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Assuring a Legally Prepared Workforce</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="220038190" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JenniferLeaning">Jennifer Leaning</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 2003</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Commission on the Accreditation of Law Enforcement (CALEA) employs rigorous evaluation techniques. Objective accreditation, such as made possible by CALEA, is important from the public’s perspective and in the national community of law enforcement.To counteract a general distrust of law enforcement agencies, the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) developed a grant to develop standards by which the quality and performance of law enforcement could be measured. LEAA developed 107 standards and, though well received by the law enforcement community, no single group or agency took the initiative to begin a program to evaluate and implement the standards. In 1979, the Department of Justice established an additional grant that effectively organized the four major law enforcement groups: the International Association of Chiefs of Police, the National Sheriff’s Association, the National Organization of Black Law Enforcement Executives, and the Police Executive Research Forum.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Who Will Keep the Public Healthy? 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To assist in this analysis we have employed the conceptual framework that examines expected age, period, and cohort effects among the elderly on volunteerism in order to provide a basis for more realistic projections. Our findings indicate that elderly volunteers cannot be viewed as the cure-all to a squeeze on economic resources. In light of expected changes in future cohorts, elderly volunteers can be expected to increase their contribution only if creative recruitment and bahhg methods will be used by volunteer administrators.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Elderly Volunteers","attachmentId":50296924,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3404367/Elderly_Volunteers","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3404367/Elderly_Volunteers"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="94160351" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/94160351/Keeping_Baby_Boomers_Volunteering_A_Research_Brief_on_Volunteer_Retention_and_Turnover">Keeping Baby Boomers Volunteering: A Research Brief on Volunteer Retention and Turnover</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38651827" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JohnFosterBey">John A L B E R T Foster-Bey</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">After examining data from the U.S. Census and the Bureau of Labor Statistics from 2002-2006, the authors present findings on the volunteer habits of baby boomers. Boomers volunteer more than past generations did at the same age and appear to have different volunteer interests. The report focuses on how to improve retention rates among boomer volunteers. With bibliographical references</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Keeping Baby Boomers Volunteering: A Research Brief on Volunteer Retention and Turnover","attachmentId":96695574,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/94160351/Keeping_Baby_Boomers_Volunteering_A_Research_Brief_on_Volunteer_Retention_and_Turnover","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/94160351/Keeping_Baby_Boomers_Volunteering_A_Research_Brief_on_Volunteer_Retention_and_Turnover"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="69441708" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69441708/Policing_and_the_Demographic_Transition">Policing and the Demographic Transition</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="21515894" href="https://carleton-ca.academia.edu/CraigMcKie">Craig McKie</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Canadian J. Criminology, 1991</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">... Feminization of the upper ranks of this and many other professions is a distinct ... One notably positive aspect of the increasing rate of labour force participation is that contemporary women are ... Today, many elderly women are destitute, lacking any form of direct private pension ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Policing and the Demographic Transition","attachmentId":79584267,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69441708/Policing_and_the_Demographic_Transition","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69441708/Policing_and_the_Demographic_Transition"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="70997643" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70997643/First_draft_June_2012_NBER_Conference_Retirement_benefits_for_state_and_local_employees_Designing_pension_plans_for_the_twenty_first_century_August_17_18_2012">First draft June 2012 NBER Conference: Retirement benefits for state and local employees: Designing pension plans for the twenty-first century, August 17-18. 2012</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38951352" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RichardDisney">Richard Disney</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">We examine the determinants of ill-health retirements among police officers in the police forces of England and Wales between 2002-03 and 2009-10. Differences in ill-health retirement rates across forces are statistically related to the area-specific stress of policing and to forcespecific differences in human resources policies. We describe a series of reforms to police pension plans; in particular a shift in the incidence of financing ill-health retirement through pension plans from central government to local police authorities that occurred in the mid2000s. We show that these measures had a significant impact on the level of ill-health retirement, especially among forces with above-average rates of ill-health retirement. We investigate whether residual differences in post-2006 ill-health retirement rates across forces are related to their differential capacities to raise revenue from local sources, and find evidence that local police authorities were prepared to raise precepts t...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"First draft June 2012 NBER Conference: Retirement benefits for state and local employees: Designing pension plans for the twenty-first century, August 17-18. 2012","attachmentId":80519793,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70997643/First_draft_June_2012_NBER_Conference_Retirement_benefits_for_state_and_local_employees_Designing_pension_plans_for_the_twenty_first_century_August_17_18_2012","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" 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