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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Chronology and authorship</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chronology_and_authorship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chronology and authorship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chronology_and_authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Authorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aum_in_the_Mandukya_Upanishad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aum_in_the_Mandukya_Upanishad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>Aum</i> in the Mandukya Upanishad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aum_in_the_Mandukya_Upanishad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_states_of_consciousness_and_the_fourth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_states_of_consciousness_and_the_fourth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Three states of consciousness and the fourth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_states_of_consciousness_and_the_fourth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory_and_nature_of_Atman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_and_nature_of_Atman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Theory and nature of Atman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory_and_nature_of_Atman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similarities_and_differences_with_Buddhist_teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similarities_and_differences_with_Buddhist_teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Similarities and differences with Buddhist teachings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similarities_and_differences_with_Buddhist_teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Muktika_Upanishad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muktika_Upanishad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Muktika Upanishad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muktika_Upanishad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_commentators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_commentators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Classical commentators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_commentators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gaudapada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaudapada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Gaudapada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaudapada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adi_Shankara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adi_Shankara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Adi Shankara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adi_Shankara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madhvacharya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madhvacharya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Madhvacharya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madhvacharya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_commentators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_commentators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Modern commentators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_commentators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Published_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Published sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web-sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web-sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Web-sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Mandukya Upanishad</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D" title="মাণ্ডূক্যোপনিষদ্ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাণ্ডূক্যোপনিষদ্" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandukya-Upanishad" title="Mandukya-Upanishad – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mandukya-Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandukya-upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Mandukya-upaniṣad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mandukya-upaniṣad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87" title="اوپانیشاد ماندوکیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوپانیشاد ماندوکیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mandukya Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="माण्डूक्योपनिषद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="माण्डूक्योपनिषद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C5%ABkya_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Māṇḍūkya Upaniṣad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮಾಂಡೂಕ್ಯೋಪನಿಷತ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾಂಡೂಕ್ಯೋಪನಿಷತ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mand%C5%ABkja_Upani%C5%A1ada" title="Mandūkja Upanišada – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mandūkja Upanišada" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C" title="മാണ്ഡൂക്യോപനിഷത്ത്‌ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാണ്ഡൂക്യോപനിഷത്ത്‌" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="मांडूक्योपनिषद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मांडूक्योपनिषद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="माण्डूक्योपनिषद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="माण्डूक्योपनिषद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_(%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D)" title="माण्डुक्य (उपनिषद्) – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="माण्डुक्य (उपनिषद्)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%89" title="マーンドゥーキヤ・ウパニシャッド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーンドゥーキヤ・ウパニシャッド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandukya_upanishad" title="Mandukya upanishad – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mandukya upanishad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mandukya Upanishad" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F-%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Мандукья-упанишада – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мандукья-упанишада" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D" title="माण्डूक्योपनिषत् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="माण्डूक्योपनिषत्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Sanskrit scripture</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#FFC569;">Mandukya</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandukya_Upanisad_verses_1-3,_Atharvaveda,_Sanskrit,_Devanagari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mandukya_Upanisad_verses_1-3%2C_Atharvaveda%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/250px-Mandukya_Upanisad_verses_1-3%2C_Atharvaveda%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mandukya_Upanisad_verses_1-3%2C_Atharvaveda%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/375px-Mandukya_Upanisad_verses_1-3%2C_Atharvaveda%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mandukya_Upanisad_verses_1-3%2C_Atharvaveda%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/500px-Mandukya_Upanisad_verses_1-3%2C_Atharvaveda%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2234" data-file-height="1019" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Mandukya Upanisad</i> verses 1 to 3 (Sanskrit, Devanagari script)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></th><td class="infobox-data">माण्डूक्य</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Māṇḍūkya</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mukhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya">Mukhya Upanishad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Linked <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Veda</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Verses</th><td class="infobox-data">12</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commented by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scriptures and texts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/150px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/200px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Shruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smriti</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Divisions</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Rig vedic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Sama vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Yajur vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Atharva vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other scriptures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> Related Hindu texts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Brahma puranas</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmānda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Vaishnava puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shaiva puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shakta puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Ramayana">Historicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Mahabharata" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Mahabharata">Historicity</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Saiva Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugazh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugazh">Thiruppugazh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aathichoodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aathichoodi">Aathichoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Anthadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Anthadhi">Abhirami Anthadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastu Shastra">Vastu Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)" title="Vedantasara (of Sadananda)">Vedantasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Mandukya Upanishad</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">माण्डूक्योपनिषद्</span>, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Māṇḍūkyopaniṣad</i></span></i>) is the shortest of all the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, and is assigned to <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenintro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is listed as number 6 in the <a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">Muktikā</a> canon of 108 Upanishads.<sup id="cite_ref-muktika_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muktika-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is in prose, consisting of twelve short verses, and is associated with a Rig Vedic school of scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenintro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It discusses the syllable <a href="/wiki/Aum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aum">Aum</a>; adds <a href="/wiki/Turya" title="Turya">turya</a> to the three states of consciousness; and asserts that <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><i>Aum</i></a> is <i><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></i> – which is the Whole – and that <i>Brahman</i> is this self (<i><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">ātman</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenfull-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-humefull_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mandukya Upanishad is recommended in the Muktikā Upanishad, in a dialogue between two of the most important characters of the Ramayana, Rama and Hanuman, as the one Upanishad that alone is sufficient for knowledge to gain <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>, and as sixth in its list of ten principal Upanishads.<sup id="cite_ref-muktika_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muktika-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text is also notable for inspiring <a href="/wiki/Gaudapada#Mandukya_Karika" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada's Mandukya Karika</a> a classic for the <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> school of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-muktika_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muktika-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mandukya Upanishad is among the often cited texts on chronology and the philosophical relationship between Hinduism and Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004284-286_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004284-286-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComans200097_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComans200097-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The root of <i>Mandukya</i> is sometimes considered as <i>Manduka</i> (Sanskrit: मण्डूक) which has several meanings. Some of its meanings include "frog", "a particular breed of horse", "the sole of horse's hoof", or, "Spiritual distress"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some writers<sup id="cite_ref-Sacred_animals_of_india_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sacred_animals_of_india-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have suggested that "frog" is the etymological root for Mandukya Upanishad. </p><p>Another root for the Upanishad's name is <i>Mānduka</i> (Sanskrit: माण्डूक) which literally is "a Vedic school" or means "a teacher".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a> states the etymological roots of Mandukya Upanishad to be a "half lost school of <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenintro-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This school may be related to the scholar named Hrasva Māṇḍūkeya, whose theory of semivowels is discussed in Aitareya Aranyaka of Rigveda.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Applying the rules of <a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhi</a>, the text is also called <i>Mandukyopanishad</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199350_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199350-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology_and_authorship">Chronology and authorship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chronology and authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronology">Chronology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The chronology of Mandukya Upanishad, like that of other Upanishads, is uncertain and contested.<sup id="cite_ref-stephenphillips_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephenphillips-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chronology is difficult to resolve because all opinions rest on scanty evidence, an analysis of archaism, style and repetitions across texts, driven by assumptions about likely evolution of ideas, and on presumptions about which philosophy might have influenced which other Indian philosophies.<sup id="cite_ref-stephenphillips_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephenphillips-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-olivelleintro_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olivelleintro-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several academics have dated the Mandukya Upanishad to the early centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>. The Japanese scholar of Vedic, Hindu and Buddhist scriptures, <a href="/wiki/Hajime_Nakamura" title="Hajime Nakamura">Hajime Nakamura</a>, dated the Mandukya Upanishad to "about the first or second centuries A.D."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004286_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004286-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scholar of South Asian religions, <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._King" title="Richard E. King">Richard E. King</a> too dated the Mandukya Upanishad at the first two centuries of the Common Era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing199552_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199552-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indologist and Sanskrit scholar <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a> states, "we have the two late prose Upanisads, the Prasna and the Mandukya, which cannot be much older than the beginning of the common era".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199813_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199813-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahony, (writing for the MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion) on the other hand, states that Mandukya Upanishad probably emerged in the late fifth and early fourth centuries BCE, along with <a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a> and Maitri Upanishads.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phillips lists Mandukya Upanishad before and about the time the Shvetashvatara Upanishad, the Maitri Upanishad, as well as the first Buddhist Pali and Jaina canonical texts were composed.<sup id="cite_ref-stephenphillips_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephenphillips-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R D Ranade</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> posits a view similar to Phillips, placing Mandukya's chronological composition in the fifth, that is the last group of ancient Principal Upanishads. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authorship">Authorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The text of the <i>Mandukya Upanishad</i> is fully incorporated in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Karika" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandukya Karika">Mandukya Karika</a></i>, a commentary attributed to the 6th century CE<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a>, and is not known to exist independent of this commentary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199350_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199350-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isaeva states that some scholars, including Paul Deussen, presumed that Gaudapada may be its author; however, there is no historical or textual evidence for this hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199350_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199350-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars consider Mandukya Upanishad as a Principal Upanishad with more ancient origins.<sup id="cite_ref-stephenphillips_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephenphillips-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-olivelleintro_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-olivelleintro-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to the older Upanishads, the Mandukya Upanishad is very short, with clear and concise formulations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERama20073-4_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERama20073-4-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has twelve short prose paragraphs.<sup id="cite_ref-humefull_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mandukya Upanishad is an important Upanishad in Hinduism, particularly to its <a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">Advaita</a> Vedanta school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing199567_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199567-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It succinctly presents several central doctrines, namely that "the universe is Brahman," "the Self (Atma) exists and is Brahman," and "the four states of consciousness".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing199567_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199567-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mandukya Upanishad also presents several theories about the syllable Aum, and that it symbolizes self.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing199567_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199567-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-humefull_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aum_in_the_Mandukya_Upanishad"><i>Aum</i> in the Mandukya Upanishad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aum in the Mandukya Upanishad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_coral.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_coral.svg/160px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_coral.svg/240px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_coral.svg/320px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption>The Mandukya Upanishad is one of several Upanishads that discuss the meaning and significance of the syllable Aum (Om).</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mandukya Upanishad opens by declaring, "Aum!, this syllable is this whole world". Thereafter it presents various explanations and theories on what it means and signifies.<sup id="cite_ref-humefull_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This discussion is built on a structure of "four fourths" or "fourfold", derived from <i>A</i> + <i>U</i> + <i>M</i> + "silence" (or without an element<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenfull-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-humefull_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Aum as all states of time</b> </p><p>In verse 1, the Upanishad states that time is threefold: the past, the present and the future, that these three are "Aum". The four fourth of time is that which transcends time, that too is "Aum" expressed.<sup id="cite_ref-humefull_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Aum as all states of Atman</b> </p><p>In verse 2, states the Upanishad, "this <i>brahman</i> is the Whole. <i>Brahman</i> is this self (<i>ātman</i>); that [<i>brahman</i>] is this self (<i>ātman</i>), consisting of four corners."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998289_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998289-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenfull-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Aum as all states of consciousness</b> </p><p>In verses 3 to 6, the Mandukya Upanishad enumerates four states of consciousness: wakeful, dream, deep sleep and the state of <i><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">ekatma</i></span></i> (being one with Self, the oneness of Self).<sup id="cite_ref-humefull_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These four are <i>A</i> + <i>U</i> + <i>M</i> + "without an element" respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-humefull_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Aum as all of etymological knowledge</b> </p><p>In verses 9 to 12, the Mandukya Upanishad enumerates fourfold etymological roots of the syllable "Aum". It states that the first element of "Aum" is <i>A</i>, which is from <i>Apti</i> (obtaining, reaching) or from <i>Adimatva</i> (being first).<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenfull-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second element is <i>U</i>, which is from <i>Utkarsa</i> (exaltation) or from <i>Ubhayatva</i> (intermediateness).<sup id="cite_ref-humefull_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third element is <i>M</i>, from <i>Miti</i> (erecting, constructing) or from <i>Mi Minati, or apīti</i> (annihilation).<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenfull-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fourth is without an element, without development, beyond the expanse of universe. In this way, states the Upanishad, the syllable Aum is the Atman (the self) indeed.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenfull-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-humefull_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three_states_of_consciousness_and_the_fourth">Three states of consciousness and the fourth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Three states of consciousness and the fourth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Three bodies doctrine</a></div> <p>The Mandukya Upanishad describes three states of consciousness, namely <a href="/wiki/Vaishvanara" title="Vaishvanara">waking (jågrat)</a>, dreaming (svapna), and deep sleep (suṣupti),<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Om_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Om-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 'the fourth', beyond and underlying these three states: </p> <ol><li>The first state is the waking state, in which we are aware of our daily world. "It is described as outward-knowing (bahish-prajnya), gross (sthula) and universal (vaishvanara)".<sup id="cite_ref-Om_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Om-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the gross body.</li> <li>The second state is the dreaming mind. "It is described as inward-knowing (antah-prajnya), subtle (pravivikta) and burning (taijasa)".<sup id="cite_ref-Om_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Om-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the <a href="/wiki/Subtle_body" title="Subtle body">subtle body</a>.</li> <li>The third state is the state of deep sleep. In this state the underlying ground of consciousness is undistracted, "the Lord of all (sarv'-eshvara), the knower of all (sarva-jnya), the inner controller (antar-yami), the source of all (yonih sarvasya), the origin and dissolution of created things (prabhav'-apyayau hi bhutanam)".<sup id="cite_ref-Om_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Om-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the <a href="/wiki/Causal_body" title="Causal body">causal body</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turiya" title="Turiya">Turiya</a>, "the fourth," is the background that underlies and transcends the three common states of consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-rm_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rm-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sc1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sc1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this consciousness both absolute and relative, <a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">saguna brahman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nirguna_Brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna Brahman">Nirguna Brahman</a>, are transcended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarma1996137_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma1996137-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the true state of experience of the infinite (<i>ananta</i>) and non-different (<i>advaita/abheda</i>), free from the dualistic experience which results from the attempts to conceptualise ( <i>vikalpa</i>) reality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1995300_note_140_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1995300_note_140-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the state in which <a href="/wiki/Ajativada" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajativada">ajativada</a>, non-origination, is apprehended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1995300_note_140_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1995300_note_140-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>According to Raju, the idea of four states of Atman as awake, dream-filled sleep, deep sleep, and the "original pure state" is "anticipated in chapters 8.7 through 8.12 of <a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ptrajuchandogya_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ptrajuchandogya-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theory_and_nature_of_Atman">Theory and nature of Atman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Theory and nature of Atman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Self-luminous_awareness" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-luminous awareness">Self-luminous awareness</a></div> <p>The verses 3 through 7 discuss four states of Atman (Self).<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenfull-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-humefull_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Verse 3 of the Upanishad describes the first state of Self as outwardly cognitive with seven limbs,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nineteen mouths,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enjoying the gross,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a state of Self common in all of human beings.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenfull-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-humefull_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mandukya Upanishad, in verse 4, asserts the second state of Self as inwardly cognitive with seven limbs, nineteen mouths, enjoying the exquisite, a state of brilliant Self.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenfull-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-humefull_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Upanishad's verse 5 states the third state of Self as one without desire or anticipations, where pure conscience is his only mouth, where he is in unified cognition, enjoying the delight, a state of blissful Self.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenfull-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-humefull_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The verses 6 and 7 of the Upanishad states the fourth state of Self as one beyond all the three, beyond extrospective state, beyond introspective state, beyond cognitive state, the state of <i>ekatmya pratyaya sara</i> (one with the Self), tranquil, benign, <i>advaita</i> (without second). He then is the Self, just Atman, the one which should be discerned.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenfull-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-humefull_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnston summarizes these four states of Self, respectively, as seeking the physical, seeking inner thought, seeking the causes and spiritual consciousness, and the fourth state is realizing oneness with the Self, the Eternal.<sup id="cite_ref-johnston_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnston-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similarities_and_differences_with_Buddhist_teachings">Similarities and differences with Buddhist teachings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Similarities and differences with Buddhist teachings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars contest whether Mandukya Upanishad was influenced by Buddhist theories along with the similarities and differences between Buddhism and Hinduism in light of the text. According to <a href="/wiki/Hajime_Nakamura" title="Hajime Nakamura">Hajime Nakamura</a>, the <i>Mandukya Upanishad</i> was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana Buddhism</a> and its concept of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">śūnyatā</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004284-286_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004284-286-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nakamura states, "many particular Buddhist terms or uniquely Buddhist modes of expression may be found in it",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004284_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004284-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <i>adrsta</i>, <i>avyavaharya</i>, <i>agrahya</i>, <i><span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn">alaksana</i></span></i>, <i>acintya</i>, <i>prapancopasama</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004215-218_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004215-218-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Randall Collins the Mandukya Upanishad "includes phrases found in the Prajnaparamitrasutras of Mahayana Buddhism."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2009963,_note_17_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2009963,_note_17-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Michael Comans, Vidushekhara also notes that the term <i>prapañcopaśama</i> does not appear in pre-Buddhist Brahmanic works, but in contrast to Nakamura he does not conclude that the term was taken over from Mahayana Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComans200097_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComans200097-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Comans, eventual Mahayana origins of this term are no more than a possibility, and not a certainty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComans200097_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComans200097-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Comans also disagrees with Nakamura's thesis that "the fourth realm (<i>caturtha</i>) was perhaps influenced by the <i>Sunyata</i> of Mahayana Buddhism."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Comans, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is impossible to see how the unequivocal teaching of a permanent, underlying reality, which is explicitly called the "Self", could show early Mahayana influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComans200098_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComans200098-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Comans further refers to Nakamura himself, who notes that later Mahayana sutras such as the <i><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra" title="Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra">Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</a></i> and the concept of <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a>, were influenced by Vedantic thought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComans200098_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComans200098-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comans concludes that </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[T]here can be no suggestion that the teaching about the underlying Self as contained in the <i>Mandukya</i> contains shows any trace of Buddhist thought, as this teaching can be traced to the pre-Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad"><i>Brhadaranyaka</i> Upanishad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComans200098_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComans200098-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Jacobs lists <i>adrsta</i> and other terms in more ancient, pre-Buddhist literature such as the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Isaeva states that there are differences in the teachings in the texts of Buddhism and the Mandukya Upanishad of Hinduism, because the latter asserts that <i>citta</i> "consciousness" is identical with the eternal and immutable atman "Self" of the Upanishads.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199354_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199354-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, Mandukya Upanishad and Gaudapada affirm the Self exists, while Buddhist schools affirm that there is no soul or self.<sup id="cite_ref-humefull_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muktika_Upanishad">Muktika Upanishad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Muktika Upanishad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Rama</i> and <i>Hanuman</i> of the Hindu Epic <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, in Muktika Upanishad, discuss <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> (freedom, liberation, deliverance). <i>Rama</i>, therein, recommends Mandukya as first among 108 Upanishads, as follows,<sup id="cite_ref-muktika_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muktika-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>The Mandukya alone is sufficient<br /> for the deliverance of the aspirant,<br /> if even then, the knowledge lacks,<br /> then read the ten Upanishads.<br /> <br /> He attains the goal<br /> if he reads the thirty two Upanishads,<br /> if you just wish deliverance, while death is near,<br /> read, then, the hundred and eight Upanishads. </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Muktika Upanishad I.i.26-29, Translated by Paul Deussen<sup id="cite_ref-muktika_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muktika-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_commentators">Classical commentators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Classical commentators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gaudapada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gaudapada#Mandukya_Karika" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada § Mandukya Karika</a></div> <p>The oldest known extant metrical commentary on this Upanishad was written by <a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a>, This commentary, called the <i>Māndūkya-kārikā</i>, is the earliest known systematic exposition of <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>. </p><p>Raju states that Gaudapada took over the Buddhist doctrines that <a href="/wiki/Yogacara#Representation-only" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">ultimate reality is pure consciousness (<i>vijñapti-mātra</i>)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju1992177_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1992177-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "the four-cornered negation" (चतुष्कोटि विनिर्मुक्तः).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju1992177_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1992177-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raju further states that Gaudapada "weaved [both doctrines] into a philosophy of the <i>Mandukaya Upanisad</i>, which was further developed by Shankara".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju1992177-178_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1992177-178-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars such as Murti state, that while there is shared terminology, the doctrines of Gaudapada and Buddhism are fundamentally different.<sup id="cite_ref-trvmurti114_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trvmurti114-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adi_Shankara">Adi Shankara</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Adi Shankara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a>, a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Govinda_Bhagavatpada" class="mw-redirect" title="Govinda Bhagavatpada">Govinda Bhagavatpada</a> who himself was either a direct or a distant disciple of <a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComans20002,_163_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComans20002,_163-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> further made commentaries on Gaudapada Mandukya karika. Mandukya Upanishad forms one of the basis of <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> as expounded by Adi Shankara.<sup id="cite_ref-Shankara_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shankara-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Madhvacharya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Madhvacharya, the propounder of <a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a> Vedanta, wrote commentaries on Mandukya Upanishad. He presents a <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theistic</a> and emotional perspective on the scripture, attributing his insights to <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a>. His commentary emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">bhakti yoga</a> and uses <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and his attributes as similes to elucidate the verses of the Mandukya Upanishad.<sup id="cite_ref-Madhvacharya_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madhvacharya-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_commentators">Modern commentators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Modern commentators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama" title="Swami Rama">Swami Rama</a> has provided an interpretation of this Upanishad from the experiential standpoint in his commentary <i>Enlightenment without God</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade</a> calls the aphoristic style of Mandukya Upanishad as highly influential on the <i>Sutras</i> of Indian philosophies that followed it, and that the Upanishad has served as a foundational text of the major <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> school of Hinduism. He states,<sup id="cite_ref-ranadevedanta_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ranadevedanta-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>We are told [in Mandukya Upanishad] how, "the syllable Om is verily all that exists. Under it is included all the past, the present and the future, as well as that which transcends time. Verily all this is Brahman. The Atman is Brahman. This Atman is four-footed. The first foot is the Vaisvanara, who enjoys gross things, in the state of wakefulness. The second foot is the Taijasa, who enjoys exquisite things in the state of dream. The third is the Prajna who enjoys bliss in the state of deep sleep. The fourth is Atman, who is alone without a second, calm, holy and tranquil". This passage has been verily the basis upon which all the later systems of <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedantic philosophy</a> have come to be built. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>RD Ranade<sup id="cite_ref-ranadevedanta_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ranadevedanta-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Ranade's views on the importance of Mandukya Upanishad and Gaudapada's commentary on Vedanta school, particularly Advaita Vedanta sub-school of Hinduism, is shared by modern era scholars such as Hacker, Vetter and others.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Johnston states that Mandukya Upanishad must be read in two layers, consciousness and vehicles of consciousness, Self and nature of Self, the empirical and the eternal.<sup id="cite_ref-johnston_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-johnston-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text aphoristically condenses these layers of message, both in literal and metaphorical sense. </p><p><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">William Butler Yeats</a>, the Irish poet, was inspired by the Upanishads and Mandukya Upanishad was among the texts he commented on.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>David Stoll's 1987 Piano Quartet is inspired by three Upanishads, one being Mandukya Upanishad, other two being Katha and Isha Upanishads.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Gaudapadacharya_Mutt" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Gaudapadacharya Mutt">Shri Gaudapadacharya Mutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govinda_Bhagavatpada" class="mw-redirect" title="Govinda Bhagavatpada">Govinda Bhagavatpada</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nakamura: <dl><dd><ul><li>"As was pointed out in detail in the section titled Interpretation, many particular Buddhist terms or uniquely Buddhist modes of expression may be found in it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004284_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004284-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"From the fact that many Buddhist terms are found in its explanation, it is clear that this view was established under the influence of the Mahayana Buddhist concept of Void."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004285_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004285-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Although Buddhistic influence can be seen in the Maitri-Upanishad, the particular terms and modes of expression of Mahayana Buddhism do not yet appear, whereas the influence of the Mahayana concept of Void can clearly be recognized in the Mandukya-Upanisad."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004285_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004285-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Although Mahayana Buddhism strongly influenced this Upanisad, neither the mode of exposition of the Madhyamika school nor the characteristic terminology of the Vijnanavada school appears."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004286_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004286-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nakamura, as cited in Comans 2000 p.98.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComans200098_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComans200098-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is often used interchangeably with the term <i>citta-mātra</i>, but they have different meanings. The standard translation of both terms is "consciousness-only" or "mind-only." Several modern researchers object this translation, and the accompanying label of "absolute idealism" or "idealistic monism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKochumuttom19991_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKochumuttom19991-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A better translation for <i>vijñapti-mātra</i> is <i>representation-only</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKochumuttom19995_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKochumuttom19995-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1. Something is. 2. It is not. 3. It both is and is not. 4. It neither is nor is not.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>web 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarfieldPriest2003_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfieldPriest2003-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The influence of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> on other religions and philosophies was not limited to Vedanta. Kalupahana notes that the <a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a> in Theravada Buddhism tradition contains "some metaphysical speculations, such as those of the Sarvastivadins, the Sautrantikas, and even the <a href="/wiki/Yogacara" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogacara">Yogacarins</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1994206_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1994206-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaudapada's doctrines are unlike Buddhism, states Murti. Gaudapada's influential Vedanta text consists of four chapters; Chapter One, Two and Three of which are entirely Vedantin and founded on the Upanishads, with little Buddhist flavor.<sup id="cite_ref-trvmurti114_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trvmurti114-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapter Four uses Buddhist terminology and incorporates Buddhist doctrines, state both Murti and Richard King, but Vedanta scholars who followed Gaudapada through the 17th century never referenced nor used Chapter Four, they only quote from the first three.<sup id="cite_ref-trvmurti114_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trvmurti114-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iepgauda_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iepgauda-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussenintro-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenintro_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814691" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814691">978-8120814691</a>, pages 605-609</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-muktika-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-muktika_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-muktika_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-muktika_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-muktika_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-muktika_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814691" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814691">978-8120814691</a>, pages 556-557</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussenfull-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814691" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814691">978-8120814691</a>, pages 605-637</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-humefull-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-humefull_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume1921" class="citation cs2">Hume, Robert Ernest (1921), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n411/mode/2up"><i><span></span></i>The Thirteen Principal Upanishads<i><span></span></i></a>, Oxford University Press, pp. 391–393</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirteen+Principal+Upanishads&rft.pages=391-393&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=Robert+Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fthirteenprincipa028442mbp%23page%2Fn411%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandukya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004284-286-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004284-286_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004284-286_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNakamura2004">Nakamura 2004</a>, p. 284-286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEComans200097-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComans200097_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComans200097_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComans200097_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFComans2000">Comans 2000</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/tamil/recherche">maNDUka</a> Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Lexicon, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sacred_animals_of_india-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sacred_animals_of_india_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNanditha_Krishna2010" class="citation book cs1">Nanditha Krishna (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J3NU35nngxEC&q=meaning+of+mandukya+upanishad+frog&pg=PA144"><i>Sacred animals of India</i></a>. India: Penguin books. pp. 144–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143066194" title="Special:BookSources/9780143066194"><bdi>9780143066194</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+animals+of+India&rft.place=India&rft.pages=144-145&rft.pub=Penguin+books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780143066194&rft.au=Nanditha+Krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ3NU35nngxEC%26q%3Dmeaning%2Bof%2Bmandukya%2Bupanishad%2Bfrog%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandukya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/tamil/recherche">mANDUka</a> Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Lexicon, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles W. Kreidler, Phonology: Critical Concepts, Volume 1, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415203456" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415203456">978-0415203456</a>, page 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199350-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199350_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199350_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199350_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsaeva1993">Isaeva 1993</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stephenphillips-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stephenphillips_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephenphillips_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephenphillips_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephenphillips_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231144858" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231144858">978-0231144858</a>, Chapter 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-olivelleintro-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-olivelleintro_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-olivelleintro_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Patrick Olivelle</a> (1996), The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text & Translation, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195124354" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195124354">978-0195124354</a>, Introduction Chapter</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004286-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004286_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004286_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNakamura2004">Nakamura 2004</a>, p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199552-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing199552_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing1995">King 1995</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199813-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle199813_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1998">Olivelle 1998</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WK Mahony (1987), Upanishads, in Jones, Lindsay, MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion (2005), MacMillan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0028659978" title="Special:BookSources/978-0028659978">978-0028659978</a>, page 9483</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RD Ranade, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926.djvu/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926#page/n47/mode/2up">A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy</a>, Chapter 1, pages 13-18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PT Raju (2009), The Philosophical Traditions of India, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120809833" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120809833">978-8120809833</a>, page 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERama20073-4-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERama20073-4_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRama2007">Rama 2007</a>, p. 3-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNakamura2004">Nakamura 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing199567-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing199567_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing199567_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing199567_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing1995">King 1995</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K Singh (2001), Some Thoughts on Vedanta, India International Centre Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 3, pages 100-108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. V. De Smet (1972), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1397675">Early Trends in the Indian Understanding of Man</a>, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 22, No. 3 (Jul., 1972), pages 259-268</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark B. Woodhouse (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27902516">Consciousness and Brahman-Atman</a>, The Monist, Vol. 61, No. 1, Conceptions of the Self: East & West (JANUARY, 1978), pages 109-124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verse 12 of Mandukya Upanishad; see Robert Hume's The Thirteen Principal Upanishad, page 393</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998289-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle1998289_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle1998">Olivelle 1998</a>, p. 289.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarma1996137-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarma1996137_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarma1996">Sarma 1996</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1995300_note_140-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1995300_note_140_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1995300_note_140_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing1995">King 1995</a>, p. 300 note 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ptrajuchandogya-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ptrajuchandogya_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PT Raju (1985), Structural Depths of Indian Thought, State University New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0887061394" title="Special:BookSources/978-0887061394">978-0887061394</a>, pages 30, 32-33; <b>Quote</b>: "We can see that this story [in Chandogya Upanishad] is an anticipation of the Mandukya doctrine, (...)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n289/mode/2up">Chandogya Upanishad - Eighth Prathapaka, Seventh through Twelfth Khanda</a>, Oxford University Press, pages 268-273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sankara's Bhasya refers to Chandogya Upanishad's verse 5.18.2 for the list of seven</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sankara's Bhasya states that these nineteen mouths of a human being are what interact with the empirical universe: five senses - seeing, hearing, touch, taste and smell; five organs of action - speech, hand, locomotion, sexual activity and excretion; five vital types of breath; the manas (mind), the buddhi (intellect, power to reason), the ahamkara (ego) and the citta (consciousness).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">this is everything in the perceived empirical universe</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-johnston-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johnston_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-johnston_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Johnston, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universaltheosophy.com/pdf-library/Mandukya%20Upanishad_Johnston.pdf">The Measures of the Eternal - Mandukya Upanishad</a> Theosophical Quarterly, October, 1923, pages 158-162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004284-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004284_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004284_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNakamura2004">Nakamura 2004</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004285-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004285_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004285_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNakamura2004">Nakamura 2004</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENakamura2004215-218-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENakamura2004215-218_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNakamura2004">Nakamura 2004</a>, p. 215-218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2009963,_note_17-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2009963,_note_17_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2009">Collins 2009</a>, p. 963, note 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEComans200098-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComans200098_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComans200098_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComans200098_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComans200098_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFComans2000">Comans 2000</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GA Jacobs, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/UpanishadVakyaKosha-AConcordanceOfThePrincipalUpanishadsAndBhagavad/UpanishadVakyaKoshaSktEng#page/n37/mode/2up">A Concordance of the Principal Upanishads and Bhagavad Gita</a>, Upanishad Vakya Kosha, Motilal Banarsidass, see pages 31-32 for <i>adrsta</i>, page 128 for <i>avyavaharya</i>, pages 13-14 for <i>agrahya</i>, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199354-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaeva199354_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsaeva1993">Isaeva 1993</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120806191" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120806191">978-8120806191</a>, pages 246-249, from note 385 onwards;<br />Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791422175" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791422175">978-0791422175</a>, page 64; Quote: "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">ātman</a> is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence.";<br />Edward Roer (Translator), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3uwDAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA2">Shankara's Introduction</a></i>, p. 2, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, pages 2-4<br />Katie Javanaud (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana">Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?</a>, Philosophy Now</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John C. Plott et al (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120801585" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120801585">978-8120801585</a>, page 63, Quote: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1992177-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju1992177_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju1992177_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaju1992">Raju 1992</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKochumuttom19991-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKochumuttom19991_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKochumuttom1999">Kochumuttom 1999</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKochumuttom19995-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKochumuttom19995_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKochumuttom1999">Kochumuttom 1999</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarfieldPriest2003-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarfieldPriest2003_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarfieldPriest2003">Garfield & Priest 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1992177-178-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju1992177-178_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaju1992">Raju 1992</a>, p. 177-178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1994206-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1994206_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKalupahana1994">Kalupahana 1994</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trvmurti114-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trvmurti114_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trvmurti114_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trvmurti114_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">TRV Murti (1955), The central philosophy of Buddhism, Routledge (2008 Reprint), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-46118-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-46118-4">978-0-415-46118-4</a>, pages 114-115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iepgauda-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iepgauda_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/gauḍapad/">Gaudapada</a>, Devanathan Jagannathan, University of Toronto, IEP</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEComans20002,_163-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComans20002,_163_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFComans2000">Comans 2000</a>, p. 2, 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shankara-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shankara_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzzo2009" class="citation book cs1">Izzo, David Garrett (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LScTBQAAQBAJ&q=shankaracharya+on+mandukya+upanishad&pg=PA18"><i>The Influence of Mysticism on 20th Century British and American Literature</i></a>. McFarland. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786441068" title="Special:BookSources/9780786441068"><bdi>9780786441068</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Influence+of+Mysticism+on+20th+Century+British+and+American+Literature&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780786441068&rft.aulast=Izzo&rft.aufirst=David+Garrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLScTBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dshankaracharya%2Bon%2Bmandukya%2Bupanishad%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandukya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madhvacharya-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Madhvacharya_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Sonde" class="citation book cs1">D. Sonde, Nagesh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nageshsonde.com/images/Sri_Madhva_Mandukya_Upanishad.pdf"><i>Sri Madhva Mandukya Upanishad</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. India. pp. 1–5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Madhva+Mandukya+Upanishad&rft.place=India&rft.pages=1-5&rft.aulast=D.+Sonde&rft.aufirst=Nagesh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnageshsonde.com%2Fimages%2FSri_Madhva_Mandukya_Upanishad.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandukya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swami Rama (9182), <i>Enlightenment without God</i>. Himalayan International Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy of the USA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ranadevedanta-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ranadevedanta_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ranadevedanta_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">RD Ranade, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926.djvu/A.Constructive.Survey.of.Upanishadic.Philosophy.by.R.D.Ranade.1926#page/n69/mode/2up">A Constructive Survey of Upanishadic Philosophy</a>, Chapter 1, pages 35-36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W Halbfass (1991), Tradition and Reflection - Explorations in Indian Thought, State University of New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-791403629" title="Special:BookSources/0-791403629">0-791403629</a>, pages 139-141, 169-182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Enoch Brater (1975), W. 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Yeats: The Poet as Critic, <i>Journal of Modern Literature,</i> Vol. 4, No. 3, Special Yeats Number, pages 651-676</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce Wilson (1982), "From Mirror after Mirror: Yeats and Eastern Thought," <i>Comparative Literature,</i> Vol. 34, No. 1, pages 28-46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guy Rickards (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/946530">David Stoll Record Reviews</a>, Tempo New Series, Cambridge University Press, No. 222, page 53 column 1</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Published_sources">Published sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Published sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2009" class="citation cs2">Collins, Randall (2009), <i>The Sociology of Philosophies</i>, Harvard University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sociology+of+Philosophies&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Randall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandukya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComans2000" class="citation cs2">Comans, Michael (2000), <i>The Method of Early Advaita Vedānta: A Study of Gauḍapāda, Śaṅkara, Sureśvara, and Padmapāda</i>, Motilal Banarsidass Publ.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Method+of+Early+Advaita+Ved%C4%81nta%3A+A+Study+of+Gau%E1%B8%8Dap%C4%81da%2C+%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85kara%2C+Sure%C5%9Bvara%2C+and+Padmap%C4%81da&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Comans&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandukya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarfieldPriest2003" class="citation cs2">Garfield, Jay L.; Priest, Graham (January 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/Nagarjuna/NagarjunaTheLimitsOfThought.pdf">"Nagarjuna and the Limits of Thought"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Philosophy East & West</i>, <b>53</b> (1): 1–21, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpew.2003.0004">10.1353/pew.2003.0004</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11343%2F25880">11343/25880</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16724176">16724176</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+%26+West&rft.atitle=Nagarjuna+and+the+Limits+of+Thought&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-21&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11343%2F25880&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16724176%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fpew.2003.0004&rft.aulast=Garfield&rft.aufirst=Jay+L.&rft.au=Priest%2C+Graham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FNagarjuna%2FNagarjunaTheLimitsOfThought.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandukya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaeva1993" class="citation cs2">Isaeva, N.V. (1993), <i>Shankara and Indian Philosophy</i>, SUNY Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shankara+and+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Isaeva&rft.aufirst=N.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandukya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalupahana1994" class="citation cs2">Kalupahana, David J. (1994), <i>A history of Buddhist philosophy</i>, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Buddhist+philosophy&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers+Private+Limited&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Kalupahana&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandukya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1995" class="citation cs2">King, Richard (1995), <i>Early Advaita Vedānta and Buddhism: The Mahāyāna Context of the Gauḍapādīya-kārikā</i>, SUNY Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Advaita+Ved%C4%81nta+and+Buddhism%3A+The+Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na+Context+of+the+Gau%E1%B8%8Dap%C4%81d%C4%ABya-k%C4%81rik%C4%81&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandukya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKochumuttom1999" class="citation cs2">Kochumuttom, Thomas A. (1999), <i>A buddhist Doctrine of Experience. A New Translation and Interpretation of the Works of Vasubandhu the Yogacarin</i>, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+buddhist+Doctrine+of+Experience.+A+New+Translation+and+Interpretation+of+the+Works+of+Vasubandhu+the+Yogacarin&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kochumuttom&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandukya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahony1987" class="citation cs2">Mahony, William K. (1987), "Upanisads", in Jones, Lindsay (ed.), <i>MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion (2005)</i>, MacMillan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Upanisads&rft.btitle=MacMillan+Encyclopedia+of+Religion+%282005%29&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Mahony&rft.aufirst=William+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandukya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamura2004" class="citation cs2">Nakamura, Hajime (2004), <i>A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy, Part 2</i>, Motilal Banarsidass Publ.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Early+Ved%C4%81nta+Philosophy%2C+Part+2&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=Hajime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandukya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle1998" class="citation cs2">Olivelle, Patrick (1998), <i>The Early Upanishads</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Upanishads&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandukya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaju1992" class="citation cs2">Raju, P.T. (1992), <i>The Philosophical Traditions of India</i>, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophical+Traditions+of+India&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers+Private+Limited&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Raju&rft.aufirst=P.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandukya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarma1996" class="citation cs2">Sarma, Chandradhar (1996), <i>The Advaita Tradition in Indian Philosophy</i>, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Advaita+Tradition+in+Indian+Philosophy&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Sarma&rft.aufirst=Chandradhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandukya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRama1982" class="citation cs2">Rama, Swami (1982), <i>Enlightenment Without God</i>, Honesdale, Pennsylvania, USA: The Himalayan International Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enlightenment+Without+God&rft.place=Honesdale%2C+Pennsylvania%2C+USA&rft.pub=The+Himalayan+International+Institute+of+Yoga+Science+and+Philosophy&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Rama&rft.aufirst=Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandukya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRama2007" class="citation cs2">Rama, Swami (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9vXFcUYWgxsC&q=mandukya+upanishad"><i>OM the Eternal Witness: Secrets of the Mandukya Upanishad</i></a> (Prakash Keshaviah PHD ed.), India: Himalaya Institute hospital trust, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88157-43-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-88157-43-3"><bdi>978-81-88157-43-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OM+the+Eternal+Witness%3A+Secrets+of+the+Mandukya+Upanishad&rft.place=India&rft.edition=Prakash+Keshaviah+PHD&rft.pub=Himalaya+Institute+hospital+trust&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-88157-43-3&rft.aulast=Rama&rft.aufirst=Swami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9vXFcUYWgxsC%26q%3Dmandukya%2Bupanishad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandukya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra2016" class="citation cs2">Mishra, Dr. Suryamani (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chintanprakashan.com/ishadi-nau-upnishad-hindi-rupantar"><i>Ishadi Nau Upnishad - Hindi Translated</i></a>, Chintan Prakashan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-85804-16-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-85804-16-8"><bdi>978-93-85804-16-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ishadi+Nau+Upnishad+-+Hindi+Translated&rft.pub=Chintan+Prakashan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-93-85804-16-8&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Suryamani&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chintanprakashan.com%2Fishadi-nau-upnishad-hindi-rupantar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandukya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web-sources">Web-sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Web-sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holybooks.com/wp-content/uploads/Sleep-as-a-State-of-Consciousness-in-Advaita-Vedanta.pdf">Arvind Sharma, <i>Sleep as a State of Consciousness in Advaita Vedånta</i>. State University of New York Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Om-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Om_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Om_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Om_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Om_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.advaita.org.uk/discourses/downloads/om.pdf">advaita.org.uk, <i>Om</i> – three states and one reality (An interpretation of the Mandukya Upanishad)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rm-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rm_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bhagavan-ramana.org/ramana_maharshi/books/tw/tw617.html"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamana_Maharshi" class="citation book cs1">Ramana Maharshi. <i>States of Consciousness</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=States+of+Consciousness&rft.au=Ramana+Maharshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandukya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sc1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sc1_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yogaofsrichinmoy.com/yoga/summits_of_god-life"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSri_Chinmoy" class="citation book cs1">Sri Chinmoy. <i>Summits of God-Life</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Summits+of+God-Life&rft.au=Sri+Chinmoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandukya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011052/http://www.hiartx.com/nagarjunapyrrho.htm">"Anthony Peter Iannini (2001), <i>Nāgārjuna's Emptiness and Pyrrho's Skepticism</i>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiartx.com/nagarjunapyrrho.htm">the original</a> on 2013-12-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anthony+Peter+Iannini+%282001%29%2C+N%C4%81g%C4%81rjuna%27s+Emptiness+and+Pyrrho%27s+Skepticism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiartx.com%2Fnagarjunapyrrho.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandukya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDvivedi2003" class="citation cs2">Dvivedi, Manilal N. (2003), <i>The Mandukyopanishad: With Gaudapada's Karikas and the Bhashya of Sankara</i>, Jain Publishing Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mandukyopanishad%3A+With+Gaudapada%27s+Karikas+and+the+Bhashya+of+Sankara&rft.pub=Jain+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Dvivedi&rft.aufirst=Manilal+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandukya+Upanishad" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Eight Upanishads. Vol.2. With the commentary of Sankaracharya, Tr. By Swami Gambhirananda. Advaita Ashrama, Calcutta, 1990.</li> <li>V. Krishnamurthy. Essentials of Hinduism. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. 1989</li> <li>Swami Rama. Enlightenment Without God [commentary on Mandukya Upanishad]. Himalayan International Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy, 1982.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a>, <i>The Upanishads</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sriaurobindoashram.info/Contents.aspx?ParentCategoryName=_StaticContent/SriAurobindoAshram/-09%20E-Library/-01%20Works%20of%20Sri%20Aurobindo/-12_The%20Upanishad_Volume-12">[1]</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo_Ashram" title="Sri Aurobindo Ashram">Sri Aurobindo Ashram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pondicherry (city)">Pondicherry</a>. 1972.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandukya_Upanishad&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mandukya_Upanishad" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya Upanishad</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/mandukya-upanishad-karika-bhashya">The Mandukya Upanishad/Karika, Shankara’s Commentary and Anandagiri’s Tika</a> Translated by Swami Nikhilananda, online ebook</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n411/mode/2up">Mandukya Upanishad</a> Robert Hume (Translator), Oxford University Press</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universaltheosophy.com/legacy/movements/ancient-east/vedic-india/mandukya-upanishad/">Multiple translations (Johnston, Nikhilānanda, Dvivedi, Panoli)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bharatadesam.com/spiritual/upanishads/mandukya_upanishad.php">Mandukya Upanishad with Gaudapada Karika</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eGKFTUuJppU">Part 1 of a Vedanta class by Swami Sarvapriyananda on the Mandukya Upanishad</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0dugc4TrlE">Part 2 of a Vedanta class by Swami Sarvapriyananda on the Mandukya Upanishad</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MandukyaUpanihadBook">Tamil translation</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Recitation</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gaana.com/#!/albums/maandookya-upanishad">Mandukya Upanishad recitation by Pt. Ganesh Vidyalankar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sfvedanta.org/class-audio/mandukya-upanisad/">Downloadable Audio of 44 Classes on Mandukya Upanishad and Gaudapada Karika</a> by Swami Tattwamayananda</li></ul> <p><b>Resources</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vedantahub.org/mandukya-upanishad/">Video/Audio classes, Reference texts, Discussions and other Study material on Mandukya Upanishad at Vedanta Hub</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="16px_The_108_Upanishads" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC66C;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mukhya_Upanishads" title="Template:Mukhya Upanishads"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mukhya_Upanishads" title="Template talk:Mukhya Upanishads"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mukhya_Upanishads" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mukhya Upanishads"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="16px_The_108_Upanishads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aum_Om_red_dark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aum_Om_red_dark.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red_dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aum_Om_red_dark.svg/24px-Aum_Om_red_dark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Aum_Om_red_dark.svg/32px-Aum_Om_red_dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> The 108 <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Upanishad" title="Brahma Upanishad">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaivalya_Upanishad" title="Kaivalya Upanishad">Kaivalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabala_Upanishad" title="Jabala Upanishad">Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamsopanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamsopanishad">Hamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruneya_Upanishad" title="Aruneya Upanishad">Aruneya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbha_Upanishad" title="Garbha Upanishad">Garbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Upanishad" title="Narayana Upanishad">Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahamsa_Upanishad" title="Paramahamsa Upanishad">Paramahamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritabindu_Upanishad" title="Amritabindu Upanishad">Amritabindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amritanada_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Amritanada Upanishad">Amritanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvashiras_Upanishad" title="Atharvashiras Upanishad">Atharvashiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvashikha_Upanishad" title="Atharvashikha Upanishad">Atharvashikha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihajjabala_Upanishad" title="Brihajjabala Upanishad">Brihajjabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nrisimha_Tapaniya_Upanishad" title="Nrisimha Tapaniya Upanishad">Nrisimha Tapaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagni_Rudra_Upanishad" title="Kalagni Rudra Upanishad">Kalagni Rudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya_Upanishad" title="Maitreya Upanishad">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subala_Upanishad" title="Subala Upanishad">Subala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshurika_Upanishad" title="Kshurika Upanishad">Kshurika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantrika_Upanishad" title="Mantrika Upanishad">Mantrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvasara_Upanishad" title="Sarvasara Upanishad">Sarvasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Upanishad" title="Niralamba Upanishad">Niralamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukarahasya_Upanishad" title="Shukarahasya Upanishad">Shukarahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasuchi_Upanishad" title="Vajrasuchi Upanishad">Vajrasuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejobindu_Upanishad" title="Tejobindu Upanishad">Tejobindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nada_Bindu_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nada Bindu Upanishad">Nadabindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyanabindu_Upanishad" title="Dhyanabindu Upanishad">Dhyanabindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavidya_Upanishad" title="Brahmavidya Upanishad">Brahmavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogatattva_Upanishad" title="Yogatattva Upanishad">Yogatattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmabodha_Upanishad" title="Atmabodha Upanishad">Atmabodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradaparivrajaka_Upanishad" title="Naradaparivrajaka Upanishad">Naradaparivrajaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trishikhibrahmana_Upanishad" title="Trishikhibrahmana Upanishad">Trishikhi-brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Upanishad" title="Sita Upanishad">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachudamani_Upanishad" title="Yogachudamani Upanishad">Yogachudamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana_Upanishad" title="Nirvana Upanishad">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala-brahmana_Upanishad" title="Mandala-brahmana Upanishad">Mandala-brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshinamurti_Upanishad" title="Dakshinamurti Upanishad">Dakshinamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharabha_Upanishad" title="Sharabha Upanishad">Sharabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Upanishad" title="Skanda Upanishad">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanarayana_Upanishad" title="Mahanarayana Upanishad">Mahanarayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advayataraka_Upanishad" title="Advayataraka Upanishad">Advayataraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Rahasya_Upanishad" title="Rama Rahasya Upanishad">Rama Rahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_tapaniya_Upanishad" title="Rama tapaniya Upanishad">Ramatapaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_Upanishad" title="Vasudeva Upanishad">Vasudeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudgala_Upanishad" title="Mudgala Upanishad">Mudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandilya_Upanishad" title="Shandilya Upanishad">Shandilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paingala_Upanishad" title="Paingala Upanishad">Paingala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikshuka_Upanishad" title="Bhikshuka Upanishad">Bhikshuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Upanishad" title="Maha Upanishad">Maha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sariraka_Upanishad" title="Sariraka Upanishad">Sariraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogashikha_Upanishad" title="Yogashikha Upanishad">Yogashikha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turiyatitavadhuta_Upanishad" title="Turiyatitavadhuta Upanishad">Turiyatita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihat-Sannyasa_Upanishad" title="Brihat-Sannyasa Upanishad">Sannyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahamsa_Parivrajaka_Upanishad" title="Paramahamsa Parivrajaka Upanishad">Paramahamsaparivrajaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshamalika_Upanishad" title="Akshamalika Upanishad">Akshamalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta_Upanishad" title="Avyakta Upanishad">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekakshara_Upanishad" title="Ekakshara Upanishad">Ekakshara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Upanishad" title="Annapurna Upanishad">Annapurna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Upanishad" title="Surya Upanishad">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshi_Upanishad" title="Akshi Upanishad">Akshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhyatma_Upanishad" title="Adhyatma Upanishad">Adhyatma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundika_Upanishad" title="Kundika Upanishad">Kundika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Upanishad" title="Savitri Upanishad">Savitri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atma_Upanishad" title="Atma Upanishad">Atma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupatabrahma_Upanishad" title="Pashupatabrahma Upanishad">Pashupatabrahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabrahma_Upanishad" title="Parabrahma Upanishad">Parabrahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avadhutaka_Upanishad" title="Avadhutaka Upanishad">Avadhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuratapini_Upanishad" title="Tripuratapini Upanishad">Tripuratapini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Upanishad" title="Tripura Upanishad">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathashruti_Upanishad" title="Kathashruti Upanishad">Kathashruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana_Upanishad" title="Bhavana Upanishad">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrahridaya_Upanishad" title="Rudrahridaya Upanishad">Rudrahridaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga-Kundalini_Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga-Kundalini Upanishad">Yoga-Kundalini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhasmajabala_Upanishad" title="Bhasmajabala Upanishad">Bhasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudrakshajabala_Upanishad" title="Rudrakshajabala Upanishad">Rudraksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapati_Atharvashirsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganapati Atharvashirsa">Ganapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darshana_Upanishad" title="Darshana Upanishad">Darshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarasara_Upanishad" title="Tarasara Upanishad">Tarasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavakya_Upanishad" title="Mahavakya Upanishad">Mahavakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancabrahma_Upanishad" title="Pancabrahma Upanishad">Pancabrahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranagnihotra_Upanishad" title="Pranagnihotra Upanishad">Pranagnihotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala_Tapani_Upanishad" title="Gopala Tapani Upanishad">Gopala-Tapani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Upanishad" title="Krishna Upanishad">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya_Upanishad" title="Yajnavalkya Upanishad">Yajnavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Upanishad" title="Varaha Upanishad">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatyayaniya_Upanishad" title="Shatyayaniya Upanishad">Shatyayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva_Upanishad" title="Hayagriva Upanishad">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya_Upanishad" title="Dattatreya Upanishad">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Upanishad" title="Garuda Upanishad">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali-Sa%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%AD%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87a_Upani%E1%B9%A3ad" title="Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣad">Kali-Santarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabali_Upanishad" title="Jabali Upanishad">Jabali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saubhagyalakshmi_Upanishad" title="Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad">Saubhagyalakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarasvati-rahasya_Upanishad" title="Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad">Sarasvati-rahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahvricha_Upanishad" title="Bahvricha Upanishad">Bahvricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">Muktikā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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