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<ul id="toc-Recensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Samhita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samhita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Samhita</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samhita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surgical_and_medical_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgical_and_medical_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Surgical and medical treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgical_and_medical_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charms_against_fever,_jaundice_and_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charms_against_fever,_jaundice_and_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Charms against fever, jaundice and diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charms_against_fever,_jaundice_and_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remedy_from_medicinal_herbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remedy_from_medicinal_herbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Remedy from medicinal herbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remedy_from_medicinal_herbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spells_and_prayers_to_gain_a_lover,_spouse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spells_and_prayers_to_gain_a_lover,_spouse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Spells and prayers to gain a lover, spouse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spells_and_prayers_to_gain_a_lover,_spouse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speculations_on_the_nature_of_man,_life,_good_and_evil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speculations_on_the_nature_of_man,_life,_good_and_evil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Speculations on the nature of man, life, good and evil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speculations_on_the_nature_of_man,_life,_good_and_evil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prayer_for_peace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prayer_for_peace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span>Prayer for peace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prayer_for_peace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brahmana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brahmana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Brahmana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brahmana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upanishads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upanishads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Upanishads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upanishads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mundaka_Upanishad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mundaka_Upanishad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Mundaka Upanishad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mundaka_Upanishad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandukya_Upanishad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandukya_Upanishad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Mandukya Upanishad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandukya_Upanishad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prashna_Upanishad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prashna_Upanishad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Prashna Upanishad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prashna_Upanishad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manuscripts_and_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts_and_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Manuscripts and translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts_and_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medicine_and_health_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine_and_health_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Medicine and health care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine_and_health_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Atharvaveda</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="أتهارفافيدا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أتهارفافيدا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6" title="অথৰ্ববেদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অথৰ্ববেদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharwaw%C3%A9da" title="Atharwawéda – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Atharwawéda" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6" title="অথর্ববেদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অথর্ববেদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Атхарва-Веда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Атхарва-Веда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="अथर्ववेद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अथर्ववेद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Atharvaveda" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="སྲིད་སྲུང་གི་རིག་བྱེད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྲིད་སྲུང་གི་རིག་བྱེད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvav%C3%A9da" title="Atharvavéda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Atharvavéda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Atharvaveda" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atharvaveda" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvaveeda" title="Atharvaveeda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Atharvaveeda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Atharvaveda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atarvavedo" title="Atarvavedo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atarvavedo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="آتارواودا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آتارواودا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharva-V%C3%A9da" title="Atharva-Véda – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Atharva-Véda" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A6" title="અથર્વવેદ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અથર્વવેદ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%83%80%EB%A5%B4%EB%B0%94%EB%B2%A0%EB%8B%A4" title="아타르바베다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아타르바베다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अथर्ववेद संहिता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अथर्ववेद संहिता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharwaweda" title="Atharwaweda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Atharwaweda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Atharvaveda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94" title="אתהרוה ודה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אתהרוה ודה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharwaw%C3%A9da" title="Atharwawéda – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Atharwawéda" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A6" title="ಅಥರ್ವವೇದ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಥರ್ವವೇದ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="ათარვავედა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ათარვავედა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Atharvaveda" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atharvaveda" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvav%C3%A9da" title="Atharvavéda – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Atharvavéda" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="അഥർവ്വവേദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഥർവ്വവേദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="अथर्ववेद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अथर्ववेद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="آتاروا ودا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آتاروا ودا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharva_Veda" title="Atharva Veda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Atharva Veda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%9A_%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯑꯊꯔꯚ ꯚꯦꯗꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯊꯔꯚ ꯚꯦꯗꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Atharvaveda" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" title="अथर्ववेद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अथर्ववेद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80" title="アタルヴァ・ヴェーダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アタルヴァ・ヴェーダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Atharvaveda" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Atharvaveda" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Atharvaveda" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A6" title="ਅਥਰਵ ਵੇਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਥਰਵ ਵੇਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8E_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="اتھروَ وید – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اتھروَ وید" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharwaweda" title="Atharwaweda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Atharwaweda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atarvaveda" title="Atarvaveda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Atarvaveda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Атхарваведа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атхарваведа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83" title="अथर्ववेदः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अथर्ववेदः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="اتھرو وید – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="اتھرو وید" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Atharvaveda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%AE%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF" title="අථර්ව වේද – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අථර්ව වේද" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Atharvaveda" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BF%D8%B1_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="اٿر ويد – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اٿر ويد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvav%C3%A9da" title="Atharvavéda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Atharvavéda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Atharvaveda" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A3_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அதர்வண வேதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அதர்வண வேதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%82" title="అథర్వణ వేదం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అథర్వణ వేదం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Atharvaveda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Атхарва-веда – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Атхарва-веда" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="اتھرو وید – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اتھرو وید" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharvav%C4%97da" title="Atharvavėda – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Atharvavėda" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%97%BC%E5%A9%86%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80" title="阿闼婆吠陀 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿闼婆吠陀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fourth Veda, ancient scriptures of Hinduism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background: #FFC569; color: #000000; font-size:125%; padding:2px">Atharvaveda</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_vedas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Four vedas"><img alt="Four vedas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Four_vedas.jpg/280px-Four_vedas.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Four_vedas.jpg/420px-Four_vedas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Four_vedas.jpg/560px-Four_vedas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="185" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Four Vedas</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC569; color: #000000;">Information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1200–900 BCE)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199637Witzel2001_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199637Witzel2001-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chapters</th><td class="infobox-data">20 <i><a href="/wiki/Chapter_(books)" title="Chapter (books)">kāṇḍas</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Verses</th><td class="infobox-data">5,977 mantras<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scriptures and texts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/150px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/200px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Shruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smriti</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Divisions</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Rig vedic</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Sama vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Yajur vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Atharva vedic</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other scriptures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> Related Hindu texts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><b>Brahma puranas</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmānda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Vaishnava puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shaiva puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.5em;"><b>Shakta puranas</b></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Ramayana">Historicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Mahabharata" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Mahabharata">Historicity</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Saiva Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugazh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugazh">Thiruppugazh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aathichoodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aathichoodi">Aathichoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Anthadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Anthadhi">Abhirami Anthadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)" title="Vedantasara (of Sadananda)">Vedantasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>The <b>Atharvaveda</b> or <b>Atharva Veda</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:अथर्ववेद">अथर्ववेद</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Atharvaveda</i></span>, from <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:अथर्वन्">अथर्वन्</a></i>, "priest" and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6" class="extiw" title="wikt:वेद">वेद</a></i>, "knowledge") or <b>Atharvana Veda</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">अथर्वणवेद</span>, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Atharvaṇaveda</i></span>) is the "knowledge storehouse of <i>atharvāṇas</i>, the procedures for everyday life".<sup id="cite_ref-lauriepatton38_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lauriepatton38-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text is the fourth <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Veda</a>, and is a late addition to the Vedic scriptures of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lauriepatton57late_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lauriepatton57late-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maurice1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maurice1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The language of the Atharvaveda is different from <a href="/wiki/Rigvedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigvedic">Rigvedic</a> Sanskrit, preserving pre-Vedic Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Archaisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaisms">archaisms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParpola2015131_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola2015131-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maurice1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maurice1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a collection of 730 <a href="/wiki/Music_of_India#History" title="Music of India">hymns</a> with about 6,000 mantras, divided into 20 books.<sup id="cite_ref-maurice1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maurice1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About a sixth of the Atharvaveda texts adapt verses from the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, and except for Books 15 and 16, the text is mainly in verse deploying a diversity of Vedic meters.<sup id="cite_ref-maurice1_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maurice1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two different recensions of the text – the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Paippalāda</i></span> and the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śaunakīya</i></span> – have survived into modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-fritsstaal136_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fritsstaal136-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reliable <a href="/wiki/Manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuscripts">manuscripts</a> of the Paippalada edition were believed to have been lost, but a well-preserved version was discovered among a collection of palm leaf manuscripts in <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-fritsstaal136_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fritsstaal136-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Atharvaveda is sometimes called the "Veda of <a href="/wiki/Magical_formula" title="Magical formula">magical formulas</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-lauriepatton38_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lauriepatton38-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a description considered incorrect by other scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-jangonda277_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jangonda277-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to the 'hieratic religion' of the other three Vedas, the Atharvaveda is said to represent a 'popular religion', incorporating not only formulas for <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">magic</a>, but also the daily rituals for initiation into learning (<i>upanayana</i>), marriage and funerals. Royal rituals and the duties of the court priests are also included in the Atharvaveda.<sup id="cite_ref-Parpola_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parpola-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Atharvaveda was likely compiled as a Veda contemporaneously with <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a>, or about 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel20015–6_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel20015–6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the Samhita layer of text, the Atharvaveda includes a <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a> text, and a final layer of the text that covers philosophical speculations. The latter layer of Atharvaveda text includes three primary Upanishads, influential to various schools of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>. These include the <a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka Upanishad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya Upanishad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna Upanishad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_nomenclature">Etymology and nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Veda may be named, states <a href="/wiki/Monier_Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="Monier Williams">Monier Williams</a>, after the mythical priest named <i>Atharvan</i> who was first to develop prayers to fire, offer Soma, and who composed "formulas and spells intended to counteract diseases and calamities".<sup id="cite_ref-mmwatharvan_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwatharvan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name Atharvaveda, states Laurie Patton, is for the text being "Veda of the Atharvāṇas".<sup id="cite_ref-lauriepatton38_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lauriepatton38-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest name of the text, according to its own verse 10.7.20, was <i>Atharvangirasah</i>, a compound of "<a href="/wiki/Atharvan" title="Atharvan">Atharvan</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a>", both Vedic scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-maurice7_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maurice7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each scholar called the text after itself, such as <i>Saunakiya Samhita</i>, meaning the "compiled text of Saunakiya".<sup id="cite_ref-maurice7_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maurice7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Atharvan" and "Angiras" names, states Maurice Bloomfield,<sup id="cite_ref-maurice7_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maurice7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> imply different things, with the former considered auspicious while the latter implying hostile sorcery practices. Over time, the positive auspicious side came to be celebrated and the name Atharva Veda became widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-maurice7_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maurice7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter name Angiras which is linked to <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a> and priests in the Vedas, states George Brown, may also be related to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European</a> <i>Angirôs</i> found in an <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> text from Nippur.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Michael Witzel</a> states the etymology of <i>Atharvan</i> is Proto Indo-Iranian <i>*atharwan</i> "[ancient] priest, sorcerer", and it is cognate to Avestan <i>āθrauuan</i> "priest" and possibly related to Tocharian <i>*athr</i>, "superior force".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Atharvaveda is also occasionally referred to as <i>Bhrgvangirasah</i> and <i>Brahmaveda</i>, after <a href="/wiki/Bhrigu" title="Bhrigu">Bhrigu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-maurice7_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maurice7-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dating_and_historical_context">Dating and historical context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dating and historical context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Atharvaveda is dated by Flood at ca. 900 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199637_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199637-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Michael Witzel gives a dating at, or slightly after, c. 1200/1000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel20016_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel20016-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient Indian tradition initially recognized only three Vedas.<sup id="cite_ref-fritsstaal136_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fritsstaal136-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carlolson13_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carlolson13-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rigveda, the verse 3.12.9.1 of Taittiriya Brahmana, the verse 5.32-33 of Aitareya Brahmana and other Vedic era texts mention only three Vedas.<sup id="cite_ref-lauriepatton57late_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lauriepatton57late-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The acceptance of the Atharvanas hymns and traditional folk practices was slow, and it was accepted as another Veda much later than the first three, by both orthodox and heterodox traditions of Indian philosophies. The early Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikaya">Nikaya</a> texts, for example, do not recognize Atharvaveda as the fourth Veda, and make references to only three Vedas.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olson states that the ultimate acceptance of Atharvaveda as the fourth Veda probably came in the 2nd half of the 1st millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-carlolson13_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carlolson13-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, notes <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a>, the hymns of Atharvaveda existed by the time <a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya Upanishad</a> was completed (~700 BCE), but were then referred to as "hymns of Atharvangirasah".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frits_Staal" title="Frits Staal">Frits Staal</a> states that the text may be a compilation of poetry and knowledge that developed in two different regions of ancient India, the Kuru region in northern India and the Pancalas region of eastern India.<sup id="cite_ref-fritsstaal136_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fritsstaal136-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former was home to Paippalāda, whose name was derived from the sacred fig tree named <i>Pippala</i> (Sanskrit: पिप्पल). This school's compositions were in the Rigvedic style.<sup id="cite_ref-fritsstaal136_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fritsstaal136-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pancalas region contributions came from composer-priests Angirasas and Bhargavas, whose style was unlike the metric Rigvedic composition, and their content included forms of medical sorcery. The Atharvaveda editions now known are a combination of their compositions.<sup id="cite_ref-fritsstaal136_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fritsstaal136-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The core text of the Atharvaveda falls within the classical Mantra period of <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a>, during the 2nd millennium BC - younger than the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, and roughly contemporary with the <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a> mantras, the Rigvedic <a href="/wiki/Khilani" title="Khilani">Khilani</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sāmaveda</i></span></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvard_U_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard_U-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no absolute dating of any Vedic text including the Atharvaveda.<sup id="cite_ref-michaelwitzel68_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michaelwitzel68-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dating for Atharvaveda is derived from the new metals and items mentioned therein; it, for example, mentions <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> (as <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">krsna ayas</i></span>, literally "black metal"), and such mentions have led Michael Witzel to the estimate that the Atharvaveda hymns were compiled in the early Indian <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">Iron Age</a>, at, or slightly after, c. 1200/1000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-michaelwitzel68_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michaelwitzel68-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel20016_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel20016-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> corresponding to the early <a href="/wiki/Kuru_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuru Kingdom">Kuru Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The priests who practised the Atharvaveda were considered to be the lowest tier of <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a>, in comparison to the priests who practised the Rigveda, Samaveda, or Yajurveda [considered by whom?].<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A stigma held by some against Atharvaveda priests is documented in <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> well into the modern day.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvard_U_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard_U-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Text">Text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atharva-Veda_samhita_page_471_illustration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Atharva-Veda_samhita_page_471_illustration.png/220px-Atharva-Veda_samhita_page_471_illustration.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Atharva-Veda_samhita_page_471_illustration.png/330px-Atharva-Veda_samhita_page_471_illustration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Atharva-Veda_samhita_page_471_illustration.png/440px-Atharva-Veda_samhita_page_471_illustration.png 2x" data-file-width="2313" data-file-height="3106" /></a><figcaption>A page from the Atharva Veda <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a>, its most ancient layer of text.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Atharvaveda is a collection of 20 books, with a total of 730 hymns of about 6,000 stanzas.<sup id="cite_ref-maurice1_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maurice1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text is, state Patrick Olivelle and other scholars, a historical collection of beliefs and rituals addressing practical issues of daily life of the Vedic society, and it is not a liturgical Yajurveda-style collection.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-williamwhitney254_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamwhitney254-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recensions">Recensions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Recensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Caraṇavyuha</i></span></i>, a later era Sanskrit text, states that the Atharvaveda had nine <a href="/wiki/Shakha" title="Shakha">shakhas</a>, or schools: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">paippalāda</i></span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">stauda</i></span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">mauda</i></span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">śaunakīya</i></span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">jājala</i></span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">jalada</i></span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">brahmavada</i></span>, <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">devadarśa</i></span> and <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">cāraṇavaidyā</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-brmodak15_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brmodak15-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of these, only the Shaunakiya recension, and the more recently discovered manuscripts of Paippalāda recension have survived.<sup id="cite_ref-fritsstaal136_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fritsstaal136-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Paippalāda edition is more ancient.<sup id="cite_ref-jangonda273_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jangonda273-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two recensions differ in how they are organized, as well as content.<sup id="cite_ref-jangonda273_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jangonda273-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the Book 10 of Paippalada recension is more detailed and observed carefully not doing a single mistake, more developed and more conspicuous in describing <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a>, the concept of "oneness of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, all life forms and the world".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization">Organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Atharvaveda Samhita originally was organized into 18 books (<span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kāṇḍas</i></span>), and the last two were added later.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller455_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller455-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These books are arranged neither by subject nor by authors (as is the case with the other Vedas), but by the length of the hymns.<sup id="cite_ref-williamwhitney254_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamwhitney254-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each book generally has hymns of about a similar number of verses, and the surviving manuscripts label the book with the shortest hymns as Book 1, and then in an increasing order (a few manuscripts do the opposite). Most of the hymns are poetic and set to different meters, but about a sixth of the book is prose.<sup id="cite_ref-williamwhitney254_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamwhitney254-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the hymns of Atharvaveda are unique to it, except for the one sixth of its hymns that it borrows from the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, primarily from its 10th mandala.<sup id="cite_ref-williamwhitney254_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamwhitney254-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller455_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller455-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 19th book was a supplement of a similar nature, likely of new compositions and was added later.<sup id="cite_ref-williamwhitney254_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamwhitney254-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 143 hymns of the 20th book of Atharvaveda Samhita is almost entirely borrowed from the Rigveda.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hymns of Atharvaveda cover a motley of topics, across its twenty books. Roughly, the first seven books focus primarily on magical poems for all sorts of healing and sorcery, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Michael Witzel</a> states these are reminiscent of Germanic and Hittite sorcery stanzas, and may likely be the oldest section.<sup id="cite_ref-michaelwitzelpage76_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michaelwitzelpage76-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Books 8 to 12 are speculations of a variety of topics, while Books 13 to 18 tend to be about life cycle <a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">rites of passage</a> rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-michaelwitzelpage76_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michaelwitzelpage76-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Srautasutra</i> texts <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vaitāna Sūtra</i></span> and the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kauśika Sūtra</i></span> are attached to the Atharvaveda Shaunaka edition, as are a supplement of Atharvan <i>Prayascitthas</i>, two <i>Pratishakhyas</i>, and a collection of <i>Parisisthas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Paippalada edition of Atharvaveda, corresponding texts were Agastya and Paithinasi Sutras but these are lost or yet to be discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Atharvaveda is sometimes called the "Veda of <a href="/wiki/Magic_in_the_ancient_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic in the ancient world">magical formulas</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-lauriepatton38_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lauriepatton38-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an epithet declared to be incorrect by many scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-jangonda277_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jangonda277-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a> layer of the text likely represents a developing 2nd millennium BCE tradition of <a href="/wiki/Magico-religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Magico-religious">magico-religious</a> rites to address superstitious anxiety, spells to remove maladies believed to be caused by demons, and herbs- and nature-derived <a href="/wiki/Potion" title="Potion">potions</a> as medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many books of the Atharvaveda Samhita are dedicated to rituals without magic and to theosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-jangonda277_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jangonda277-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text, states <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Zysk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Zysk (page does not exist)">Kenneth Zysk</a>, is one of oldest surviving record of the evolutionary practices in religious medicine and reveals the "earliest forms of folk healing of Indo-European antiquity".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Atharvaveda Samhita contains hymns many of which were charms, magic spells and incantations meant to be pronounced by the person who seeks some benefit, or more often by a sorcerer who would say it on his or her behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller455_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller455-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most frequent goal of these hymns, charms, and spells were long life of a loved one or recovery from some illness. In these cases, the affected would be given substances such as a plant (leaf, seed, root) and an <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller455_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller455-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some magic spells were for soldiers going to war with the goal of defeating the enemy, others for anxious lovers seeking to remove rivals or to attract the lover who is less than interested, some for success at a sporting event, in economic activity, for bounty of cattle and crops, or removal of petty pest bothering a household.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller455_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller455-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some hymns were not about magic spells and charms, but prayer qua prayer and philosophical speculations.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The contents of the Atharvaveda contrasts with the other Vedas. The 19th century Indologist Weber summarized the contrast as follows, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>The spirit of the two collections [Rigveda, Atharvaveda] is indeed widely different. In the Rigveda there breathes a lively natural feeling, a warm love for nature; while in the Atharva there prevails, on the contrary, only an anxious dread of her evil spirits and their magical powers. In the Rigveda we find the people in a state of free activity and independence; in the Atharva we see it bound in the fetters of the hierarchy and superstition. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Albrecht Weber<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" title="Jan Gonda">Jan Gonda</a> cautions that it would be incorrect to label Atharvaveda Samhita as mere compilation of magical formulas, witchcraft and sorcery.<sup id="cite_ref-jangonda277_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jangonda277-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While such verses are indeed present in the Samhita layer, a significant portion of the Samhita text are hymns for domestic rituals without magic or spells, and some are theosophical speculations such as "all Vedic gods are One".<sup id="cite_ref-jangonda277_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jangonda277-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the non-Samhita layers of Atharvaveda text include a Brahmana and several influential Upanishads.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samhita">Samhita</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Samhita"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surgical_and_medical_treatment">Surgical and medical treatment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Surgical and medical treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Atharvaveda includes mantras and verses for treating a variety of ailments. For example, the verses in hymn 4.15 of the recently discovered Paippalada version of the Atharvaveda, discuss how to deal with an open fracture, and how to wrap the wound with Rohini plant (<i><a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">Ficus</a> infectoria</i>, native to India):<sup id="cite_ref-fritsstaal138_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fritsstaal138-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>Let marrow be put together with marrow, and joint together with joint,<br /> together what of the flesh fallen apart, together sinew and together your bone.<br /> Let marrow come together with marrow, let bone grow over together with bone.<br /> We put together your sinew with sinew, let skin grow with skin. </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Atharvaveda 4.15, Paippalada Edition<sup id="cite_ref-fritsstaal138_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fritsstaal138-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charms_against_fever,_jaundice_and_diseases"><span id="Charms_against_fever.2C_jaundice_and_diseases"></span>Charms against fever, jaundice and diseases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Charms against fever, jaundice and diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous hymns of the Atharvaveda are prayers and incantations wishing a child or loved one to get over some sickness and become healthy again, along with comforting the family members. The Vedic era assumption was that diseases are caused by evil spirits, external beings or demonic forces who enter the body of a victim to cause sickness.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hymn 5.21 of the Paippalāda edition of the text, for example, states, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>Heaven our father, and Earth our mother, Agni the men-watcher,<br /> let them send the ten days’ fever far away from us.<br /> O fever, these snowy mountains with Soma on their back have made the wind, the messenger, the healer for us,<br /> Disappear from here to the Maratas.<br /> Neither the women desire you, nor the men whosoever,<br /> Neither a small one, nor a grown-up weeps here from desire of fever.<br /> Do not harm our grown-up men, do not harm our grown-up women,<br /> Do not harm our boys, do not harm our girls.<br /> You who simultaneously discharge the balasa, cough, udraja, terrible are your missiles,<br /> O fever, avoid us with them. </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Atharvaveda 5.21, Paippalada Edition, Translated by Alexander Lubotsky<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Remedy_from_medicinal_herbs">Remedy from medicinal herbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Remedy from medicinal herbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several hymns in the Atharvaveda such as hymn 8.7, just like the Rigveda's hymn 10.97, is a praise of medicinal herbs and plants, suggesting that speculations about the medical and health value of plants and herbs was an emerging field of knowledge in ancient India.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Atharvavedic hymn states (abridged), </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>The tawny colored, and the pale, the variegated and the red,<br /> the dusky tinted, and the black – all Plants we summon hitherward.<br /> I speak to Healing Herbs spreading, and bushy, to creepers, and to those whose sheath is single,<br /> I call for thee the fibrous, and the reed like, and branching plants, dear to Vishwa Devas, powerful, giving life to men.<br /> The conquering strength, the power and might, which ye, victorious plants possess,<br /> Therewith deliver this man here from this consumption, O ye Plants: so I prepare the remedy. </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Atharvaveda 8.7, Shaunakiya Edition<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spells_and_prayers_to_gain_a_lover,_spouse"><span id="Spells_and_prayers_to_gain_a_lover.2C_spouse"></span>Spells and prayers to gain a lover, spouse</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Spells and prayers to gain a lover, spouse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The contents of the Atharvaveda have been studied to glean information about the social and cultural mores in the Vedic era of India.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of verses relate to spells for gaining a husband, or a wife, or the love of a woman,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to prevent any rivals from winning over one's "love interest".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>May O Agni!, a suitor after our own heart come to us, may he come to this maiden with fortune! <br /> May she be agreeable to suitors, charming at festivals, promptly obtain happiness through a husband!<br /> <br /> As this comfortable cave, O Indra!, furnishing a safe abode hath become pleasing to all life,<br /> thus may this woman be a favourite of fortune, beloved, not at odds with her husband!<br /> Do thou ascend the full, inexhaustible ship of fortune;<br /> upon this bring, hither the suitor who shall be agreeable to thee!<br /> <br /> Bring hither by thy shouts, O lord of wealth, the suitor, bend his mind towards her;<br /> turn thou the attention of every agreeable suitor towards her! </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Atharvaveda 2.36<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Speculations_on_the_nature_of_man,_life,_good_and_evil"><span id="Speculations_on_the_nature_of_man.2C_life.2C_good_and_evil"></span>Speculations on the nature of man, life, good and evil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Speculations on the nature of man, life, good and evil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Atharvaveda Samhita, as with the other Vedas, includes some hymns such as 4.1, 5.6, 10.7, 13.4, 17.1, 19.53-54, with metaphysical questions on the nature of existence, man, heaven and hell, good and evil.<sup id="cite_ref-willbrown18_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-willbrown18-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hymn 10.7 of Atharvaveda, for example, asks questions such as "what is the source of cosmic order? what and where is planted this notion of faith, holy duty, truth? how is earth and sky held? is there space beyond the sky? what are seasons and where do they go? does <i>Skambha</i> (literally "cosmic pillar",<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> synonym for <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a><sup id="cite_ref-willbrown18_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-willbrown18-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) penetrate everything or just somethings? does <i>Skambha</i> know the future? is <i>Skambha</i> the basis of Law, Devotion and Belief? who or what is <i>Skambha</i>?"<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><b>The wonderful structure of Man</b> </p><div class="poem"> <p>(...) How many gods and which were they,<br /> who gathered the breast, the neck bones of man?<br /> how many disposed the two teats? who the two collar bones?<br /> how many gathered the shoulder bones? how many the ribs?<br /> Who brought together his two arms, saying, "he must perform heroism?"<br /> (...) Which was the god who produced his brain, his forehead, his hindhead?<br /> (...) Whence now in man come mishap, ruin, perdition, misery?<br /> accomplishment, success, non-failure? whence thought?<br /> What one god set sacrifice in man here?<br /> who set in him truth? who untruth?<br /> whence death? whence the immortal? </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Atharvaveda 10.2.4 - 10.2.14, Paippalāda Edition (Abridged)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Atharvaveda, like other Vedic texts, states <a href="/wiki/William_Norman_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="William Norman Brown">William Norman Brown</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-willbrown18_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-willbrown18-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> goes beyond the duality of heaven and hell, and speculates on the idea of <i>Skambha</i> or <i>Brahman</i> as the all pervasive monism.<sup id="cite_ref-willbrown18_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-willbrown18-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Good and evil, <i>Sat</i> and <i>Asat</i> (truth and untruth) are conceptualized differently in these hymns of Atharvaveda, and the Vedic thought, wherein these are not dualistic explanation of nature of creation, universe or man, rather the text transcends these and the duality therein. Order is established out of chaos, truth is established out of untruth, by a process and universal principles that transcend good and evil.<sup id="cite_ref-willbrown18_57-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-willbrown18-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prayer_for_peace">Prayer for peace</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prayer for peace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some hymns are prayer qua prayer, desiring harmony and peace. For example, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <div class="poem"> <p>Give us agreement with our own; with strangers give us unity<br /> Do ye, O Asvins, in this place join us in sympathy and love.<br /> May we agree in mind, agree in purpose; let us not fight against the heavenly spirit<br /> Around us rise no din of frequent slaughter, nor Indra's arrow fly, for day is present! </p> </div> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Atharvaveda 7.52<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brahmana">Brahmana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Brahmana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Atharvaveda includes Gopatha <a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a> text, that goes with Atharva <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upanishads">Upanishads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Upanishads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Atharvaveda has three primary Upanishads embedded within it.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mundaka_Upanishad">Mundaka Upanishad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mundaka Upanishad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka Upanishad</a>, embedded inside the Atharvaveda, is a poetic-style Upanishad with 64 verses, written in the form of <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a>. However, these mantras are not used in rituals; rather they are used for teaching and meditation on spiritual knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerintro_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerintro-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In ancient and medieval era Indian literature and commentaries, the Mundaka Upanishad is referred to as one of the Mantra Upanishads.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Mundaka Upanishad</i> contains three <i>Mundakams</i> (parts), each with two sections.<sup id="cite_ref-eroerfull_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eroerfull-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerfull_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerfull-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Mundakam, states Roer,<sup id="cite_ref-eroerfull_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eroerfull-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defines the sciences of "Higher Knowledge" and "Lower Knowledge", and then asserts that the acts of oblations and pious gifts are foolish and do nothing to reduce unhappiness in the current life or the next - rather, it is knowledge that frees people. The second Mundakam describes the nature of the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (Self, Soul), and the path to know Brahman. The third Mundakam continues the discussion and then asserts that the state of knowing Brahman is one of freedom, fearlessness, liberation and bliss.<sup id="cite_ref-eroerfull_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eroerfull-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxmullerfull_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmullerfull-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Mundaka Upanishad</i> is one of text that discuss the <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a> theory in Hindu scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-geisler_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geisler-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text, like other Upanishads, also discusses ethics.<sup id="cite_ref-roberthume374_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberthume374-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Through continuous pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> (truthfulness), <a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Sanskrit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapas (Sanskrit)">Tapas</a> (perseverance, austerity), <i>Samyajñāna</i> (correct knowledge), and <a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a>, one attains <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (Self, Soul).</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Mundaka Upanishad, 3.1.5<sup id="cite_ref-roberthume374_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberthume374-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mandukya_Upanishad">Mandukya Upanishad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mandukya Upanishad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya Upanishad</a> is the shortest of all the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>, found in the Atharvaveda text.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenfull-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text discusses the syllable <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a>, presents the theory of four states of consciousness, and asserts the existence and nature of the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (Soul, Self).<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussenfull-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-humefull_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-humefull-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mandukya Upanishad is notable for inspiring <a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a>'s <i>Karika</i>, a classic of the <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> school of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-muktika_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muktika-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mandukya Upanishad is among the oft-cited texts on chronology and the philosophical relationship between Hinduism and Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prashna_Upanishad">Prashna Upanishad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Prashna Upanishad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna Upanishad</a> is from the <i>Paippalada</i> school of Atharvavedins.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The text contains six <i>Prashna</i> (questions), and each forms a chapter with a discussion of its answers.<sup id="cite_ref-roberthumefull_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberthumefull-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eroerfull2_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eroerfull2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first three questions are profound metaphysical questions but, states Eduard Roer,<sup id="cite_ref-eroerfull2_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eroerfull2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they do not contain any defined philosophical answers; they are mostly embellished mythology and symbolism. The fourth section, in contrast, contains some substantial philosophy. The last two sections discuss the symbol <a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a> and the concept of <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eroerfull2_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eroerfull2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Prashna Upanishad is notable for its structure and its sociological insights into the education process in ancient India.<sup id="cite_ref-charlesjohnstonfull_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charlesjohnstonfull-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manuscripts_and_translations">Manuscripts and translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Manuscripts and translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Shaunakiya text was published by Rudolf Roth and <a href="/wiki/William_Dwight_Whitney" title="William Dwight Whitney">William Dwight Whitney</a> in 1856, by Shankar Pandurang Pandit in the 1890s, and by Vishva Bandhu in 1960–1962. The first complete English translation was made by Ralph T.H. Griffith in 1895-96,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed shortly by Maurice Bloomfield's translation of about one third of the hymns in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were followed by a nearly complete translation (missing Book 20) with textual commentary by William Dwight Whitney, published in 1905, which is still cited in contemporary scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A corrupted and badly damaged version of the <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Paippalāda</i></span> text was edited by Leroy Carr Barret from 1905 to 1940 from a single <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmirian</a> <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81rad%C4%81_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāradā script">Śāradā</a></i></span> manuscript (now in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen" title="Tübingen">Tübingen</a>). <a href="/wiki/Durga_Mohan_Bhattacharyya" title="Durga Mohan Bhattacharyya">Durgamohan Bhattacharyya</a> discovered palm leaf manuscripts of the Paippalada recension in <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-fritsstaal136_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fritsstaal136-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son Dipak Bhattacharya has published the manuscripts. Thomas Zehnder translated Book 2 of the Paippalada recension into German in 1999, and Arlo Griffiths, Alexander Lubotsky and Carlos Lopez have separately published English translations of its Books 5 through 15.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gopatha Brahmana was translated by Hukam Chand Patyal as a dissertation at Pune University.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Charak.jpg/220px-Charak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Charak.jpg/330px-Charak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Charak.jpg/440px-Charak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Rishi Caraka (above), the author of <a href="/wiki/Caraka_Samhita" class="mw-redirect" title="Caraka Samhita">Caraka Samhita</a> credits Atharvaveda as an inspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-zysk125_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zysk125-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine_and_health_care">Medicine and health care</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Medicine and health care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kenneth Zysk states that the "magico-religious medicine had given way to a medical system based on empirical and rational ideas" in ancient India by around the start of Christian era, still the texts and people of India continued to revere the ancient Vedic texts.<sup id="cite_ref-zysk125_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zysk125-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rishi Sushruta, remembered for his contributions to surgical studies, credits Atharvaveda as a foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the verse 30.21 of the Caraka Samhita, states it reverence for the Atharvaveda as follows, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Therefore, the physician who has inquired [in verse 30.20] about [which Veda], devotion to the Atharvaveda is ordered from among the four: Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sutrasthara 30.21, Atharvaveda<sup id="cite_ref-zysk125_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zysk125-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The roots of <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a> – a traditional medical and health care practice in India—states Dominik Wujastyk, are in the texts called <a href="/wiki/Caraka_Samhita" class="mw-redirect" title="Caraka Samhita">Caraka Samhita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a>, both of which say that doctors, when asked, should assert their allegiance and inspiration to be the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, especially Atharvaveda.<sup id="cite_ref-wujastykxxviii_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wujastykxxviii-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khare and Katiyar state that the Indian tradition directly links Ayurveda to Atharvaveda.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wujastyk clarifies that the Vedic texts are a religious discourse and while herbal health care traditions are found in Atharvaveda, the systematic, scholarly medical literature of ancient India is first found in the Caraka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita.<sup id="cite_ref-wujastykxxviii_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wujastykxxviii-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kenneth Zysk adds <i><a href="/wiki/Bhela_Samhita" title="Bhela Samhita">Bhela Samhita</a></i> to this list.<sup id="cite_ref-zysk125_88-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zysk125-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The verse 11.7.24 of Atharvaveda contains the oldest known mention of the Indic literary genre the <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Puranas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1st millennium AD <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> literature included books of magico-religious mantras and spells for protection from evil influences of non-human beings such as demons and ghosts.<sup id="cite_ref-martinwiltshire245_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martinwiltshire245-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ritalanger20_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritalanger20-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were called <i>Pirita</i> (Pali: Paritta) and <i>Rakkhamanta</i> ("mantra for protection"), and they share premises and style of hymns found in Atharvaveda.<sup id="cite_ref-martinwiltshire245_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martinwiltshire245-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ritalanger20_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ritalanger20-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atharvashiras_Upanishad" title="Atharvashiras Upanishad">Atharvashiras Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhela_Samhita" title="Bhela Samhita">Bhela Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merseburg_charms" title="Merseburg charms">Merseburg charms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagovory" title="Zagovory">Zagovory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199637Witzel2001-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199637Witzel2001_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 37; <a href="#CITEREFWitzel2001">Witzel 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717035126/https://sites.google.com/a/vedicgranth.org/www/what_are_vedic_granth/the-four-veda/interpretation-and-more/construction-of-the-vedas?mobile=true">"Construction of the Vedas"</a>. <i>VedicGranth.Org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/a/vedicgranth.org/www/what_are_vedic_granth/the-four-veda/interpretation-and-more/construction-of-the-vedas?mobile=true">the original</a> on 17 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VedicGranth.Org&rft.atitle=Construction+of+the+Vedas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fa%2Fvedicgranth.org%2Fwww%2Fwhat_are_vedic_granth%2Fthe-four-veda%2Finterpretation-and-more%2Fconstruction-of-the-vedas%3Fmobile%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtharvaveda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lauriepatton38-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lauriepatton38_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lauriepatton38_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lauriepatton38_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lauriepatton38_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurie Patton (2004), "Veda and Upanishad," in <i>The Hindu World</i> (Editors: Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415215277" title="Special:BookSources/0-415215277">0-415215277</a>, page 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Olson (2007), <i>The Many Colors of Hinduism,</i> Rutgers University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813540689" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813540689">978-0813540689</a>, pages 13–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lauriepatton57late-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lauriepatton57late_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lauriepatton57late_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurie Patton (1994), <i>Authority, Anxiety, and Canon: Essays in Vedic Interpretation,</i> State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791419380" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791419380">978-0791419380</a>, page 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maurice1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maurice1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maurice1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maurice1_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maurice1_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maurice1_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurice Bloomfield, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/atharvaveda00bloouoft#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Atharvaveda</i></a>, Harvard University Press, pages 1-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola2015131-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParpola2015131_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParpola2015">Parpola 2015</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fritsstaal136-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fritsstaal136_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fritsstaal136_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fritsstaal136_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fritsstaal136_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fritsstaal136_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fritsstaal136_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fritsstaal136_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fritsstaal136_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frits Staal (2009), <i>Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights,</i> Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143099864" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143099864">978-0143099864</a>, pages 136-137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jangonda277-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jangonda277_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jangonda277_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jangonda277_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jangonda277_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jangonda277_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" title="Jan Gonda">Jan Gonda</a> (1975), <i>Vedic Literature: Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas,</i> Vol 1, Fasc. 1, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447016032" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447016032">978-3447016032</a>, pages 277–280, Quote: "It would be incorrect to describe the Atharvaveda Samhita as a collection of magical formulas".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parpola-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parpola_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParpola2015" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Asko_Parpola" title="Asko Parpola">Parpola, Asko</a> (2015), "The Atharvaveda and the Vrātyas", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_eykCQAAQBAJ"><i>The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, Chapter 12, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022692-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-022692-3"><bdi>978-0-19-022692-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Atharvaveda+and+the+Vr%C4%81tyas&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Hinduism%3A+The+Early+Aryans+and+the+Indus+Civilization&rft.pages=Chapter+12&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-022692-3&rft.aulast=Parpola&rft.aufirst=Asko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_eykCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtharvaveda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel20015–6-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel20015–6_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitzel2001">Witzel 2001</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._S._Valiathan" class="citation book cs1">M. S. Valiathan. <i>The Legacy of Caraka</i>. Orient Blackswan. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Caraka&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.au=M.+S.+Valiathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtharvaveda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, <i>Sixty Upanishads of the Veda,</i> Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814691" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814691">978-8120814691</a>, pages 605–609</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <i>The Upanishads, Part 2,</i> "Prasna Upanishad," Oxford University Press, pages xlii–xliii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmwatharvan-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mmwatharvan_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monier Monier Williams, <i>Sanskrit-English Dictionary</i>, Oxford University Press, Entry for Atharvan, page 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maurice7-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maurice7_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maurice7_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maurice7_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maurice7_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maurice7_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurice Bloomfield, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/atharvaveda00bloouoft#page/6/mode/2up"><i>The Atharvaveda</i></a>, Harvard University Press, pages 7–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1921" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, George William (1 January 1921). "Note on Angarôs, in Montgomery's 'Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>41</b>: <span class="nowrap">159–</span>160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F593717">10.2307/593717</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/593717">593717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Note+on+Angar%C3%B4s%2C+in+Montgomery%27s+%27Aramaic+Incantation+Texts+from+Nippur%27&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.date=1921-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F593717&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F593717%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=George+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtharvaveda" class="Z3988"></span>; For the text Brown refers to, see: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qg0TAAAAYAAJ&pg=PAPA196">Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur, By James Alan Montgomery</a></i>, p. PA196, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, pages 196, 195–200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Witzel (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp129_prehistoric_central_asia_linguistics.pdf">"Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia"</a> Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 129, page 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199637-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199637_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitzel20016-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel20016_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitzel20016_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWitzel2001">Witzel 2001</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carlolson13-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carlolson13_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carlolson13_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl Olson (2007), <i>The Many Colors of Hinduism,</i> Rutgers University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813540689" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813540689">978-0813540689</a>, page 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frits_Staal" title="Frits Staal">Frits Staal</a> (2009), <i>Discovering the Vedas: Origin, Mantras, Rituals, Insights,</i> Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143099864" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143099864">978-0143099864</a>, page 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alex Wayman (1997), <i>Untying the Knots in Buddhism,</i> Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120813212" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120813212">978-8120813212</a>, pages 52-53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/38/mode/2up">"Chandogya Upanishad" 3.4.1</a> Oxford University Press, page 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvard_U-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_U_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_U_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Witzel_(1997)." class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Michael Witzel</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/canon.pdf">"The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools: The Social and Political Milieu. Harvard University, Harvard Oriental Series"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+the+Vedic+Canon+and+its+Schools%3A+The+Social+and+Political+Milieu.+Harvard+University%2C+Harvard+Oriental+Series.&rft.au=Michael+Witzel+%281997%29.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~witzel%2Fcanon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtharvaveda" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-michaelwitzel68-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-michaelwitzel68_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-michaelwitzel68_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Witzel (2003), "Vedas and Upaniṣads", in <i>The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism</i> (Editor: Gavin Flood), Blackwell, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631215352" title="Special:BookSources/0-631215352">0-631215352</a>, page 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Witzel" class="citation web cs1">Michael Witzel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220153727/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf">"Early Sanskritization.Origins and Development of the Kuru State"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Sanskritization.Origins+and+Development+of+the+Kuru+State.&rft.au=Michael+Witzel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com%2Fejvs0104%2Fejvs0104article.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtharvaveda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonda1975" class="citation book cs1">Gonda, Jan (1975). <i>A History of Indian Literature: I.1 Vedic literature (Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas)</i>. Otto Harrassowitz. p. 268.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Literature%3A+I.1+Vedic+literature+%28Sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81s+and+Br%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87as%29&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Gonda&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtharvaveda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Olivelle (2014), <i>Early Upanishads,</i> Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195352429" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195352429">978-0195352429</a>, page 8 footnote 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-williamwhitney254-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-williamwhitney254_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-williamwhitney254_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-williamwhitney254_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-williamwhitney254_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-williamwhitney254_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">William Whitney, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/journalofamerica04ameruoft#page/254/mode/2up">"History of the Vedic texts"</a>, <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society,</i> Vol. 4, pages 254-255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brmodak15-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brmodak15_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BR Modak (1993), <i>The Ancillary Literature of the Atharva-Veda,</i> Rashtriya Veda Vidya Pratishthan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121506076" title="Special:BookSources/9788121506076">9788121506076</a>, pages 15 (footnote 8), 393-394</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jangonda273-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jangonda273_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jangonda273_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Gonda (1975), <i>Vedic Literature: Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas,</i> Vol 1, Fasc. 1, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Harrassowitz_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Harrassowitz Verlag">Otto Harrassowitz Verlag</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447016032" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447016032">978-3447016032</a>, pages 273-274</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Gonda (1975), <i>Vedic Literature: Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas,</i> Vol 1, Fasc. 1, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447016032" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447016032">978-3447016032</a>, pages 296-297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller455-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller455_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller455_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller455_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller455_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller455_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cHCe48QSZaUC&pg=PA455">The Gopatha Brahmana (in A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature)</a></i>, p. 455, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Oxford University Press, pages 454-456</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Griffith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/hymnsoftheatharv029485mbp#page/n327/mode/2up">The Hymns of the Atharva Veda</a>, Volume 2, 2nd Edition, EJ Lazarus, pages 321-451</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-michaelwitzelpage76-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-michaelwitzelpage76_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-michaelwitzelpage76_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Witzel (2003), "Vedas and Upaniṣads", in <i>The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism</i> (Editor: Gavin Flood), Blackwell, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631215352" title="Special:BookSources/0-631215352">0-631215352</a>, page 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Gonda (1977), "The Ritual Sutras," in<i> A History of Indian Literature: Veda and Upanishads,</i> Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447018234" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447018234">978-3447018234</a>, pages 543-545</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SS Bahulkar (2003), "Samskararatnamala: An Atharvanic Prayoga," in <i>Pramodasindhu</i> (Editors: Kalyan Kale et al., Professor Pramod Ganesh Lalye’s 75th Birthday Felicitation Volume), Mansanman Prakashan, pages-28–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Witzel (2003), "Vedas and Upaniṣads", in <i>The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism</i> (Editor: Gavin Flood), Blackwell, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631215352" title="Special:BookSources/0-631215352">0-631215352</a>, pages 100-101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZysk2012" class="citation book cs1">Zysk, Kenneth (2012). Alper, Harvey (ed.). <i>Understanding Mantras</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">123–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-812080746-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-812080746-4"><bdi>978-812080746-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Mantras&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-812080746-4&rft.aulast=Zysk&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtharvaveda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZysk1993" class="citation book cs1">Zysk, Kenneth (1993). <i>Religious Medicine: The history and evolution of Indian medicine</i>. Routledge. pp. <span class="texhtml"><i>x–xii</i></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-156000076-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-156000076-1"><bdi>978-156000076-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Medicine%3A+The+history+and+evolution+of+Indian+medicine&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22texhtml+%22+%3E%27%27x-xii%27%27%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-156000076-1&rft.aulast=Zysk&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtharvaveda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuller1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Muller, M.</a>, ed. (1987) [1897]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thesacredbooksoftheeastvol42_202002/page/n171"><i>The Sacred Books of the East</i></a>. Vol. 42 – Hymns of the Atharva Veda. Delhi, IN: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">94–</span>108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0101-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0101-6"><bdi>81-208-0101-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Books+of+the+East&rft.place=Delhi%2C+IN&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=81-208-0101-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthesacredbooksoftheeastvol42_202002%2Fpage%2Fn171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtharvaveda" class="Z3988"></span> <i>alt.</i> Oxford University Press: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voQ5AQAAMAAJ">Atharvaveda</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/hymnsatharvaved00unkngoog#page/n368"><i>Atharva Veda</i></a>. Vol. 1. Translated by Griffith, Ralph. Benares, IN: E.J. Lazarus. 1895. pp. <span class="nowrap">344–</span>352.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atharva+Veda&rft.place=Benares%2C+IN&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E344-%3C%2Fspan%3E352&rft.pub=E.J.+Lazarus&rft.date=1895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhymnsatharvaved00unkngoog%23page%2Fn368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtharvaveda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/hymnsoftheatharv029485mbp#page/n327">"Hymn 13.4"</a>. <i>The Hymns of the Atharva Veda</i>. Vol. 2. Translated by Griffith, Ralph (2nd ed.). Benares, IN: E.J. Lazarus. 1917. pp. <span class="nowrap">154–</span>158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hymn+13.4&rft.btitle=The+Hymns+of+the+Atharva+Veda&rft.place=Benares%2C+IN&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=E.J.+Lazarus&rft.date=1917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhymnsoftheatharv029485mbp%23page%2Fn327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtharvaveda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/hymnsatharvaved00unkngoog#page/n10"><i>The Hymns of the Atharva Veda</i></a>. Vol. 1. Translated by Griffith, Ralph. Benares, IN: E.J. Lazarus. 1895. p. <span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">v</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hymns+of+the+Atharva+Veda&rft.place=Benares%2C+IN&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22texhtml+mvar%22+style%3D%22font-style%3Aitalic%3B%22%3Ev%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=E.J.+Lazarus&rft.date=1895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhymnsatharvaved00unkngoog%23page%2Fn10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtharvaveda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Whitney, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/atharvavedasamhi02whituoft#page/732/mode/2up">Atharvaveda Samhita 13.4</a>, Harvard Oriental Series Vol. 8, Harvard University Press, pages 732-737</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Gonda" title="Jan Gonda">Jan Gonda</a> (1975), <i>Vedic Literature: Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas,</i> Vol 1, Fasc. 1, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447016032" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447016032">978-3447016032</a>, pages 277-297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fritsstaal138-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fritsstaal138_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fritsstaal138_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frits Staal (2009), <i>Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights,</i> Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143099864" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143099864">978-0143099864</a>, pages 137-139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Zysk (2010), <i>Medicine in the Veda: Religious Healing in the Veda,</i> Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814004" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814004">978-8120814004</a>, pages 7-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Lubotsky (2002), <i>Atharvaveda Paippalada,</i> Kanda Five, Harvard University, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-888789050" title="Special:BookSources/1-888789050">1-888789050</a>, pages 76-77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Zysk, <i>Religious Medicine: The History and Evolution of Indian Medicine,</i> Transaction, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1560000761" title="Special:BookSources/978-1560000761">978-1560000761</a>, pages 238-247, 249-255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Griffith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/hymnsatharvaved00unkngoog#page/n432/mode/2up"><i>Atharva Veda,</i> Hymn VII</a> Vol 1, EJ Lazarus, pages 408-411</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rajbali Pandey (1969), <i>Hindu Saṁskāras: Socio-religious Study of the Hindu Sacraments,</i> Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120803961" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120803961">978-8120803961</a>, pages 162-163, Chapter 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voQ5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA100">The Sacred Books of the East, Volume 42</a></i>, p. 100, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Oxford University Press, pages 99-101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voQ5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA107">The Sacred Books of the East, Volume 42</a></i>, p. 107, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Oxford University Press, pages 107-108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voQ5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA94">The Sacred Books of the East, Volume 42</a></i>, p. 94, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, Oxford University Press, pages 94-95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-willbrown18-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-willbrown18_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-willbrown18_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-willbrown18_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-willbrown18_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-willbrown18_57-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Norman_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="William Norman Brown">William Norman Brown</a> (Editor: Rosane Rocher) (1978), <i>India and Indology: Selected Articles,</i> Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5025668">5025668</a>, pages 18-19 note 7, 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francesco Pellizzi (2007), <i>Anthropology and Aesthetics,</i> Peabody Museum Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0873657754" title="Special:BookSources/978-0873657754">978-0873657754</a>, pages 20-25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Griffith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/hymnsoftheatharv029485mbp#page/n35/mode/2up"><i>Atharva Veda,</i> Hymn VII</a> Vol 2, 2nd Edition, EJ Lazarus, pages 26-34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WD Whitney, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/atharvavedasamhi02whituoft#page/566/mode/2up"><i>Atharva Veda,</i> Book X.2</a> Vol 2 Books VIII to XIX, Harvard University Press, pages 568-569</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Holdrege (1995), <i>Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture,</i> State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791416402" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791416402">978-0791416402</a>, pages 41-42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Griffith, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/hymnsatharvaved00unkngoog#page/n374/mode/2up">Atharva Veda, Book 7</a> Vol 1, EJ Lazarus, page 351, Hymn LII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frits Staal (2009), <i>Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights,</i> Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143099864" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143099864">978-0143099864</a>, pages 80-82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Olivelle (1998), <i>Upaniṣhads,</i> Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-282292-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-282292-6">0-19-282292-6</a>, pages 1-17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmullerintro-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerintro_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller (1962), <i>The Upanishads - Part II,</i> Dover Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486209937" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486209937">978-0486209937</a>, pages xxvi-xxvii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/n45/mode/2up"><i>Introduction to the Upanishads</i></a>, Volume XV, Oxford University Press, page xliii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eroerfull-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eroerfull_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eroerfull_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eroerfull_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eduard Roer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shemtaia.com/SKT/PDF/Upanishads/roermundakaeng.pdf"><i>Mundaka Upanishad</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Bibliotheca Indica, Vol. XV, No. 41 and 50, Asiatic Society of Bengal, pages 142-164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmullerfull-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerfull_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmullerfull_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller (1962), "Manduka Upanishad," in <i>The Upanishads - Part II,</i> Dover Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486209937" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486209937">978-0486209937</a>, pages 27-42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-geisler-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-geisler_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Geisler and William D. Watkins (2003), <i>Worlds Apart: A Handbook on World Views,</i> Second Edition, Wipf, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1592441266" title="Special:BookSources/978-1592441266">978-1592441266</a>, pages 75-81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n391/mode/2up">Mundaka Upanishad</a>, Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, page 371-372</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roberthume374-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roberthume374_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roberthume374_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n395/mode/2up">Mundaka Upanishad</a>, <i>Thirteen Principal Upanishads,</i> Oxford University Press, pages 374-376</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MP Pandit (1969), Mundaka Upanishad 3.1.5, Gleanings from the Upanishads, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/81579">81579</a>, University of Virginia Archives, pages 11-12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussenfull-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussenfull_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, <i>Sixty Upanishads of the Veda,</i> Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814691" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814691">978-8120814691</a>, pages 605-637</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-humefull-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-humefull_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHume1921" class="citation cs2">Hume, Robert Ernest (1921), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n411/mode/2up"><i>The Thirteen Principal Upanishads</i></a>, Oxford University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">391–</span>393</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirteen+Principal+Upanishads&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E391-%3C%2Fspan%3E393&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=Robert+Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fthirteenprincipa028442mbp%23page%2Fn411%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtharvaveda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-muktika-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-muktika_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, <i>Sixty Upanishads of the Veda,</i> Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814691" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814691">978-8120814691</a>, pages 556-557</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Comans (2000), <i>The Method of Early Advaita Vedānta: A Study of Gauḍapāda, Śaṅkara, Sureśvara, and Padmapāda,</i> Motilal Banarsidass, pages 97-98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller, <i>The Upanishads, Part 2,</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/n45/mode/2up">Prasna Upanishad</a>, Oxford University Press, pages xlii-xliii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roberthumefull-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roberthumefull_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Hume, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n399/mode/2up">"Prasna Upanishad"</a>, <i>Thirteen Principal Upanishads,</i> Oxford University Press, pages 378-390</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eroerfull2-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eroerfull2_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eroerfull2_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eroerfull2_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eduard Roer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shemtaia.com/SKT/PDF/Upanishads/roerprasnaeng.pdf"><i>Prashna Upanishad</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Bibliotheca Indica, Vol. XV, No. 41 and 50, Asiatic Society of Bengal, pages 119-141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-charlesjohnstonfull-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-charlesjohnstonfull_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Johnston, <i>The Mukhya Upanishads: Books of Hidden Wisdom,</i> (1920-1931), The Mukhya Upanishads, Kshetra Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1495946530" title="Special:BookSources/978-1495946530">978-1495946530</a> (Reprinted in 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universaltheosophy.com/pdf-library/Prasna%20Upanishad_Johnston.pdf">Archive of <i>Prashna Upanishad,</i> pages 46-51, 115-118</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Griffith, R.T.H. (1895-1896) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/av/index.htm">The Hymns of the Atharva Veda</a>. Benares: E.J. Lazarus & Co.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bloomfield, M. (1897) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbe42/index.htm">Hymns of the Atharva Veda</a>. Sacred Books of the East 42. Oxford: Clarendon Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitney, W.D. and Lanman, C.R. (ed.) (1905) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24385/page/n7/mode/2up">Atharva-Veda Saṃhitā</a>. Harvard Oriental Series 7-8. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olivelle, P. (1996) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WJGL2tUm6P4C&dq=upanisads%20olivelle&pg=PR12">Upaniṣads</a></i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, p xii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamisonWitzel1992" class="citation web cs1">Jamison, Stephanie W.; Witzel, Michael (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/vedica.pdf">"Vedic Hinduism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031005091549/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu:80/~witzel/vedica.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 October 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vedic+Hinduism&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Jamison&rft.aufirst=Stephanie+W.&rft.au=Witzel%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~witzel%2Fvedica.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtharvaveda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlos Lopez (2010), Atharvaveda-Paippalāda Kāṇḍas Thirteen and Fourteen, Harvard University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1888789072" title="Special:BookSources/978-1888789072">978-1888789072</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatyal1969" class="citation thesis cs1">Patyal, Hukam Chand (1969). <i><span></span></i>Gopatha Brāhmaṇa<i>. English Translation with Notes and Introduction</i> (Diss.). University of Poona.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Gopatha+Br%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87a.+English+Translation+with+Notes+and+Introduction&rft.inst=University+of+Poona&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Patyal&rft.aufirst=Hukam+Chand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtharvaveda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zysk125-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zysk125_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zysk125_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zysk125_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zysk125_88-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Zysk (2012), <i>Understanding Mantra</i> (Editor: Harvey Alper), Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120807464" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120807464">978-8120807464</a>, pages 125-126, 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Knapp (2006), <i>The Power of the Dharma,</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0595393527" title="Special:BookSources/978-0595393527">978-0595393527</a>, page 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wujastykxxviii-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wujastykxxviii_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wujastykxxviii_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dominik Wujastyk (2003), <i>The Roots of Ayurveda,</i> Penguin Classics, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140448245" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140448245">978-0140448245</a>, pages xxviii - xxx</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CP Khare and CK Katiyar (2012), <i>The Modern Ayurveda,</i> CRC Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439896327" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439896327">978-1439896327</a>, page 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rachel Berger (2013), <i>Ayurveda Made Modern,</i> Palgrave Macmillan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230284555" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230284555">978-0230284555</a>, pages 24-25, 195 note 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freda Matchett (2003), "The Puranas", in <i>The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism</i> (Editor: Gavin Flood), Blackwell, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631215352" title="Special:BookSources/0-631215352">0-631215352</a>, page 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martinwiltshire245-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martinwiltshire245_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martinwiltshire245_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Wiltshire (1990), <i>Ascetic Figures Before and in Early Buddhism: The Emergence of Gautama As the Buddha,</i> Walter de Gruyter, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0899254678" title="Special:BookSources/978-0899254678">978-0899254678</a>, pages 245-264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ritalanger20-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ritalanger20_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ritalanger20_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rita Langer (2007), <i>Buddhist Rituals of Death and Rebirth,</i> Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415544702" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415544702">978-0415544702</a>, pages 19-23</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin</a> (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C"><i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43878-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43878-0&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpIWhKnYmF0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtharvaveda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzel1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Witzel" title="Michael Witzel">Witzel, Michael</a> (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/canon.pdf">"The Development of the Vedic Canon and its Schools: The Social and Political Milieu"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in Witzel, Michael (ed.), <i>Inside the Texts, Beyond the Texts: New Approaches to the Study of the Vedas</i>, Harvard Oriental Series, Opera Minora; vol. 2, Cambridge: Harvard University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+the+Vedic+Canon+and+its+Schools%3A+The+Social+and+Political+Milieu&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Texts%2C+Beyond+the+Texts%3A+New+Approaches+to+the+Study+of+the+Vedas&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Harvard+Oriental+Series%2C+Opera+Minora%3B+vol.+2&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Witzel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~witzel%2Fcanon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtharvaveda" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzel2001" class="citation cs2">Witzel, Michael (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/EJVS-7-3.pdf">"Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies</i>, <b>7</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>115</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Journal+of+Vedic+Studies&rft.atitle=Autochthonous+Aryans%3F+The+Evidence+from+Old+Indian+and+Iranian+Texts&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Witzel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.fas.harvard.edu%2F~witzel%2FEJVS-7-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtharvaveda" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Atharvaveda" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Alexander Lubotsky, <i>Atharvaveda-Paippalada, Kanda Five</i>, Harvard College (2002).</li> <li>Thomas Zehnder, <i>Atharvaveda-Paippalada, Buch 2</i>, Idstein (1999).</li> <li>Dipak Bhattacharya, <i>Paippalada-Samhita of the Atharvaveda</i>, Volume 2, The Asiatic Society (2007).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atharvaveda&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">English <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="en" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Atharva-Veda_Samhita" class="extiw" title="s:en:Atharva-Veda Samhita">English translation by William Dwight Whitney</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">English <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div lang="en" style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:The_Atharva_Veda" class="extiw" title="s:en:The Atharva Veda">English translation by Ralph T. H. Griffith</a></b> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_T._H._Griffith" title="Ralph T. H. Griffith">Ralph Griffith</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/av/index.htm"><i>The Hymns of the Atharvaveda</i></a> 1895-96, full text</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bloomfield" title="Maurice Bloomfield">Maurice Bloomfield</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/hymnsofatharvave00bloouoft#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Hymns of the Atharva-veda</i></a>, <i>Sacred Books of the East</i>, v. 42 (1897), selection</li> <li>Śaunaka Recension, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611075751/http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/ind/aind/ved/av/avs/avs.htm">"Atharva Veda Saṁhitā"</a> [Sanskrit]. Published at Titus Project. Accessed, 14 April 2014.</li> <li>William Whitney, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015024644596">Index verborum to the published text of the Atharvaveda Vedas</a>, University of Michigan</li> <li>Madhav M Deshpande, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674009394">Recitational Permutations of the Saunakiya Atharvaveda</a>, Harvard University Press, based on six Atharvaveda manuscripts found in Pune, India</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.lib.umich.edu/databases/record/47699">The Kashmiri Paippalada Recension of the Atharvaveda</a>, Images of 16th century birch-bark manuscript of Atharvaveda (University access rights required)</li> <li>George Bolling and Julius Negelein, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jhir.library.jhu.edu/handle/1774.2/33462">The Parisistas of the Atharvaveda</a>, Johns Hopkins University (with downloadable PDF file)</li> <li>Listen to the Audiobook version of Atharvaveda on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pocketfm.in/show/2a15936e7b2b6d1f97e65538abe6cd78cf7f5708">Pocket FM</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207113812/https://www.pocketfm.in/show/2a15936e7b2b6d1f97e65538abe6cd78cf7f5708">Archived</a> 7 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81bh%C4%81vika_Bhed%C4%81bheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svābhāvika Bhedābheda">Svābhāvika Bhedābheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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