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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about selectivity in chemical systems at equilibrium. For kinetic selectivity, see <a href="/wiki/Reactivity%E2%80%93selectivity_principle" title="Reactivity–selectivity principle">Reactivity–selectivity principle</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <b>binding selectivity</b> is defined with respect to the binding of <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligands</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(chemistry)" title="Substrate (chemistry)">substrate</a> forming a <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">complex</a>. Binding selectivity describes how a ligand may bind more preferentially to one <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptor</a> than another. A selectivity coefficient is the <a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_constant" title="Equilibrium constant">equilibrium constant</a> for the reaction of displacement by one ligand of another ligand in a complex with the substrate. Binding selectivity is of major importance in <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">chemical separation processes</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selectivity_coefficient">Selectivity coefficient</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binding_selectivity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Selectivity coefficient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of selectivity is used to quantify the extent to which one chemical substance, A, binds each of two other chemical substances, B and C. The simplest case is where the complexes formed have 1:1 <a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">stoichiometry</a>. Then, the two interactions may be characterized by <a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_constant" title="Equilibrium constant">equilibrium constants</a> <span class="texhtml"><i>K</i><sub>AB</sub></span> and <span class="texhtml"><i>K</i><sub>AC</sub></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\ce {A + B <=> AB}};&\quad K_{\rm {AB}}={\frac {[{\ce {AB}}]}{{\ce {[A][B]}}}}\\{\ce {A + C <=> AC}};&\quad K_{\rm {AC}}={\frac {{\ce {[AC]}}}{{\ce {[A][C]}}}}\end{aligned}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtable columnalign="right left right left right left right left right left right left" rowspacing="3pt" columnspacing="0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em 2em 0em" displaystyle="true"> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>A</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>B</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <mtext>AB</mtext> </mrow> <mo>;</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mspace width="1em" /> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>AB</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mtext>A</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mtext>B</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>A</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>C</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <mtext>AC</mtext> </mrow> <mo>;</mo> </mtd> <mtd> <mspace width="1em" /> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mtext>AC</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mtext>A</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mtext>C</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\ce {A + B <=> AB}};&\quad K_{\rm {AB}}={\frac {[{\ce {AB}}]}{{\ce {[A][B]}}}}\\{\ce {A + C <=> AC}};&\quad K_{\rm {AC}}={\frac {{\ce {[AC]}}}{{\ce {[A][C]}}}}\end{aligned}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/09507c356d20cb14433bfe49b7c65ac174e703bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -6.005ex; width:32.619ex; height:13.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\ce {A + B <=> AB}};&\quad K_{\rm {AB}}={\frac {[{\ce {AB}}]}{{\ce {[A][B]}}}}\\{\ce {A + C <=> AC}};&\quad K_{\rm {AC}}={\frac {{\ce {[AC]}}}{{\ce {[A][C]}}}}\end{aligned}}}"></span> where [X] represents the <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentration</a> of substance X (A, B, C, …). </p><p>A <b>selectivity coefficient</b> is defined as the ratio of the two equilibrium constants. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K_{\rm {B,C}}={\frac {K_{\rm {AC}}}{K_{\rm {AB}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K_{\rm {B,C}}={\frac {K_{\rm {AC}}}{K_{\rm {AB}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c03aaa156b8dfdf8f937b96292a1286caf4096fd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:13.572ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K_{\rm {B,C}}={\frac {K_{\rm {AC}}}{K_{\rm {AB}}}}}"></span> This selectivity coefficient is in fact the equilibrium constant for the displacement reaction </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {AB + C <=> AC + B}};\quad K_{\rm {B,C}}={\frac {{\ce {[AC][B]}}}{{\ce {[AB][C]}}}}={\frac {K_{\rm {AC}}{\ce {[A][B][C]}}}{K_{\rm {AB}}{\ce {[A][B][C]}}}}={\frac {K_{\rm {AC}}}{K_{\rm {AB}}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>AB</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>C</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <mtext>AC</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mtext>B</mtext> </mrow> <mo>;</mo> <mspace width="1em" /> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mtext>AC</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mtext>B</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mtext>AB</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mtext>C</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mtext>A</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mtext>B</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mtext>C</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mtext>A</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mtext>B</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mtext>C</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">A</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {AB + C <=> AC + B}};\quad K_{\rm {B,C}}={\frac {{\ce {[AC][B]}}}{{\ce {[AB][C]}}}}={\frac {K_{\rm {AC}}{\ce {[A][B][C]}}}{K_{\rm {AB}}{\ce {[A][B][C]}}}}={\frac {K_{\rm {AC}}}{K_{\rm {AB}}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d3e66a621cce2b44770261beab94c415a5351b26" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:66.486ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {AB + C <=> AC + B}};\quad K_{\rm {B,C}}={\frac {{\ce {[AC][B]}}}{{\ce {[AB][C]}}}}={\frac {K_{\rm {AC}}{\ce {[A][B][C]}}}{K_{\rm {AB}}{\ce {[A][B][C]}}}}={\frac {K_{\rm {AC}}}{K_{\rm {AB}}}}}"></span> </p><p>It is easy to show that the same definition applies to complexes of a different stoichiometry, A<sub><i>p</i></sub>B<sub><i>q</i></sub> and A<sub><i>p</i></sub>C<sub><i>q</i></sub>. The greater the selectivity coefficient, the more the ligand C will displace the ligand B from the complex formed with the substrate A. An alternative interpretation is that the greater the selectivity coefficient, the lower the concentration of C that is needed to displace B from AB. Selectivity coefficients are determined experimentally by measuring the two equilibrium constants, <span class="texhtml"><i>K</i><sub>AB</sub></span> and <span class="texhtml"><i>K</i><sub>AC</sub></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binding_selectivity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binding_selectivity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptor (biochemistry)</a></div> <p>In biochemistry the substrate is known as a receptor. A receptor is a <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> molecule, embedded in either the <a href="/wiki/Plasma_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma membrane">plasma membrane</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a> of a cell, to which one or more specific kinds of signalling molecules may bind. A <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligand</a> may be a <a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">peptide</a> or another small molecule, such as a <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormone</a>, a pharmaceutical drug, or a toxin. The specificity of a receptor is determined by its spatial geometry and the way it <a href="/wiki/Binding_(molecular)" class="mw-redirect" title="Binding (molecular)">binds</a> to the ligand through <a href="/wiki/Noncovalent_bonding" class="mw-redirect" title="Noncovalent bonding">non-covalent interactions</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonding</a> or <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force" title="Van der Waals force">Van der Waals forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a receptor can be isolated a synthetic drug can be developed either to stimulate the receptor, an <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> or to block it, an <a href="/wiki/Antagonist" title="Antagonist">antagonist</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Stomach_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomach ulcer">stomach ulcer</a> drug <a href="/wiki/Cimetidine" title="Cimetidine">cimetidine</a> was developed as an <a href="/wiki/H2_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="H2 antagonist">H<sub>2</sub> antagonist</a> by chemically engineering the molecule for maximum specificity to an isolated tissue containing the receptor. The further use of <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_structure-activity_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantitative structure-activity relationship">quantitative structure-activity relationships</a> (QSAR) led to the development of other agents such as <a href="/wiki/Ranitidine" title="Ranitidine">ranitidine</a>. </p><p>"Selectivity" when referring to a drug is relative. For example, in a higher dose, a specific drug molecule may also bind to other receptors than those said to be "selective". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chelation_therapy">Chelation therapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binding_selectivity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chelation therapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chelation_therapy" title="Chelation therapy">Chelation therapy</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deferiprone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Deferiprone.svg/150px-Deferiprone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Deferiprone.svg/225px-Deferiprone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Deferiprone.svg/300px-Deferiprone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="346" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Deferiprone</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Penicillamine_structure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Penicillamine_structure.png/150px-Penicillamine_structure.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Penicillamine_structure.png/225px-Penicillamine_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Penicillamine_structure.png/300px-Penicillamine_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Penicillamine</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Chelation therapy is a form of medical treatment in which a <a href="/wiki/Chelate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelate">chelating ligand</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is used to selectively remove a metal from the body. When the metal exists as a divalent ion, such as with <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, Pb<sup>2+</sup> or <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, Hg<sup>2+</sup> selectivity against <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, Ca<sup>2+</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, is essential in order that the treatment does not remove essential metals.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selectivity is determined by various factors. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Iron_overload" title="Iron overload">iron overload</a>, which may occur in individuals with β-<a href="/wiki/Thalessemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalessemia">thalessemia</a> who have received <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">blood transfusions</a>, the target metal ion is in the +3 <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> and so forms stronger complexes than the divalent ions. It also forms stronger complexes with oxygen-donor ligands than with nitrogen-donor ligands. <a href="/wiki/Deferoxamine" title="Deferoxamine">deferoxamine</a>, a naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Siderophore" title="Siderophore">siderophore</a> produced by the actinobacter <i><a href="/wiki/Streptomyces_pilosus" title="Streptomyces pilosus">Streptomyces pilosus</a></i> and was used initially as a chelation therapy agent. Synthetic siderophores such as <a href="/wiki/Deferiprone" title="Deferiprone">deferiprone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deferasirox" title="Deferasirox">deferasirox</a> have been developed, using the known structure of deferoxamine as a starting point.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chelation occurs with the two oxygen atoms. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_disease" title="Wilson's disease">Wilson's disease</a> is caused by a defect in <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> metabolism which results in accumulation of copper metal in various organs of the body. The target ion in this case is divalent, Cu<sup>2+</sup>. This ion is classified as borderline in the scheme of Ahrland, Chatt and Davies.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that it forms roughly equally strong complexes with ligands whose donor atoms are N, O or F as with ligands whose donor atoms are P, S or Cl. <a href="/wiki/Penicillamine" title="Penicillamine">Penicillamine</a>, which contains nitrogen and sulphur donor atoms, is used as this type of ligand binds more strongly to copper ions than to calcium and magnesium ions. </p><p>Treatment of poisoning by heavy metals such as lead and mercury is more problematical, because the ligands used do not have high specificity relative to calcium. For example, <a href="/wiki/EDTA" class="mw-redirect" title="EDTA">EDTA</a> may be administered as a calcium salt to reduce the removal of calcium from bone together with the heavy metal. Factors determining selectivity for lead against zinc, cadmium and calcium have been reviewed,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chromatography">Chromatography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binding_selectivity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chromatography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></div> <p>In column chromatography a mixture of substances is dissolved in a mobile phase and passed over a stationary phase in a column. A selectivity factor is defined as the ratio of <a href="/wiki/Distribution_coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution coefficient">distribution coefficients</a>, which describe the equilibrium distribution of an <a href="/wiki/Analyte" title="Analyte">analyte</a> between the stationary phase and the mobile phase. The selectivity factor is equal to the selectivity coefficient with the added assumption that the <a href="/wiki/Activity_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Activity (chemistry)">activity</a> of the stationary phase, the substrate in this case, is equal to 1, the standard assumption for a pure phase.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resolution of a chromatographic column, <i>R</i><sub>S</sub> is related to the selectivity factor by: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{S}={\frac {\sqrt {N}}{4}}\left({\frac {\alpha -1}{\alpha }}\right)\left({\frac {k_{B}}{1+k_{B}}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msqrt> <mi>N</mi> </msqrt> <mn>4</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mi>α</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>k</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{S}={\frac {\sqrt {N}}{4}}\left({\frac {\alpha -1}{\alpha }}\right)\left({\frac {k_{B}}{1+k_{B}}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/01fb460e9e5aee9307ce8af34388464aee59131e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:32.463ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{S}={\frac {\sqrt {N}}{4}}\left({\frac {\alpha -1}{\alpha }}\right)\left({\frac {k_{B}}{1+k_{B}}}\right)}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where α is selectivity factor, <i>N</i> is the number of <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_plate" title="Theoretical plate">theoretical plates</a> <i>k</i><sub>A</sub> and <i>k</i><sub>B</sub> are the <a href="/wiki/Retention_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Retention factor">retention factors</a> of the two analytes. Retention factors are proportional to distribution coefficients. In practice substances with a selectivity factor very close to 1 can be separated. This is particularly true in <a href="/wiki/Gas-liquid_chromatography" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas-liquid chromatography">gas-liquid chromatography</a> where column lengths up to 60 m are possible, providing a very large number of theoretical plates. </p><p>In ion-exchange chromatography the selectivity coefficient is defined in a slightly different way<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solvent_extraction">Solvent extraction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binding_selectivity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Solvent extraction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solvent_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvent extraction">Solvent extraction</a></div> <p>Solvent extraction<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is used to extract individual <a href="/wiki/Lanthanoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanoid">lanthanoid</a> elements from the mixtures found in nature in ores such as <a href="/wiki/Monazite" title="Monazite">monazite</a>. In one process, the metal ions in aqueous solution are made to form complexes with <a href="/wiki/Tributylphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tributylphosphate">tributylphosphate</a> (TBP), which are extracted into an organic solvent such as <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>. Complete separation is effected by using a <a href="/wiki/Countercurrent_exchange" title="Countercurrent exchange">countercurrent exchange</a> method. A number of cells are arranged as a <a href="/wiki/Cascade_(chemical_engineering)" title="Cascade (chemical engineering)">cascade</a>. After equilibration, the aqueous component of each cell is transferred to the previous cell and the organic component is transferred to the next cell, which initially contains only water. In this way the metal ion with the most stable complex passes down the cascade in the organic phase and the metal with the least stable complex passes up the cascade in the aqueous phase.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If solubility in the organic phase is not an issue, a selectivity coefficient is equal to the ratio of the <a href="/wiki/Stability_constants_of_complexes" title="Stability constants of complexes">stability constants</a> of the TBP complexes of two metal ions. For lanthanoid elements which are adjacent in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a> this ratio is not much greater than 1, so many cells are needed in the cascade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_sensors">Chemical sensors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binding_selectivity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chemical sensors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sensing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sensing.png/250px-Sensing.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sensing.png/375px-Sensing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sensing.png/500px-Sensing.png 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>Types of Chemosensors. <span style="color:black">(1.)</span> Indicator-spacer-receptor (ISR) <span style="color:black">(2.)</span> Indicator-Displacement Assay (IDA)</figcaption></figure> <p>A potentiometric selectivity coefficient defines the ability of an <a href="/wiki/Ion-selective_electrode" title="Ion-selective electrode">ion-selective electrode</a> to distinguish one particular ion from others. The selectivity coefficient, K<sub>B,C</sub> is evaluated by means of the emf response of the ion-selective electrode in mixed solutions of the primary ion, B, and interfering ion, C (fixed interference method) or less desirably, in separate solutions of B and C (separate solution method).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> ion-selective <a href="/wiki/Ion-selective_electrode" title="Ion-selective electrode">membrane electrode</a> utilizes the naturally occurring macrocyclic <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Valinomycin" title="Valinomycin">valinomycin</a>. In this case the cavity in the macrocyclic ring is just the right size to encapsulate the potassium ion, but too large to bind the sodium ion, the most likely interference, strongly. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Host%E2%80%93guest_chemistry#Sensing" title="Host–guest chemistry">Chemical sensors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are being developed for specific target molecules and ions in which the target (guest) form a complex with a sensor (host). The sensor is designed to be an excellent match in terms of the size and shape of the target in order to provide for the maximum binding selectivity. An indicator is associated with the sensor which undergoes a change when the target forms a complex with the sensor . The indicator change is usually a colour change (gray to yellow in the illustration) seen in <a href="/wiki/Absorbance" title="Absorbance">absorbance</a> or, with greater sensitivity, <a href="/wiki/Luminescence" title="Luminescence">luminescence</a>. The indicator may be attached to the sensor via a spacer, in the ISR arrangement, or it may be displaced from the sensor, IDA arrangement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binding_selectivity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binding_(molecular)" class="mw-redirect" title="Binding (molecular)">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Affinity (pharmacology)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_selectivity" title="Functional selectivity">Functional selectivity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binding_selectivity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The constant used here are <i>association</i> constants. <i>Dissociation</i> constants are used in some contexts. A dissociation constant is the reciprocal of an association constant.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term "ligand" here refers to binding to a metal. In the definition of selectivity coefficient this "ligand" is in fact the substrate and ligand in that definition is the metal ion.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Binding_selectivity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKlotz1997" class="citation book cs1">Klotz, I.M. (1997). <i>Ligand-Receptor Energetics: A Guide for the Perplexed</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-17626-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-17626-8"><bdi>978-0-471-17626-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ligand-Receptor+Energetics%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Perplexed&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-471-17626-8&rft.aulast=Klotz&rft.aufirst=I.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinding+selectivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForemanJohansen,_T.2003" class="citation book cs1">Foreman, J.C.; Johansen, T., eds. (2003). <i>Textbook of receptor pharmacology</i> (2nd. ed.). Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-1029-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-1029-4"><bdi>978-0-8493-1029-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbook+of+receptor+pharmacology&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Fla.&rft.edition=2nd.&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-1029-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinding+selectivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerShah,_H.H.1997" class="citation book cs1">Walker, M.; Shah, H.H. (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/everythingyousho0000walk"><i>Everything you should know about chelation therapy</i></a></span> (4th ed.). New Canaan, Conn.: Keats Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87983-730-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87983-730-3"><bdi>978-0-87983-730-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everything+you+should+know+about+chelation+therapy&rft.place=New+Canaan%2C+Conn.&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Keats+Pub.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-87983-730-3&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Shah%2C+H.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feverythingyousho0000walk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinding+selectivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Iron-Selective Chelators With Therapeutic Potential in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiderKong2013" class="citation book cs1">Hider, Robert C.; Kong, Xiaole (2013). "Chapter 8. Iron: Effect of Overload and Deficiency". In Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel (ed.). <i>Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases</i>. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 13. 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(1958). "The relative affinities of ligand atoms for acceptor molecules and ions". <i>Quart. 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"Chapter 8. Lead(II) Complexes of Amino Acids, Peptides, and Other Related Ligands of Biological Interest". In Astrid, S.; Helmut, S.; Sigel, R. K. O. (eds.). <i>Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health</i>. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 17. 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(the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/S05566.html.html">selectivity coefficient, <i>k<sub>A/B</sub> in ion exchange chromatography</i></a>". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.S05566.html">10.1351/goldbook.S05566.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiceIrving,_H._M._N._H.Leonard,_M.A1993" class="citation journal cs1">Rice, N.M.; Irving, H. M. N. H.; Leonard, M.A (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac199365112373">"Nomenclature for liquid-liquid distribution (solvent extraction)"</a>. <i>Pure Appl. Chem</i>. <b>65</b> (11). 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(2004). <i>Solvent Extraction Principles and Practice (</i> (2nd. ed.). Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-5063-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-5063-3"><bdi>978-0-8247-5063-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solvent+Extraction+Principles+and+Practice+%28&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Fla.&rft.edition=2nd.&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-5063-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinding+selectivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckLinder,_E.1994" class="citation journal cs1">Buck, R. P.; Linder, E. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2FPac199466122527">"Recommendations for nomenclature of ion-selective electrodes"</a>. <i>Pure Appl. Chem</i>. <b>66</b> (12). IUPAC: 2527–2536. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2FPac199466122527">10.1351/Pac199466122527</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:97126225">97126225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+Appl.+Chem.&rft.atitle=Recommendations+for+nomenclature+of+ion-selective+electrodes&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2527-2536&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1351%2FPac199466122527&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A97126225%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=R.+P.&rft.au=Linder%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1351%252FPac199466122527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABinding+selectivity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Florinel-Gabriel Bănică, Chemical Sensors and Biosensors: Fundamentals and Applications, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 2012, Print <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-71066-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-71066-1">978-0-470-71066-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCattrall1997" class="citation book cs1">Cattrall, R.W. 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title="Chelation">Chelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_equilibrium" title="Dynamic equilibrium">Dynamic equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_chemistry" title="Equilibrium chemistry">Equilibrium chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrium stage">Equilibrium stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_free_energy" title="Thermodynamic free energy">Free energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy" title="Gibbs free energy">Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_free_energy" title="Helmholtz free energy">Helmholtz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chatelier%27s_principle" title="Le Chatelier's principle">Le Chatelier's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_separation" title="Phase separation">Phase separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversible_reaction" title="Reversible reaction">Reversible reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium" title="Thermodynamic equilibrium">Thermodynamic equilibrium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">Models</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_constant" title="Equilibrium constant">Equilibrium constant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Determination_of_equilibrium_constants" title="Determination of equilibrium constants">determination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_diagram" title="Phase diagram">Phase diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predominance_diagram" title="Predominance diagram">Predominance diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase_rule" title="Phase rule">Phase rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaction_quotient" title="Reaction quotient">Reaction quotient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_activity" title="Thermodynamic activity">Thermodynamic activity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffer_solution" title="Buffer solution">Buffer solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_unfolding" title="Equilibrium unfolding">Equilibrium unfolding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid%E2%80%93liquid_extraction" title="Liquid–liquid extraction">Liquid–liquid extraction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific equilibria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">Acid dissociation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammett_acidity_function" title="Hammett acidity function">Hammett acidity function</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binding_constant" title="Binding constant">Binding constant</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Binding selectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stability_constants_of_complexes" title="Stability constants of complexes">Coordination complexes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macrocyclic_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrocyclic effect">Macrocyclic effect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociation_constant" title="Dissociation constant">Dissociation constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis_constant" title="Hydrolysis constant">Hydrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_autoionization" title="Molecular autoionization">Self-ionization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-ionization_of_water" title="Self-ionization of water">of water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_equilibrium" title="Partition equilibrium">Partition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_coefficient" title="Partition coefficient">Distribution coefficient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solubility_equilibrium" title="Solubility equilibrium">Solubility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common-ion_effect" title="Common-ion effect">Common-ion effect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor%E2%80%93liquid_equilibrium" title="Vapor–liquid equilibrium">Vapor–liquid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry%27s_law" title="Henry's law">Henry's law</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharmacology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharmacology" title="Template:Pharmacology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharmacology" title="Template talk:Pharmacology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharmacology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharmacology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharmacology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">Ligand (biochemistry)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Excitatory" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Excitatory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">Agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_agonist" title="Endogenous agonist">Endogenous agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreversible_agonist" title="Irreversible agonist">Irreversible agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_agonist" title="Partial agonist">Partial agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superagonist" title="Superagonist">Superagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_agonism_and_antagonism" title="Physiological agonism and antagonism">Physiological agonist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Inhibitory" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Inhibitory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">Antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitive antagonist">Competitive antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreversible_antagonist" title="Irreversible antagonist">Irreversible antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_agonism_and_antagonism" title="Physiological agonism and antagonism">Physiological antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverse_agonist" title="Inverse agonist">Inverse agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">Enzyme inhibitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">Drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">Neurotransmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agonist-antagonist" title="Agonist-antagonist">Agonist-antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacophore" title="Pharmacophore">Pharmacophore</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics" title="Pharmacodynamics">Pharmacodynamics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Activity_at_receptor" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Activity at receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action" title="Mechanism of action">Mechanism of action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_action" title="Mode of action">Mode of action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_binding" title="Molecular binding">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptor (biochemistry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desensitization_(medicine)" title="Desensitization (medicine)">Desensitization (medicine)</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Other_effects_of_ligand" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other effects of ligand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Selectivity (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Binding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_selectivity" title="Functional selectivity">Functional</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleiotropy_(drugs)" title="Pleiotropy (drugs)">Pleiotropy (drugs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-specific_effect_of_vaccines" title="Non-specific effect of vaccines">Non-specific effect of vaccines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">Adverse effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">Toxicity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">Neurotoxicity</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Analysis" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dose%E2%80%93response_relationship" title="Dose–response relationship">Dose–response relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_equation_(biochemistry)" title="Hill equation (biochemistry)">Hill equation (biochemistry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schild_plot" class="mw-redirect" title="Schild plot">Schild plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Castillo_Katz_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Del Castillo Katz model">Del Castillo Katz model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng-Prussoff_Equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheng-Prussoff Equation">Cheng-Prussoff Equation</a></li> <li>Methods (<a href="/wiki/Organ_bath" title="Organ bath">Organ bath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ligand_binding_assay" title="Ligand binding assay">Ligand binding assay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patch_clamp" title="Patch clamp">Patch clamp</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Metrics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Metrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efficacy#Pharmacology" title="Efficacy">Efficacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_activity" title="Intrinsic activity">Intrinsic activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)" title="Potency (pharmacology)">Potency</a> (<a href="/wiki/EC50" title="EC50">EC50</a>, <a href="/wiki/IC50" title="IC50">IC50</a>, <a href="/wiki/Effective_dose_(pharmacology)" title="Effective dose (pharmacology)">ED50</a>, <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">LD50</a>, <a href="/wiki/Median_toxic_dose" title="Median toxic dose">TD50</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_index" title="Therapeutic index">Therapeutic index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociation_constant#Protein-ligand_binding" title="Dissociation constant">Affinity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Metrics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Metrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loading_dose" title="Loading dose">Loading dose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_of_distribution" title="Volume of distribution">Volume of distribution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Initial_volume_of_distribution" title="Initial volume of distribution">Initial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rate_of_infusion" title="Rate of infusion">Rate of infusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onset_of_action" title="Onset of action">Onset of action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Biological half-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Plasma protein binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="LADME" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">LADME</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADME" title="ADME">(L)ADME</a>: (<a href="/wiki/Liberation_(pharmacology)" title="Liberation (pharmacology)">Liberation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_(pharmacology)" title="Absorption (pharmacology)">Absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distribution_(pharmacology)" title="Distribution (pharmacology)">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Clearance_(pharmacology)" title="Clearance (pharmacology)">Clearance</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compartment_(pharmacokinetics)" title="Compartment (pharmacokinetics)">Compartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioequivalence" title="Bioequivalence">Bioequivalence</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related<br /> fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Neuroscience_and_psychology" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychopharmacology" title="Neuropsychopharmacology">Neuropsychopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropharmacology" title="Neuropharmacology">Neuropharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopharmacology" title="Psychopharmacology">Psychopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrophysiology" title="Electrophysiology">Electrophysiology</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Medicine" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pharmacology" title="Clinical pharmacology">Clinical pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry" title="Medicinal chemistry">Medicinal chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacoepidemiology" title="Pharmacoepidemiology">Pharmacoepidemiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Biochemistry_and_genetics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacoinformatics" title="Pharmacoinformatics">Pharmacoinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacogenetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacogenetics">Pharmacogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacogenomics" title="Pharmacogenomics">Pharmacogenomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Toxicology" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacotoxicology" title="Pharmacotoxicology">Pharmacotoxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicology" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotoxicology">Neurotoxicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Drug_discovery" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_discovery" title="Drug discovery">Drug discovery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_pharmacology" title="Classical pharmacology">Classical pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_pharmacology" title="Reverse pharmacology">Reverse pharmacology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photopharmacology" title="Photopharmacology">Photopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunopharmacology" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunopharmacology">Immunopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinduction_(anesthetics)" title="Coinduction (anesthetics)">Coinduction (anesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_therapy" title="Combination therapy">Combination therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_analog_(chemistry)" title="Functional analog (chemistry)">Functional analog (chemistry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypharmacology" title="Polypharmacology">Polypharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">Chemotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_drugs" title="Lists of drugs">Lists of drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_list_of_essential_medicines" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO list of essential medicines">WHO list of essential medicines</a></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tolerance_and_resistance" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Tolerance and resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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