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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mughal era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mughal_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maratha_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maratha_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Maratha era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Maratha_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Maratha era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Maratha_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1760:_Massacre_of_Vaishnavites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1760:_Massacre_of_Vaishnavites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>1760: Massacre of Vaishnavites</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>1867: Improved sanitation and traffic management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1867:_Improved_sanitation_and_traffic_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cholera_outbreaks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cholera_outbreaks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Cholera outbreaks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cholera_outbreaks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Independent India</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Independent_India-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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<span>2010 Kumbh Mela</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010_Kumbh_Mela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2021_Kumbh_Mela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2021_Kumbh_Mela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>2021 Kumbh Mela</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2021_Kumbh_Mela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela&params=29.958_N_78.171_E_type:event"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">29°57′29″N</span> <span class="longitude">78°10′16″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">29.958°N 78.171°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">29.958; 78.171</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mela held in Haridwar, India</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Haridwar Kumbh Mela</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Third_Shahi_Snan_in_Hari_Ki_Pauri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Third_Shahi_Snan_in_Hari_Ki_Pauri.jpg/250px-Third_Shahi_Snan_in_Hari_Ki_Pauri.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Third_Shahi_Snan_in_Hari_Ki_Pauri.jpg/375px-Third_Shahi_Snan_in_Hari_Ki_Pauri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Third_Shahi_Snan_in_Hari_Ki_Pauri.jpg/500px-Third_Shahi_Snan_in_Hari_Ki_Pauri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Pilgrims gather for the third <i>Shahi Snan</i> ("royal bath") at <a href="/wiki/Har_ki_Pauri" class="mw-redirect" title="Har ki Pauri">Har ki Pauri</a> in Haridwar on 14 April 2010</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data">Fair, Religious gathering</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Every 12 years</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venue</th><td class="infobox-data">Banks of <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela&params=29.958_N_78.171_E_type:event"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">29°57′29″N</span> <span class="longitude">78°10′16″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">29.958°N 78.171°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">29.958; 78.171</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Previous event</th><td class="infobox-data">2021</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Next event</th><td class="infobox-data">2033</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Participants</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Akhara" title="Akhara">Akharas</a>, pilgrims and merchants</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sponsor</th><td class="infobox-data">Government of India, Government of Uttarakhand</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kumbhmelaharidwar.in">kumbhmelaharidwar<wbr />.in</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Haridwar Kumbh Mela</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Mela" class="mw-redirect" title="Mela">mela</a>, associated with <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and held in the city of <a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> held every 12 years. The exact date is determined according to <a href="/wiki/Hindu_astrology" title="Hindu astrology">Hindu astrology</a>: the Mela is held when <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(astrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (astrology)">Jupiter</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(astrology)" title="Aquarius (astrology)">Aquarius</a> and the Sun enters <a href="/wiki/Aries_(astrology)" title="Aries (astrology)">Aries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event possesses deep religious significance to <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a> as well as other spiritual seekers. Historically, it was an important commercial event and was attended by merchants from as far as <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RMM_1858_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMM_1858-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Haridwar Kumbh Mela had happened from 1 April to 30 April in the year 2021 amidst the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Ardh Kumbh ("Half Kumbh") Mela is held six years after a Kumbh Mela. The last Ardh Kumbh Mela took place in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_records">Early records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haridwar is one of the four sites of Kumbh Mela, the others being <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Prayag</a> (Allahabad), <a href="/wiki/Trimbak" title="Trimbak">Trimbak</a> (Nashik), and <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there are several references to riverside bathing festivals in ancient Indian literature, the exact age of the Kumbh Mela is uncertain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The fair at Haridwar appears to be the original Kumbh Mela, since it is held according to the astrological sign <i>Kumbha</i> (Aquarius), and because there are several references to a 12-year cycle for it.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Haridwar Kumbh Mela dates at least from the early 1600s. The earliest extant texts that use the name "Kumbha Mela" are <i><a href="/wiki/Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh" title="Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh">Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh</a></i> (1695) and <i><a href="/wiki/Chahar_Gulshan" title="Chahar Gulshan">Chahar Gulshan</a></i> (1789). Both these texts use the term "Kumbh Mela" to describe only Haridwar's fair, although they mention the similar fairs at Allahabad (the annual Magh Mela) and Nashik (the <a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Simhastha</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kumbh Mela at the other three places seems to be an adaptation of Haridwar's Kumbh Mela to the pre-existing local festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaclean200888_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200888-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Muslim conqueror <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> invaded Haridwar in 1398, and massacred a number of pilgrims, possibly at a Kumbh Mela.<sup id="cite_ref-Rai1993_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rai1993-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mughal_era">Mughal era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mughal era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dabestan-e_Mazaheb" title="Dabestan-e Mazaheb">Dabestan-e Mazaheb</a></i> (c. 1655) of <a href="/wiki/Mohsin_Fani" title="Mohsin Fani">Mohsin Fani</a> mentions a battle at Haridwar between competing <a href="/wiki/Akhara" title="Akhara">akharas</a> in 1640, possibly at a Kumbh Mela.<sup id="cite_ref-DL_1996_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DL_1996-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KAJ_2008_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KAJ_2008-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh</i> (1695), mentions the mela in its description of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> <a href="/wiki/Subah_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subah (country subdivision)">subah</a> of the Mughal Empire. It states that every year when Sun entered Aries during <a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a>, people from nearby rural areas would assemble at Haridwar. Once in 12 years, when the Sun entered Aquarius (Kumbh), people from far away would assemble at Haridwar. On this occasion, bathing in the river, giving <a href="/wiki/Alms" title="Alms">alms</a> and shaving hair would be considered as acts of merit. People would throw the bones of their dead into the river for their salvation of the deceased.<sup id="cite_ref-JS_1901_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JS_1901-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Chahar Gulshan</i> (1759) also states that the mela at Haridwar is held in the <a href="/wiki/Vaisakha" title="Vaisakha">Baisakh</a> month when Jupiter enters Aquarius. It specifically mentions that the fair was called Kumbh Mela and that <a href="/wiki/Lakh" title="Lakh">lakhs</a> of laymen, <a href="/wiki/Fakir" title="Fakir">faqirs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanyasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanyasi">sanyasis</a> attended it. It states that the local sanyasis attacked the fakirs of Prayag who came to attend the mela.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-18th century, the Haridwar Kumbh Mela had become a major commercial event in north-western India.<sup id="cite_ref-DL_1996_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DL_1996-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maratha_era">Maratha era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Maratha era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1760:_Massacre_of_Vaishnavites">1760: Massacre of Vaishnavites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1760: Massacre of Vaishnavites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1760 festival saw a violent clash between the <a href="/wiki/Shaivite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaivite">Shaivite</a> <a href="/wiki/Gosains" title="Gosains">Gosains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavite" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnavite">Vaishnavite</a> Bairagis (ascetics). After the 1760 clash, the Vaishnavite sadhus were not allowed to bathe at Haridwar for years, until the British took control of the festival and disarmed the Saivites.<sup id="cite_ref-DB_1986_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DB_1986-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an 1808 account by <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> geographer Captain Francis Raper, 18,000 Bairagis were killed in the 1760 clash. Raper stated this in context of stressing the importance of deploying security forces at the event.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaclean200824_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200824-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1888, the District Magistrate of Allahabad wrote that the number of deaths "must doubtless have been greatly exaggerated" by Raper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaclean200861_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200861-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cook_(historian)" title="Michael Cook (historian)">Michael Cook</a>, the number could have been 1800.<sup id="cite_ref-Michael_2014_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael_2014-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1783:_Cholera_epidemic">1783: Cholera epidemic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1783: Cholera epidemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemic broke out during the 1783 Kumbh Mela in Haridwar.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimated 1–2 million visitors attended the fair this year. Out of these, more than 20,000 died of cholera within the first eight days. The epidemic was confined to the Haridwar city and ended with the fair. The neighbouring village of Jwalapur (now a town), which was around 8 miles away from the city, did not see any cases of cholera.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1796:_Massacre_of_the_Shaivites">1796: Massacre of the Shaivites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1796: Massacre of the Shaivites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first eyewitness British account of the Kumbh mela was an article by Captain Thomas Hardwicke in <i>Asiatick Researches</i>. At this time, Haridwar was part of the Maratha territory. Based on a register of taxes collected from the pilgrims, Hardwicke estimated the scale of the mela at 2-2.5 million people. According to Hardwicke, the Shaivite Gosains were the most dominant, "in point of numbers and power". The next most powerful sect were the Vaishnavite Bairagis. The Gosains carried swords, shields and managed the entire Mela. Their <a href="/wiki/Mahant" title="Mahant">mahants</a> held daily councils to hear and decide on all the complaints. The Gosains levied and collected the taxes, and did not remit any money to the Maratha treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_1801_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_1801-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> contingent at the mela included a large number of <a href="/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasi</a> ascetics, who were accompanied by around 12,000-14,000 <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> cavalrymen. The cavalry was led by Sahib Singh of <a href="/wiki/Patiala_State" title="Patiala State">Patiala</a>, Rai Singh Bhangi and Sher Singh Bhangi. The Sikh soldiers encamped at Jwalapur, while the Udasis chose a place close to the festival site for their camp. The Udasi chief erected their flag on the selected site, without taking permission from the Gosain mahant. Offended by this, the Gosains pulled down the Udasis' flag and drove them away. When Udasis resisted, the Gosains responded violently, and plundered the Udasi camp. The Udasi chief then complained to Sahib Singh. The three Sikh chiefs held a meeting, and sent a <i>vakeel</i> (agent) to the Gosain mahants, demanding retribution for the plundered material, plus free access to the river. The chief Mahant agreed to the Sikh demands, and there was no confrontation between the two groups over the next few days. However, at about 8 am on 10 April 1796 (the last day of the Mela), Sikhs attacked the Gosains and other non-Udasi pilgrims. Prior to this, they had moved the women and children in their camp to a village near Haridwar. The Sikhs killed around 500 Gosains, including Maunpuri, one of the mahants. Many drowned while crossing the river in an attempt to escape the massacre. The British Captain Murray, whose battalion was stationed at one of the ghats, sent two companies of sepoys to check the advance of Sikh cavalry. The Sikhs left by 3 pm; they had lost around 20 men in the clash. The next morning, the pilgrims offered prayers for the English, who they believed, had been instrumental in dispersing the Sikhs.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_1801_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_1801-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Company_rule">Company rule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Company rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1804, the Marathas ceded the <a href="/wiki/Saharanpur_district" title="Saharanpur district">Saharanpur district</a> (of which Haridwar was a part at that time) to the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>. Before the <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company rule</a>, the Kumbh Mela at Haridwar was managed by the <a href="/wiki/Akhara" title="Akhara">akharas</a> (sects) of Hindu ascetics known as the <a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">sadhus</a>. The Marathas taxed the vehicles and goods coming to all other melas, but during the Kumbh Mela, they temporarily transferred all the power to the akharas.<sup id="cite_ref-KP_1990_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KP_1990-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sadhus were both traders and warriors. Besides collecting taxes, they also carried out policing and judicial duties. The Company administration severely limited the trader-warrior role of the Sadhus, who were increasingly reduced to begging.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaclean200857–58_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200857–58-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>1808 Kumbh Mela</dt> <dd>East India Company geographer Captain Francis Raper published an account of the 1806 Kumbh in <i>Asiatick Researches</i>. To prevent a re-occurrence of the 1796 violence, an armed detachment of "greater strength than usual" was deployed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaclean200823_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200823-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maharaja Ranjit Singh was scheduled to visit the Kumbh in April 1808, and the Company deployed its Lahore envoy <a href="/wiki/Charles_Metcalfe,_1st_Baron_Metcalfe" title="Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe">Charles Metcalfe</a> to receive him at Haridwar. However, Singh cancelled his visit.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>1814 Ardh Kumbh Mela</dt> <dd>Baptist missionary John Chamberlain, who was in the service of <a href="/wiki/Begum_Samru" title="Begum Samru">Begum Samru</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sardhana" title="Sardhana">Sirdhana</a>, preached at the 1814 Ardh Kumbh. He spent 14 days in Haridwar; for the first 4–5 days he attracted a few hundred Hindus. By the tenth day, his congregation had increased to at least 8 thousand.<sup id="cite_ref-Missionary_1817_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Missionary_1817-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He preached in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, which according to him, both <a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengalis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> speakers understood; but he had difficulty communicating with the <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>-speaking Sikhs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlainYates1826346–348_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlainYates1826346–348-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>Chamberlain mentioned that the fair was attended by "multitudes of every religious order", and that a number of visitors came there because of "mercantile considerations". He was particularly astonished to see a large number of <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, who according to him, outnumbered the Hindus. He also saw several Europeans, who came riding elephants for the novelty factor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlainYates1826346–348_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlainYates1826346–348-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the missionary records, an estimated 500,000 people assembled at Haridwar.<sup id="cite_ref-Missionary_1817_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Missionary_1817-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>Secretary of Government Mr Ricketts complained to the Government about Chamberlain's preaching to the natives, fearing that it might result in trouble. The Government asked Begum Sumroo to dismiss Chamberlain from her service. The Begum made attempts to retain him, but finally, complied with the Government's demand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChamberlainYates1826355_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChamberlainYates1826355-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>1820 Kumbh Mela</dt> <dd>A stampede left 430 dead during the 1820 mela. Subsequently, the Company government undertook extensive and expensive repair works on the bathing ghats. This move reportedly impressed the natives. The <i>Asiatic Journal</i> quotes one pilgrim as: "May your rule be blessed! May your reign extend for ages to come! You have produced a magnificent kumbh! You have turned the <a href="/wiki/Kali_yuga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kali yuga">kali yuga</a> into an age of truth and justice!".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaclean200861_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200861-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_Raj">British Raj</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: British Raj"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela_-_1850s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela_-_1850s.jpg/220px-Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela_-_1850s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela_-_1850s.jpg/330px-Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela_-_1850s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela_-_1850s.jpg/440px-Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela_-_1850s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption><i>Haridwar Kumbh Mela</i> by the English painter <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a>. Steel engraving, 1850s.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/1857_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="1857 uprising">1857 uprising</a>, the East India Company was dissolved and its territories came under the control of British crown. British civil servant <a href="/wiki/Robert_Montgomery_Martin" title="Robert Montgomery Martin">Robert Montgomery Martin</a>, in his book <i>The Indian Empire</i> (1858), remarked that "it is difficult to convey an adequate idea of the grandeur and beauty" of the Kumbh Mela at Haridwar. According to him, the visitors at the fair included people from a large number of races and regions. Besides priests, soldiers, and religious mendicants, the fair was attended by a large number of merchants: <a href="/wiki/Horse_trading" title="Horse trading">horse traders</a>, elephant dealers, grain merchants (<a href="/wiki/Bania_(caste)" title="Bania (caste)">banias</a>), confectioners (<a href="/wiki/Halwai" title="Halwai">Halwais</a>), cloth merchants and toy sellers. The horse dealers came from as far as <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkistan_(city)" title="Turkistan (city)">Turkistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>. Besides horses and elephants, several other animals were sold at the fair, including "bears, leopards, tigers, deer of all kinds, monkeys, Persian greyhounds, beautiful cats, and rare birds". Europeans also sold their merchandise at the fair. The fair was also attended by the <a href="/wiki/Nautch" title="Nautch">dancing girls</a>, who performed for the rich visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-RMM_1858_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMM_1858-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several Hindu <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">rajas</a>, Muslim <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawabs</a> and the Sikh royals also visited the fair. <a href="/wiki/Begum_Samru" title="Begum Samru">Begum Samru</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sardhana" title="Sardhana">Sardhana</a> would often come to the fair, with her retinue of 1,000 horse cavalry and 1,500 infantry. A few Christian missionaries also visited the Mela, and distributed copies of the Bible translated into "the various dialects of the East".<sup id="cite_ref-RMM_1858_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMM_1858-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Martin mentions that the <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> collected the taxes, but did not perform any sacerdotal role in the bathing rites, which were performed without any priestly ceremonies. He states that in the earlier years, a number of people died in stampedes as devotees rushed towards the river bank. However, the danger of stampedes had reduced since the government constructed a new <a href="/wiki/Ghat" title="Ghat">ghat</a> and widened the road leading to it.<sup id="cite_ref-RMM_1858_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMM_1858-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The police and civil magistrates were deployed to maintain law and order. The <a href="/wiki/2nd_King_Edward_VII%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles_(The_Sirmoor_Rifles)" title="2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)">Sirmoor battalion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkha</a> soldiers from <a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a> was deployed to maintain peace.<sup id="cite_ref-RMM_1858_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMM_1858-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1867:_Improved_sanitation_and_traffic_management">1867: Improved sanitation and traffic management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1867: Improved sanitation and traffic management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pilgrim camp for the 1867 Mela was located a 9-mile strip of river-side land, and varied 2 to 6 miles in width at different places. According to a rough census of the pilgrim camp, taken on the night of 9 April 1867 by the British, the number of pilgrims was 2,855,966. The total number of pilgrims, including those who visited the camp before and after 9 April, was estimated at around 3 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Henry_1885_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry_1885-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>H.D. Robertson, the Magistrate of Saharanpur, led the Mela management. The administration strictly controlled the food supplies to prevent inflated prices, and ordered destruction of contaminated food to prevent outbreak of diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-KP_1990_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KP_1990-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1867 Kumbh Mela was the first fair to officially involve the sanitary department of the British Indian government. Native policemen were deployed to detect cases of infectious disease, which people hid to avoid being <a href="/wiki/Quarantined" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarantined">quarantined</a> and isolated from their relatives. In accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Contagious_Diseases_Acts" title="Contagious Diseases Acts">Contagious Diseases Acts</a>, the policemen also hunted down unregistered prostitutes and forced them to undergo medical tests. Public <a href="/wiki/Latrine" title="Latrine">latrines</a> and trenches for waste disposal were introduced during the 1867 Mela. However, they were not very popular with the pilgrims, many of whom continued <a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">open defecation</a> near the fair site and in the nearby woods. A number of policemen were assigned to the "conservancy" duty, which involved preventing people from defecating in the open, and herding them to latrines. Many pilgrims, especially women, would abstain from relieving themselves during their 2-3-day stay at the fair.<sup id="cite_ref-Biswa_2008_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biswa_2008-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the previous Melas, cases of cholera were reported at the 1867 Mela, but an epidemic was prevented. On 9 April, a grass-cutter belonging to the <a href="/wiki/14th_Murray%27s_Jat_Lancers" title="14th Murray's Jat Lancers">14th Bengal Cavalry</a>'s station near <a href="/wiki/Kankhal" title="Kankhal">Kankhal</a> suffered from cholera. He recovered quickly under treatment. On 13 April, 8 cases of cholera were reported at the pilgrim camp. By 15 April, the number of cases had increased to 19, but this was a small number compared to the 20,000 cholera-related deaths in 1783. While the sanitary conditions and waste disposal facilities had improved, the containment of a potential cholera epidemic can be attributed to the fact that the ceremonies were largely over by the time the disease broke out. Pilgrims had started departing on the noon of 12 April, and by 15 April, the campground was vacant.<sup id="cite_ref-Henry_1885_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry_1885-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that several of the departing pilgrims had been infected, and disseminated the disease across northern India. In the subsequent Melas, there was a large number of cholera-related deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-RD_time_trends_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RD_time_trends-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1867 Mela was also noted for improved traffic management. Special bridges were constructed to ensure a smooth flow of pilgrims from camps to the bathing ghat. Separate routes were designated for going to and return from the ghat, and a unidirectional traffic was maintained to avoid any stampede. For the first time, animals were not permitted in the town on the day of the <i>shahi snan</i>. During the next Kumbh Mela in 1879, the traffic arrangements were further controlled. The pilgrims were "marshalled in orderly lines" by the police. During the 1885 Ardh Kumbh fair, the policemen set up entry barriers for the ghats, in order to avoid stampedes.<sup id="cite_ref-Biswa_2008_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biswa_2008-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cholera_outbreaks">Cholera outbreaks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cholera outbreaks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright"> <caption>Cholera-related deaths at Kumbh Mela in Haridwar<sup id="cite_ref-RD_time_trends_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RD_time_trends-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Mela</th> <th>Number of deaths </th></tr> <tr> <td>1879</td> <td>Kumbh</td> <td>35,892 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1885</td> <td>Ardh Kumbh</td> <td>63,457 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1891</td> <td>Kumbh</td> <td>169,013 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1897</td> <td>Ardh Kumbh</td> <td>44,208 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1903</td> <td>Kumbh</td> <td>47,159 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1909</td> <td>Ardh Kumbh</td> <td>21,823 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1915</td> <td>Kumbh</td> <td>90,508 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1921</td> <td>Ardh Kumbh</td> <td>149,667 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1927</td> <td>Kumbh</td> <td>28,285 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1933</td> <td>Ardh Kumbh</td> <td>1,915 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1938</td> <td>Kumbh</td> <td>70,622 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1945</td> <td>Ardh Kumbh</td> <td>77,345 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The next few Kumbh Melas played a major role in the spread of <a href="/wiki/Cholera_outbreaks_and_pandemics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholera outbreaks and pandemics">cholera outbreaks and pandemics</a>. Mass bathing, as well as the practice of pilgrims bringing back Ganges water (which was contaminated) for sipping by relatives, transmitted the disease widely. Although the <a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Haffkine" title="Waldemar Haffkine">Waldemar Haffkine</a> developed a <a href="/wiki/Cholera_vaccine" title="Cholera vaccine">Cholera vaccine</a>, the British Indian government rejected the suggestions of compulsory vaccination for a long time, fearing possible public protests and political fallout. Following another cholera outbreak in 1945, compulsory cholera vaccinations were ordered at the 1945 Haridwar Kumbh Mela.<sup id="cite_ref-RD_time_trends_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RD_time_trends-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>1891 Kumbh Mela - dispersed due to cholera outbreak</dt> <dd>In 1891, a massive cholera outbreak in India resulted in 724,384 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-GCK_2007_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCK_2007-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sanitation arrangements at the Mela were further improved. 332 policemen, including 126 constables and 206 <i>chaukidar</i>s, were deployed on the "conservancy" duty of preventing people from defecating in the open.<sup id="cite_ref-Biswa_2008_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biswa_2008-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a cholera epidemic broke out at the fair, and the Government of <a href="/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" title="North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a> issued a ban on the fair to prevent its spread. More than 200,000 pilgrims were asked to leave the area, and the railway authorities were ordered not to issue tickets for Haridwar.<sup id="cite_ref-GCK_2007_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCK_2007-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the Mela, 169,013 cholera-related deaths had been reported in Haridwar.<sup id="cite_ref-RD_time_trends_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RD_time_trends-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1892, crowds at the Mahavaruni festival, another river-side fair, were also forcefully dispersed because of cholera concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaclean200882_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200882-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Rogers" title="Leonard Rogers">Leonard Rogers</a>, following the fair, this cholera epidemic spread to Europe via <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab, British India">Punjab</a>, Afghanistan, Persia, and southern Russia; resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_cholera_pandemic_(1899%E2%80%931923)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth cholera pandemic (1899–1923)">Sixth cholera pandemic (1899–1923)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RD_time_trends_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RD_time_trends-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>The <i>Gaurakshini sabha</i>, which led the <a href="/wiki/Cow_protection_movement" title="Cow protection movement">cow protection movement</a>, had organized its second meeting at the Mela. The British government's dispersal of pilgrims displeased many orthodox Hindus, who saw it as an infringement of their religious practices.<sup id="cite_ref-GCK_2007_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GCK_2007-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>1915 Kumbh Mela</dt> <dd>Delegates of regional Hindu Sabhas established the All-India Hindu Sabha, which changed its name to <a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Hindu_Mahasabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha">Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha</a> in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-Prabhu_2010_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prabhu_2010-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Raj_Darbhanga" title="Raj Darbhanga">Maharaja of Darbhanga</a> <a href="/wiki/Rameshwar_Singh" title="Rameshwar Singh">Rameshwar Singh</a> formed the All India Sanatan Dharma Sammelan.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independent_India">Independent India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Independent India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumbh-Mela-1998.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kumbh-Mela-1998.jpg/220px-Kumbh-Mela-1998.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kumbh-Mela-1998.jpg/330px-Kumbh-Mela-1998.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kumbh-Mela-1998.jpg/440px-Kumbh-Mela-1998.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Naga_Sadhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Naga Sadhu">Naga Sadhus</a> at the 1998 Kumbh Mela</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bathing_ghat_on_the_Ganges_during_Kumbh_Mela,_2010,_Haridwar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bathing_ghat_on_the_Ganges_during_Kumbh_Mela%2C_2010%2C_Haridwar.jpg/220px-Bathing_ghat_on_the_Ganges_during_Kumbh_Mela%2C_2010%2C_Haridwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bathing_ghat_on_the_Ganges_during_Kumbh_Mela%2C_2010%2C_Haridwar.jpg/330px-Bathing_ghat_on_the_Ganges_during_Kumbh_Mela%2C_2010%2C_Haridwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bathing_ghat_on_the_Ganges_during_Kumbh_Mela%2C_2010%2C_Haridwar.jpg/440px-Bathing_ghat_on_the_Ganges_during_Kumbh_Mela%2C_2010%2C_Haridwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Bathing ghat on the Ganges during the 2010 Kumbh Mela</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1986_Kumbh_Mela">1986 Kumbh Mela</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1986 Kumbh Mela"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around forty-seven people were killed in a stampede on 14 April during the 1986 Kumbh Mela. For two hours, around 20,000 pilgrims had been waiting in a police cordon, to cross a bridge near Pant Dweep island to go to <a href="/wiki/Har_Ki_Pauri" title="Har Ki Pauri">Har Ki Pauri</a>. When some of them surged forward, the police resorted to a mild <a href="/wiki/Lathi_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Lathi charge">lathi charge</a>. The stampede began when a person slipped near the Pant Dweep.<sup id="cite_ref-DB_1986_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DB_1986-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IT_Inderjit_1986_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IT_Inderjit_1986-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Inderjit Bhadwar of <i><a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a></i> praised the overall Mela arrangements, stating that Haridwar was "cleaner, and more sanitary than it has ever been". The administration, led by District Magistrate Arun Kumar Mishra, hired 5,000 sweepers to clean the 35 km<sup>2</sup> Mela area daily. Thousands of <a href="/wiki/Urinal" title="Urinal">urinals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outhouse" title="Outhouse">outhouses</a> were constructed. The administration constructed 20 bridges and several temporary roads. Tented colonies were established and rented at a rate of 5 paise per square foot. Ten filtration wells were constructed and the water pumping capacity was raised to 69 million litres per day. The power capacity was doubled with 100 km of electrical wiring and backup generators. Eighty new <a href="/wiki/Ration_shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ration shop">ration shops</a> and over a hundred milk booths were set up. Forty <a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">first aid</a> stations with eighty-five doctors were established. 10,000 policemen, including commando units and intelligence squad, were deployed to maintain law and order.<sup id="cite_ref-IT_Inderjit_1986_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IT_Inderjit_1986-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1998_Kumbh_Mela">1998 Kumbh Mela</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1998 Kumbh Mela"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Government of India used the Kumbh Mela to promote tourism. Newspaper ads described it as "a rare opportunity for a soul-purifying experience".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2009213_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2009213-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mela featured luxury tent facilities offered by private businesses, restaurants, badminton courts, bonfire pits, whitewater rafting and a <i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus_rex" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannosaurus rex">Tyrannosaurus rex</a></i> display.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2009256_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELochtefeld2009256-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010_Kumbh_Mela">2010 Kumbh Mela</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2010 Kumbh Mela"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a> hosted the Purna Kumbh mela from <a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a> (14 January 2010) to <i>Shakh Purnima Snan</i> (28 April 2010). Millions of Hindu pilgrims attended the <i>mela</i>. On 14 April 2010, alone approximately 10 million people bathed in the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a> river.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to officials by mid April about 40 million people had bathed since 14 January 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundreds of foreigners joined Indian pilgrims in the festival which is thought to be the largest religious gathering in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To accommodate the large number of pilgrims <a href="/wiki/Indian_Railways" title="Indian Railways">Indian Railways</a> ran special trains.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 5 people died in a stampede after clashes between holy men and devotees.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</a> took satellite pictures of the crowds with the hope of improving the conduct of the festival in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite environmental improvements, the MahaKumbh mela remained a highly unsanitary event.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2021_Kumbh_Mela">2021 Kumbh Mela</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2021 Kumbh Mela"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2021 Haridwar Kumbh Mela was held during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_India" title="COVID-19 pandemic in India">COVID pandemic</a>, leading to concerns that large crowds would contribute to the rise in COVID cases, making it a <a href="/wiki/Super_spreader" class="mw-redirect" title="Super spreader">super spreader</a> event. The government refused to cancel or cut short the event.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 April 2021, government officials expressed concern that the event might become a superspreader.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-science.thewire-23Apr21_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science.thewire-23Apr21-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When this was reported in the press, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Family_Welfare" title="Ministry of Health and Family Welfare">Ministry of Health and Family Welfare</a> responded with a tweet that it was "fake news".<sup id="cite_ref-science.thewire-23Apr21_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science.thewire-23Apr21-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Union Health Ministry issued a list of Standard Operating Procedures to prevent the spread of COVID during the event, including a mandatory negative RT-PCR test report for the attendees.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many attendees refused to follow the guidelines, refusing to wear masks or practice social distancing.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 April 2021, 943,452 people took a holy dip in the River Ganges.<sup id="cite_ref-timesofindia-16Apr21_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofindia-16Apr21-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 5 and 15 April 2021, 68 seers in Haridwar tested positive for COVID-19.<sup id="cite_ref-timesofindia-16Apr21_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofindia-16Apr21-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 10–14 April, 1701 attendees tested positive for COVID.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An unnamed senior Uttarakhand official said: "It is already a <a href="/wiki/Superspreader_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Superspreader event">super-spreader</a> because there is no space to test hundreds of thousands in a crammed city and the government neither has the facilities nor the manpower".<sup id="cite_ref-aljazeera-14Apr21_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aljazeera-14Apr21-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahamandaleshwar Kapil Dev Das, head of one of the Hindu akhadas, or ascetic councils, died on 15 April 2021 from COVID-19.<sup id="cite_ref-timesofindia-16Apr21_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofindia-16Apr21-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-science.thewire-23Apr21_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science.thewire-23Apr21-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a report from Madhya Pradesh, 59 out 60 of Kumbh Mela returnees from Haridwar had tested positive for COVID-19 and 22 pilgrims could not be traced.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Niranjani_Akhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Niranjani Akhara">Niranjani Akhara</a> withdrew from the Shahi Snan scheduled on 27 April due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Uttarakhand" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Uttarakhand">rising COVID cases in Uttarakhand.</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a number of sadhus tested positive, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> appealed through the telephonic call with Acharya Mahamandleshwar Swami Avdheshanand Giri, of the oldest and largest <a href="/wiki/Akhara#Foundation_dates_of_martial_akharas" title="Akhara">Juna Akhara</a>, and to the attendees to keep the Kumbh Mela symbolic. After which, within just a few hours of the call with PM, Swami Avdheshanand Giri announced the closure of Kumbh Mela, giving respect to the PM's appeal and with a belief that saving lives is a holy deed.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normally, Kumbh Mela lasts four months; Kumbh Mela at Haridwar had been limited to 30 days in April 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-timesofindia-16Apr21_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesofindia-16Apr21-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">James G. Lochtefeld (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5kl0DYIjUPgC&pg=PA380"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8"><bdi>978-0-8239-3179-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+A-M&rft.pages=380&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5kl0DYIjUPgC%26pg%3DPA380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaridwar+Kumbh+Mela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RMM_1858-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RMM_1858_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RMM_1858_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RMM_1858_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RMM_1858_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RMM_1858_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Montgomery_Martin1858" class="citation book cs1">Robert Montgomery Martin (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/indianempirehist03martuoft#page/4/mode/2up"><i>The Indian Empire</i></a>. Vol. 3. The London Printing and Publishing Company. pp. 4–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Empire&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=The+London+Printing+and+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1858&rft.au=Robert+Montgomery+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Findianempirehist03martuoft%23page%2F4%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaridwar+Kumbh+Mela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kumbh-mela-covid-niranjan-akhada-shahi-snan-7276373/">"As Covid stalks Kumbh, Niranjani Akhara withdraws from next Shahi Snan, asks its seers to leave"</a>. <i>The Indian Express</i>. 16 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=As+Covid+stalks+Kumbh%2C+Niranjani+Akhara+withdraws+from+next+Shahi+Snan%2C+asks+its+seers+to+leave&rft.date=2021-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Fkumbh-mela-covid-niranjan-akhada-shahi-snan-7276373%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaridwar+Kumbh+Mela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/dehradun/ardh-kumbh-state-seeks-rs500-cr-central-aid.html">"Ardh Kumbh: State seeks Rs 500 cr Central aid"</a>. <i>The Pioneer</i>. 26 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pioneer&rft.atitle=Ardh+Kumbh%3A+State+seeks+Rs+500+cr+Central+aid&rft.date=2015-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypioneer.com%2Fstate-editions%2Fdehradun%2Fardh-kumbh-state-seeks-rs500-cr-central-aid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaridwar+Kumbh+Mela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kumbh-Mela">"Kumbh Mela | Significance, Festival, & History"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Kumbh+Mela+%7C+Significance%2C+Festival%2C+%26+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FKumbh-Mela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaridwar+Kumbh+Mela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVikram_Doctor2013" class="citation news cs1">Vikram Doctor (10 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130213141857/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-02-10/news/37008284_1_kumbh-mela-prayag-haridwar">"Kumbh mela dates back to mid-19th century, shows research"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-02-10/news/37008284_1_kumbh-mela-prayag-haridwar">the original</a> on 13 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Kumbh+mela+dates+back+to+mid-19th+century%2C+shows+research&rft.date=2013-02-10&rft.au=Vikram+Doctor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.economictimes.indiatimes.com%2F2013-02-10%2Fnews%2F37008284_1_kumbh-mela-prayag-haridwar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaridwar+Kumbh+Mela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2008" class="citation book cs1">James G. Lochtefeld (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC&pg=PA32">"The Kumbh Mela Festival Processions"</a>. In Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.). <i>South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora</i>. Routledge. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134074594" title="Special:BookSources/9781134074594"><bdi>9781134074594</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kumbh+Mela+Festival+Processions&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Religions+on+Display%3A+Religious+Processions+in+South+Asia+and+in+the+Diaspora&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781134074594&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWT2odZ7_d7MC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaridwar+Kumbh+Mela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclean200888-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaclean200888_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaclean2008">Maclean 2008</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rai1993-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rai1993_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubas_Rai1993" class="citation book cs1">Subas Rai (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aqPXAAAAMAAJ"><i>Kumbha Mela: History and Religion, Astronomy and Cosmobiology</i></a>. Ganga Kaveri. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85694-01-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85694-01-6"><bdi>978-81-85694-01-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kumbha+Mela%3A+History+and+Religion%2C+Astronomy+and+Cosmobiology&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Ganga+Kaveri&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-85694-01-6&rft.au=Subas+Rai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaqPXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaridwar+Kumbh+Mela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DL_1996-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DL_1996_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DL_1996_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Ludden1996" class="citation book cs1">David Ludden (1 April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jEUdPqYQjhoC&pg=PA154"><i>Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India</i></a>. 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Jacobsen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC&pg=PA32"><i>South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora</i></a>. 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Kinnera. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiaofaurangzib034937mbp/page/n243">124</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+of+Aurangzib&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Kinnera&rft.date=1901&rft.au=Jadunath+Sarkar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiaofaurangzib034937mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaridwar+Kumbh+Mela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DB_1986-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DB_1986_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DB_1986_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhagat1986" class="citation journal cs1">Bhagat, Dhiren (23 May 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222094318/http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/24th-may-1986/17/life-and-death-at-the-kumbh">"Life and Death at the Kumbh"</a>. <i>The Spectator</i>: 15. 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Princeton University Press. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5027-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5027-3"><bdi>978-1-4008-5027-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Religions%2C+Modern+Politics%3A+The+Islamic+Case+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5027-3&rft.au=Michael+Cook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCpEpAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaridwar+Kumbh+Mela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhiman_BaruaWilliam_B._Greenough_III2013" class="citation book cs1">Dhiman Barua; William B. 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Springer Science & Business Media. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-9688-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4757-9688-9"><bdi>978-1-4757-9688-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cholera&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4757-9688-9&rft.au=Dhiman+Barua&rft.au=William+B.+Greenough+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De4vSBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaridwar+Kumbh+Mela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Macpherson1872" class="citation book cs1">John Macpherson (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b22301859"><i>Annals of Cholera: From the Earliest Periods to the Year 1817</i></a>. Ranken. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b22301859/page/144">144</a>–145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annals+of+Cholera%3A+From+the+Earliest+Periods+to+the+Year+1817&rft.pages=144-145&rft.pub=Ranken&rft.date=1872&rft.au=John+Macpherson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb22301859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaridwar+Kumbh+Mela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas_1801-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_1801_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_1801_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Hardwicke1801" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Hardwicke (1801). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cbarchive_100716_narrativeofajourneytosirinagur9999/narrativeofajourneytosirinagur9999#page/n9/mode/2up"><i>Narrative of a Journey to Sirinagur</i></a>. pp. 314–319.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+a+Journey+to+Sirinagur&rft.pages=314-319&rft.date=1801&rft.au=Thomas+Hardwicke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcbarchive_100716_narrativeofajourneytosirinagur9999%2Fnarrativeofajourneytosirinagur9999%23page%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaridwar+Kumbh+Mela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHari_Ram_Gupta2001" class="citation book cs1">Hari Ram Gupta (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ"><i>History of the Sikhs: The Sikh commonwealth or Rise and fall of Sikh misls (Volume IV)</i></a>. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0165-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0165-1"><bdi>978-81-215-0165-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Sikhs%3A+The+Sikh+commonwealth+or+Rise+and+fall+of+Sikh+misls+%28Volume+IV%29&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-215-0165-1&rft.au=Hari+Ram+Gupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS1wwAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaridwar+Kumbh+Mela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/4936/11/11_chapter%203.pdf">Relations with Other Misals</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KP_1990-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KP_1990_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KP_1990_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatherine_Prior1990" class="citation web cs1">Katherine Prior (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223114045/http://core.ac.uk/download/files/27/1336846.pdf">"The British administration of Hinduism in North India, 1780–1900"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pib.gov.in&rft.atitle=PM+calls+Acharya+Mahamandaleshwar+Poojya+Swamy+Avdheshanand+Giri+Ji&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpib.gov.in%2FPressreleaseshare.aspx%3FPRID%3D1712368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaridwar+Kumbh+Mela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>कुम्भ मेला और साधु समागम- अमरत्व की खोज : बद्री नारायण एवं केदार नारायण - पिल्ग्रिम्स पब्लिशिंग्स, (भारत) 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7769-917-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7769-917-3">978-81-7769-917-3</a></li> <li>Kumbh Mela and The Sadhus – The Quest for Immortality; Authors: Badri Narain and Kedar Narain, PILGRIMS PUBLISHINGS, (INDIA) 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7769-805-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7769-805-3">978-81-7769-805-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlainYates1826" class="citation book cs1">Chamberlain, John; Yates, William (1826). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsmrjohnch00yategoog"><i>Memoirs of Mr. John Chamberlain, late missionary in India</i></a>. Baptist Mission Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Mr.+John+Chamberlain%2C+late+missionary+in+India&rft.pub=Baptist+Mission+Press&rft.date=1826&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Yates%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoirsmrjohnch00yategoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaridwar+Kumbh+Mela" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLochtefeld2009" class="citation book cs1">Lochtefeld, James (28 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V1L99XsB1gkC&pg=PA213"><i>Gods Gateway: Identity and Meaning in a Hindu Pilgrimage Place</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974158-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974158-8"><bdi>978-0-19-974158-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+Gateway%3A+Identity+and+Meaning+in+a+Hindu+Pilgrimage+Place&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009-12-28&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974158-8&rft.aulast=Lochtefeld&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV1L99XsB1gkC%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaridwar+Kumbh+Mela" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaclean2008" class="citation book cs1">Maclean, Kama (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC&pg=PA5"><i>Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765-1954</i></a>. OUP USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533894-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533894-2"><bdi>978-0-19-533894-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage+and+Power%3A+The+Kumbh+Mela+in+Allahabad%2C+1765-1954&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533894-2&rft.aulast=Maclean&rft.aufirst=Kama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMALacgnsroMC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHaridwar+Kumbh+Mela" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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