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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10629028%2FEngaging_Older_Adults_in_High_Impact_Volunteering_that_Enhances_Health_Recruitment_and_Retention_in_the_Experience_Corps_Baltimore%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":36566167,"identifier":"Attachment_36566167","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":10629028,"created_at":"2015-02-08T20:23:00.542-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2025-02-02T09:33:28.246-08:00","_data":{"ai_title_tag":"Recruiting and Retaining Older Adult Volunteers","grobid_abstract":"Engagement in social and generative activities has benefits for the well-being of older adults; hence, methods for broadly engaging them in such activities are desired. Experience Corps Baltimore, a social model for health promotion for older adult volunteers in public schools, offers insight to such successful recruitment and retention. We report on data over a 4-year period in Baltimore City, Maryland, and describe a five-stage screening process implemented to recruit a diverse group of senior volunteers who would remain in the program for at least 1 year. The sample consisted of 443 older adults expressing an interest in and screened for volunteering. Comparisons were made with Chi-square and Fisher's t-test between those who entered the program and those who did not and those who were retained in the program. Gender, race, age group, and prior volunteering were significant in ultimate volunteer service in the schools. Overall, 38% of 443 persons recruited entered the schools; 94% of participants were over 60 years (p = 0.05) with a mean age of 69 years; 90% were women (p = 0.03), and 93% African-American (p = 0.005); 57% had not volunteered in the past year (p = 0.004). Ninety-two percent were retained in the first year; 80% returned a second year. Among the latter, 83% had G12 years of education (p = 0.001). Participants remained in the program for a second year of volunteering regardless of baseline MMSE score, self-reported health, and motivation for volunteering. In conclusion, it is possible to recruit and retain a diverse pool of older adults to participate in a high-intensity volunteer program, including nontraditional volunteers. Of special note is the success in recruiting African-American women and those with lower education, who may particularly benefit from health promotion.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"36566167"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Engaging Older Adults in High Impact Volunteering that Enhances Health: Recruitment and Retention in the Experience Corps \\ Baltimore","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [25983227,32775266]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":36566167,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Engaging Older Adults in High Impact Volunteering that Enhances Health: Recruitment and Retention in the Experience Corps \ Baltimore”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/36566167/mini_magick20190308-25829-1jij4yf.png?1552115351" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Engaging Older Adults in High Impact Volunteering that Enhances Health: Recruitment and Retention in the Experience Corps \ Baltimore</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25983227" href="https://csulb.academia.edu/IverisMartinez"><img alt="Profile image of Iveris L Martinez" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/25983227/7124695/19959591/s65_iveris.martinez.jpg" />Iveris L Martinez</a><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32775266" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TannerElizabeth"><img alt="Profile image of Elizabeth Tanner" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Elizabeth Tanner</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">13 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 10629028; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Engagement in social and generative activities has benefits for the well-being of older adults; hence, methods for broadly engaging them in such activities are desired. Experience Corps Baltimore, a social model for health promotion for older adult volunteers in public schools, offers insight to such successful recruitment and retention. We report on data over a 4-year period in Baltimore City, Maryland, and describe a five-stage screening process implemented to recruit a diverse group of senior volunteers who would remain in the program for at least 1 year. The sample consisted of 443 older adults expressing an interest in and screened for volunteering. Comparisons were made with Chi-square and Fisher's t-test between those who entered the program and those who did not and those who were retained in the program. Gender, race, age group, and prior volunteering were significant in ultimate volunteer service in the schools. Overall, 38% of 443 persons recruited entered the schools; 94% of participants were over 60 years (p = 0.05) with a mean age of 69 years; 90% were women (p = 0.03), and 93% African-American (p = 0.005); 57% had not volunteered in the past year (p = 0.004). Ninety-two percent were retained in the first year; 80% returned a second year. Among the latter, 83% had G12 years of education (p = 0.001). Participants remained in the program for a second year of volunteering regardless of baseline MMSE score, self-reported health, and motivation for volunteering. In conclusion, it is possible to recruit and retain a diverse pool of older adults to participate in a high-intensity volunteer program, including nontraditional volunteers. Of special note is the success in recruiting African-American women and those with lower education, who may particularly benefit from health promotion.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":36566167,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/10629028/Engaging_Older_Adults_in_High_Impact_Volunteering_that_Enhances_Health_Recruitment_and_Retention_in_the_Experience_Corps_Baltimore"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":36566167,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/10629028/Engaging_Older_Adults_in_High_Impact_Volunteering_that_Enhances_Health_Recruitment_and_Retention_in_the_Experience_Corps_Baltimore"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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In this paper organisational supports for recruiting and managing volunteering amongst older adults are explored. The paper describes an intervention comprising an intergenerational reading programme delivered by volunteers in eight schools in the Republic of Ireland. The research draws on qualitative data from a mixed methods research project (2009-2011) which evaluated outcome and process aspects of the reading programme. The qualitative data was collected from a group of older volunteers aged 55+ years. This present study frames the empirical findings within a volunteering framework which involved deductively analysing the data using attributes associated with 'volunteerability' and 'recruitability'. Through this analytical framework a number of features were identified as contributing to greater knowledge of marketing strategies to recruit and retain volunteers within nonprofit organsiations. The paper concludes with a set of core practice messages for organisations which rely on volunteers in the delivery of their service.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Recruiting and Retaining Older Adult Volunteers: Implications for Practice","attachmentId":106730766,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108313716/Recruiting_and_Retaining_Older_Adult_Volunteers_Implications_for_Practice","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/108313716/Recruiting_and_Retaining_Older_Adult_Volunteers_Implications_for_Practice"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="66771278" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66771278/Maximizing_Elder_Volunteerism_and_Service_Access_Incentives_and_Facilitation">Maximizing Elder Volunteerism and Service: Access, Incentives, and Facilitation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="169711657" href="https://tiss.academia.edu/MadhuraNagchoudhuri">Madhura Nagchoudhuri</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">With an increase in the number of adults who are living longer healthier lives, volunteer administrators having a growing pool of potential volunteers. What strategies effectively recruit and retain older volunteers? In focus groups with 43 older volunteers, their perceptions of institutional access, information, incentives, and facilitation are assessed. Findings suggest that older adults may access volunteer opportunities through direct agency contact or social networks, more so than formal ads. They report that interest in the organization’s cause and meaningful task assignments serve as incentives for volunteering. Flexibility in task assignment, verbal appreciation, and transportation facilitate role performance. These findings suggest that informal strategies and respect for older adults’ expertise and current capabilities are important in recruitment and retention of older volunteers.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Maximizing Elder Volunteerism and Service: Access, Incentives, and Facilitation","attachmentId":77834555,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/66771278/Maximizing_Elder_Volunteerism_and_Service_Access_Incentives_and_Facilitation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/66771278/Maximizing_Elder_Volunteerism_and_Service_Access_Incentives_and_Facilitation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="14432748" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14432748/Volunteering_A_Physical_Activity_Intervention_for_Older_Adults_The_Experience_Corps_Program_in_Baltimore">Volunteering: A Physical Activity Intervention for Older Adults—The Experience Corps® Program in Baltimore</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33370734" href="https://jhsph.academia.edu/MichelleCarlson">Michelle Carlson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Urban Health, 2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">There is compelling evidence supporting the benefits of increased regular physical activity in older adults. The Experience Corps program in Baltimore MD was designed in part as a community based approach to increasing physical activity that would also appeal to older adults who have historically not utilized health promotion programs. The Baltimore Experience Corps program places older volunteers in public elementary schools for 15 h a week in roles designed to improve the academic outcomes of children and, simultaneously, increase the physical, cognitive and social activity of volunteers. This paper reports on the change in physical activity levels among older adults associated with participation in the Baltimore Experience Corps. In a pilot randomized controlled evaluation, older adults were randomly assigned to Experience Corps (EC participants) or a waiting list control group. Ages ranged from 59-86 years, 96% were African American, 94% were women, and 84% had annual incomes less than $15,000. EC participants were required to serve Q 15 h a week. At follow-up after 4-8 months, an analysis of 113 randomized volunteers revealed 53% of the EC participants were more active than the previous year by self-report, as compared to 23% of the controls (p G 0.01). When adjusted for age, gender and education, there was a trend toward increased physical activity in the EC participants as calculated by a kilocalorie per week increase of 40%, versus a 16% decrease in the controls (p = 0.49). EC participants who reported Blow activity^at baseline experienced an average 110% increase in their physical activity at follow-up. Among the controls who were in the Blow activity^group at baseline, there was, on average, only a 12% increase in physical activity (p = 0.03). Among those who were previously active, there was no significant difference (p = 0.30). The pilot results suggest that a high intensity volunteer program that is designed as a health promotion intervention can lead, in the short-term, to significant improvements in the level of physical activity of previously inactive older adult volunteers.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Volunteering: A Physical Activity Intervention for Older Adults—The Experience Corps® Program in Baltimore","attachmentId":44152139,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14432748/Volunteering_A_Physical_Activity_Intervention_for_Older_Adults_The_Experience_Corps_Program_in_Baltimore","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14432748/Volunteering_A_Physical_Activity_Intervention_for_Older_Adults_The_Experience_Corps_Program_in_Baltimore"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="3404367" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3404367/Elderly_Volunteers">Elderly Volunteers</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3963558" href="https://bgu.academia.edu/JCwikel">Julie Cwikel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 1992</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In these times of dwindling resources for human services, the elderly are considered by many policy analysts and researchers to be the largest untapped source for volunteer recruitment In this article we identify the origins of this societal expectation, its current actualization, and then analyze factors contributing to and deterring actual deployment of large numbers of elderly as volunteers. To assist in this analysis we have employed the conceptual framework that examines expected age, period, and cohort effects among the elderly on volunteerism in order to provide a basis for more realistic projections. Our findings indicate that elderly volunteers cannot be viewed as the cure-all to a squeeze on economic resources. In light of expected changes in future cohorts, elderly volunteers can be expected to increase their contribution only if creative recruitment and bahhg methods will be used by volunteer administrators.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Elderly Volunteers","attachmentId":50296924,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3404367/Elderly_Volunteers","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3404367/Elderly_Volunteers"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="88476654" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/88476654/Marketing_Public_Health_Through_Older_Adult_Volunteering_Experience_Corps_as_a_Social_Marketing_Intervention">Marketing Public Health Through Older Adult Volunteering: Experience Corps as a Social Marketing Intervention</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32775266" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TannerElizabeth">Elizabeth Tanner</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Journal of Public Health, 2010</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Objectives. We present a social marketing conceptual framework for Experience Corps Baltimore City (EC) in which the desired health outcome is not the promoted product or behavior. We also demonstrate the feasibility of a social marketing–based recruitment campaign for the first year of the Baltimore Experience Corps Trial (BECT), a randomized, controlled trial of the health benefits of EC participation for older adults. Methods. We recruited older adults from the Baltimore, MD, area. Participants randomized to the intervention were placed in public schools in volunteer roles designed to increase healthy behaviors. We examined the effectiveness of a recruitment message that appealed to generativity (i.e., to make a difference for the next generation), rather than potential health benefits. Results. Among the 155 participants recruited in the first year of the BECT, the average age was 69 years; 87% were women and 85% were African American. Participants reported primarily generative ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Marketing Public Health Through Older Adult Volunteering: Experience Corps as a Social Marketing Intervention","attachmentId":92442952,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88476654/Marketing_Public_Health_Through_Older_Adult_Volunteering_Experience_Corps_as_a_Social_Marketing_Intervention","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/88476654/Marketing_Public_Health_Through_Older_Adult_Volunteering_Experience_Corps_as_a_Social_Marketing_Intervention"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="9372133" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9372133/To_Volunteer_or_Not_The_Influence_of_Individual_Characteristics_Resources_and_Social_Factors_on_the_Likelihood_of_Volunteering_by_Older_Adults">To Volunteer or Not: The Influence of Individual Characteristics, Resources, and Social Factors on the Likelihood of Volunteering by Older Adults</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33215921" href="https://vub.academia.edu/WJacquet">Wolfgang Jacquet</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7811634" href="https://manchester.academia.edu/TineBuffel">Tine Buffel</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1528626" href="https://vub.academia.edu/SarahDury">Sarah Dury</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The study examines a hybrid theory containing individual characteristics, resources, and social factors and volunteering of older adults living in Belgium. As scholars have pointed out the underresearched importance of taking the recruitment potential of older adults into account, this study investigates whether potential volunteers, actual volunteers, and non-volunteers in later life are different from each other in terms of individual characteristics (e.g., religiosity), resources (e.g., socioeconomic status), and social factors (e.g., social networks and social roles). Data for the present research were derived from the Belgian Aging Studies, a sample of 31,581 individuals aged 65 to 80 years. Logistic regression analyses indicate that altruistic and religious values, physical health, frequent contact with friends, and providing help to others are important predictors for potential volunteers as well as actual volunteers. Overall, the results indicate important insights for recruitment and retention of older volunteers.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"To Volunteer or Not: The Influence of Individual Characteristics, Resources, and Social Factors on the Likelihood of Volunteering by Older Adults","attachmentId":40321823,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9372133/To_Volunteer_or_Not_The_Influence_of_Individual_Characteristics_Resources_and_Social_Factors_on_the_Likelihood_of_Volunteering_by_Older_Adults","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9372133/To_Volunteer_or_Not_The_Influence_of_Individual_Characteristics_Resources_and_Social_Factors_on_the_Likelihood_of_Volunteering_by_Older_Adults"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="21188714" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21188714/Volunteering_and_older_women_Psychosocial_and_health_predictors_of_participation">Volunteering and older women: Psychosocial and health predictors of participation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="27684062" href="https://cqu.academia.edu/LynneParkinson">Lynne Parkinson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Aging & Mental Health, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Volunteering and older women: Psychosocial and health predictors of participation","attachmentId":41754276,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21188714/Volunteering_and_older_women_Psychosocial_and_health_predictors_of_participation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21188714/Volunteering_and_older_women_Psychosocial_and_health_predictors_of_participation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="22165603" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22165603/Age_Retirement_and_Health_as_Factors_in_Volunteering_in_Later_Life">Age, Retirement, and Health as Factors in Volunteering in Later Life</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43418074" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BroeseVanGroenou">Broese Van Groenou</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="36673436" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TheoVanTilburg">Theo Van Tilburg</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Volunteering in later life attracts attention because its benefits older volunteers, voluntary associations, and society. Unfortunately, researchers and practitioners struggle with the complexity of predicting who volunteers. The authors ask whether a rough identification of older volunteers solely based on age is possible. The authors answer this question by means of structural equation modeling, analyzing international survey data. The findings show that the direct effect of age on the time older people spend volunteering is negligible. Moreover, the age patterns in volunteering created by retirement and declining health are weak. Those findings make age an unsuitable indicator for volunteering in later life. The authors recommend that voluntary organizations and policy makers use personal characteristics, such as health status, when defining their target groups for programs that encourage volunteering. In addition, researchers should not use an age group when referring to the third age, meaning the active and productive part of old age.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Age, Retirement, and Health as Factors in Volunteering in Later Life","attachmentId":42827762,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22165603/Age_Retirement_and_Health_as_Factors_in_Volunteering_in_Later_Life","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22165603/Age_Retirement_and_Health_as_Factors_in_Volunteering_in_Later_Life"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="81845195" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/81845195/Volunteerism_by_Elders_Past_Trends_and_Future_Prospects">Volunteerism by Elders: Past Trends and Future Prospects</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25038570" href="https://baruch-cuny.academia.edu/SusanChambre">Susan M Chambre</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The Gerontologist, 1993</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A number of surveys indicate a rise in the percentage of elders involved in volunteer work over the past 25 years. This article identifies cultural, demographic, and programmatic factors that have contributed to this increase. After describing some current policies and programs, it identifies strategies for sustaining and expanding volunteerism by elders in the future.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Volunteerism by Elders: Past Trends and Future Prospects","attachmentId":87747353,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81845195/Volunteerism_by_Elders_Past_Trends_and_Future_Prospects","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/81845195/Volunteerism_by_Elders_Past_Trends_and_Future_Prospects"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="18903869" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18903869/Research_protocol_for_a_randomized_controlled_trial_of_the_health_effects_of_volunteering_for_seniors">Research protocol for a randomized controlled trial of the health effects of volunteering for seniors</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39028508" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichelleJongenelis">Michelle Jongenelis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background: A growing evidence base demonstrates that interventions that focus on participation in physical and social activities can assist in preventing and treating both physical and mental health problems. In addition, there is some evidence that engaging in volunteering activities can provide beneficial social, physical, psychological, and cognitive outcomes for older people. This study will use a randomized controlled trial approach to investigate the potential for interventions involving volunteer activities to produce positive physical and psychological outcomes for older people, thereby contributing to the limited evidence relating to the potential for volunteering to provide multiple health effects. Methods/Design: This randomized controlled trial will involve 400 retired/non-employed individuals in good health aged 60+ years living in the metropolitan area in Perth, Western Australia. Participants will be recruited from the Perth metropolitan area using a variety of recruitment methods to achieve a diverse sample in terms of age, gender, and socioeconomic status. Consenting and eligible participants will be randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 200) or control group (n = 200). Those in the intervention group will be asked to engage in a minimum 60 min of volunteer activities per week for a period of 6 months, while those in the control group will be asked to maintain their existing lifestyle or take on new activities as they see fit. Physical and psychological outcomes will be assessed. Primary physical outcomes will include physical activity and sedentary time (measured using pedometers and Actigraph monitors) and physical health (measured using a battery of physical functioning tests, resting heart rate, blood pressure, BMI, and girth). Primary psychological outcomes will include psychological well-being, depression, self-esteem, and quality of life (measured using the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Survey, and the Global Quality of Life Scale, respectively). Secondary outcomes of interest will include attitudes to volunteering (measured via open-ended interviews) and personal growth, purpose in life, social support, and self-efficacy (measured using the Personal Growth and Purpose in Life subscales of Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scale, the Social Provisions Scale, and the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, respectively). Participants will be re-assessed on these measures after 6 months.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Research protocol for a randomized controlled trial of the health effects of volunteering for seniors","attachmentId":40320630,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18903869/Research_protocol_for_a_randomized_controlled_trial_of_the_health_effects_of_volunteering_for_seniors","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18903869/Research_protocol_for_a_randomized_controlled_trial_of_the_health_effects_of_volunteering_for_seniors"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":36566167,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":36566167,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_36566167" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="23097227" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23097227/Volunteering_and_health_among_older_people_a_review">Volunteering and health among older people: a review</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="203577" href="https://uts.academia.edu/JOnyx">Jenny Onyx</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Australasian Journal on Ageing, 2003</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Volunteering and health among older people: a review","attachmentId":43596586,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23097227/Volunteering_and_health_among_older_people_a_review","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23097227/Volunteering_and_health_among_older_people_a_review"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="13510969" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13510969/A_Social_Model_for_Health_Promotion_for_an_Aging_Population_Initial_Evidence_on_the_Experience_Corps_Model">A Social Model for Health Promotion for an Aging Population: Initial Evidence on the Experience Corps Model</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50038024" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ScottZeger">Scott Zeger</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32710724" href="https://johnshopkins.academia.edu/GeorgeRebok">George Rebok</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33370734" href="https://jhsph.academia.edu/MichelleCarlson">Michelle Carlson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Social Model for Health Promotion for an Aging Population: Initial Evidence on the Experience Corps Model","attachmentId":45255031,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13510969/A_Social_Model_for_Health_Promotion_for_an_Aging_Population_Initial_Evidence_on_the_Experience_Corps_Model","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13510969/A_Social_Model_for_Health_Promotion_for_an_Aging_Population_Initial_Evidence_on_the_Experience_Corps_Model"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="16304052" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16304052/The_benefits_associated_with_volunteering_among_seniors_A_critical_review_and_recommendations_for_future_research">The benefits associated with volunteering among seniors: A critical review and recommendations for future research</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35503168" 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