-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dhavalikar also writes that in Chankama "the panel occurring on the west pillar of Northern Gateway portrays a very important event in Buddha's life. It depicts votaries, two each on either side of what looks like a ladder which actually is the promenade which Buddha is supposed to have walked. It is said that Buddha, after attaining Enlightment, spent four weeks near the Bodhi tree. Of these, the third week he spent walking along the promenade (<i>chankama</i>) to and fro."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200463_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200463-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with some of the above major Satavahana sculptures some more sculptures existed—namely, <i>Dvarapala, Gajalaksmi, Shalabhanjikas</i>, Royal Procession, Decorative pillar, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze">Bronze</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andhra_Pradesh_Royal_earrings_1st_Century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Andhra_Pradesh_Royal_earrings_1st_Century_BCE.jpg/220px-Andhra_Pradesh_Royal_earrings_1st_Century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Andhra_Pradesh_Royal_earrings_1st_Century_BCE.jpg/330px-Andhra_Pradesh_Royal_earrings_1st_Century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Andhra_Pradesh_Royal_earrings_1st_Century_BCE.jpg/440px-Andhra_Pradesh_Royal_earrings_1st_Century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="1271" /></a><figcaption>Royal earrings, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, 1st century BCE.</figcaption></figure> <p>Several metal figurines are found that could be attributed to the Satavahanas. A hoard of unique bronze objects were also found from <a href="/wiki/Bramhapuri" title="Bramhapuri">Bramhapuri</a>. Numerous articles obtained from there were Indian but also reflected Roman and Italian influence. A small statue of Poseidon, wine jugs, and a plaque depicting Perseus and Andromeda were also obtained from the house from where the objects were found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200491_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200491-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fine elephant in the <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a>, the Yaksi image in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the cornucopia found in Posheri, kept at <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Maharaj_Vastu_Sangrahalaya" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya">Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200495_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200495-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can also be attributed to the Satavahana period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <p>The sculptures of the <a href="/wiki/Amaravati_Stupa" title="Amaravati Stupa">Amaravati Stupa</a> and the wider <a href="/wiki/Amaravati_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaravati style">Amaravati style</a> represent the architectural development of the Satavahana periods. They built <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Buddhist stupas</a> in Amravati (95 feet high). They also constructed a large number of stupas at Goli, <a href="/wiki/Jaggayyapeta" title="Jaggayyapeta">Jaggiahpeta</a>, Ghantasala, Amaravati Bhattiprolu, and Shri Parvatam. Caves IX and X, containing Ajanta paintings, were patronised by Satavahana, and the painting throughout the caves appear to have started with them. Ashokan Stupas were enlarged, the earlier bricks and wood works being replaced with stone works. The most famous of these monuments are the stupas, the most famous among them being the Amravati Stupa and the <a href="/wiki/Nagarjunakonda" title="Nagarjunakonda">Nagarjunakonda</a> Stupa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paintings">Paintings</h3></div> <p>The Satavahana paintings are the earliest surviving specimens—excluding prehistoric rock art—in India, and they are to be found only at the <a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">Ajanta Caves</a>. There were two phases of artistic activity of Ajanta: the first occurring in the 2nd to 1st centuries BC, when Hinayana caves were excavated during Satavahana rule; the later in the second half of the 5th century under the Vakatakas. Vagaries of nature and some vandalism have taken a heavy toll on the Ajanta Caves. Only a few fragments related to the Satavahanas have survived in Caves No. 9 and 10, both of which are <a href="/wiki/Chaitya-griha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaitya-griha">chaitya-grihas</a> with stupas. </p><p>The most important surviving painting of the Satavahana period at Ajanta is the <i>Chhadanta Jataka</i> in Cave No. 10, but that, too, is only fragmentary. It is a painting of an elephant named Bodhisattva with six tusks, related to a mythological story. The human figures, both male and female, are typically Satavahanas, almost identical with their counterparts on the Sanchi Gateways so far as their physiognomy, costumes, and jewellery are concerned. The only difference is that the Sanchi figures have shed some of their weight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200477,_81,_84_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200477,_81,_84-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_of_Amaravati">Art of Amaravati</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amaravati_Stupa" title="Amaravati Stupa">Amaravati Stupa</a></div> <p>The Satavahana rulers are also remarkable for their contributions to <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Buddhist art</a> and architecture. They built great stupas in the <a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna River</a> Valley, including the stupa at <a href="/wiki/Amaravati_Stupa" title="Amaravati Stupa">Amaravati</a> in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>. The stupas were decorated in marble slabs and sculpted with subjects including <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">scenes from the life of the Buddha</a>, portrayed in a characteristic slim and elegant style. The regional <a href="/wiki/Amaravati_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaravati style">Amaravati style</a> of sculpture also influenced the sculpture of Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao199420_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERao199420-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BrMus_Amravati.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amaravati Marbles, fragments of Buddhist stupa"><img alt="Amaravati Marbles, fragments of Buddhist stupa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/BrMus_Amravati.jpg/300px-BrMus_Amravati.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/BrMus_Amravati.jpg/451px-BrMus_Amravati.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/BrMus_Amravati.jpg/600px-BrMus_Amravati.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1672" data-file-height="1254" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Amaravati_Marbles" title="Amaravati Marbles">Amaravati Marbles</a>, fragments of Buddhist stupa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_of_a_lion,_from_gateway_pillar_at_the_Amaravati_Stupa,_Amaravati,_Andhra_Pradesh,_India,_Satavahana_dynasty,_2nd_century_AD,_limestone_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05130.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fragment of Amaravati stupa"><img alt="Fragment of Amaravati stupa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Head_of_a_lion%2C_from_gateway_pillar_at_the_Amaravati_Stupa%2C_Amaravati%2C_Andhra_Pradesh%2C_India%2C_Satavahana_dynasty%2C_2nd_century_AD%2C_limestone_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05130.JPG/169px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Head_of_a_lion%2C_from_gateway_pillar_at_the_Amaravati_Stupa%2C_Amaravati%2C_Andhra_Pradesh%2C_India%2C_Satavahana_dynasty%2C_2nd_century_AD%2C_limestone_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05130.JPG/253px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Head_of_a_lion%2C_from_gateway_pillar_at_the_Amaravati_Stupa%2C_Amaravati%2C_Andhra_Pradesh%2C_India%2C_Satavahana_dynasty%2C_2nd_century_AD%2C_limestone_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05130.JPG/337px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fragment of Amaravati stupa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 103.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 101.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MaraAssault.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mara's assault on the Buddha, 2nd century, Amaravati style"><img alt="Mara's assault on the Buddha, 2nd century, Amaravati style" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MaraAssault.jpg/152px-MaraAssault.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MaraAssault.jpg/229px-MaraAssault.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MaraAssault.jpg/305px-MaraAssault.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="779" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Mara</a>'s assault on the Buddha, 2nd century, <a href="/wiki/Amaravati_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaravati style">Amaravati style</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 224.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 222.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AmaravatiScroll.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Scroll supported by Indian Yaksha, Amaravati Stupa, 2nd–3rd century CE."><img alt="Scroll supported by Indian Yaksha, Amaravati Stupa, 2nd–3rd century CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/AmaravatiScroll.JPG/334px-AmaravatiScroll.JPG" decoding="async" width="223" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/AmaravatiScroll.JPG/502px-AmaravatiScroll.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/AmaravatiScroll.JPG/668px-AmaravatiScroll.JPG 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="597" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scroll supported by Indian <a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yaksha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amaravati_Stupa" title="Amaravati Stupa">Amaravati Stupa</a>, 2nd–3rd century CE.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_rulers">List of rulers</h2></div> <p>Multiple <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> contain chronology of Satavahana kings. However, there are inconsistencies among the various Puranas over the number of kings in the dynasty, the names of the kings, and the length of their rule. In addition, some of the kings listed in the Puranas are not attested via archaeological and numismatic evidence. Similarly, there are some kings known from coins and inscriptions, whose names are not found in the Puranic lists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008381–384_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008381–384-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya197417–56_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya197417–56-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reconstructions of the Satavahana kings by historians fall into two categories: </p> <ul><li>According to the first one, 30 Satavahana kings ruled for around 450 years, starting from Simuka's rule immediately after the fall of the Mauryan empire. This view relies heavily on the Puranas, and is now largely discredited.</li> <li>According to the second (and more widely accepted) category of reconstructions, the Satavahana rule started in around first century BCE. The chronologies in this category contain a smaller number of kings, and combine Puranic records with archaeological, numismatic and textual evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001166–168_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001166–168-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Because of uncertainty regarding the establishment date of the Satavahana kingdom, it is difficult to give absolute dates for the reigns of the Satavahana kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008381–384_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008381–384-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, many modern scholars do not assign absolute dates to the reigns of the historically attested Satavahana kings, and those who do vary greatly with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001166_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001166-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_based_on_Archeology">List based on Archeology</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Himanshu_Prabha_Ray" title="Himanshu Prabha Ray">Himanshu Prabha Ray</a> provides the following chronology, based on archaeological and numismatic evidence:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001167_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001167-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>List of Satavahana dynasty rulers </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Serial. Nu </th> <th>Ruler </th> <th>Reign </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simuka" title="Simuka">Simuka</a> </td> <td>before 100 BCE </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanha_(Satavahana_dynasty)" title="Kanha (Satavahana dynasty)">Kanha</a> </td> <td>c. 100–70 BCE </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satakarni_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Satakarni I">Satakarni I</a> </td> <td>c. 70–60 BCE </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satakarni_II" title="Satakarni II">Satakarni II</a> </td> <td>c. 50–25 BCE </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Kshatrapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Kshatrapa">Kshatrapa</a> interregnum rule with vassal Satavahana kings</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C4%81la" title="Hāla">Hāla</a> <i>(vassal under Kshatrapas)</i> </td> <td>c. 20–24 CE </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nahapana" title="Nahapana">Nahapana</a> <i>(Kshatrapas King)</i> </td> <td>c. 54–100 CE </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>Restored Satavahana dynasty</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gautamiputra_Satakarni" title="Gautamiputra Satakarni">Gautamiputra Satakarni</a> </td> <td>c. 86–110 CE </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vasisthiputra_Sri_Pulamavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi">Pulumavi</a> </td> <td>c. 110–138 CE </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vashishtiputra_Satakarni" title="Vashishtiputra Satakarni">Vashishtiputra Satakarni</a> </td> <td>c. 138–145 CE </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>Shiva Shri Pulumavi </td> <td>c. 145–152 CE </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shivaskanda_Satakarni" title="Shivaskanda Satakarni">Shiva Skanda Satakarni</a> </td> <td>c. 145–152 CE </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yajna_Sri_Satakarni" title="Yajna Sri Satakarni">Yajna Shri Satakarni</a> </td> <td>c. 152–181 CE </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td>Vijaya Satakarni </td> <td>until c. 200 CE </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>Regional Satavahana rulers of south-eastern Deccan</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001178_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001178-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td>Chandra Shri </td> <td>3rd century CE </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td>Pulumavi II </td> <td>3rd century CE </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td>Abhira Isvarasena </td> <td>3rd century CE </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td>Madhariputra Sakasena </td> <td>3rd century CE </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td>Haritiputra Satakarni </td> <td>3rd century CE </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_based_on_Puranas">List based on Puranas</h3></div> <p>The various <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> give different lists of the Satavahana rulers. The <i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i> states that 30 Andhra kings ruled for 460 years, but some of its manuscripts name only 19 kings whose reigns add up to 448.5 years. The <i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu Purana</a></i> also mentions that there were 30 Andhra kings, but its various manuscripts name only 17, 18, and 19 kings respectively; the reigns add up to 272.5, 300, and 411 years respectively. Many of these kings are not attested by historical evidence. On the other hand, some Satavahana kings attested by numismatic evidence (such as Rudra Satakarni) are not mentioned in the Puranas at all.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar1996134_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar1996134-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different scholars have explained these anomalies in different ways. Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/R._G._Bhandarkar" title="R. G. Bhandarkar">R. G. Bhandarkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/D._C._Sircar" class="mw-redirect" title="D. C. Sircar">D. C. Sircar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hem_Chandra_Raychaudhuri" title="Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri">H. C. Raychaudhuri</a> theorised that the <i>Vayu Purana</i> mentions only the main imperial branch of the dynasty, while the <i>Matsya Purana</i> puts together princes of all its branches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar1996134_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar1996134-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The names of the Andhra kings (in <a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a>), as mentioned in the various Puranas, are given below. These names vary across different manuscripts of the same Puranas, and some names are missing in some of the manuscripts. The list given below for each Purana contains the most exhaustive version. In the Puranas, Krishna (IAST: Kṛṣṇa) is described as brother of the first king, who overthrew the Kanva king Susharman. All other kings are described as sons of their predecessors. The first king of the Andhra-Bhrityas is also known as Shudraka or Suraka in the <i>Kumarika Khanda</i> of <i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i> (not present in the table below).<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 70%; width: 100%;"> <caption>Puranic genealogy of Andhra dynasty<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar1996139_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar1996139-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Ruler </th> <th>Coins </th> <th>Epigraphy </th> <th><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></i> </th> <th><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda</a></i> </th> <th><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></i> </th> <th><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></i> </th> <th><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></i> </th> <th>Reign (years) </th> <th>Alternative names and reigns<sup id="cite_ref-Bhandarkar1884_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhandarkar1884-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RS_1884_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RS_1884-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simuka" title="Simuka">Simuka</a></td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>23</td> <td>Śiśuka (<i>Matsya</i>), Sindhuka (<i>Vayu</i>), Śipraka (<i>Vishnu</i>), Chhismaka (<i>Brahmanda</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanha_(Satavahana_dynasty)" title="Kanha (Satavahana dynasty)">Kṛṣṇa</a> (Kanha)</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>18</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satakarni_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Satakarni I">Śatakarṇi I</a></td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>10</td> <td>Śantakarṇa (<i>Bhagavata</i>), Mallakarni - 10 or 18 years (<i>Matsya</i>), Śri Śatakarṇi (<i>Vishnu</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Pūrṇotsanga</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td>18</td> <td>Paurṇamāsa (<i>Bhagavata</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Skandastambhi</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>18</td> <td>Śrivasvani (<i>Matsya</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satakarni_II" title="Satakarni II">Śatakarṇi II</a></td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>56</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Lambodara</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td>18</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Āpīlaka</td> <td>✓</td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>12</td> <td>Apītaka (<i>Matsya</i>), Ivīlaka (<i>Vishnu</i>), Hivilaka (<i>Bhagavata</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Meghasvāti</td> <td>✓</td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td>18</td> <td>Saudāsa (<i>Brahmanda</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Svāti (Śatakarṇi)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td>12</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>Skandasvāti</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>7</td> <td>Skandasvati - 28 years (<i>Brahmanda</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>Mṛgendra-Svātikarṇa</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>3</td> <td>Mahendra Śatakarṇi (<i>Brahmanda</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>Kuntala-Svātikarṇa</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>8</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>Svātikarṇa</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>Pulomavi I</td> <td>✓</td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>24</td> <td>Pulomavi - 36 years (<i>Matsya</i>), Aṭamāna (<i>Bhagavata</i>), Paṭimavi (<i>Vayu</i>), Paṭumat (<i>Vishnu</i>), Ābhi - <i>Brahmanda</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>Gaurakṛṣṇa</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>25</td> <td>Gorakśāśvaśri (<i>Matsya</i>), Nemi Kṛṣṇa (<i>Vayu</i>), Arishṭakarman (<i>Vishnu</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C4%81la" title="Hāla">Hāla</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>5</td> <td>Hāleya (<i>Bhagavata</i>); 1 year in one manuscript </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>Mandalaka</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>5</td> <td>Talaka (<i>Bhagavata</i>), Saptaka (<i>Vayu</i>), Pattalaka (<i>Vishnu</i>), Bhavaka (<i>Brahmanda</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>Purindrasena</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>5</td> <td>Purīṣabhiru (<i>Bhagavata</i>), Purikaṣena - 21 years (<i>Vayu</i>), Pravillasena (<i>Vishnu</i>), Pravillasena - 12 years (<i>Brahmanda</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>Sundara Śatakarṇi</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>1</td> <td>Sundara Svatikarṇa (<i>Matsya</i>), Sunandana (<i>Bhagavata</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>Cakora Śatakarṇi (Chakora)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>0.5</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td>Śivasvāti</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>28</td> <td>Svātisena - 1 year (<i>Brahmanda</i>), Śivasvāmi (<i>Vayu</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gautamiputra_Satakarni" title="Gautamiputra Satakarni">Gautamīputra</a></td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>21</td> <td>Yantramati - 34 years (<i>Brahmanda</i>), Gotamīputra (<i>Bhagavata</i> and <i>Vishnu</i>); 24 years according to inscriptions </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vasishthiputra_Pulumavi" title="Vasishthiputra Pulumavi">Pulomavi II</a> (Vashishtiputra)</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td>28</td> <td>Purīmān (<i>Bhagavata</i>), Pulomat (<i>Matsya</i>), Pulimat (<i>Vishnu</i>). See also: <a href="/wiki/Vashishtiputra_Satakarni" title="Vashishtiputra Satakarni">Vashishtiputra Satakarni</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td>Śivaśri</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td>7</td> <td>Madaśirā (<i>Bhagavata</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shivaskanda_Satakarni" title="Shivaskanda Satakarni">Śivaskanda Śatakarṇi</a></td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td>7</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yajna_Sri_Satakarni" title="Yajna Sri Satakarni">Yajñaśri</a></td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>29</td> <td>Yajñaśri Śatakarṇi - 19 years (<i>Brahmanda</i>), Yajñaśri - 9, 20 or 29 years (<i>Matsya</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td>Vijaya</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td></td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>6</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td>Candraśri (Chandrashri)</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>3</td> <td>Candravijaya (<i>Bhagavata</i>), Daṇḍaśri (<i>Brahmanda</i> and <i>Vayu</i>), Vada-Śri or Candra-Śri-Śatakarṇi - 10 years (<i>Matsya</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td>Pulomavi III</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>✓</td> <td>7</td> <td>Sulomadhi (<i>Bhagavata</i>), Pulomavit (<i>Matsya</i>), Pulomarchis (<i>Vishnu</i>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_of_rulers_2">List of rulers</h4></div> <p>S. Nagaraju relies on the Puranic lists of 30 kings, and gives the following regnal dates:<sup id="cite_ref-RKS_2013_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RKS_2013-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>List of Satavahana dynasty rulers </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>S. No </th> <th>Ruler </th> <th>Reign </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simuka" title="Simuka">Simuka</a></td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 228 – 205 BCE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanha_(Satavahana_dynasty)" title="Kanha (Satavahana dynasty)">Krishna</a></td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 205 – 187 BCE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satakarni" title="Satakarni">Satakarni</a> I</td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 187 – 177 BCE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>Purnotsanga</td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 177 – 159 BCE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>Skandhastambhi</td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 159 – 141 BCE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Satakarni_II" title="Satakarni II">Satakarni II</a></td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 141 – 85 BCE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>Lambodara</td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 85 – 67 BCE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>Apilaka</td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 67 – 55 BCE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>Meghasvati</td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 55 – 37 BCE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>Svati</td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 37 – 19 BCE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>Skandasvati</td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 19 – 12 BCE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>Mrigendra Satakarni</td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 12 – 9 BCE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td>Kunatala Satakarni</td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 9 – 1 BCE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td>Satakarni III</td> <td>(r. 1 BCE – 1 CE) </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td>Pulumavi I</td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1 – 36 CE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td>Gaura Krishna</td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 36 – 61 CE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C4%81la" title="Hāla">Hāla</a></td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 61 – 66 CE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td>Mandalaka aka Puttalaka or Pulumavi II</td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 69 – 71 CE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td>Purindrasena</td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 71 – 76 CE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td>Sundara Satakarni</td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 76 – 77 CE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td>Chakora Satakarni</td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 77 – 78 CE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sivasvati" title="Sivasvati">Shivasvati</a></td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 78 – 106 CE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gautamiputra_Satkarni" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautamiputra Satkarni">Gautamiputra Satkarni</a></td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 106 – 130 CE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vasisthiputra_Sri_Pulamavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasisthiputra Sri Pulamavi">Vasisthiputra</a> aka Pulumavi III</td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 130 – 158 CE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vashishtiputra_Satakarni" title="Vashishtiputra Satakarni">Shiva Sri Satakarni</a></td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 158 – 165 CE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shivaskanda_Satakarni" title="Shivaskanda Satakarni">Shivaskanda Satakarni</a></td> <td>(r. 165–172) </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yajna_Sri_Satakarni" title="Yajna Sri Satakarni">Sri Yajna Satakarni</a></td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 172 – 201 CE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 </td> <td>Vijaya Satakarni</td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 201 – 207 CE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 </td> <td>Chandra Sri Satakarni</td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 207 – 214 CE</span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td>Pulumavi IV</td> <td>(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 217 – 224 CE</span>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-Chronology_of_Satavahana_rulers">Mid-Chronology of Satavahana rulers</h3></div> <p>Apart from the two traditional views (long and short chronologies) there is another kind of analysis pointing out to a "Mid-Chronology", as it was already proposed by Dr. Dehejia and others, and particularly most recently by Shailendra Bhandare, who regards Satavahana's rule extended more than three centuries (c. 150 BCE to 250 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the flourish of trans-national trade, urbanism and monumental architecture in South India. </p><p>Bhandare regards Simuka to have ruled since around 160–150 BCE and that this date would still fit in well with Pargiter's 460 years to the Satavahanas, as it would fix the end of the dynasty around 300 CE, not too far from the mid-3rd century as consensus approximately lies.<sup id="cite_ref-auto9_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding Siri Satakani and his wife Naganika, Bhandhare considers their rule to have been somewhere around 110 +/- 20 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-auto9_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto9-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_by_Shailendra_Bhandare">List by Shailendra Bhandare</h4></div> <p>Bhandare also suggests the following sequence of reigns, based on his analysis of Satavahana coinage:<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Gautamiputa Satakani (ca. 60–85 CE)</li> <li>Vasithiputa Siri Pulumayi (ca. 85–125 CE)</li> <li>Vasithiputa Siri Satakani (ca. 125–152 CE)</li> <li>Vasithiputa Siva Siri Pulumayi (ca. 152–160 CE)</li> <li>Vasithiputa Siri Khada Satakani (ca. 160–165 CE)</li> <li>Vasithiputa Vijaya Satakani (ca. 165–170 CE)</li> <li>Siri Yaña Satakani (ca. 170–200 CE)</li> <li>Gotamiputa Siri Cada (ca. 200–215 CE)</li> <li>Gotamiputa Siri Vijaya Satakani (ca. 215–225 CE)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shailendra_Bhandare's_edited_list_by_Andrew_Ollett"><span id="Shailendra_Bhandare.27s_edited_list_by_Andrew_Ollett"></span>Shailendra Bhandare's edited list by Andrew Ollett</h4></div> <p>On the other hand, based to a large degree on Shailendra Bhandare's work, with slight corrections, Andrew Ollett (2017) mentions the following reigns for the whole Satavahana dynasty:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOllett2017189,_190_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOllett2017189,_190-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Vasisthiputra Sri Chimuka Satavahana (ca. 120–96 BCE)</li> <li>Krsna (ca. 96–88 BCE)</li> <li>Sri <a href="/wiki/Satakarni" title="Satakarni">Satakarni</a> (ca. 88–42 BCE)</li> <li>Sakti</li> <li>Mantalaka</li> <li>Sundara</li> <li>Gautamiputra Siva Satakarni (?–60 CE)</li> <li>Gautamiputra Sri Satakarni (ca. 60–84 CE)</li> <li>Vasisthiputra Sri Pulumavi (ca. 84–119 CE)</li> <li>Vasisthiputra Sri Satakarni (ca. 119–148 CE)</li> <li>Vasisthiputra Sivasri Pulumavi (ca. 148–156 CE)</li> <li>Vasisthiputra Sriskanda Satakarni (ca. 156–170 CE)</li> <li>Gautamiputra Sriyajña Satakarni (ca. 171–199 CE)</li> <li>Gautamiputra Srivijaya Satakarni (ca. 200–205 CE)</li> <li>Vasisthiputra Sricanda Satakarni (ca. 206–220 CE)</li> <li>Mathariputra Sri Pulumavi (ca. 220–230 CE)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History of Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_monarchs" title="List of Indian monarchs">List of Indian monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_India" title="List of wars involving India">List of wars involving India</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182"><i>A Historical atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (e). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=145%2C+map+XIV.1+%28e%29&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001172-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001172_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001172_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001172_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinopoli2001">Sinopoli 2001</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-academic.oup.com-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-academic.oup.com_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/27690/chapter-abstract/197831152?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"The Satavahana Phase"</a>. <i>academic.oup.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academic.oup.com&rft.atitle=The+Satavahana+Phase&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F27690%2Fchapter-abstract%2F197831152%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK.M.2014" class="citation news cs1">K.M., Dayashankar (26 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/Koti-Lingala-a-major-pilgrim-destination/article11148987.ece">"Koti Lingala, a major pilgrim destination"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Koti+Lingala%2C+a+major+pilgrim+destination&rft.date=2014-09-26&rft.aulast=K.M.&rft.aufirst=Dayashankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Ftelangana%2FKoti-Lingala-a-major-pilgrim-destination%2Farticle11148987.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgess" class="citation book cs1">Burgess. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/EpigraphiaIndica/page/n127"><i>Epigraphia Indica Vol 8</i></a>. p. 93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphia+Indica+Vol+8&rft.pages=93&rft.au=Burgess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FEpigraphiaIndica%2Fpage%2Fn127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001168-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001168_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001168_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001168_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001168_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001168_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001168_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001168_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinopoli2001">Sinopoli 2001</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=356387">"CNG: eAuction 417. INDIA, Post-Mauryan (Deccan). Satavahanas (Andhras). Śri Satakarṇi. Circa 70-60 BC. BI Karshapana (19mm, 3.44 g)"</a>. <i>www.cngcoins.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cngcoins.com&rft.atitle=CNG%3A+eAuction+417.+INDIA%2C+Post-Mauryan+%28Deccan%29.+Satavahanas+%28Andhras%29.+%C5%9Ari+Satakar%E1%B9%87i.+Circa+70-60+BC.+BI+Karshapana+%2819mm%2C+3.44+g%29.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cngcoins.com%2FCoin.aspx%3FCoinID%3D356387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sat-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sat_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sat_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosambi1956" class="citation cs2">Kosambi, Damodar Dharmanand (1956), "Satavahana Origins", <i>Introduction to the study of India history</i> (second 1975 ed.), Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, pp. 243, 244, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-038-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-038-9"><bdi>978-81-7154-038-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Satavahana+Origins&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+study+of+India+history&rft.place=Mumbai&rft.pages=243%2C+244&rft.edition=second+1975&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-81-7154-038-9&rft.aulast=Kosambi&rft.aufirst=Damodar+Dharmanand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShastri199820–21-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShastri199820–21_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShastri1998">Shastri 1998</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma19803-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarma19803_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarma1980">Sarma 1980</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172–176_11-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen1999">Sen 1999</a>, pp. 172–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKosambi1975243-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKosambi1975243_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKosambi1975">Kosambi 1975</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001166-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001166_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001166_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001166_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinopoli2001">Sinopoli 2001</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil1992" class="citation book cs1">Zvelebil, Kamil (1992). <i>Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature</i>. p. 118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Companion+Studies+to+the+History+of+Tamil+Literature&rft.pages=118&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Zvelebil&rft.aufirst=Kamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZvelebil1975" class="citation book cs1">Zvelebil, Kamil (1975). <i>Tamil literature</i>. p. 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+literature&rft.pages=42&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Zvelebil&rft.aufirst=Kamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The Journal of the Numismatic Society of India". <i>Numismatic Society of India</i>. <b>53</b>. 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numismatic+Society+of+India&rft.atitle=The+Journal+of+the+Numismatic+Society+of+India&rft.volume=53&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Pauni : (Vidarbha) The latest site which contributed valuable numismatic evidence confirming, once and for all, ancient Vidarbha's early Satavahana affiliation is Pauni, in district Bhandara. Two seasons of joint excavation (1968-70) by the Nagpur University and the Archaeological Survey of India yielded reliable coin data from both the Stupa sites." in <a href="#CITEREFSarma1980">Sarma 1980</a>, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Coins of a number of Satavahana rulers from Gautamiputra Satakarni onward have been discovered in large numbers in the Vidarbha region. However, no coin of any earlier king has been reported so far. The present coin is, therefore, the first coin of Sri-Satakarni to be reported from Vidarbha. Another potin coin of Sri-Satakarni has been recently discovered at Pauni 2. The discovery of these coins indicates for the first time the possibility of the rule of the early Satavahanas over the Vidarbha region." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeoJoshi1972" class="citation book cs1">Deo, Shantaram Bhalchandra; Joshi, Jagat Pati (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAc8AAAAMAAJ"><i>Pauni Excavation, 1969-70</i></a>. Nagpur University. p. 99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pauni+Excavation%2C+1969-70&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Nagpur+University&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Deo&rft.aufirst=Shantaram+Bhalchandra&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Jagat+Pati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZAc8AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The bas-relief at Pauni or Bharhut in India, which dates back to about the second century B.C., represents a vacant throne protected by a naga with many heads. It also bears an inscription of the Naga Mucalinda (Fig. 3)" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s1FuAAAAMAAJ"><i>SPAFA Digest: Journal Of SEAMEO Project in Archaeology and Fine Arts (SPAFA)</i></a>. SPAFA Co-ordinating Unit. 1987. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SPAFA+Digest%3A+Journal+Of+SEAMEO+Project+in+Archaeology+and+Fine+Arts+%28SPAFA%29.&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=SPAFA+Co-ordinating+Unit&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds1FuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001167-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001167_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001167_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001167_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinopoli2001">Sinopoli 2001</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaffRao1989" class="citation book cs1">Staff, Rao P. R.; Rao, P. Raghunadha (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-p8Zg62USYC"><i>Indian Heritage and Culture</i></a>. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120709300" title="Special:BookSources/9788120709300"><bdi>9788120709300</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Heritage+and+Culture&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9788120709300&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=Rao+P.+R.&rft.au=Rao%2C+P.+Raghunadha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-p8Zg62USYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay198643-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay198643_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay198643_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay1986">Ray 1986</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShastri1999306-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShastri1999306_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShastri1999306_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShastri1999">Shastri 1999</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERao19935-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao19935_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRao1993">Rao 1993</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shastri, Ajay Mitra. "Sātavāhanas: Original Home and Nomenclature.” <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute</i>, 54/55, 1994, p. 381</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001169-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001169_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001169_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001169_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001169_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001169_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001169_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinopoli2001">Sinopoli 2001</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma1980126–130-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarma1980126–130_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarma1980">Sarma 1980</a>, pp. 126–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimada201245-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShimada201245_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShimada201245_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShimada201245_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShimada2012">Shimada 2012</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocher1986" class="citation book cs1">Rocher, Ludo (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n0-4RJh5FgoC&q=978-3447025225."><i>The Purāṇas</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447025225" title="Special:BookSources/9783447025225"><bdi>9783447025225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87as&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9783447025225&rft.aulast=Rocher&rft.aufirst=Ludo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn0-4RJh5FgoC%26q%3D978-3447025225.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrancaccio2010" class="citation book cs1">Brancaccio, Pia (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m_4pXm7dD78C&pg=PA61"><i>The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion</i></a>. BRILL. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004185258" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004185258"><bdi>978-9004185258</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Caves+at+Aurangabad%3A+Transformations+in+Art+and+Religion&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9004185258&rft.aulast=Brancaccio&rft.aufirst=Pia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm_4pXm7dD78C%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERao19768-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao19768_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRao1976">Rao 1976</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008381–382-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008381–382_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2008">Singh 2008</a>, pp. 381–382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001168–170-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001168–170_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinopoli2001">Sinopoli 2001</a>, pp. 168–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya197417–56-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya197417–56_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya197417–56_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya197417–56_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya197417–56_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya197417–56_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChattopadhyaya1974">Chattopadhyaya 1974</a>, pp. 17–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001167–168-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001167–168_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinopoli2001">Sinopoli 2001</a>, pp. 167–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999172-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999172_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen1999">Sen 1999</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOllett2017194-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOllett2017194_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOllett2017194_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOllett2017">Ollett 2017</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto7-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Poonacha, K.P., (2013). Excavations at Kanaganahalli, Archaeological Survey of India, Delhi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nakanishi, Maiko, and Oskar von Hinuber, (2014). Kanaganahalli Inscriptions (Supplement to the Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University for the Academic Year 2013, Vol. 17., Tokyo.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaychaudhuri2006342,_360,_363–364-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaychaudhuri2006342,_360,_363–364_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaychaudhuri2006">Raychaudhuri 2006</a>, pp. 342, 360, 363–364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ranade, P. V. "A New Interpretation—The Origin of The Satavahanas." <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>, vol. 26, 1964, p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimada201243-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShimada201243_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShimada2012">Shimada 2012</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta1989" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Parmanand (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LzHpZ5N5MhcC&q=pulumavi&pg=PA23"><i>Geography from Ancient Indian Coins & Seals</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-248-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-248-4"><bdi>978-81-7022-248-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography+from+Ancient+Indian+Coins+%26+Seals&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-248-4&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Parmanand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLzHpZ5N5MhcC%26q%3Dpulumavi%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._S._L._Hanumantha_Rao1976" class="citation book cs1">B. S. L. Hanumantha Rao (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ppc8AAAAMAAJ"><i>The Age of Satavahanas</i></a>. Andhra Pradesh Sahitya Akademi. p. 10. <q>Arguments are put forth trying to prove differently that they were Sudras, Kshatriyas and Brahmins.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Satavahanas&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Andhra+Pradesh+Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1976&rft.au=B.+S.+L.+Hanumantha+Rao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPpc8AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDineschandra_Sircar1965" class="citation book cs1">Dineschandra Sircar (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6VzRAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Guhilas of Kiṣkindhā</i></a>. Calcutta: Sanskrit College. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/161579">161579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guhilas+of+Ki%E1%B9%A3kindh%C4%81&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Sanskrit+College&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F161579&rft.au=Dineschandra+Sircar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6VzRAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VSRS_1990-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VSRS_1990_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VSRS_1990_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV._Sundara_Rama_Sastry1990" class="citation journal cs1">V. Sundara Rama Sastry (1990). "Social Significance of Metronymic Epithets in Early Indian Ruling Dynasties : A Study". <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>51</b>. Indian History Congress: 117–118. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4414819">4414819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Social+Significance+of+Metronymic+Epithets+in+Early+Indian+Ruling+Dynasties+%3A+A+Study&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=117-118&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4414819%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=V.+Sundara+Rama+Sastry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHem_Chandra_Raychaudhuri2024" class="citation book cs1">Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri (23 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12916/page/n413/mode/1up?q=Satavahana&view=theater"><i>Political History of Ancient India</i></a> (Seventh ed.). University of Calcutta,Kolkata. pp. 365–366.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+History+of+Ancient+India&rft.pages=365-366&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.pub=University+of+Calcutta%2CKolkata&rft.date=2024-02-23&rft.au=Hem+Chandra+Raychaudhuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.12916%2Fpage%2Fn413%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3DSatavahana%26view%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._Krishna_Mohan_Reddy1998" class="citation journal cs1">P. Krishna Mohan Reddy (1998). "God, Trade and Worship: A Glimpse into the Religion of Early Āndhradeśa". <i>East and West</i>. <b>48</b> (3/4). Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO): 298. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29757390">29757390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+and+West&rft.atitle=God%2C+Trade+and+Worship%3A+A+Glimpse+into+the+Religion+of+Early+%C4%80ndhrade%C5%9Ba&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=298&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29757390%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=P.+Krishna+Mohan+Reddy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._S._L._Hanumantha_Rao1992" class="citation journal cs1">B. S. L. Hanumantha Rao (1992). "Address of the Sectional President: Religion, Politics and Society in Early Deccan". <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>53</b>: 50. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44142769">44142769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Address+of+the+Sectional+President%3A+Religion%2C+Politics+and+Society+in+Early+Deccan&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=50&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44142769%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=B.+S.+L.+Hanumantha+Rao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999173–174-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999173–174_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen1999">Sen 1999</a>, pp. 173–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDineschandra_Sircar1969" class="citation book cs1">Dineschandra Sircar (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Occ9AAAAMAAJ"><i>Ancient Malwa and the Vikramāditya Tradition</i></a>. Munshiram Manoharlal. pp. 67–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121503488" title="Special:BookSources/9788121503488"><bdi>9788121503488</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Malwa+and+the+Vikram%C4%81ditya+Tradition&rft.pages=67-68&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9788121503488&rft.au=Dineschandra+Sircar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOcc9AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001162–163-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001162–163_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinopoli2001">Sinopoli 2001</a>, pp. 162–163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar1996133-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar1996133_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar1996133_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhavalikar1996">Dhavalikar 1996</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=057"><i>A Historical atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 20, 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=20%2C+145&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShastri199842-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShastri199842_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShastri1998">Shastri 1998</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008381–384-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008381–384_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008381–384_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008381–384_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2008">Singh 2008</a>, pp. 381–384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThapar2013296-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThapar2013296_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThapar2013">Thapar 2013</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZin2018" class="citation journal cs1">Zin, Monika (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.gko.uni-leipzig.de/fileadmin/user_upload/indologie/pdf/Mitarbeiter_Akademie_Zin/Zin2018_KanaganahalliInSatavahanaArtAndBuddhism-KingAshaokaAInFrantOfTheBodhiTree__JIABS41b.pdf">"Kanaganahalli in Satavahana art and Buddhism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies</i>. <b>41</b>: 540, note 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Association+of+Buddhist+Studies&rft.atitle=Kanaganahalli+in+Satavahana+art+and+Buddhism&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=540%2C+note+7&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Zin&rft.aufirst=Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.gko.uni-leipzig.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2Findologie%2Fpdf%2FMitarbeiter_Akademie_Zin%2FZin2018_KanaganahalliInSatavahanaArtAndBuddhism-KingAshaokaAInFrantOfTheBodhiTree__JIABS41b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Looking at that one slab from Kanaganahalli (fig. 14), 40 in the upper panel, we see a king. We do not know exactly what the lower part showed because its large part is missing; in any case it is a male person of rank. The label of the inscription reads: rājā Siri Chimuko Sādavāhano nāgarāya Sakhadhābho (?). The inscription lets us believe that it is the historical person of Śrī Simuka founder of the Sātavāhana dynasty who is depicted here, and that he was portrayed on the slab together with a nāgarāja." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Zin, Monika (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36090116">"The Buddha's Relics and the Nāgas an Attempt to Throw Light on Some Depictions in the Amaravati School"</a>. <i>South Asian Archaeology and Art</i>. <b>2</b>: 763, and fig.14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asian+Archaeology+and+Art&rft.atitle=The+Buddha%27s+Relics+and+the+N%C4%81gas+an+Attempt+to+Throw+Light+on+Some+Depictions+in+the+Amaravati+School&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=763%2C+and+fig.14&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Zin&rft.aufirst=Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36090116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto6-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Marshall, "A guide to Sanchi", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.459148">p.48</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299_61-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299_61-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299_61-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299_61-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299_61-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299_61-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigham2009299_61-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHigham2009">Higham 2009</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008382-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008382_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2008">Singh 2008</a>, p. 382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESen1999176–177-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESen1999176–177_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSen1999">Sen 1999</a>, pp. 176–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhagwan_1883-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bhagwan_1883_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhagwanlal_Indraji1885" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bhagwanlal_Indraji" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagwanlal Indraji">Bhagwanlal Indraji</a> (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=womFcFAtU7MC&pg=PA144">"The Hâtigumphâ and three other inscriptions in the Udayagiri caves near Cuttack"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Leyden International Oriental Congress for 1883</i>. pp. 144–180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+H%C3%A2tigumph%C3%A2+and+three+other+inscriptions+in+the+Udayagiri+caves+near+Cuttack&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Leyden+International+Oriental+Congress+for+1883&rft.pages=144-180&rft.date=1885&rft.au=Bhagwanlal+Indraji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwomFcFAtU7MC%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya197444–50-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChattopadhyaya197444–50_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChattopadhyaya1974">Chattopadhyaya 1974</a>, pp. 44–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alan_2003-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alan_2003_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlain_Daniélou2003" class="citation book cs1">Alain Daniélou (11 February 2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani"><i>A Brief History of India</i></a></span>. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofin00dani/page/139">139</a>–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-794-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-794-3"><bdi>978-1-59477-794-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+India&rft.pages=139-141&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions+%2F+Bear+%26+Co&rft.date=2003-02-11&rft.isbn=978-1-59477-794-3&rft.au=Alain+Dani%C3%A9lou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofin00dani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ORnlAAAAQBAJ&pg=SL1-PA251"><i>Indian History</i></a>. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781259063237" title="Special:BookSources/9781259063237"><bdi>9781259063237</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+History&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.isbn=9781259063237&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DORnlAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DSL1-PA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain1972" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Kailash Chand (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA154"><i>Malwa Through The Ages</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120808249" title="Special:BookSources/9788120808249"><bdi>9788120808249</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malwa+Through+The+Ages&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9788120808249&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Kailash+Chand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_3O7q7cU7k0C%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOllett2017190,_195-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOllett2017190,_195_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOllett2017">Ollett 2017</a>, pp. 190, 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8133768/Two_dated_S%C4%81tav%C4%81hana_epigraphs">Falk, Harry, (2009). "Two Dated Satavahana Epigraphs"</a>, in Indo-Iranian Journal 52, pp. 197-200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200419-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200419_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhavalikar2004">Dhavalikar 2004</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Original text "L1: Rano Siri Satakarnisa L2: avesanisa Vasithiputasa L3: Anamdasa danam", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_(archaeologist)" title="John Marshall (archaeologist)">Marshall, John</a>. <i>A guide to Sanchi</i>. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+guide+to+Sanchi&rft.pages=52&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFynes199543-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFynes199543_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFynes199543_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFynes1995">Fynes 1995</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFynes199544-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFynes199544_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFynes199544_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFynes1995">Fynes 1995</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI60-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EI60_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHultzsch1906" class="citation book cs1">Hultzsch, E. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.56654#page/n75/mode/2up"><i>Epigraphia Indica Vol.8</i></a>. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphia+Indica+Vol.8&rft.pages=60&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Hultzsch&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.56654%23page%2Fn75%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RKS_2013-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RKS_2013_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RKS_2013_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajesh_Kumar_Singh2013" class="citation book cs1">Rajesh Kumar Singh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXwcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA16"><i>Ajanta Paintings: 86 Panels of Jatakas and Other Themes</i></a>. Hari Sena. pp. 15–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788192510750" title="Special:BookSources/9788192510750"><bdi>9788192510750</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ajanta+Paintings%3A+86+Panels+of+Jatakas+and+Other+Themes&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=Hari+Sena&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9788192510750&rft.au=Rajesh+Kumar+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZXwcAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhandare, Shailendra, (1999). Historical Analysis of the Satavahana Era: A study of Coins, University of Mumbai, pp. 168-178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shimada, Akira, (2012). Early Buddhist Architecture in Context: The Great Stupa at Amaravati (ca 300 BCE - 300 CE), Brill, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">von Hinuber, Oskar, (2016). "Buddhist Texts and Buddhist Images: New Evidence from Kanaganahalli (Karnataka/India)", ARIRIAB Vol. XIX (March 2016), p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOllett2017189-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOllett2017189_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOllett2017189_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOllett2017">Ollett 2017</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Inscription of Queen Mother Gautami Balashri at <a href="/wiki/Pandavleni_Caves#Cave_No.3,_"Gautamiputra_vihara"_(circa_150_CE)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandavleni Caves">Cave No.3</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pandavleni_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandavleni Caves">Pandavleni Caves</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shimada, Akira, (2012). Early Buddhist Architecture in Context: The Great Stupa at Amaravati (ca 300 BCE - 300 CE), Brill, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">von Hinuber, Oskar, (2016). "Buddhist Texts and Buddhist Images: New Evidence from Kanaganahalli (Karnataka/India)", ARIRIAB Vol. XIX (March 2016), p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutta199052-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutta199052_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDutta1990">Dutta 1990</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">""The different branches of the Satavahana family, which ruled in different parts of the kingdom after the decline in central authority, were soon ousted by new powers some of which were probably feudatories at the outset." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar2003" class="citation book cs1">Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (2003). <i>Ancient India</i>. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=Ramesh+Chandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoatsworthColeHanaganPerdue2015" class="citation book cs1">Coatsworth, John; Cole, Juan; Hanagan, Michael P.; Perdue, Peter C.; Tilly, Charles; Tilly, Louise (16 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5vlBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA138"><i>Global Connections: Volume 1, To 1500: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-29777-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-29777-3"><bdi>978-1-316-29777-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Connections%3A+Volume+1%2C+To+1500%3A+Politics%2C+Exchange%2C+and+Social+Life+in+World+History&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-03-16&rft.isbn=978-1-316-29777-3&rft.aulast=Coatsworth&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Cole%2C+Juan&rft.au=Hanagan%2C+Michael+P.&rft.au=Perdue%2C+Peter+C.&rft.au=Tilly%2C+Charles&rft.au=Tilly%2C+Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw5vlBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ffZy5tDjaUkC&pg=PA51"><i>Atlas of World History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. 2002. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521921-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-521921-0"><bdi>978-0-19-521921-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+World+History&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-521921-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DffZy5tDjaUkC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFauve2021" class="citation book cs1">Fauve, Jeroen (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KPBIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA406"><i>The European Handbook of Central Asian Studies</i></a>. Ibidem Press. p. 403. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-1518-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-1518-1"><bdi>978-3-8382-1518-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Handbook+of+Central+Asian+Studies&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=Ibidem+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-8382-1518-1&rft.aulast=Fauve&rft.aufirst=Jeroen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKPBIEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTörök2023" class="citation journal cs1">Török, Tibor (July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10379071">"Integrating Linguistic, Archaeological and Genetic Perspectives Unfold the Origin of Ugrians"</a>. <i>Genes</i>. <b>14</b> (7): Figure 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fgenes14071345">10.3390/genes14071345</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2073-4425">2073-4425</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10379071">10379071</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37510249">37510249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genes&rft.atitle=Integrating+Linguistic%2C+Archaeological+and+Genetic+Perspectives+Unfold+the+Origin+of+Ugrians&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=Figure+1&rft.date=2023-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10379071%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2073-4425&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37510249&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fgenes14071345&rft.aulast=T%C3%B6r%C3%B6k&rft.aufirst=Tibor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10379071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001170-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001170_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001170_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001170_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001170_90-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001170_90-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinopoli2001">Sinopoli 2001</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001439-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001439_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinopoli2001">Sinopoli 2001</a>, p. 439.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPai1942" class="citation journal cs1">Pai, M. Govinda (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44002572">"THE VIḶIVĀYAKURAS AND SIVALAKURA OF THE KOLHAPUR COINS"</a>. <i>Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute</i>. <b>23</b> (1/4): 319–329. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-1143">0378-1143</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44002572">44002572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Bhandarkar+Oriental+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=THE+VI%E1%B8%B6IV%C4%80YAKURAS+AND+SIVALAKURA+OF+THE+KOLHAPUR+COINS&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=319-329&rft.date=1942&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44002572%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0378-1143&rft.aulast=Pai&rft.aufirst=M.+Govinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44002572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200422-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200422_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhavalikar2004">Dhavalikar 2004</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001171-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001171_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001171_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001171_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinopoli2001">Sinopoli 2001</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto8-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto8_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar2012" class="citation book cs1">Thapar, Romila (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NoAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT27"><i>Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199088683" title="Special:BookSources/9780199088683"><bdi>9780199088683</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A%C5%9Boka+and+the+Decline+of+the+Mauryas&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199088683&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNoAyDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2008333-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2008333_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2008">Singh 2008</a>, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001176-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001176_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001176_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001176_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinopoli2001">Sinopoli 2001</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001173-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001173_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001173_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001173_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinopoli2001">Sinopoli 2001</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001177-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001177_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinopoli2001">Sinopoli 2001</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kans-ahosi-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kans-ahosi_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kans-ahosi_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSastri1955" class="citation book cs1">Sastri, Nilakanta K. A. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/K.A.NilakantaSastriBooks/K.%20A.%20Nilakanta%20Sastri/A-History-of-South-India#page/n11/mode/2up"><i>A History of South India</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+South+India&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Sastri&rft.aufirst=Nilakanta+K.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FK.A.NilakantaSastriBooks%2FK.%2520A.%2520Nilakanta%2520Sastri%2FA-History-of-South-India%23page%2Fn11%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001178-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001178_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001178_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinopoli2001">Sinopoli 2001</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001175-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001175_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinopoli2001">Sinopoli 2001</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001175–176-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001175–176_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinopoli2001">Sinopoli 2001</a>, pp. 175–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOllett201741-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOllett201741_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOllett201741_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOllett2017">Ollett 2017</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOllett201738-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOllett201738_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOllett2017">Ollett 2017</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOllett201739-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOllett201739_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOllett2017">Ollett 2017</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanumantha_Rao2001" class="citation book cs1">Hanumantha Rao, B. S. L. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/634973239"><i>The age of Satavahanas</i></a> (2. print ed.). Hyderabad: Potti Sreeramulu Telugu Univ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-86073-86-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-86073-86-8"><bdi>81-86073-86-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/634973239">634973239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+age+of+Satavahanas&rft.place=Hyderabad&rft.edition=2.+print&rft.pub=Potti+Sreeramulu+Telugu+Univ&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F634973239&rft.isbn=81-86073-86-8&rft.aulast=Hanumantha+Rao&rft.aufirst=B.+S.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F634973239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOllett201743-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOllett201743_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOllett2017">Ollett 2017</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001163-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001163_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001163_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001163_109-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001163_109-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinopoli2001">Sinopoli 2001</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sircar113-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sircar113_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sircar113_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sircar113_110-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sircar113_110-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sircar113_110-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSircar2008" class="citation book cs1">Sircar, D. C. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m1JYwP5tVQUC&pg=PA113"><i>Studies in Indian Coins</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120829732" title="Special:BookSources/9788120829732"><bdi>9788120829732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Indian+Coins&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788120829732&rft.aulast=Sircar&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm1JYwP5tVQUC%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AEX-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AEX_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AEX_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AEX_111-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Sātavāhana issues are uniscriptural, Brahmi but bilingual, Prākrit and Old Tamil/Proto-Telugu." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D7u1AAAAIAAJ"><i>Epigraphia Andhrica</i></a>. 1975. p. x.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphia+Andhrica&rft.pages=x&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD7u1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek5mAAAAMAAJ&q=Arahanaku+Vahitti+Makanaku+Tiru+Pulumaviku"><i>Epigraphia Āndhrica</i></a>. Government of Andhra Pradesh. 1969. p. XV.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphia+%C4%80ndhrica&rft.pages=XV&rft.pub=Government+of+Andhra+Pradesh&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEk5mAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DArahanaku%2BVahitti%2BMakanaku%2BTiru%2BPulumaviku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNākacāmiNagaswamy1981" class="citation book cs1">Nākacāmi, Irāmaccantiran̲; Nagaswamy, R. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VjsfAAAAMAAJ"><i>Tamil Coins: A Study</i></a>. Institute of Epigraphy, Tamilnadu State Department of Archaeology. p. 132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Coins%3A+A+Study&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Institute+of+Epigraphy%2C+Tamilnadu+State+Department+of+Archaeology&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=N%C4%81kac%C4%81mi&rft.aufirst=Ir%C4%81maccantiran%CC%B2&rft.au=Nagaswamy%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVjsfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtPal1986" class="citation book cs1">Art, Los Angeles County Museum of; Pal, Pratapaditya (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiansculpturec00losa"><i>Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700</i></a></span>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiansculpturec00losa/page/72">72</a>–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520059917" title="Special:BookSources/9780520059917"><bdi>9780520059917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Sculpture%3A+Circa+500+B.C.-A.D.+700&rft.pages=72-73&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780520059917&rft.aulast=Art&rft.aufirst=Los+Angeles+County+Museum+of&rft.au=Pal%2C+Pratapaditya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiansculpturec00losa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200853-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200853_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2008">Singh 2008</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RP_1969-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RP_1969_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Panneerselvam1969" class="citation journal cs1">R. Panneerselvam (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F000000069790078428">"Further light on the bilingual coin of the Sātavāhanas"</a>. <i>Indo-Iranian Journal</i>. <b>4</b> (11): 281–288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F000000069790078428">10.1163/000000069790078428</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24650366">24650366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-Iranian+Journal&rft.atitle=Further+light+on+the+bilingual+coin+of+the+S%C4%81tav%C4%81hanas&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=281-288&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F000000069790078428&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24650366%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=R.+Panneerselvam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F000000069790078428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_D._Ryan2013" class="citation book cs1">James D. Ryan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v8UeAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA253">"The Heterodoxies in Tamil Nadu"</a>. In Keith E. Yandell; John J. Paul (eds.). <i>Religion and Public Culture: Encounters and Identities in Modern South India</i>. Routledge. pp. 235, 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81801-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-81801-1"><bdi>978-1-136-81801-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Heterodoxies+in+Tamil+Nadu&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Public+Culture%3A+Encounters+and+Identities+in+Modern+South+India&rft.pages=235%2C+253&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-81801-1&rft.au=James+D.+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv8UeAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatta1988" class="citation book cs1">Datta, Amaresh (1 January 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&q=gunadhya+hala&pg=PA1375"><i>Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature</i></a>. Sahitya Akademi. p. 1375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126011940" title="Special:BookSources/9788126011940"><bdi>9788126011940</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Literature&rft.pages=1375&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1988-01-01&rft.isbn=9788126011940&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Amaresh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzB4n3MVozbUC%26q%3Dgunadhya%2Bhala%26pg%3DPA1375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200457-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200457_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhavalikar2004">Dhavalikar 2004</a>, p. 57: "The Satavahana sculptures unfortunately has never been recognized as an independent school in spite of the fact it has its own distinctive characteristic features. The earliest in point of time is that in the Bhaja Vihara cave which marks the beginning of sculptural art in the Satavahana dominion around 200BC. It is profusely decorated with carvings, and even pillars have a lotus capital crowned with sphinx-like mythic animals."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200463-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200463_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhavalikar2004">Dhavalikar 2004</a>, p. 63: "...the panel occurring on the west pillar of Northern Gateway portrays a very important event in Buddha's life. It depicts votaries, two each on either side of what looks like a ladder which actually is the promenade which Buddha is supposed to have walked. It is said that Buddha, after attaining Enlightment, spent four weeks near the Bodhi tree. Of these, the third week he spent walking along the promenade (chankama) to and fro."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These sculptures are mentioned in <a href="#CITEREFDhavalikar2004">Dhavalikar 2004</a>. Only names have been mentioned.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200491-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200491_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhavalikar2004">Dhavalikar 2004</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChattopadhyaya2009" class="citation book cs1">Chattopadhyaya, Brajadulal (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0tX4wzIUY3QC&q=british+museum+satavahana+bronze&pg=PA259"><i>A Social History of Early India</i></a>. Pearson Education India. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131719589" title="Special:BookSources/9788131719589"><bdi>9788131719589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+Early+India&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=9788131719589&rft.aulast=Chattopadhyaya&rft.aufirst=Brajadulal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0tX4wzIUY3QC%26q%3Dbritish%2Bmuseum%2Bsatavahana%2Bbronze%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200495-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200495_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhavalikar2004">Dhavalikar 2004</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200477,_81,_84-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar200477,_81,_84_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhavalikar2004">Dhavalikar 2004</a>, pp. 77, 81, 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERao199420-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERao199420_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRao1994">Rao 1994</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001166–168-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinopoli2001166–168_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinopoli2001">Sinopoli 2001</a>, pp. 166–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar1996134-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar1996134_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar1996134_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhavalikar1996">Dhavalikar 1996</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKr̥shṇājī_Pāṇḍuraṅga_Kulakarṇī1927" class="citation book cs1">Kr̥shṇājī Pāṇḍuraṅga Kulakarṇī (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0CAPAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sanskrit Drama & Dramatists: Their Chronology, Mind and Art</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanskrit+Drama+%26+Dramatists%3A+Their+Chronology%2C+Mind+and+Art&rft.date=1927&rft.au=Kr%CC%A5sh%E1%B9%87%C4%81j%C4%AB+P%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dura%E1%B9%85ga+Kulakar%E1%B9%87%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0CAPAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar1996139-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhavalikar1996139_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhavalikar1996">Dhavalikar 1996</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bhandarkar1884-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bhandarkar1884_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Ramkrishna_Gopal_Bhandarkar1884" class="citation book cs1">Sir Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TEYOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA25"><i>Early History of the Dekkan Down to the Mahomedan Conquest</i></a>. Printed at the Government Central Press. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+History+of+the+Dekkan+Down+to+the+Mahomedan+Conquest&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Printed+at+the+Government+Central+Press&rft.date=1884&rft.au=Sir+Ramkrishna+Gopal+Bhandarkar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTEYOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RS_1884-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RS_1884_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Sewell1884" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sewell_(historian)" title="Robert Sewell (historian)">Robert Sewell</a> (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S8wOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA145"><i>Lists of Inscriptions, and Sketch of the Dynasties of Southern India</i></a>. Vol. 2. Government Press. p. 145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lists+of+Inscriptions%2C+and+Sketch+of+the+Dynasties+of+Southern+India&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Government+Press&rft.date=1884&rft.au=Robert+Sewell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS8wOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanheritagefoundation.org/">"Deccan Heritage Foundation"</a>. <i>Deccan Heritage Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Heritage+Foundation&rft.atitle=Deccan+Heritage+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanheritagefoundation.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto9-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto9_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto9_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhandare2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bhandare, Shailen (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3479571">"Linking the Past: Overstruck Coins and the Chronology of the Satavahanas"</a>. <i><span></span>'Felicitas': Essay in Numismatics, Epigraphy and History in Honour of Joe Cribb, Eds. Shailendra Bhandare and Sanjay Garg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2019</span> – via www.academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%27Felicitas%27%3A+Essay+in+Numismatics%2C+Epigraphy+and+History+in+Honour+of+Joe+Cribb%2C+Eds.+Shailendra+Bhandare+and+Sanjay+Garg&rft.atitle=Linking+the+Past%3A+Overstruck+Coins+and+the+Chronology+of+the+Satavahanas&rft.date=2011-01&rft.aulast=Bhandare&rft.aufirst=Shailen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3479571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shimada, Akira, (2012). 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195619416" title="Special:BookSources/9780195619416"><bdi>9780195619416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monastery+and+guild%3A+commerce+under+the+S%C4%81tav%C4%81hanas&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9780195619416&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Himanshu+Prabha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3zVGAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaychaudhuri2006" class="citation book cs1">Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h1KObc_qaXYC"><i>Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty</i></a>. Cosmo Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-307-0291-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-307-0291-9"><bdi>978-81-307-0291-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+History+of+Ancient+India%3A+From+the+Accession+of+Parikshit+to+the+Extinction+of+the+Gupta+Dynasty&rft.pub=Cosmo+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-307-0291-9&rft.aulast=Raychaudhuri&rft.aufirst=Hemchandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh1KObc_qaXYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarma1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Inguva_Kartikeya_Sarma" title="Inguva Kartikeya Sarma">Sarma, I. K.</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ilBmAAAAMAAJ"><i>Coinage of the Satavahana Empire</i></a>. Agam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coinage+of+the+Satavahana+Empire&rft.pub=Agam&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Sarma&rft.aufirst=I.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DilBmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1999" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172"><i>Ancient Indian History and Civilization</i></a>. New Age International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788122411980" title="Special:BookSources/9788122411980"><bdi>9788122411980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788122411980&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShastri1999" class="citation book cs1">Shastri, Ajay Mitra (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LRpuAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Age of the Sātavāhanas</i></a>. Aryan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7305-158-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7305-158-6"><bdi>978-81-7305-158-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+the+S%C4%81tav%C4%81hanas&rft.pub=Aryan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-7305-158-6&rft.aulast=Shastri&rft.aufirst=Ajay+Mitra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLRpuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShastri1998" class="citation book cs1">Shastri, Ajay Mitra (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S0puAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Sātavāhanas and the Western Kshatrapas: a historical framework</i></a>. Dattsons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7192-031-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7192-031-0"><bdi>978-81-7192-031-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+S%C4%81tav%C4%81hanas+and+the+Western+Kshatrapas%3A+a+historical+framework&rft.pub=Dattsons&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-7192-031-0&rft.aulast=Shastri&rft.aufirst=Ajay+Mitra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS0puAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimada2012" class="citation book cs1">Shimada, Akira (9 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YweEJsuLNCUC&pg=PA43"><i>Early Buddhist Architecture in Context</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23283-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23283-9"><bdi>978-90-04-23283-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Buddhist+Architecture+in+Context&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2012-11-09&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23283-9&rft.aulast=Shimada&rft.aufirst=Akira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYweEJsuLNCUC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Upinder (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA383"><i>A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century</i></a>. Pearson Education India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0"><bdi>978-81-317-1120-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1120-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Upinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3lUIIYxWkEC%26pg%3DPA383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinopoli2001" class="citation book cs1">Sinopoli, Carla M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MBuPx1rdGYIC&pg=PA155">"On the Edge of Empire: Form and Substance in the Satavahana Dynasty"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Susan_E._Alcock" title="Susan E. Alcock">Alcock, Susan E.</a>; D'Altroy, Terence N.; Morrison, Kathleen D.; Sinopoli, Carla M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/archaeology/archaeology-general-interest/empires-perspectives-archaeology-and-history?format=PB&isbn=9780521112345"><i>Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History</i></a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521770200" title="Special:BookSources/9780521770200"><bdi>9780521770200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Edge+of+Empire%3A+Form+and+Substance+in+the+Satavahana+Dynasty&rft.btitle=Empires%3A+Perspectives+from+Archaeology+and+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780521770200&rft.aulast=Sinopoli&rft.aufirst=Carla+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMBuPx1rdGYIC%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar2013" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Romila_Thapar" title="Romila Thapar">Thapar, Romila</a> (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ"><i>The Past Before Us</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72651-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72651-2"><bdi>978-0-674-72651-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Past+Before+Us&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-674-72651-2&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Daei9AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_India" title="Category:History of India">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of <span class="fn org label">India</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG/200px-North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG/300px-North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG/400px-North_Gateway_-_Rear_Side_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4480-4481.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="4258" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Prehistoric</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrasian_culture" title="Madrasian culture">Madrasian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a>, c. 500,000 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age#Neolithic" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a>, c. 7600 – c. 1000 BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana</a> 7570 – 6200 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhusi" title="Jhusi">Jhusi</a> 7106 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahuradewa" title="Lahuradewa">Lahuradewa</a> 7000 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a> 7000 – 2600 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age#Neolithic" title="South Asian Stone Age">South Indian Neolithic</a> 3000 – 1000 BCE</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a>, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Post Indus Valley Period<br />(Cemetery H Culture)</a>, c. 1700 – c. 1500 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic civilization</a>, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru kingdom</a>, c. 1200 – c. 500 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rigvedic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Rigvedic tribes">Early Vedic period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Rise of Śramaṇa movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janapadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Janapadas">Later Vedic Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Spread of Jainism – Parshvanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Spread of Jainism – Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Rise of Buddhism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Kingdom of Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadratha Dynasty">Brihadratha Dynasty</a> 1700 – 682 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanka Dynasty">Haryanka Dynasty</a> 544 – 413 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaishunaga Dynasty">Shaishunaga Dynasty</a> 413 – 345 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Dynasty</a>, 345 – 322 BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a>, c. 600 – 345 BCE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Classical_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical India">Classical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Kingdom of Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Maurya Dynasty</a>, 322 – 185 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Dynasty</a>, 320 BCE - 280 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Dynasty</a>, 185 – 73 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva Dynasty</a>, 73 – 28 BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam period</a> 300 BCE – 400 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Dynasty</a>, c. 30 – c. 375 CE</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satavahana Dynasty</a>, c. 228 BCE – c. 224 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Dynasty</a>, c. 240 – c. 550 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Early medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a>, 275 CE - 897 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukya Dynasty">Chalukya Dynasty</a>, 543 – 753 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Dynasty</a>, 590 CE - 920 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Harsha">Harsha's Dynasty</a>, c. 606 CE – c. 647 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkota_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Karkota Empire">Karakota Dynasty</a>, c. 724 – c. 760 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_campaigns_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate campaigns in India">Arab Invasion</a>, c. 738 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Tripartite Struggle</a>, c. 760 – c. 973 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratihara_dynasty" title="Pratihara dynasty">Pratihara dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rastrakuta Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Chola Dynasty</a>, c. 848 – c. 1251 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">2nd Chalukya Dynasty</a>, c. 973 – c. 1187 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Late medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, 1206 – 1526 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Dynasty_(Delhi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tugluq Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodhi Dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan Empire">Pandyan Empire</a>, 1251 – 1618 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a>, 1336 – 1646 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>, 1342 – 1576 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Dynasty</a>, 1526 – 1540 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Suri Dynasty</a>, 1538/40 – 1556 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Dynasty</a>, 1556 – 1857 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a>, c. 1576 – c. 1757 CE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a>, c. 1674 – c. 1818 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company Raj</a>, c. 1757 – c. 1858 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a>, c. 1760 – c. 1799 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">The Great Rebellion</a>, 1857 – 1858 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, 1858 – 1947 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement"> Independence Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Independent India</a>, 1947 CE – present <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a>, 1947 – 1950 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Republic of India</a>, 1950 CE – present</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline of Indian History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_monarchs" title="List of Indian monarchs">Dynasties in Indian History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economic History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India#History" title="Demographics of India">Demographic History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic history of the Indian subcontinent">Linguistic History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architectural History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Art History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in India">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literary History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Philosophical History</a></li> <li><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0.5em; font-size:130%;"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#History" title="South Asia">History of South Asia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_(orthographic_projection)_without_national_boundaries.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="South Asia (orthographic projection)"><img alt="South Asia (orthographic projection)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/150px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/225px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/300px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Asian_history" title="Outline of South Asian history">Outline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Palaeolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(2,500,000–250,000 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Madrasian_culture" title="Madrasian culture">Madrasian culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(10,800–3300 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (7570–6200 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (7000–3300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Edakkal_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Edakkal Caves">Edakkal culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (5000–3000 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(3500–1500 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anarta_tradition" title="Anarta tradition">Anarta tradition</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3950</span>–1900 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ahar%E2%80%93Banas_culture" title="Ahar–Banas culture">Ahar-Banas culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (3000–1500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pandu_culture" title="Pandu culture">Pandu culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–750 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malwa_culture" title="Malwa culture">Malwa culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jorwe_culture" title="Jorwe culture">Jorwe culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1400–700 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age</a> <span class="nobold">(3300–1300 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(3300–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Early_Harappan" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Early Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(3300–2600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Mature_Harappan" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Mature Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2600–1900 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Late Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1900–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2000–500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Ochre_Coloured_Pottery_culture" title="Ochre Coloured Pottery culture">Ochre Coloured Pottery culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2000–1600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Swat culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1600–500 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">Iron Age</a> <span class="nobold">(1500–200 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1500–500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Janapada" title="Janapada">Janapadas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1500–600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Black_and_red_ware" title="Black and red ware">Black and Red ware culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1300–1000 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1200–600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (700–200 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pradyota_dynasty" title="Pradyota dynasty">Pradyota dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (799–684 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (684–424 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Three_Crowned_Kings" title="Three Crowned Kings">Three Crowned Kingdoms</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 BC</span> – AD 1600)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Maha Janapadas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>–300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (550–330 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Ror Dynasty</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (450 BC – AD 489)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (424–345 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (380–321 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (330–323 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (321–184 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (312–303 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 AD</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1345)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1102)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1279)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250 AD</span> – AD 800)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahameghavahana_dynasty" title="Mahameghavahana dynasty">Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 500</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (247 BC – AD 224)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle Kingdoms</a> <span class="nobold">(230 BC – AD 1206)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satavahana Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (230 BC – AD 220)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (200 BC – AD 300)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mitra_dynasty_(Mathura)" title="Mitra dynasty (Mathura)">Mitra Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50 BC</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (185–73 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (180 BC – AD 10)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (75–26 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythian Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (50 BC – AD 400)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 21 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 130</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satrap Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 35–405 )</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 60–240)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati" title="Nagas of Padmavati">Bharshiva Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (170–350)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati" title="Nagas of Padmavati">Nagas of Padmavati</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (210–340)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (224–651)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Indo-Sassanid Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (230–360)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhras Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (280–550)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (345–525)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (350–1000)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (350–1100)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina_dynasty" title="Vishnukundina dynasty">Vishnukundina Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (420–624)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maitraka_dynasty" title="Maitraka dynasty">Maitraka Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (475–767)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Huna Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (475–576)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (489–632)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Kabul Shahi Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span> – 1026)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (543–753)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maukhari_dynasty" title="Maukhari dynasty">Maukhari Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (606–647)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (618–841)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (624–1075)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (632–661)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (650–1036)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (661–750)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (694–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhauma-Kara_dynasty" title="Bhauma-Kara dynasty">Bhauma-Kara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (736–916)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (750–1174)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (753–982)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Paramara_dynasty" title="Paramara dynasty">Paramara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (800–1327)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty">Yadava Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (850–1334)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Somavamshi_dynasty" title="Somavamshi dynasty">Somavamshi Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (882–1110)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Chaulukya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (942–1244)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (973–1189)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lohara_dynasty" title="Lohara dynasty">Lohara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1003–1320)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1040–1347)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1070–1230)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Ganga Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1078–1434)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1083–1323)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1102–1766)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri" title="Kalachuris of Tripuri">Kalachuris of Tripuri</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (675–1210)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Kalyani" title="Kalachuris of Kalyani">Kalachuris of Kalyani</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1156–1184)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chutia_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chutia Kingdom">Chutiya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1187–1673)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deva_dynasty" title="Deva dynasty">Deva Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300</span>)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Late medieval period</a> <span class="nobold">(1206–1526)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (977–1186)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1170–1206)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1206–1526)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1206–1290)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1290–1320)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1320–1414)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1414–1451)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1451–1526)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1228–1826)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Chitradurga" title="Nayakas of Chitradurga">Chitradurga Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1300–1779)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Reddi_Kingdom" title="Reddi Kingdom">Reddy Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1325–1448)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1336–1646)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1352–1576)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Garhwal Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1358–1803)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1399–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gajapati_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajapati Empire">Gajapati Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1434–1541)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Ladakh Kingdom </a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1470–1842)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1596)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmadnagar Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1636)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Berar_sultanate" title="Berar sultanate">Berar sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1574)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Bidar_Sultanate" title="Bidar Sultanate">Bidar Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1492–1619)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1492–1686)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Golkonda_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Golkonda Sultanate">Golkonda Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1518–1687)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Keladi Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1499–1763)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Koch_dynasty" title="Koch dynasty">Koch Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1515–1947)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a> <span class="nobold">(1526–1858)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1526–1858)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1540–1556)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayak_dynasty" title="Madurai Nayak dynasty">Madurai Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1529–1736)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Nayak_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Nayak kingdom">Thanjavur Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1532–1673)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhoi_dynasty" title="Bhoi dynasty">Bhoi dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1541–1804)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1576–1757)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ramnad_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramnad estate">Marava Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–1750)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1642–1975)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tondaiman" title="Tondaiman">Thondaiman Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1650–1948)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1674–1818)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Sikh Confederacy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1707–1799)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1729–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1799–1849)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial states</a> <span class="nobold">(1510–1961)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1510–1961)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_India" title="Dutch India">Dutch India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1605–1825)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Danish_India" title="Danish India">Danish India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1620–1869)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1759–1954)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company Raj</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1757–1858)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1858–1947)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">National histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maldives" title="History of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Regional histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Assam" title="History of Assam">Assam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Balochistan" title="History of Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">Bengal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bihar" title="History of Bihar">Bihar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gujarat" title="History of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="History of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kabul" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kabul">Kabul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Karnataka" title="History of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kashmir" title="History of Kashmir">Kashmir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rajasthan" title="History of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maharashtra" title="History of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="History of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">Punjab</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Odisha" title="History of Odisha">Odisha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">Sindh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_India" title="History of South India">South India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Specialised histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Agriculture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India#History" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_monarchs" title="List of Indian monarchs">Dynasties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">Education</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Indology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">Influence on Southeast Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Maritime</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_studies" title="Pakistan studies">Pakistan studies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions#History" title="Indian religions">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td 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of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_kingdoms_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:100%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2">Timeline and<br />cultural period </td> <td rowspan="2">Northwestern India<br />(<a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sapta_Sindhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapta Sindhu">Sapta Sindhu</a>) </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Central India </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">Southern India</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#cdcdcd"> <td>Upper Gangetic Plain <br />(<a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">Ganga-Yamuna doab</a>) </td> <td>Middle Gangetic Plain </td> <td>Lower Gangetic Plain </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">IRON AGE</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b> </td> <td colspan="1"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Srauta" class="mw-redirect" title="Srauta">Srauta</a> culture)<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b>Late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic Period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Shramanic culture</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 6th century BCE</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru</a>-<a href="/wiki/Panchala" class="mw-redirect" title="Panchala">Panchala</a> </td> <td>Magadha </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Persian_and_Greek_conquests" title="History of India">Persian-Greek influences</a></b> </td> <td colspan="3"><b>"<a href="/wiki/History_of_India#"Second_urbanisation"_(800-200_BCE)" title="History of India">Second Urbanisation</a>"</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">Rise of Shramana movements</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> - <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> - <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a> - <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Prehistoric_era" title="History of India">Pre-history</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 5th century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_conquest_of_the_Indus_Valley" title="Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley">Persian conquests</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Assaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Assaka">Assaka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 4th century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="1">(<a href="/wiki/Greek_conquests_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek conquests in India">Greek conquests</a>) </td> <td colspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Dynasty">Nanda empire</a></b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#CED4F2"> <td colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">HISTORICAL AGE</a></b> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="4"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">Spread of Buddhism</a></b> </td> <td><b>Pre-history</b> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 3rd century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></b> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satavahana dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></b><br />(300 BCE – 200 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="5"><b>Preclassical Hinduism</b><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - <b>"Hindu Synthesis"</b><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (ca. 200 BC - 300 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Epics</a> - <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> - <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a> - <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smarta Tradition</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 2nd century BCE</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greeks">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a> </td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Maha-Meghavahana_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty">Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satavahana dynasty</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></b><br />(300 BCE – 200 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Cholas" title="Early Cholas">Early Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Pandyan_kingdom" title="Early Pandyan kingdom">Early Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Cheras</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 1st century BCE</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 1st century CE</b> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1"> <p><a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthians</a> </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 2nd century</b> </td> <td colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 3rd century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satraps</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a> kingdom </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="6"><b>"Golden Age of Hinduism"</b>(ca. CE 320-650)<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a><br />Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 4th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Varman_dynasty" title="Varman dynasty">Varman dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Ikshvakus" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra Ikshvakus">Andhra Ikshvakus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadamba Dynasty">Kadamba Dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ganga Dynasty">Western Ganga Dynasty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 5th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 6th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nezak_Huns" title="Nezak Huns">Nezak Huns</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maitraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Maitraka">Maitraka</a> </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnukundina">Vishnukundina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhra dynasty</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F8F8FF"> <td><i><b>Culture</b></i> </td> <td colspan="6"><b>Late-Classical Hinduism</b> (ca. CE 650-1100)<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> - <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Buddhism in India">Decline of Buddhism in India</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 7th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Sassanids">Indo-Sassanids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Harsha">Empire of Harsha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mlechchha_dynasty" title="Mlechchha dynasty">Mlechchha dynasty</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi (tribes)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukyas">Badami Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom (revival)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 8th century</b> </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Kabul Shahi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Mahishmati" title="Kalachuris of Mahishmati">Kalachuri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b> 9th century</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratihara</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan kingdom">Pandyan kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty#Chera_Perumals_of_Makkotai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>10th century</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pala_dynasty_(Kamarupa)" title="Pala dynasty (Kamarupa)">Pala dynasty</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kamboja-Pala_Dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamboja-Pala Dynasty of Bengal">Kamboja-Pala dynasty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyani Chalukyas">Kalyani Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukyas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Medieval Cholas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera Perumals of Makkotai</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">References and sources for table</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p><b>References</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiltebeitel (2002)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michaels (2004) p.41</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Sources</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Flood, Gavin D. (1996), <i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Hiltebeitel, Alf</a> (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.nl/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=nl#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture"</i></a>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+In%3A+Joseph+Kitagawa%2C+%22The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture%22&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&rft.aufirst=Alf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.nl%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfyzAAAAQBAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26hl%3Dnl%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Michaels, Axel (2004), <i>Hinduism. Past and present</i>, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism.+Past+and+present&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), <i>The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Yoga+and+Tantra.+Indic+Religions+to+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatavahana+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5257#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5257#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5257#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/28153593888951672997">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Satavahana dynasty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85117626">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007286124305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500404109">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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