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<span>Constitutive activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutive_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories_of_drug-receptor_interaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_of_drug-receptor_interaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Theories of drug-receptor interaction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theories_of_drug-receptor_interaction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theories of drug-receptor interaction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theories_of_drug-receptor_interaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Induced-fit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Induced-fit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Induced-fit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Induced-fit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spare_Receptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spare_Receptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Spare Receptors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spare_Receptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Receptor_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Receptor_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Receptor regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Receptor_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_and_ligands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_and_ligands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Examples and ligands</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples_and_ligands-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples and ligands subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples_and_ligands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ion_channels_and_G_protein_coupled_receptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ion_channels_and_G_protein_coupled_receptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ion channels and G protein coupled receptors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ion_channels_and_G_protein_coupled_receptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enzyme_linked_receptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enzyme_linked_receptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Enzyme linked receptors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enzyme_linked_receptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intracellular_Receptors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intracellular_Receptors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Intracellular Receptors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intracellular_Receptors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_health_and_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_health_and_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Role in health and disease</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_in_health_and_disease-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Role in health and disease subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Role_in_health_and_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_genetic_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_genetic_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In genetic disorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_genetic_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_immune_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_immune_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>In the immune system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_immune_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Receptor (biochemistry)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reseptor_(biochemie)" title="Reseptor (biochemie) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Reseptor (biochemie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84_(%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="مستقبل (كيمياء حيوية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستقبل (كيمياء حيوية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(biohemija)" title="Receptor (biohemija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Receptor (biohemija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(bioqu%C3%ADmica)" title="Receptor (bioquímica) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Receptor (bioquímica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor" title="Receptor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Receptor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor" title="Receptor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Receptor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezeptor_(Biochemie)" title="Rezeptor (Biochemie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rezeptor (Biochemie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retseptor_(biokeemia)" title="Retseptor (biokeemia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Retseptor (biokeemia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_celular" title="Receptor celular – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Receptor celular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricevanto_(biologio)" title="Ricevanto (biologio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ricevanto (biologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartzaile_(biokimika)" title="Hartzaile (biokimika) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hartzaile (biokimika)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_(%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C)" title="گیرنده (بیوشیمی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیرنده (بیوشیمی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9cepteur_(biochimie)" title="Récepteur (biochimie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Récepteur (biochimie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(bioqu%C3%ADmica)" title="Receptor (bioquímica) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Receptor (bioquímica)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%9A%A9%EC%B2%B4" title="수용체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수용체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor" title="Receptor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Receptor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reseptor_(biokimia)" title="Reseptor (biokimia) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reseptor (biokimia)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recettore_(biochimica)" title="Recettore (biochimica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Recettore (biochimica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%9F" title="קולטן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קולטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resept%C3%A8" title="Reseptè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Reseptè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wergir_(j%C3%AEnk%C3%AEmya)" title="Wergir (jînkîmya) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Wergir (jînkîmya)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C5%ABnu_receptors" title="Šūnu receptors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šūnu receptors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptorius_(molekul%C4%97)" title="Receptorius (molekulė) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Receptorius (molekulė)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(biok%C3%A9mia)" title="Receptor (biokémia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Receptor (biokémia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Рецептор (биохемија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рецептор (биохемија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC_(%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82)" title="റിസപ്റ്റർ (ജൈവരസതന്ത്രം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റിസപ്റ്റർ (ജൈവരസതന്ത്രം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reseptor_(biokimia)" title="Reseptor (biokimia) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Reseptor (biokimia)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(biochemie)" title="Receptor (biochemie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Receptor (biochemie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E5%AE%B9%E4%BD%93" title="受容体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="受容体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reseptor_(biokjemi)" title="Reseptor (biokjemi) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Reseptor (biokjemi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(bioquimia)" title="Receptor (bioquimia) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Receptor (bioquimia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ka_receptorowe" title="Białka receptorowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Białka receptorowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(bioqu%C3%ADmica)" title="Receptor (bioquímica) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Receptor (bioquímica)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(biochimie)" title="Receptor (biochimie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Receptor (biochimie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Клеточный рецептор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клеточный рецептор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptori_(biokimi)" title="Receptori (biokimi) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Receptori (biokimi)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(cell_biology)" title="Receptor (cell biology) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Receptor (cell biology)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(fyziol%C3%B3gia)" title="Receptor (fyziológia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Receptor (fyziológia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(biokemija)" title="Receptor (biokemija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Receptor (biokemija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(biohemija)" title="Receptor (biohemija) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Receptor (biohemija)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_(biohemija)" title="Receptor (biohemija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Receptor (biohemija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reseptori_(biokemia)" title="Reseptori (biokemia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Reseptori (biokemia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor" title="Receptor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Receptor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reseptor_(biyokimika)" title="Reseptor (biyokimika) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Reseptor (biyokimika)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%81" title="หน่วยรับความรู้สึก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน่วยรับความรู้สึก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resept%C3%B6r_(biyokimya)" title="Reseptör (biyokimya) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Reseptör (biyokimya)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA)" title="Рецептор (білок) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рецептор (білок)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A5_th%E1%BB%83_(h%C3%B3a_sinh)" title="Thụ thể (hóa sinh) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thụ thể (hóa sinh)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor" title="Receptor – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Receptor" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E5%AE%B9%E9%AB%94" title="受容體 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="受容體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="受体 (生物化学) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="受体 (生物化学)" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Protein molecule receiving signals for a cell</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Receptor (disambiguation)">Receptor (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Receptor_(Biochemistry).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Receptor_%28Biochemistry%29.svg/220px-Receptor_%28Biochemistry%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Receptor_%28Biochemistry%29.svg/330px-Receptor_%28Biochemistry%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Receptor_%28Biochemistry%29.svg/440px-Receptor_%28Biochemistry%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>An example of membrane <b>receptors</b>. <div><ol><li>Ligands, located outside the cell</li><li>Ligands connect to specific receptor proteins based on the shape of the active site of the protein.</li><li>The receptor releases a messenger once the ligand has connected to the receptor.</li></ol></div> </figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a>, <b>receptors</b> are chemical structures, composed of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, that receive and <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">transduce</a> signals that may be integrated into biological systems.<sup id="cite_ref-hall_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hall-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These signals are typically chemical messengers<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which bind to a receptor and produce <a href="/wiki/Physiological_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological response">physiological responses</a> such as change in the <a href="/wiki/Electrophysiology" title="Electrophysiology">electrical activity of a cell</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/GABA" title="GABA">GABA</a>, an inhibitory <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a>, inhibits electrical activity of neurons by binding to <a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub> receptors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three main ways the action of the receptor can be classified: relay of signal, amplification, or integration.<sup id="cite_ref-alberts_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alberts-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relaying sends the signal onward, amplification increases the effect of a single <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligand</a>, and integration allows the signal to be incorporated into another biochemical pathway.<sup id="cite_ref-alberts_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alberts-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Receptor proteins can be classified by their location. <a href="/wiki/Cell_surface_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell surface receptors">Cell surface receptors</a>, also known as transmembrane receptors, include <a href="/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel" title="Ligand-gated ion channel">ligand-gated ion channels</a>, <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptors</a>, and enzyme-linked <a href="/wiki/Hormone_receptor" title="Hormone receptor">hormone receptors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hall_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hall-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Intracellular_receptor" title="Intracellular receptor">Intracellular receptors</a> are those found inside the cell, and include cytoplasmic receptors and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_receptor" title="Nuclear receptor">nuclear receptors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hall_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hall-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A molecule that binds to a receptor is called a <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligand</a> and can be a protein, <a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">peptide</a> (short protein), or another <a href="/wiki/Small_molecule" title="Small molecule">small molecule</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormone</a>, pharmaceutical drug, toxin, <a href="/wiki/Calcium-sensing_receptor" title="Calcium-sensing receptor">calcium ion</a> or parts of the outside of a virus or microbe. An endogenously produced substance that binds to a particular receptor is referred to as its endogenous ligand. E.g. the endogenous ligand for the <a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor">nicotinic acetylcholine receptor</a> is <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">acetylcholine</a>, but it can also be activated by <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MalenkaNicotine_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MalenkaNicotine-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and blocked by <a href="/wiki/Curare" title="Curare">curare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Receptors of a particular type are linked to specific cellular biochemical pathways that correspond to the signal. While numerous receptors are found in most cells, each receptor will only bind with ligands of a particular structure. This has been analogously compared to <a href="/wiki/Enzyme#.22Lock_and_key.22_model" title="Enzyme">how locks will only accept specifically shaped keys</a>. When a ligand binds to a corresponding receptor, it activates or inhibits the receptor's associated biochemical pathway, which may also be highly specialised. </p><p>Receptor proteins can be also classified by the property of the ligands. Such classifications include <a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">chemoreceptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">mechanoreceptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gravitropism" title="Gravitropism">gravitropic receptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_protein" title="Photoreceptor protein">photoreceptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetoreception" title="Magnetoreception">magnetoreceptors</a> and gasoreceptors. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Receptor_(biochemistry)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transmembrane_receptor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Transmembrane_receptor.svg/220px-Transmembrane_receptor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Transmembrane_receptor.svg/330px-Transmembrane_receptor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Transmembrane_receptor.svg/440px-Transmembrane_receptor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Transmembrane receptor: E=extracellular space; I=intracellular space; P=plasma membrane</figcaption></figure> <p>The structures of receptors are very diverse and include the following major categories, among others: </p> <ul><li>Type 1: <a href="/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel" title="Ligand-gated ion channel">Ligand-gated ion channels</a> (ionotropic receptors) – These receptors are typically the targets of fast neurotransmitters such as <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">acetylcholine</a> (nicotinic) and <a href="/wiki/GABA" title="GABA">GABA</a>; activation of these receptors results in changes in ion movement across a membrane. They have a heteromeric structure in that each subunit consists of the extracellular ligand-binding domain and a transmembrane domain which includes four transmembrane <a href="/wiki/Alpha_helix" title="Alpha helix">alpha helices</a>. The ligand-binding cavities are located at the interface between the subunits.</li> <li>Type 2: <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptors</a> (metabotropic receptors) – This is the largest family of receptors and includes the receptors for several hormones and slow transmitters e.g. dopamine, metabotropic glutamate. They are composed of seven transmembrane alpha helices. The loops connecting the alpha helices form extracellular and intracellular domains. The binding-site for larger peptide ligands is usually located in the extracellular domain whereas the binding site for smaller non-peptide ligands is often located between the seven alpha helices and one extracellular loop.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19912230_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19912230-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aforementioned receptors are coupled to different intracellular effector systems via <a href="/wiki/G_protein" title="G protein">G proteins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid=21873996_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid=21873996-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> G proteins are heterotrimers made up of 3 subunits: α (alpha), β (beta), and γ (gamma). In the inactive state, the three subunits associate together and the α-subunit binds GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> G protein activation causes a conformational change, which leads to the exchange of GDP for GTP. GTP-binding to the α-subunit causes dissociation of the β- and γ-subunits.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the three subunits, α, β, and γ have additional four main classes based on their primary sequence. These include G<sub>s</sub>, G<sub>i</sub>, G<sub>q</sub> and G<sub>12</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Type 3: Kinase-linked and related receptors (see "<a href="/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase" title="Receptor tyrosine kinase">Receptor tyrosine kinase</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Enzyme-linked_receptor" title="Enzyme-linked receptor">Enzyme-linked receptor</a>") – They are composed of an extracellular domain containing the ligand binding site and an intracellular domain, often with enzymatic-function, linked by a single transmembrane alpha helix. The <a href="/wiki/Insulin_receptor" title="Insulin receptor">insulin receptor</a> is an example.</li> <li>Type 4: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_receptor" title="Nuclear receptor">Nuclear receptors</a> – While they are called nuclear receptors, they are actually located in the <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a> and migrate to the <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a> after binding with their ligands. They are composed of a <a href="/wiki/C-terminus" title="C-terminus">C-terminal</a> ligand-binding region, a core <a href="/wiki/DNA-binding_domain" title="DNA-binding domain">DNA-binding domain</a> (DBD) and an <a href="/wiki/N-terminus" title="N-terminus">N-terminal</a> domain that contains the <i>AF1</i>(activation function 1) region. The core region has two zinc fingers that are responsible for recognizing the DNA sequences specific to this receptor. The N terminus interacts with other cellular transcription factors in a ligand-independent manner; and, depending on these interactions, it can modify the binding/activity of the receptor. Steroid and thyroid-hormone receptors are examples of such receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-Rang_HP,_Dale_MM,_Ritter_JM,_Flower_RJ,_Henderson_G_2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rang_HP,_Dale_MM,_Ritter_JM,_Flower_RJ,_Henderson_G_2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Membrane receptors may be isolated from cell membranes by complex extraction procedures using <a href="/wiki/Liquid-liquid_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid-liquid extraction">solvents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detergents" class="mw-redirect" title="Detergents">detergents</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Affinity_purification" class="mw-redirect" title="Affinity purification">affinity purification</a>. </p><p>The structures and actions of receptors may be studied by using biophysical methods such as <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography#Biological_macromolecular_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy_of_proteins" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins">NMR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circular_dichroism" title="Circular dichroism">circular dichroism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dual_polarisation_interferometry" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual polarisation interferometry">dual polarisation interferometry</a>. <a href="/wiki/Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">Computer simulations</a> of the dynamic behavior of receptors have been used to gain understanding of their mechanisms of action. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Binding_and_activation">Binding and activation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Receptor_(biochemistry)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Binding and activation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ligand binding is an <a href="/wiki/Chemical_equilibrium" title="Chemical equilibrium">equilibrium</a> process. Ligands bind to receptors and dissociate from them according to the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_mass_action" title="Law of mass action">law of mass action</a> in the following equation, for a ligand L and receptor, R. The brackets around chemical species denote their concentrations. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {[{\ce {L}}]+[{\ce {R}}]{\ce {<=>[{K_{d}}]}}[{\text{LR}}]}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>L</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>R</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mo>⇌</mo> <mpadded width="+0.667em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>d</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>LR</mtext> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {[{\ce {L}}]+[{\ce {R}}]{\ce {<=>[{K_{d}}]}}[{\text{LR}}]}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8bc59879baab1d42236bb74c50da94e2ceef5afd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-top: -0.288ex; width:16.608ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {[{\ce {L}}]+[{\ce {R}}]{\ce {<=>[{K_{d}}]}}[{\text{LR}}]}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>One measure of how well a molecule fits a receptor is its binding affinity, which is inversely related to the <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_constant" title="Dissociation constant">dissociation constant</a> <i>K</i><sub><i>d</i></sub>. A good fit corresponds with high affinity and low <i>K</i><sub><i>d</i></sub>. The final biological response (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Second_messenger_system" title="Second messenger system">second messenger cascade</a>, muscle-contraction), is only achieved after a significant number of receptors are activated. </p><p>Affinity is a measure of the tendency of a ligand to bind to its receptor. Efficacy is the measure of the bound ligand to activate its receptor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agonists_versus_antagonists">Agonists versus antagonists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Receptor_(biochemistry)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Agonists versus antagonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Efficacy_spectrum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Efficacy_spectrum.png/320px-Efficacy_spectrum.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Efficacy_spectrum.png/480px-Efficacy_spectrum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Efficacy_spectrum.png/640px-Efficacy_spectrum.png 2x" data-file-width="2436" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption>Efficacy spectrum of receptor ligands.</figcaption></figure> <p>Not every ligand that binds to a receptor also activates that receptor. The following classes of ligands exist: </p> <ul><li><i>(Full) <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a></i> are able to activate the receptor and result in a strong biological response. The natural <a href="/wiki/Endogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous">endogenous</a> ligand with the greatest <a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_activity" title="Intrinsic activity">efficacy</a> for a given receptor is by definition a full agonist (100% efficacy).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Partial_agonist" title="Partial agonist">Partial agonists</a></i> do not activate receptors with maximal efficacy, even with maximal binding, causing partial responses compared to those of full agonists (efficacy between 0 and 100%).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist"><i>Antagonists</i></a> bind to receptors but do not activate them. This results in a receptor blockade, inhibiting the binding of agonists and inverse agonists. Receptor antagonists can be competitive (or reversible), and compete with the agonist for the receptor, or they can be irreversible antagonists that form <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent bonds">covalent bonds</a> (or extremely high affinity non-covalent bonds) with the receptor and completely block it. The proton pump inhibitor <a href="/wiki/Omeprazole" title="Omeprazole">omeprazole</a> is an example of an irreversible antagonist. The effects of irreversible antagonism can only be reversed by synthesis of new receptors.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inverse_agonist" title="Inverse agonist">Inverse agonists</a></i> reduce the activity of receptors by inhibiting their constitutive activity (negative efficacy).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Allosteric_regulation" title="Allosteric regulation">Allosteric modulators</a></i>: They do not bind to the agonist-binding site of the receptor but instead on specific allosteric binding sites, through which they modify the effect of the agonist. For example, <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepines" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepines">benzodiazepines</a> (BZDs) bind to the BZD site on the <a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor</a> and potentiate the effect of endogenous GABA.</li></ul> <p>Note that the idea of receptor agonism and antagonism only refers to the interaction between receptors and ligands and not to their biological effects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutive_activity">Constitutive activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Receptor_(biochemistry)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Constitutive activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A receptor which is capable of producing a biological response in the absence of a bound ligand is said to display "constitutive activity".<sup id="cite_ref-Milligan_2003_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milligan_2003-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitutive activity of a receptor may be blocked by an <a href="/wiki/Inverse_agonist" title="Inverse agonist">inverse agonist</a>. The anti-obesity drugs <a href="/wiki/Rimonabant" title="Rimonabant">rimonabant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taranabant" title="Taranabant">taranabant</a> are inverse agonists at the cannabinoid <a href="/wiki/CB1_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="CB1 receptor">CB1 receptor</a> and though they produced significant weight loss, both were withdrawn owing to a high incidence of depression and anxiety, which are believed to relate to the inhibition of the constitutive activity of the cannabinoid receptor. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor</a> has constitutive activity and conducts some basal current in the absence of an agonist. This allows <a href="/wiki/Beta_carboline" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta carboline">beta carboline</a> to act as an inverse agonist and reduce the current <i>below</i> basal levels. </p><p>Mutations in receptors that result in increased constitutive activity underlie some inherited diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Precocious_puberty" title="Precocious puberty">precocious puberty</a> (due to mutations in luteinizing hormone receptors) and <a href="/wiki/Hyperthyroidism" title="Hyperthyroidism">hyperthyroidism</a> (due to mutations in thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories_of_drug-receptor_interaction">Theories of drug-receptor interaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Receptor_(biochemistry)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Theories of drug-receptor interaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupation">Occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Receptor_(biochemistry)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early forms of the <a href="/wiki/Receptor_theory" title="Receptor theory">receptor theory</a> of pharmacology stated that a drug's effect is directly proportional to the number of receptors that are occupied.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, a drug effect ceases as a drug-receptor complex dissociates. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Everhardus_Jacobus_Ari%C3%ABns" title="Everhardus Jacobus Ariëns">Ariëns</a> & Stephenson introduced the terms "affinity" & "efficacy" to describe the action of ligands bound to receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid13229418_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid13229418-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid13383117_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid13383117-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissociation_constant#Protein-ligand_binding" title="Dissociation constant">Affinity</a>: The ability of a drug to combine with a receptor to create a drug-receptor complex.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_activity" title="Intrinsic activity">Efficacy</a>: The ability of drug to initiate a response after the formation of drug-receptor complex.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rate">Rate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Receptor_(biochemistry)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to the accepted <i>Occupation Theory</i>, Rate Theory proposes that the activation of receptors is directly proportional to the total number of encounters of a drug with its receptors per unit time. Pharmacological activity is directly proportional to the rates of dissociation and association, <b>not</b> the number of receptors occupied:<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-12-643732-7_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-12-643732-7-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Agonist: A drug with a fast association and a fast dissociation.</li> <li>Partial-agonist: A drug with an intermediate association and an intermediate dissociation.</li> <li>Antagonist: A drug with a fast association & slow dissociation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Induced-fit">Induced-fit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Receptor_(biochemistry)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Induced-fit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a drug approaches a receptor, the receptor alters the conformation of its binding site to produce drug—receptor complex. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spare_Receptors">Spare Receptors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Receptor_(biochemistry)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Spare Receptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some receptor systems (e.g. acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction in smooth muscle), agonists are able to elicit maximal response at very low levels of receptor occupancy (<1%). Thus, that system has spare receptors or a receptor reserve. This arrangement produces an economy of neurotransmitter production and release.<sup id="cite_ref-Rang_HP,_Dale_MM,_Ritter_JM,_Flower_RJ,_Henderson_G_2012_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rang_HP,_Dale_MM,_Ritter_JM,_Flower_RJ,_Henderson_G_2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Receptor_regulation">Receptor regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Receptor_(biochemistry)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Receptor regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cells can increase (<a href="/wiki/Upregulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Upregulate">upregulate</a>) or decrease (<a href="/wiki/Downregulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Downregulate">downregulate</a>) the number of receptors to a given <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> to alter their sensitivity to different molecules. This is a locally acting <a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">feedback</a> mechanism. </p> <ul><li>Change in the receptor conformation such that binding of the agonist does not activate the receptor. This is seen with ion channel receptors.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_quaternary_structure" title="Protein quaternary structure">Uncoupling</a> of the receptor <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor#G-protein_activation/deactivation_cycle" title="G protein-coupled receptor">effector molecules</a> is seen with G protein-coupled receptors.</li> <li>Receptor <a href="/wiki/Endocytosis" title="Endocytosis">sequestration</a> (internalization),<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e.g. in the case of hormone receptors.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_and_ligands">Examples and ligands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Receptor_(biochemistry)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Examples and ligands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ligands for receptors are as diverse as their receptors. GPCRs (7TMs) are a particularly vast family, with at least 810 members. There are also <a href="/wiki/LGIC" class="mw-redirect" title="LGIC">LGICs</a> for at least a dozen endogenous ligands, and many more receptors possible through different subunit compositions. Some common examples of ligands and receptors include:<sup id="cite_ref-boron_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boron-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ion_channels_and_G_protein_coupled_receptors">Ion channels and G protein coupled receptors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Receptor_(biochemistry)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ion channels and G protein coupled receptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel" title="Ligand-gated ion channel">Ligand-gated ion channel</a> and <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptor</a></div> <p>Some example ionotropic (LGIC) and metabotropic (specifically, GPCRs) receptors are shown in the table below. The chief neurotransmitters are glutamate and GABA; other neurotransmitters are <a href="/wiki/Neuromodulation" title="Neuromodulation">neuromodulatory</a>. This list is by no means exhaustive. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Endogenous Ligand </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/LGIC" class="mw-redirect" title="LGIC">Ion channel receptor (LGIC)</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/7TM" class="mw-redirect" title="7TM">G protein coupled receptor (GPCR)</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Receptors </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">Ion current</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Exogenous Ligand </th> <th>Receptors </th> <th><a href="/wiki/G_protein" title="G protein">G protein</a> </th> <th>Exogenous Ligand </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">Glutamate</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/IGluR" class="mw-redirect" title="IGluR">iGluRs</a>: <a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor">NMDA</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/AMPA_receptor" title="AMPA receptor">AMPA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kainate_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Kainate receptors">Kainate receptors</a> </td> <td>Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-boron_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boron-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_receptor" title="Glutamate receptor">Glutamate receptors</a>: <a href="/wiki/MGluR" class="mw-redirect" title="MGluR">mGluRs</a> </td> <td>Gq or Gi/o </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GABA" title="GABA">GABA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GABAA" class="mw-redirect" title="GABAA">GABA<sub>A</sub></a><br />(including <a href="/wiki/GABAA-rho" class="mw-redirect" title="GABAA-rho">GABA<sub>A</sub>-rho</a>) </td> <td>Cl<sup>−</sup> > HCO<sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub> <sup id="cite_ref-boron_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boron-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepines" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzodiazepines">Benzodiazepines</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/GABAB" class="mw-redirect" title="GABAB">GABA<sub>B</sub> receptor</a> </td> <td>Gi/o </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baclofen" title="Baclofen">Baclofen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Acetylcholine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor">nAChR</a> </td> <td>Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup><sup id="cite_ref-boron_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boron-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">Nicotine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor">mAChR</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gq_subunit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gq subunit">Gq</a> or Gi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muscarine" title="Muscarine">Muscarine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glycine_receptor" title="Glycine receptor">Glycine receptor</a> (GlyR) </td> <td>Cl<sup>−</sup> > HCO<sup>−</sup><sub>3</sub> <sup id="cite_ref-boron_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boron-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strychnine" title="Strychnine">Strychnine</a> </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin receptor">5-HT<sub>3</sub> receptor</a> </td> <td>Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-boron_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boron-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cereulide" title="Cereulide">Cereulide</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin receptor">5-HT1-2 or 4-7</a> </td> <td>Gs, Gi/o or Gq </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/P2X_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="P2X receptors">P2X receptors</a> </td> <td>Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-boron_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boron-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>BzATP<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/P2Y_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="P2Y receptors">P2Y receptors</a> </td> <td>Gs, Gi/o or Gq </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a> </td> <td>No ion channels<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor" title="Dopamine receptor">Dopamine receptor</a> </td> <td>Gs or Gi/o </td> <td>- </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enzyme_linked_receptors">Enzyme linked receptors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Receptor_(biochemistry)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Enzyme linked receptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Enzyme-linked_receptor" title="Enzyme-linked receptor">Enzyme-linked receptor</a></div> <p>Enzyme linked receptors include <a href="/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase" title="Receptor tyrosine kinase">Receptor tyrosine kinases</a> (RTKs), serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, as in bone morphogenetic protein and guanylate cyclase, as in atrial natriuretic factor receptor. Of the RTKs, 20 classes have been identified, with 58 different RTKs as members. Some examples are shown below: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><b>RTK Class/Receptor Family</b></th> <th><b>Member</b></th> <th><b>Endogenous Ligand</b> </th> <th><b>Exogenous Ligand</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor_receptor" title="Epidermal growth factor receptor">EGFR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor" title="Epidermal growth factor">EGF</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gefitinib" title="Gefitinib">Gefitinib</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>II</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Insulin_receptor" title="Insulin receptor">Insulin Receptor</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">Insulin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chaetochromin" title="Chaetochromin">Chaetochromin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>IV</td> <td><a href="/wiki/VEGF_receptor" title="VEGF receptor">VEGFR</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_endothelial_growth_factor" title="Vascular endothelial growth factor">VEGF</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lenvatinib" title="Lenvatinib">Lenvatinib</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intracellular_Receptors">Intracellular Receptors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Receptor_(biochemistry)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Intracellular Receptors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intracellular_receptor" title="Intracellular receptor">Intracellular receptor</a></div> <p>Receptors may be classed based on their mechanism or on their position in the cell. 4 examples of intracellular LGIC are shown below: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Receptor</th> <th>Ligand</th> <th>Ion current </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_ion_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel">cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_guanosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic guanosine monophosphate">cGMP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">vision</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_guanosine_triphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic guanosine triphosphate">cGTP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olfaction#Main_olfactory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">olfaction</a>)</td> <td>Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-boron_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boron-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inositol_triphosphate_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Inositol triphosphate receptor">IP<sub>3</sub> receptor</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inositol_triphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Inositol triphosphate">IP<sub>3</sub></a></td> <td>Ca<sup>2+</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-boron_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boron-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Intracellular <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> receptors</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> (closes channel)<sup id="cite_ref-boron_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boron-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>K<sup>+</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-boron_20-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boron-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ryanodine_receptor" title="Ryanodine receptor">Ryanodine receptor</a></td> <td>Ca<sup>2+</sup></td> <td>Ca<sup>2+</sup> <sup id="cite_ref-boron_20-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boron-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_health_and_disease">Role in health and disease</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Receptor_(biochemistry)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Role in health and disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_genetic_disorders">In genetic disorders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Receptor_(biochemistry)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In genetic disorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Genetic_disorder" title="Genetic disorder">genetic disorders</a> involve hereditary defects in receptor genes. Often, it is hard to determine whether the receptor is nonfunctional or the <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormone</a> is produced at decreased level; this gives rise to the "pseudo-hypo-" group of <a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">endocrine disorders</a>, where there appears to be a decreased hormonal level while in fact it is the receptor that is not responding sufficiently to the hormone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_immune_system">In the immune system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Receptor_(biochemistry)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In the immune system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Immune_receptor" title="Immune receptor">Immune receptor</a></div> <p>The main receptors in the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> are <a href="/wiki/Pattern_recognition_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattern recognition receptors">pattern recognition receptors</a> (PRRs), <a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptor" title="Toll-like receptor">toll-like receptors</a> (TLRs), <a href="/wiki/Killer_activated_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Killer activated receptor">killer activated</a> and <a href="/wiki/Killer_inhibitor_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Killer inhibitor receptor">killer inhibitor receptors</a> (KARs and KIRs), <a href="/wiki/Complement_receptor" title="Complement receptor">complement receptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fc_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Fc receptors">Fc receptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/B_cell_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="B cell receptor">B cell receptors</a> and <a href="/wiki/T_cell_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="T cell receptor">T cell receptors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-7817-9543-5_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-7817-9543-5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Receptor_(biochemistry)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ki_Database" title="Ki Database">K<sub>i</sub> Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_channel_linked_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion channel linked receptors">Ion channel linked receptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychopharmacology" title="Neuropsychopharmacology">Neuropsychopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schild_regression" class="mw-redirect" title="Schild regression">Schild regression</a> for ligand receptor inhibition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">Signal transduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_cell_marker" title="Stem cell marker">Stem cell marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(D12.776)" title="List of MeSH codes (D12.776)">List of MeSH codes (D12.776)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptor_theory" title="Receptor theory">Receptor theory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Receptor_(biochemistry)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the case of the receptor <a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin" title="Rhodopsin">rhodopsin</a>, the input is a <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a>, not a chemical</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Different LGICs conduct currents of different <a href="/wiki/Ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ions">ions</a>. This is accomplished with selectivity filters, such as the <a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel#Selectivity_filter" title="Potassium channel">selectivity filter of the K+ ion channel</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Receptor_(biochemistry)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hall-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hall_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hall_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGuytonHall2016" class="citation book cs1">Guyton, Arthur C.; Hall, John E. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3sWNCgAAQBAJ"><i>Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology</i></a>. 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Problems and theory". <i>Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie</i>. <b>99</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">32–</span>49. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13229418">13229418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+Internationales+de+Pharmacodynamie+et+de+Therapie&rft.atitle=Affinity+and+intrinsic+activity+in+the+theory+of+competitive+inhibition.+I.+Problems+and+theory&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=1954-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13229418&rft.aulast=Ariens&rft.aufirst=EJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceptor+%28biochemistry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid13383117-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid13383117_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenson1956" class="citation journal cs1">Stephenson RP (December 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1510558">"A modification of receptor theory"</a>. <i>British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy</i>. <b>11</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">379–</span>93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1476-5381.1956.tb00006.x">10.1111/j.1476-5381.1956.tb00006.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1510558">1510558</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13383117">13383117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Pharmacology+and+Chemotherapy&rft.atitle=A+modification+of+receptor+theory&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E379-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.date=1956-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1510558%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13383117&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1476-5381.1956.tb00006.x&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=RP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1510558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceptor+%28biochemistry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-12-643732-7-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-12-643732-7_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverman_RB2004" class="citation book cs1">Silverman RB (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/organicchemistry00silv_0">"3.2.C Theories for Drug—Receptor Interactions"</a>. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/organicchemistry00silv_0"><i>The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-643732-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-643732-7"><bdi>0-12-643732-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.2.C+Theories+for+Drug%E2%80%94Receptor+Interactions&rft.btitle=The+Organic+Chemistry+of+Drug+Design+and+Drug+Action&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Elsevier+Academic+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-12-643732-7&rft.au=Silverman+RB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forganicchemistry00silv_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceptor+%28biochemistry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulayChrétienRichardGuillemette1994" class="citation journal cs1">Boulay G, Chrétien L, Richard DE, Guillemette G (November 1994). "Short-term desensitization of the angiotensin II receptor of bovinde adrenal glomerulosa cells corresponds to a shift from a high to low affinity state". <i>Endocrinology</i>. <b>135</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">2130–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.135.5.2130">10.1210/en.135.5.2130</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7956936">7956936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Short-term+desensitization+of+the+angiotensin+II+receptor+of+bovinde+adrenal+glomerulosa+cells+corresponds+to+a+shift+from+a+high+to+low+affinity+state&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2130-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=1994-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fen.135.5.2130&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7956936&rft.aulast=Boulay&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Chr%C3%A9tien%2C+L&rft.au=Richard%2C+DE&rft.au=Guillemette%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceptor+%28biochemistry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boron-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boron_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boron_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boron_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boron_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boron_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boron_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boron_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boron_20-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boron_20-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boron_20-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boron_20-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boron_20-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoulpaepBoron2005" class="citation book cs1">Boulpaep EL, Boron WF (2005). <i>Medical Physiology: A Cellular and Molecular Approach</i>. 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Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lippincottsillus00doan/page/n354">20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-9543-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-9543-2"><bdi>978-0-7817-9543-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immunology&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer+Health%2FLippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-9543-2&rft.aulast=Waltenbaugh&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Doan%2C+T&rft.au=Melvold%2C+R&rft.au=Viselli%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flippincottsillus00doan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReceptor+%28biochemistry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Receptor_(biochemistry)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iuphar-db.org">IUPHAR GPCR Database and Ion Channels Compendium</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190323064157/http://iuphar-db.org/">Archived</a> 2019-03-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.receptome.org/">Human plasma membrane receptome</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190915010207/http://www.receptome.org/">Archived</a> 2019-09-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Cell+surface+receptors">Cell+surface+receptors</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Cell_signaling_/_Signal_transduction93" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Signal_transduction" title="Template:Signal transduction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Signal_transduction" title="Template talk:Signal transduction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Signal_transduction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Signal transduction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cell_signaling_/_Signal_transduction93" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">Cell signaling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">Signal transduction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Signaling pathways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">GPCR</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wnt_signaling_pathway" title="Wnt signaling pathway">Wnt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase" title="Receptor tyrosine kinase">RTK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TGF_beta_signaling_pathway" title="TGF beta signaling pathway">TGF beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAPK/ERK_pathway" title="MAPK/ERK pathway">MAPK/ERK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notch_signaling_pathway" title="Notch signaling pathway">Notch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAK-STAT_signaling_pathway" title="JAK-STAT signaling pathway">JAK-STAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akt/PKB_signaling_pathway" title="Akt/PKB signaling pathway">Akt/PKB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">Fas apoptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippo_signaling_pathway" title="Hippo signaling pathway">Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PI3K/AKT/mTOR_pathway" title="PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway">PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrin#Signal_transduction" title="Integrin">Integrin receptors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">Receptor ligands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">Hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">Neurotransmitters</a>/<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide" title="Neuropeptide">Neuropeptides</a>/<a href="/wiki/Neurohormone" title="Neurohormone">Neurohormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">Cytokines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_factor" title="Growth factor">Growth factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">Signaling molecules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor" title="Cell surface receptor">Cell surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracellular_receptor" title="Intracellular receptor">Intracellular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-receptor" title="Co-receptor">Co-receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_messenger_system" title="Second messenger system">Second messenger</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAMP-dependent_pathway" title="CAMP-dependent pathway">cAMP-dependent pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_signaling" title="Calcium signaling">Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipid_signaling" title="Lipid signaling">Lipid signaling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assistants:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signal_transducing_adaptor_protein" title="Signal transducing adaptor protein">Signal transducing adaptor protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaffold_protein" title="Scaffold protein">Scaffold protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">Transcription factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_transcription_factor" title="General transcription factor">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_preinitiation_complex" title="Transcription preinitiation complex">Transcription preinitiation complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_D" title="Transcription factor II D">TFIID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_H" title="Transcription factor II H">TFIIH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By distance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juxtacrine_signalling" title="Juxtacrine signalling">Juxtacrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocrine_signalling" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocrine signalling">Autocrine</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paracrine_signalling" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracrine signalling">Paracrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracrine" title="Intracrine">Intracrine action</a></li> <li>Neurocrine signaling <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synaptic_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaptic transmission">Synaptic transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_synapse" title="Chemical synapse">Chemical synapse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrine_cell" title="Neuroendocrine cell">Neuroendocrine signaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exocrine_gland" title="Exocrine gland">Exocrine signalling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">Pheromones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanotransduction" title="Mechanotransduction">Mechanotransduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_phototransduction" title="Visual phototransduction">Phototransduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">Ion channel gating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_junction" title="Gap junction">Gap junction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Membrane_proteins,_receptors:_cell_surface_receptors187" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cell_surface_receptors" title="Template:Cell surface receptors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cell_surface_receptors" title="Template talk:Cell surface receptors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cell_surface_receptors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cell surface receptors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Membrane_proteins,_receptors:_cell_surface_receptors187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Membrane_protein" title="Membrane protein">Membrane proteins</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">receptors</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor" title="Cell surface receptor">cell surface receptors</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite;">Class A</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid_receptor" title="Eicosanoid receptor">Eicosanoid receptor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_receptor" title="Prostaglandin receptor">Prostaglandin receptor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protease-activated_receptor" title="Protease-activated receptor">Protease-activated receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_receptor" title="Neurotransmitter receptor">Neurotransmitter receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purinergic_receptor" title="Purinergic receptor">Purinergic receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogenic_amine_receptor" title="Biogenic amine receptor">Biogenic amine receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor" title="Olfactory receptor">Olfactory receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite;">Class B</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor" title="Secretin receptor">Secretin receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite;">Class C</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">Metabotropic glutamate receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite;">Class D</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_receptor" title="Vomeronasal receptor">Pheromone receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite;">Class E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAMP_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="CAMP receptor">cAMP receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite;">Class F</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frizzled" title="Frizzled">Frizzled</a>/<a href="/wiki/Smoothened" title="Smoothened">smoothened</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel" title="Ligand-gated ion channel">Ligand-gated ion channel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purinergic_receptor" title="Purinergic receptor">Purinergic receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme-linked_receptor" title="Enzyme-linked receptor">Enzyme-linked receptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serine/threonine-specific_protein_kinase" title="Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase">Serine/threonine-specific protein kinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptor_tyrosine_kinase" title="Receptor tyrosine kinase">Receptor tyrosine kinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanylate_cyclase" title="Guanylate cyclase">Guanylate cyclase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other/ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asialoglycoprotein_receptor" title="Asialoglycoprotein receptor">Asialoglycoprotein receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor receptor">Tumor necrosis factor receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_superfamily" title="Immunoglobulin superfamily">Immunoglobulin superfamily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Acetylglucosamine_receptor" title="N-Acetylglucosamine receptor"><i>N</i>-Acetylglucosamine receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropilin" title="Neuropilin">Neuropilins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transferrin_receptor" title="Transferrin receptor">Transferrin receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDAR" class="mw-redirect" title="EDAR">EDAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoprotein_receptor-related_protein" title="Lipoprotein receptor-related protein">Lipoprotein receptor-related protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progestin_and_adipoQ_receptor" title="Progestin and adipoQ receptor">Progestin and adipoQ receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transmembrane_receptors:_immunoglobulin_superfamily_immune_receptors323" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immunoglobulin_superfamily_immune_receptors" title="Template:Immunoglobulin superfamily immune receptors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immunoglobulin_superfamily_immune_receptors" title="Template talk:Immunoglobulin superfamily immune receptors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immunoglobulin_superfamily_immune_receptors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immunoglobulin superfamily immune receptors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transmembrane_receptors:_immunoglobulin_superfamily_immune_receptors323" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor" title="Cell surface receptor">Transmembrane receptors</a>: <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_superfamily" title="Immunoglobulin superfamily">immunoglobulin superfamily</a> <a href="/wiki/Immune_receptor" title="Immune receptor">immune receptors</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antibody receptor:<br /><a href="/wiki/Fc_receptor" title="Fc receptor">Fc receptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fc_receptor#Fc-epsilon_receptors" title="Fc receptor">Epsilon (ε)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fc%CE%B5RI" class="mw-redirect" title="FcεRI">FcεRI</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/CD23" title="CD23">FcεRII</a> is <a href="/wiki/C-type_lectin" title="C-type lectin">C-type lectin</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fc_receptor#Fc-gamma_receptors" title="Fc receptor">Gamma (γ)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD64_(biology)" title="CD64 (biology)">FcγRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD32" title="CD32">FcγRII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD16" title="CD16">FcγRIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonatal_Fc_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal Fc receptor">Neonatal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fc_receptor#Fc-alpha_receptors" title="Fc receptor">Alpha (α)/mu (μ)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FCAR" title="FCAR">FcαRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fc%CE%B1/%CE%BCR" title="Fcα/μR">Fcα/μR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polymeric_immunoglobulin_receptor" title="Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor">Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antigen receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antigen receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B-cell_receptor" title="B-cell receptor">BCR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Co-receptor" title="Co-receptor">Co-receptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">stimulate:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complement_receptor_2" title="Complement receptor 2">CD21</a>/<a href="/wiki/CD19" title="CD19">CD19</a>/<a href="/wiki/CD81" title="CD81">CD81</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">inhibit:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD22" title="CD22">CD22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accessory molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD79A" title="CD79A">Ig-α</a>/<a href="/wiki/CD79B" title="CD79B">Ig-β</a> (<a href="/wiki/CD79" title="CD79">CD79</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">Ligands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complex" title="Major histocompatibility complex">MHC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MHC_class_I" title="MHC class I">MHC class I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHC_class_II" title="MHC class II">MHC class II</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antigen receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T-cell_receptor" title="T-cell receptor">TCR</a>: <a href="/wiki/TRA@" class="mw-redirect" title="TRA@">TRA@</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TRB@&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TRB@ (page does not exist)">TRB@</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRD@" class="mw-redirect" title="TRD@">TRD@</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRG@" class="mw-redirect" title="TRG@">TRG@</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Co-receptor" title="Co-receptor">Co-receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD8" title="CD8">CD8</a> (with two glycoprotein chains <a href="/wiki/CD8_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="CD8 alpha">CD8α</a> and <a href="/wiki/CD8_beta" class="mw-redirect" title="CD8 beta">CD8β</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD4" title="CD4">CD4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accessory molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD3_(immunology)" title="CD3 (immunology)">CD3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD3G" title="CD3G">CD3γ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD3D" title="CD3D">CD3δ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-cell_surface_glycoprotein_CD3_epsilon_chain" title="T-cell surface glycoprotein CD3 epsilon chain">CD3ε</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeta_chain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeta chain (page does not exist)">ζ-chain</a> (also called <a href="/wiki/CD3_zeta" class="mw-redirect" title="CD3 zeta">CD3ζ</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=TCR_zeta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCR zeta (page does not exist)">TCRζ</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cytokine_receptor" title="Cytokine receptor">Cytokine receptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cytokine_receptors" title="Template:Cytokine receptors">cytokine receptors</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Killer-cell_immunoglobulin-like_receptor" title="Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor">Killer-cell IG-like receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KIR2DL1" title="KIR2DL1">KIR2DL1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KIR2DL2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KIR2DL2 (page does not exist)">KIR2DL2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR2DL3" class="mw-redirect" title="KIR2DL3">KIR2DL3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR2DL4" title="KIR2DL4">KIR2DL4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KIR2DL5A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KIR2DL5A (page does not exist)">KIR2DL5A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KIR2DL5B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KIR2DL5B (page does not exist)">KIR2DL5B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR2DS1" title="KIR2DS1">KIR2DS1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KIR2DS2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KIR2DS2 (page does not exist)">KIR2DS2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KIR2DS3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KIR2DS3 (page does not exist)">KIR2DS3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR2DS4" title="KIR2DS4">KIR2DS4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KIR2DS5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KIR2DS5 (page does not exist)">KIR2DS5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR3DL1" title="KIR3DL1">KIR3DL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR3DL2" title="KIR3DL2">KIR3DL2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIR3DL3" title="KIR3DL3">KIR3DL3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KIR3DS1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KIR3DS1 (page does not exist)">KIR3DS1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leukocyte_immunoglobulin-like_receptors" title="Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors">Leukocyte IG-like receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LILRA1" title="LILRA1">LILRA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRA2" title="LILRA2">LILRA2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRA3" title="LILRA3">LILRA3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRA4" title="LILRA4">LILRA4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRA5" title="LILRA5">LILRA5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LILRA6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LILRA6 (page does not exist)">LILRA6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRB1" title="LILRB1">LILRB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRB2" title="LILRB2">LILRB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRB3" title="LILRB3">LILRB3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRB4" title="LILRB4">LILRB4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LILRB5" title="LILRB5">LILRB5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transcription_factors_and_intracellular_receptors178" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transcription_factors_and_intracellular_receptors" title="Template:Transcription factors and intracellular receptors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transcription_factors_and_intracellular_receptors" title="Template talk:Transcription factors and intracellular receptors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transcription_factors_and_intracellular_receptors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transcription factors and intracellular receptors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transcription_factors_and_intracellular_receptors178" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">Transcription factors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intracellular_receptor" title="Intracellular receptor">intracellular receptors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="(1)_Basic_domains178" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>(1) Basic domains</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(1.1) Basic</i> <a href="/wiki/Leucine_zipper" title="Leucine zipper">leucine zipper</a> (<a href="/wiki/BZIP_domain" title="BZIP domain">bZIP</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activating_transcription_factor" title="Activating transcription factor">Activating transcription factor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apoptosis-antagonizing_transcription_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Apoptosis-antagonizing transcription factor">AATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATF1" title="ATF1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activating_transcription_factor_2" title="Activating transcription factor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATF3" title="ATF3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATF4" title="ATF4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATF5" title="ATF5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATF6" title="ATF6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATF7" title="ATF7">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AP-1_transcription_factor" title="AP-1 transcription factor">AP-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-Fos" class="mw-redirect" title="C-Fos">c-Fos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOSB" title="FOSB">FOSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOSL1" title="FOSL1">FOSL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOSL2" title="FOSL2">FOSL2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun_dimerization_protein" title="Jun dimerization protein">JDP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-jun" class="mw-redirect" title="C-jun">c-Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JUNB" title="JUNB">JUNB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JunD" title="JunD">JunD</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>BACH</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BACH1" title="BACH1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACH2" title="BACH2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BATF_(gene)" title="BATF (gene)">BATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BLZF1" title="BLZF1">BLZF1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ccaat-enhancer-binding_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Ccaat-enhancer-binding proteins">C/EBP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CEBPA" title="CEBPA">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEBPB" title="CEBPB">β</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEBPG" title="CEBPG">γ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEBPD" title="CEBPD">δ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEBPE" title="CEBPE">ε</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCAAT/enhancer_binding_protein_zeta" title="CCAAT/enhancer binding protein zeta">ζ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CREB" title="CREB">CREB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CREB1" title="CREB1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CREB3" title="CREB3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CREBL1" title="CREBL1">L1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAMP_responsive_element_modulator" title="CAMP responsive element modulator">CREM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBP_(gene)" title="DBP (gene)">DBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_damage-inducible_transcript_3" title="DNA damage-inducible transcript 3">DDIT3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABPA" title="GABPA">GABPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gcn4" title="Gcn4">GCN4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HLF_(gene)" title="HLF (gene)">HLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAF_(gene)" title="MAF (gene)">MAF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MAFB_(gene)" title="MAFB (gene)">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAFF_(gene)" title="MAFF (gene)">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAFG" title="MAFG">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAFK" title="MAFK">K</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>NFE</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NFE2" title="NFE2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFE2L1" title="NFE2L1">L1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFE2L2" title="NFE2L2">L2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFE2L3" title="NFE2L3">L3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFIL3" title="NFIL3">NFIL3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NRL_(gene)" title="NRL (gene)">NRL</a></li> <li><i>NRF</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NRF1" title="NRF1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFE2L2" title="NFE2L2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFE2L3" title="NFE2L3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XBP1" title="XBP1">XBP1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(1.2) Basic helix-loop-helix</i> (<a href="/wiki/Basic_helix-loop-helix" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic helix-loop-helix">bHLH</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Group A</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaete-scute_complex" title="Achaete-scute complex">AS-C</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASCL1" title="ASCL1">ASCL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASCL2" title="ASCL2">ASCL2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATOH1" title="ATOH1">ATOH1</a></li> <li><i>HAND</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HAND1" title="HAND1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAND2" title="HAND2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESP2" title="MESP2">MESP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myogenic_regulatory_factors" title="Myogenic regulatory factors">Myogenic regulatory factors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MyoD" title="MyoD">MyoD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myogenin" title="Myogenin">Myogenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYF5" title="MYF5">MYF5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYF6" title="MYF6">MYF6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeuroD" title="NeuroD">NeuroD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEUROD1" title="NEUROD1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEUROD2" title="NEUROD2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurogenins" title="Neurogenins">Neurogenins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEUROG1" class="mw-redirect" title="NEUROG1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEUROG2" class="mw-redirect" title="NEUROG2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEUROG3" class="mw-redirect" title="NEUROG3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>OLIG</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OLIG1" title="OLIG1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLIG2" title="OLIG2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Paraxis</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TCF15" title="TCF15">TCF15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scleraxis" title="Scleraxis">Scleraxis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>SLC</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LYL1" title="LYL1">LYL1</a></li> <li><i>TAL</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAL1" title="TAL1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAL2" title="TAL2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twist_transcription_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Twist transcription factor">Twist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Group B</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FIGLA" title="FIGLA">FIGLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myc" title="Myc">Myc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MYC" title="MYC">c-Myc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYCL" title="MYCL">l-Myc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Myc" title="N-Myc">n-Myc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MXD4" title="MXD4">MXD4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCF4" title="TCF4">TCF4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Group C<br />bHLH-<a href="/wiki/PAS_domain" title="PAS domain">PAS</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryl_hydrocarbon_receptor" title="Aryl hydrocarbon receptor">AhR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryl_hydrocarbon_receptor_repressor" title="Aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor">AHRR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryl_hydrocarbon_receptor_nuclear_translocator" title="Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator">ARNT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARNTL" class="mw-redirect" title="ARNTL">ARNTL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARNTL2" title="ARNTL2">ARNTL2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLOCK" title="CLOCK">CLOCK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia-inducible_factor" title="Hypoxia-inducible factor">HIF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIF1A" title="HIF1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPAS1" title="EPAS1">EPAS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIF3A" title="HIF3A">3A</a></li></ul></li> <li>NPAS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NPAS1" title="NPAS1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPAS2" title="NPAS2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPAS3" title="NPAS3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>PER</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PER1" class="mw-redirect" title="PER1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PER2" title="PER2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PER3" title="PER3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_(gene)" title="Period (gene)">Period</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>SIM</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SIM1" title="SIM1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM2" title="SIM2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Group D</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>BHLH</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BHLHB2" title="BHLHB2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BHLHB3" class="mw-redirect" title="BHLHB3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BHLHA9" title="BHLHA9">9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pho4" title="Pho4">Pho4</a></li> <li><i>ID</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ID1" title="ID1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ID2" title="ID2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ID3_(gene)" title="ID3 (gene)">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ID4" title="ID4">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Group E</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>HES</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HES1" title="HES1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hes_family_bhlh_transcription_factor_2" title="Hes family bhlh transcription factor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HES3" title="HES3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HES4" title="HES4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HES5" title="HES5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HES6" title="HES6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HES7_gene" title="HES7 gene">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>HEY</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HEY1" title="HEY1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEY2" title="HEY2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEYL" title="HEYL">L</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Group F<br />bHLH-COE</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EBF1" title="EBF1">EBF1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(1.3)</i> <a href="/wiki/Basic_helix-loop-helix_leucine_zipper_transcription_factors" title="Basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factors">bHLH-ZIP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TFAP4" title="TFAP4">AP-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAX_(gene)" title="MAX (gene)">MAX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MXD1" title="MXD1">MXD1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MXD3" title="MXD3">MXD3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphthalmia-associated_transcription_factor" title="Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor">MITF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MNT_(gene)" title="MNT (gene)">MNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLX_(gene)" title="MLX (gene)">MLX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate-responsive_element-binding_protein" title="Carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein">MLXIPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MXI1" title="MXI1">MXI1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myc" title="Myc">Myc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterol_regulatory_element-binding_protein" title="Sterol regulatory element-binding protein">SREBP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SREBF1" class="mw-redirect" title="SREBF1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SREBF2" class="mw-redirect" title="SREBF2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USF1" title="USF1">USF1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(1.4) NF-1</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_factor_I" title="Nuclear factor I">NFI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NFIA" title="NFIA">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFIB_(gene)" title="NFIB (gene)">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFIC_(gene)" title="NFIC (gene)">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFIX" title="NFIX">X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMAD_(protein)" title="SMAD (protein)">SMAD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R-SMAD" title="R-SMAD">R-SMAD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_1" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_2" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_3" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_5" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_9" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 9">9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-SMAD" title="I-SMAD">I-SMAD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_6" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_7" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_4" title="Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4">4</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(1.5) RF-X</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>RFX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RFX1" title="RFX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFX2" title="RFX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFX3" title="RFX3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFX4" title="RFX4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFX5" title="RFX5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFX6" title="RFX6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFXANK" title="RFXANK">ANK</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(1.6) Basic helix-span-helix (bHSH)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activating_protein_2" title="Activating protein 2">AP-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TFAP2A" title="TFAP2A">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TFAP2B" title="TFAP2B">β</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TFAP2C" title="TFAP2C">γ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TFAP2D" title="TFAP2D">δ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TFAP2E" title="TFAP2E">ε</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="(2)_Zinc_finger_DNA-binding_domains178" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>(2)</i> <a href="/wiki/Zinc_finger" title="Zinc finger">Zinc finger</a> DNA-binding domains</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(2.1)</i> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_receptor" title="Nuclear receptor">Nuclear receptor</a> <i>(Cys<sub>4</sub>)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 1</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone_receptor" title="Thyroid hormone receptor">Thyroid hormone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone_receptor_alpha" title="Thyroid hormone receptor alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone_receptor_beta" title="Thyroid hormone receptor beta">β</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_androstane_receptor" title="Constitutive androstane receptor">CAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnesoid_X_receptor" title="Farnesoid X receptor">FXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_X_receptor" title="Liver X receptor">LXR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liver_X_receptor_alpha" title="Liver X receptor alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_X_receptor_beta" title="Liver X receptor beta">β</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor" title="Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor">PPAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor_alpha" title="Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor_delta" title="Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta">β/δ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxisome_proliferator-activated_receptor_gamma" title="Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma">γ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnane_X_receptor" title="Pregnane X receptor">PXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoic_acid_receptor" title="Retinoic acid receptor">RAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retinoic_acid_receptor_alpha" title="Retinoic acid receptor alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoic_acid_receptor_beta" title="Retinoic acid receptor beta">β</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoic_acid_receptor_gamma" title="Retinoic acid receptor gamma">γ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAR-related_orphan_receptor" title="RAR-related orphan receptor">ROR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RAR-related_orphan_receptor_alpha" title="RAR-related orphan receptor alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAR-related_orphan_receptor_beta" title="RAR-related orphan receptor beta">β</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAR-related_orphan_receptor_gamma" title="RAR-related orphan receptor gamma">γ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rev-ErbA" class="mw-redirect" title="Rev-ErbA">Rev-ErbA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rev-ErbA_alpha" title="Rev-ErbA alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rev-ErbA_beta" title="Rev-ErbA beta">β</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitriol_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcitriol receptor">VDR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 2</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_ovalbumin_upstream_promoter-transcription_factor" title="Chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor">COUP-TF</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/COUP-TFI" title="COUP-TFI">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COUP-TFII" title="COUP-TFII">II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-erbA-related_gene" title="V-erbA-related gene">Ear-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatocyte_nuclear_factor_4" title="Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4">HNF4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatocyte_nuclear_factor_4_alpha" title="Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatocyte_nuclear_factor_4_gamma" title="Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 gamma">γ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell-specific_nuclear_receptor" title="Photoreceptor cell-specific nuclear receptor">PNR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoid_X_receptor" title="Retinoid X receptor">RXR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retinoid_X_receptor_alpha" title="Retinoid X receptor alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoid_X_receptor_beta" title="Retinoid X receptor beta">β</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoid_X_receptor_gamma" title="Retinoid X receptor gamma">γ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicular_receptor" title="Testicular receptor">Testicular receptor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testicular_receptor_2" title="Testicular receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicular_receptor_4" title="Testicular receptor 4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLX" title="TLX">TLX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 3</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steroid_hormone_receptor" title="Steroid hormone receptor">Steroid hormone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">Androgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor">Estrogen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor_alpha" title="Estrogen receptor alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor_beta" title="Estrogen receptor beta">β</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor">Glucocorticoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_receptor" title="Mineralocorticoid receptor">Mineralocorticoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone_receptor" title="Progesterone receptor">Progesterone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen-related_receptor" title="Estrogen-related receptor">Estrogen related</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen-related_receptor_alpha" title="Estrogen-related receptor alpha">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen-related_receptor_beta" title="Estrogen-related receptor beta">β</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen-related_receptor_gamma" title="Estrogen-related receptor gamma">γ</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 4</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nur_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur (biology)">NUR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_receptor_4A1" title="Nuclear receptor 4A1">NGFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_receptor_4A3" title="Nuclear receptor 4A3">NOR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_receptor_4A2" title="Nuclear receptor 4A2">NURR1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 5</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liver_receptor_homolog-1" title="Liver receptor homolog-1">LRH-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steroidogenic_factor_1" title="Steroidogenic factor 1">SF1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 6</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_nuclear_factor" title="Germ cell nuclear factor">GCNF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>subfamily 0</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DAX1" title="DAX1">DAX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_heterodimer_partner" title="Small heterodimer partner">SHP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(2.2) Other Cys<sub>4</sub></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GATA_transcription_factor" title="GATA transcription factor">GATA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GATA1" title="GATA1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GATA2" title="GATA2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GATA3" title="GATA3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GATA4" title="GATA4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GATA5" title="GATA5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GATA6" title="GATA6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>MTA</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MTA1" title="MTA1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTA2" title="MTA2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTA3" title="MTA3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricho-rhino-phalangeal_syndrome_Type_1" title="Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome Type 1">TRPS1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(2.3) Cys<sub>2</sub>His<sub>2</sub></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_transcription_factor" title="General transcription factor">General transcription factors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_A" title="Transcription factor II A">TFIIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_B" title="Transcription factor II B">TFIIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_D" title="Transcription factor II D">TFIID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_E" title="Transcription factor II E">TFIIE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GTF2E1" title="GTF2E1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF2E2" title="GTF2E2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_F" title="Transcription factor II F">TFIIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF2F1" title="GTF2F1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF2F2" title="GTF2F2">2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor_II_H" title="Transcription factor II H">TFIIH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF2H1" title="GTF2H1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF2H2" title="GTF2H2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF2H4" title="GTF2H4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF2I" title="GTF2I">2I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF3A" title="GTF3A">3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF3C1" title="GTF3C1">3C1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GTF3C2" title="GTF3C2">3C2</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATBF1" title="ATBF1">ATBF1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B-cell_CLL/lymphoma" title="B-cell CLL/lymphoma">BCL</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BCL6" title="BCL6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCL11A" title="BCL11A">11A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCL11B" title="BCL11B">11B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CTCF" title="CTCF">CTCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E4F1" title="E4F1">E4F1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_growth_response_proteins" title="Early growth response proteins">EGR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EGR1" title="EGR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGR2" title="EGR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGR3" title="EGR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGR4" title="EGR4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERV3" title="ERV3">ERV3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GFI1" title="GFI1">GFI1</a></li> <li><i>GLI family</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GLI1" title="GLI1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLI2" title="GLI2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLI3" title="GLI3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RE1-silencing_transcription_factor" title="RE1-silencing transcription factor">REST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLIS1" title="GLIS1">S1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLIS2" title="GLIS2">S2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YY1" title="YY1">YY1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>HIC</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIC1" title="HIC1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIC2" title="HIC2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>HIVEP</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIVEP1" title="HIVEP1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIVEP2" title="HIVEP2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIVEP3" title="HIVEP3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>IKZF</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IKZF1" title="IKZF1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKZF2" title="IKZF2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKZF3" title="IKZF3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>ILF</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ILF2" title="ILF2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILF3" title="ILF3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruppel-like_factors" title="Kruppel-like factors">Sp/KLF family</a> <ul><li><i>KLF</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KLF1" title="KLF1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF2" title="KLF2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF3" title="KLF3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF4" title="KLF4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF5" title="KLF5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF6" title="KLF6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF7" title="KLF7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF8" title="KLF8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF9" title="KLF9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF10" title="KLF10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF11" title="KLF11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF12" title="KLF12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF13" title="KLF13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF14" title="KLF14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF15" title="KLF15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLF17" title="KLF17">17</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>SP</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sp1_transcription_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sp1 transcription factor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SP2_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="SP2 (gene)">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SP4_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="SP4 (gene)">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sp7_transcription_factor" title="Sp7 transcription factor">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sp8_transcription_factor" title="Sp8 transcription factor">8</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTF1" title="MTF1">MTF1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYT1" title="MYT1">MYT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSR1" title="OSR1">OSR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRDM9" title="PRDM9">PRDM9</a></li> <li><i>SALL</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SALL1" title="SALL1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SALL2" title="SALL2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SALL3" title="SALL3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SALL4" title="SALL4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TSHZ3" title="TSHZ3">TSHZ3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WT1" class="mw-redirect" title="WT1">WT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbtb7" title="Zbtb7">Zbtb7</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB7A" title="ZBTB7A">7A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB7B" title="ZBTB7B">7B</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>ZBTB</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB11" title="ZBTB11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_finger_and_BTB_domain-containing_protein_16" title="Zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB17" title="ZBTB17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB20" title="ZBTB20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB21" title="ZBTB21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB32" title="ZBTB32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB33" title="ZBTB33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZBTB40" title="ZBTB40">40</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>zinc finger</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZNF3" title="ZNF3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF7" title="ZNF7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNBP" title="CNBP">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF10" title="ZNF10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF19" title="ZNF19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF22" title="ZNF22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF24" title="ZNF24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF33B" title="ZNF33B">33B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF34" title="ZNF34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF35" title="ZNF35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF41" title="ZNF41">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF43" title="ZNF43">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF44" title="ZNF44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCL6" title="BCL6">51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF74" title="ZNF74">74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF143" title="ZNF143">143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF146" title="ZNF146">146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF148" title="ZNF148">148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_finger_protein_165" title="Zinc finger protein 165">165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF202" title="ZNF202">202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF217" title="ZNF217">217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF219" title="ZNF219">219</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF238" title="ZNF238">238</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF239" title="ZNF239">239</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF259" title="ZNF259">259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF267" title="ZNF267">267</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGR1" title="EGR1">268</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF281" title="ZNF281">281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF300" title="ZNF300">300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF318" title="ZNF318">318</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF330" title="ZNF330">330</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF346" title="ZNF346">346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF350" title="ZNF350">350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF365" title="ZNF365">365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF366" title="ZNF366">366</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF384" title="ZNF384">384</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF423" title="ZNF423">423</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF451" title="ZNF451">451</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF452" title="ZNF452">452</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF471" title="ZNF471">471</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF593" title="ZNF593">593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF638" title="ZNF638">638</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF644" title="ZNF644">644</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF649" title="ZNF649">649</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF655" title="ZNF655">655</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNF804A" class="mw-redirect" title="ZNF804A">804A</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(2.4) Cys<sub>6</sub></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIVEP1" title="HIVEP1">HIVEP1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(2.5) Alternating composition</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_regulator" title="Autoimmune regulator">AIRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIDO1" title="DIDO1">DIDO1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRLF1" title="GRLF1">GRLF1</a></li> <li><i>ING</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ING1" title="ING1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ING2" title="ING2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ING4" title="ING4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>JARID</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KDM5A" title="KDM5A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDM5B" class="mw-redirect" title="KDM5B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDM5C" title="KDM5C">1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDM5D" title="KDM5D">1D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JARID2" title="JARID2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDM3B" title="KDM3B">JMJD1B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(2.6) WRKY</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WRKY_protein_domain" title="WRKY protein domain">WRKY</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="(3)_Helix-turn-helix_domains178" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>(3)</i> <a href="/wiki/Helix-turn-helix" title="Helix-turn-helix">Helix-turn-helix</a> <i>domains</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(3.1)</i> <a href="/wiki/Homeodomain_fold" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeodomain fold">Homeodomain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Antennapedia" title="Antennapedia">Antennapedia</a></i></span><br /><span class="nobold"><i>ANTP class</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>protoHOX</i></span><br /><span class="nobold"><i>Hox-like</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ParaHox" title="ParaHox">ParaHox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gsx_(gene_family)" title="Gsx (gene family)">Gsx</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSX1" title="GSX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSX2" title="GSX2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xlox" class="mw-redirect" title="Xlox">Xlox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PDX1" title="PDX1">PDX1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cdx" title="Cdx">Cdx</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDX1" class="mw-redirect" title="CDX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDX2" class="mw-redirect" title="CDX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDX4_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="CDX4 (gene)">4</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>extended Hox: <a href="/wiki/Evx1" title="Evx1">Evx1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evx2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evx2 (page does not exist)">Evx2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEOX1" title="MEOX1">MEOX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEOX2" title="MEOX2">MEOX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeobox" title="Homeobox">Homeobox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeobox_A1" title="Homeobox A1">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXA2" title="HOXA2">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXA3" title="HOXA3">A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXA4" title="HOXA4">A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXA5" title="HOXA5">A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXA7" title="HOXA7">A7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXA9" title="HOXA9">A9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeobox_A10" title="Homeobox A10">A10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXA11" title="HOXA11">A11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXA13" title="HOXA13">A13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB1" title="HOXB1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB2" title="HOXB2">B2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB3" title="HOXB3">B3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB4" title="HOXB4">B4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB5" title="HOXB5">B5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB6" title="HOXB6">B6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB7" title="HOXB7">B7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB8" title="HOXB8">B8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB9" title="HOXB9">B9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXB13" title="HOXB13">B13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC4" title="HOXC4">C4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC5" title="HOXC5">C5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC6" title="HOXC6">C6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC8" title="HOXC8">C8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC9" title="HOXC9">C9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC10" title="HOXC10">C10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC11" title="HOXC11">C11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC12" title="HOXC12">C12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXC13" title="HOXC13">C13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD1" title="HOXD1">D1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD3" title="HOXD3">D3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD4" title="HOXD4">D4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD8" title="HOXD8">D8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD9" title="HOXD9">D9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD10" title="HOXD10">D10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD11" title="HOXD11">D11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD12" title="HOXD12">D12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOXD13" title="HOXD13">D13</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GBX1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GBX1 (page does not exist)">GBX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBX2" title="GBX2">GBX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MNX1" title="MNX1">MNX1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>metaHOX</i></span><br /><span class="nobold"><i>NK-like</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BARHL1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BARHL1 (page does not exist)">BARHL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BARHL2" title="BARHL2">BARHL2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BARX1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BARX1 (page does not exist)">BARX1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BARX2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BARX2 (page does not exist)">BARX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_homeobox" title="Brain-specific homeobox">BSX</a></li> <li><i>DBX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DBX1" title="DBX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DBX2" title="DBX2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLX_gene_family" title="DLX gene family">DLX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DLX1" title="DLX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLX2" title="DLX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLX3_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="DLX3 (gene)">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLX4" title="DLX4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLX5" title="DLX5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLX6" title="DLX6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EMX_homeogene" title="EMX homeogene">EMX</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EMX1" title="EMX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMX2" title="EMX2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>EN</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EN1_(gene)" title="EN1 (gene)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN2_(gene)" title="EN2 (gene)">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HHEX" title="HHEX">HHEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HLX_(gene)" title="HLX (gene)">HLX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBX1" title="LBX1">LBX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBX2" title="LBX2">LBX2</a></li> <li><i>MSX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MSX1" class="mw-redirect" title="MSX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Msh_homeobox_2" title="Msh homeobox 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeobox_protein_NANOG" title="Homeobox protein NANOG">NANOG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKX-homeodomain_factor" title="NKX-homeodomain factor">NKX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NK2_homeobox_1" title="NK2 homeobox 1">2-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKX2-2" title="NKX2-2">2-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKX2-3" title="NKX2-3">2-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeobox_protein_Nkx-2.5" title="Homeobox protein Nkx-2.5">2-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKX3-1" title="NKX3-1">3-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKX3-2" title="NKX3-2">3-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMX1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMX1 (page does not exist)">HMX1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMX2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMX2 (page does not exist)">HMX2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMX3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMX3 (page does not exist)">HMX3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKX6-1" title="NKX6-1">6-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKX6-2" title="NKX6-2">6-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notochord_homeobox_(NOTO)_gene" title="Notochord homeobox (NOTO) gene">NOTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLX1" title="TLX1">TLX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLX2" title="TLX2">TLX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLX3" title="TLX3">TLX3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAX1" title="VAX1">VAX1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VAX2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VAX2 (page does not exist)">VAX2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">other</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristaless_related_homeobox" title="Aristaless related homeobox">ARX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRX_(gene)" title="CRX (gene)">CRX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUTL1" title="CUTL1">CUTL1</a></li> <li><i>FHL</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FHL1" title="FHL1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FHL2" title="FHL2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FHL3" title="FHL3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HESX1" title="HESX1">HESX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOPX" title="HOPX">HOPX</a></li> <li><i>LMX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LMX1A" title="LMX1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LMX1B" title="LMX1B">1B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOBOX" title="NOBOX">NOBOX</a></li> <li>TALE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_homeobox_factor" title="Iroquois homeobox factor">IRX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IRX1" title="IRX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRX2" title="IRX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRX3" title="IRX3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRX4" title="IRX4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRX5" title="IRX5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRX6" title="IRX6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MKX" title="MKX">MKX</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>MEIS</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MEIS1" title="MEIS1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEIS2" title="MEIS2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>PBX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PBX1" title="PBX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PBX2" title="PBX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PBX3" title="PBX3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>PKNOX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PKNOX1" title="PKNOX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PKNOX2" title="PKNOX2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>SIX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SIX1" class="mw-redirect" title="SIX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIX2" title="SIX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIX3" title="SIX3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIX4" title="SIX4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIX5" title="SIX5">5</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i>PHF</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PHF1" title="PHF1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHF3" title="PHF3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHF6" title="PHF6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHF8" title="PHF8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHF10" title="PHF10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHF16" title="PHF16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHF17" class="mw-redirect" title="PHF17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHF20" title="PHF20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHF21A" title="PHF21A">21A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POU_domain" title="POU domain">POU domain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary-specific_positive_transcription_factor_1" title="Pituitary-specific positive transcription factor 1">PIT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRN-3" title="BRN-3">BRN-3</a>: <a href="/wiki/POU4F1" title="POU4F1">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POU4F2" title="POU4F2">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POU4F3" title="POU4F3">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octamer_transcription_factor" title="Octamer transcription factor">Octamer transcription factor</a>: <a href="/wiki/POU2F1" title="POU2F1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oct-2" title="Oct-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oct-4" title="Oct-4">3/4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POU3F1" title="POU3F1">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POU3F2" title="POU3F2">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POU3F4" title="POU3F4">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATB2" title="SATB2">SATB2</a></li> <li><i>ZEB</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZEB1" title="ZEB1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZEB2" title="ZEB2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(3.2) Paired box</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pax_genes" title="Pax genes">PAX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PAX1" title="PAX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX2" title="PAX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX3" title="PAX3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX4" title="PAX4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX5" title="PAX5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX6" title="PAX6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX7" title="PAX7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX8" title="PAX8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAX9" title="PAX9">9</a></li></ul></li> <li>PRRX <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PRRX1" title="PRRX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRRX2" title="PRRX2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROP1" title="PROP1">PROP1</a></li> <li><i>PHOX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PHOX2A" title="PHOX2A">2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHOX2B" title="PHOX2B">2B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinal_homeobox_protein_Rx" title="Retinal homeobox protein Rx">RAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-stature_homeobox_gene" title="Short-stature homeobox gene">SHOX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHOX2" title="SHOX2">SHOX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSX1" title="VSX1">VSX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSX2" title="VSX2">VSX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicoid_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicoid (gene)">Bicoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goosecoid_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Goosecoid protein">GSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BICD2" title="BICD2">BICD2</a></li> <li><i>OTX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OTX1" title="OTX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodenticle_homeobox_2" title="Orthodenticle homeobox 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>PITX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PITX1" title="PITX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PITX2" title="PITX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PITX3" title="PITX3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(3.3)</i> <a href="/wiki/FOX_proteins" title="FOX proteins">Fork head</a> / <a href="/wiki/Winged-helix_transcription_factors" title="Winged-helix transcription factors">winged helix</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E2F" title="E2F">E2F</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/E2F1" title="E2F1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E2F2" title="E2F2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E2F3" title="E2F3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E2F4" title="E2F4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E2F5" title="E2F5">5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOX_proteins" title="FOX proteins">FOX proteins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FOXA1" title="FOXA1">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXA2" title="FOXA2">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXA3" title="FOXA3">A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXB1" class="mw-redirect" title="FOXB1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXB2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXB2 (page does not exist)">B2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forkhead_box_C1" title="Forkhead box C1">C1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXC2" title="FOXC2">C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXD1" class="mw-redirect" title="FOXD1">D1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXD2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXD2 (page does not exist)">D2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXD3" title="FOXD3">D3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXD4" title="FOXD4">D4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXD4L1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXD4L1 (page does not exist)">D4L1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXD4L3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXD4L3 (page does not exist)">D4L3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXD4L4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXD4L4 (page does not exist)">D4L4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXD4L5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXD4L5 (page does not exist)">D4L5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXD4L6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXD4L6 (page does not exist)">D4L6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXE1" title="FOXE1">E1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXE3" title="FOXE3">E3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXF1" title="FOXF1">F1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXF2" title="FOXF2">F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXG1" title="FOXG1">G1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXH1" title="FOXH1">H1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXI1" title="FOXI1">I1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXI2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXI2 (page does not exist)">I2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXI3" title="FOXI3">I3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXJ1" title="FOXJ1">J1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXJ2" title="FOXJ2">J2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXJ3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXJ3 (page does not exist)">J3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXK1" title="FOXK1">K1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXK2" title="FOXK2">K2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXL1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXL1 (page does not exist)">L1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forkhead_box_L2" class="mw-redirect" title="Forkhead box L2">L2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXM1" title="FOXM1">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXN1" title="FOXN1">N1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXN2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXN2 (page does not exist)">N2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXN3" title="FOXN3">N3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXN4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXN4 (page does not exist)">N4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXO1" class="mw-redirect" title="FOXO1">O1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXO3" title="FOXO3">O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXO4" title="FOXO4">O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXO6" title="FOXO6">O6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXP1" title="FOXP1">P1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXP2" title="FOXP2">P2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXP3" title="FOXP3">P3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXP4" title="FOXP4">P4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXQ1" title="FOXQ1">Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXR1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXR1 (page does not exist)">R1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FOXR2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FOXR2 (page does not exist)">R2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOXS1" title="FOXS1">S1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(3.4)</i> <a href="/wiki/Heat_shock_factor" title="Heat shock factor">Heat shock factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Heat_shock_factor" title="Heat shock factor">HSF</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HSF1" class="mw-redirect" title="HSF1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSF2" title="HSF2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSF4" title="HSF4">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(3.5) Tryptophan clusters</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ELF</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ELF2" title="ELF2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELF4" title="ELF4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELF5" title="ELF5">5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EHF_(gene)" title="EHF (gene)">EHF</a></li> <li><i>ELK</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ELK1" title="ELK1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELK3" title="ELK3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELK4" title="ELK4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERF_(gene)" title="ERF (gene)">ERF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETS_transcription_factor_family" title="ETS transcription factor family">ETS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ETS1" title="ETS1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETS2" title="ETS2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERG_(gene)" title="ERG (gene)">ERG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPIB" title="SPIB">SPIB</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>ETV</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ETV1" title="ETV1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETV4" title="ETV4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERM_transcription_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="ERM transcription factor">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETV6" title="ETV6">6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLI1" title="FLI1">FLI1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferon_regulatory_factors" title="Interferon regulatory factors">Interferon regulatory factors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IRF1" title="IRF1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRF2" title="IRF2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRF3" title="IRF3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRF4" title="IRF4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRF5" title="IRF5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRF6" title="IRF6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRF7" title="IRF7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRF8" title="IRF8">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYB_(gene)" title="MYB (gene)">MYB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MYBL2" title="MYBL2">MYBL2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(3.6) TEA domain</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>transcriptional enhancer factor</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TEAD1" title="TEAD1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEAD2" title="TEAD2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEAD3" title="TEAD3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEAD4" title="TEAD4">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="(4)_β-Scaffold_factors_with_minor_groove_contacts178" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(4) <i>β-Scaffold factors with minor groove contacts</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.1)</i> <a href="/wiki/Rel_homology_domain" title="Rel homology domain">Rel homology region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB" title="NF-κB">NF-κB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NFKB1" title="NFKB1">NFKB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFKB2" title="NFKB2">NFKB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REL" title="REL">REL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELA" title="RELA">RELA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELB" title="RELB">RELB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFAT" title="NFAT">NFAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NFATC1" title="NFATC1">C1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFATC2" title="NFATC2">C2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFATC3" title="NFATC3">C3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFATC4" title="NFATC4">C4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFAT5" title="NFAT5">5</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.2)</i> <a href="/wiki/STAT_protein" title="STAT protein">STAT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STAT_protein" title="STAT protein">STAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/STAT1" title="STAT1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAT2" title="STAT2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAT3" title="STAT3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAT4" title="STAT4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAT5" title="STAT5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAT6" title="STAT6">6</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.3) p53-like</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P53_p63_p73_family" title="P53 p63 p73 family">p53 p63 p73 family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P53" title="P53">p53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TP63" title="TP63">TP63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P73" title="P73">p73</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-box" title="T-box">TBX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TBX1" title="TBX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBX2" title="TBX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBX3" title="TBX3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBX5_(gene)" title="TBX5 (gene)">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBX19" title="TBX19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBX21" title="TBX21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBX22" title="TBX22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBR1" title="TBR1">TBR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eomesodermin" title="Eomesodermin">TBR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachyury" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachyury">TFT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelin_regulatory_factor" title="Myelin regulatory factor">MYRF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.4)</i> <a href="/wiki/MADS-box" title="MADS-box">MADS box</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mef2" title="Mef2">Mef2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myocyte-specific_enhancer_factor_2A" title="Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEF2B" title="MEF2B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEF2C" title="MEF2C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEF2D" title="MEF2D">D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serum_response_factor" title="Serum response factor">SRF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.6)</i> <a href="/wiki/TATA-binding_protein" title="TATA-binding protein">TATA-binding proteins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TATA-binding_protein" title="TATA-binding protein">TBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBPL1" title="TBPL1">TBPL1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.7)</i> <a href="/wiki/High-mobility_group" title="High-mobility group">High-mobility group</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBX_(gene)" title="BBX (gene)">BBX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMG-box" title="HMG-box">HMGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMGB1" title="HMGB1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMGB2" title="HMGB2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMGB3" title="HMGB3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMGB4" title="HMGB4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMGN" title="HMGN">HMGN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMGN1" title="HMGN1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMGN2" title="HMGN2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMGN3" title="HMGN3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMGN4" title="HMGN4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>HNF</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HNF1A" title="HNF1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HNF1B" title="HNF1B">1B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX_gene_family" title="SOX gene family">SOX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SOX1" title="SOX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX2" title="SOX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX3" title="SOX3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX4" title="SOX4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX5" title="SOX5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX6" title="SOX6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX8" title="SOX8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX9" title="SOX9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX10" title="SOX10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX11" title="SOX11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX12" title="SOX12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX13" title="SOX13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX14" title="SOX14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX15" title="SOX15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX17" title="SOX17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX18" title="SOX18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOX21" title="SOX21">21</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testis_determining_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="Testis determining factor">SRY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_specific_recognition_protein_1" title="Structure specific recognition protein 1">SSRP1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCF/LEF_family" title="TCF/LEF family">TCF/LEF</a> <ul><li><i>TCF</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TCF7" title="TCF7">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCF3" title="TCF3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TCF7L2" title="TCF7L2">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphoid_enhancer-binding_factor_1" title="Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1">LEF1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>TOX</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TOX" title="TOX">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOX2" title="TOX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOX3" title="TOX3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOX4" title="TOX4">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.9) Grainyhead</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TFCP2" title="TFCP2">TFCP2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.10) Cold-shock domain</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSDA_(gene)" title="CSDA (gene)">CSDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_box_binding_protein_1" title="Y box binding protein 1">YBX1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(4.11) Runt</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Core_binding_factor" title="Core binding factor">CBF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CBFA2T2" title="CBFA2T2">CBFA2T2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBFA2T3" title="CBFA2T3">CBFA2T3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RUNX1" title="RUNX1">RUNX1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RUNX2" title="RUNX2">RUNX2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RUNX3" title="RUNX3">RUNX3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RUNX1T1" title="RUNX1T1">RUNX1T1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="(0)_Other_transcription_factors178" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i> (0) Other transcription factors</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(0.2) HMGI(Y)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMGA" title="HMGA">HMGA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMGA1" title="HMGA1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMGA2" title="HMGA2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBP1" title="HBP1">HBP1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(0.3)</i> <a href="/wiki/Pocket_protein_family" title="Pocket protein family">Pocket domain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retinoblastoma_protein" title="Retinoblastoma protein">Rb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoblastoma-like_protein_1" title="Retinoblastoma-like protein 1">RBL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoblastoma-like_protein_2" title="Retinoblastoma-like protein 2">RBL2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(0.5)</i> <a href="/wiki/Apetala_2" title="Apetala 2">AP-2</a><i>/</i><a href="/wiki/Ethylene-responsive_element_binding_protein" title="Ethylene-responsive element binding protein">EREBP</a><i>-related factors</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apetala_2" title="Apetala 2">Apetala 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene-responsive_element_binding_protein" title="Ethylene-responsive element binding protein">EREBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B3_domain" title="B3 domain">B3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:16em;text-align:left;"><i>(0.6) Miscellaneous</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>ARID</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARID1A" title="ARID1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARID1B" title="ARID1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARID2" title="ARID2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARID3A" title="ARID3A">3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARID3B" title="ARID3B">3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARID4A" title="ARID4A">4A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catabolite_activator_protein" title="Catabolite activator protein">CAP</a></li> <li><i>IFI</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IFI16" title="IFI16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFI35" title="IFI35">35</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLL_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="MLL (gene)">MLL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MLL2" class="mw-redirect" title="MLL2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLL3" class="mw-redirect" title="MLL3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MLLT1" title="MLLT1">T1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MNDA" title="MNDA">MNDA</a></li> <li><i>NFY</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NFYA" title="NFYA">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFYB" title="NFYB">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFYC" title="NFYC">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rho_factor" title="Rho factor">Rho</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sigma_factor" title="Sigma factor">Sigma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div><i>see also <a href="/wiki/Template:Transcription_factor_and_coregulator_deficiencies" title="Template:Transcription factor and coregulator deficiencies">transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_development_of_phenotype252" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genarch" title="Template:Genarch"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genarch" title="Template talk:Genarch"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genarch" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genarch"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_development_of_phenotype252" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Morphogenesis" title="Morphogenesis">development</a> of <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotype</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genotype%E2%80%93phenotype_distinction" title="Genotype–phenotype distinction">Genotype–phenotype distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaction_norm" title="Reaction norm">Reaction norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene%E2%80%93environment_interaction" title="Gene–environment interaction">Gene–environment interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene%E2%80%93environment_correlation" title="Gene–environment correlation">Gene–environment correlation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operon" title="Operon">Operon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritability" title="Heritability">Heritability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_genetics" title="Quantitative genetics">Quantitative genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterochrony" title="Heterochrony">Heterochrony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoteny" title="Neoteny">Neoteny</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotopy" title="Heterotopy">Heterotopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genetic_architecture" title="Genetic architecture">Genetic architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canalisation_(genetics)" title="Canalisation (genetics)">Canalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_assimilation" title="Genetic assimilation">Genetic assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">Dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistasis" title="Epistasis">Epistasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_landscape" title="Fitness landscape">Fitness landscape</a>/<a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_landscape" title="Evolutionary landscape">evolutionary landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleiotropy" title="Pleiotropy">Pleiotropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_plasticity" title="Phenotypic plasticity">Plasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygenic_inheritance" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygenic inheritance">Polygenic inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_segregation" title="Transgressive segregation">Transgressive segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_space_(evolution)" title="Sequence space (evolution)">Sequence space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-genetic influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_effect" title="Maternal effect">Maternal effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genomic_imprinting" title="Genomic imprinting">Genomic imprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_inheritance_theory" title="Dual inheritance theory">Dual inheritance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphenism" title="Polyphenism">Polyphenism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developmental architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphogenesis" title="Morphogenesis">Morphogenesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyespot_(mimicry)" title="Eyespot (mimicry)">Eyespot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_formation" title="Pattern formation">Pattern formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmentation_(biology)" title="Segmentation (biology)">Segmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(biology)" title="Metamerism (biology)">Metamerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modularity_(biology)" title="Modularity (biology)">Modularity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evolution of genetic systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolvability" title="Evolvability">Evolvability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robustness_(evolution)" title="Robustness (evolution)">Robustness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_network_(evolution)" title="Neutral network (evolution)">Neutral networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Evolution of sexual reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_tinkering" title="Evolutionary tinkering">Tinkering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Control of development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression" title="Regulation of gene expression">Regulation of gene expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_regulatory_network" title="Gene regulatory network">Gene regulatory network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo-devo_gene_toolkit" title="Evo-devo gene toolkit">Evo-devo gene toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeobox" title="Homeobox">Homeobox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedgehog_signaling_pathway" title="Hedgehog signaling pathway">Hedgehog signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notch_signaling_pathway" title="Notch signaling pathway">Notch signaling pathway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeotic_gene" title="Homeotic gene">Homeotic gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hox_gene" title="Hox gene">Hox gene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_genes" title="Pax genes">Pax genes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PAX6" title="PAX6">eyeless gene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DLX_gene_family" title="DLX gene family">Distal-less</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrailed_(gene)" title="Engrailed (gene)">Engrailed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cis-regulatory_element" title="Cis-regulatory element">cis-regulatory element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">Ligand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphogen" title="Morphogen">Morphogen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cell surface receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">Transcription factor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influential figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C._H._Waddington" title="C. H. Waddington">C. H. Waddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lewontin" title="Richard Lewontin">Richard Lewontin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a> + <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lac_operon" title="Lac operon">Lac operon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Eric F. Wieschaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McGinnis" title="William McGinnis">William McGinnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Levine_(biologist)" title="Michael Levine (biologist)">Mike Levine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_B._Carroll" title="Sean B. Carroll">Sean B. Carroll</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Endless_Forms_Most_Beautiful_(book)" title="Endless Forms Most Beautiful (book)">Endless Forms Most Beautiful</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphogenetic_field" title="Morphogenetic field">Morphogenetic field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles" title="Index of evolutionary biology articles">Index of evolutionary biology articles</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Receptor_(biochemistry)&oldid=1236030699">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Receptor_(biochemistry)&oldid=1236030699</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Receptors" title="Category:Receptors">Receptors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cell_biology" title="Category:Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cell_signaling" title="Category:Cell signaling">Cell signaling</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Membrane_biology" title="Category:Membrane biology">Membrane biology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_that_use_a_deprecated_format_of_the_chem_tags" title="Category:Pages that use a deprecated format of the chem tags">Pages that use a deprecated format of the chem tags</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 July 2024, at 14:14<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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