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id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Food sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_and_pathological_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_and_pathological_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Biological and pathological role </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biological_and_pathological_role-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biological and pathological role subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biological_and_pathological_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Function </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Binding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Binding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solubility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solubility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Solubility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solubility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Nutrition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hormonal_regulation_of_bone_formation_and_serum_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hormonal_regulation_of_bone_formation_and_serum_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Hormonal regulation of bone formation and serum levels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hormonal_regulation_of_bone_formation_and_serum_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abnormal_serum_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abnormal_serum_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Abnormal serum levels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abnormal_serum_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bone_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bone_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Bone disease </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bone_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Safety </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Safety subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metallic_calcium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metallic_calcium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Metallic calcium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metallic_calcium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Calcium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 175 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-175" aria-hidden="true" > 175 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kalsium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%8D%E1%88%B2%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ካልሲየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካልሲየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="कैल्सियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कैल्सियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="كالسيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كالسيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio" title="Calcio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Calcio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Քալսիում – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քալսիում" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciu" title="Calciu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Calciu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciu" title="Calciu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Calciu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="क्याल्सियम – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="क्याल्सियम" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itakair%C3%A3" title="Itakairã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Itakairã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kalsium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="کلسیوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کلسیوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kalsium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ক্যালসিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যালসিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C4%81-l%C3%BA-si%C3%BAm" title="Khā-lú-siúm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khā-lú-siúm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кальций – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кальций" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Кальцый – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кальцый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Вапень – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вапень" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="कैल्सियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कैल्सियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsyo" title="Kalsyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kalsyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калций – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Калций" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Calcium" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="དཀར་ཤམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དཀར་ཤམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcij" title="Kalcij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kalcij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkiom" title="Kalkiom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kalkiom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calci" title="Calci – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Calci" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кальций – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кальций" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsiyum" title="Kalsiyum – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kalsiyum" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1pn%C3%ADk" title="Vápník – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vápník" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondongu" title="Rondongu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rondongu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciu" title="Calciu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Calciu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calsiwm" title="Calsiwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Calsiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Calcium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="كالسيوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كالسيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Calcium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%AC%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%B0" title="ކެލްސިއަމް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކެލްސިއަމް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1%C3%A1lsiiyin" title="Káálsiiyin – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Káálsiiyin" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltsium" title="Kaltsium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaltsium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CE%B2%CE%AD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ασβέστιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ασβέστιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio" title="Calcio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calcio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcio" title="Kalcio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kalcio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciu" title="Calciu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Calciu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltzio" title="Kaltzio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaltzio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85" title="کلسیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلسیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Calcium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kalsium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Calcium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calci" title="Calci – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Calci" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cailciam" title="Cailciam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cailciam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelkium" title="Kelkium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Kelkium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Calcium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio" title="Calcio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Calcio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%88%A3" title="鈣 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鈣" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Calcium" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="કેલ્શિયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કેલ્શિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koi" title="Koi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Koi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Калцион – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Калцион" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%BC%EC%8A%98" title="칼슘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="칼슘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalipuna" title="Kalipuna – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kalipuna" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կալցիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կալցիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="कैल्सियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैल्सियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcij" title="Kalcij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kalcij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcio" title="Kalcio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kalcio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kalsium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Calcium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кальций – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кальций" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmCaphana" title="UmCaphana – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmCaphana" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kals%C3%ADn" title="Kalsín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kalsín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_(elemento_chimico)" title="Calcio (elemento chimico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Calcio (elemento chimico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%9F" title="סידן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סידן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsiyum" title="Kalsiyum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kalsiyum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C9%A9s%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Kalɩsɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kalɩsɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕ್ಯಾಲ್ಶಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ಯಾಲ್ಶಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="კალციუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კალციუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кальций – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кальций" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalciom" title="Kalciom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kalciom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalisi" title="Kalisi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kalisi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кальций – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кальций" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsy%C3%B2m" title="Kalsyòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kalsyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsiy%C3%BBm" title="Kalsiyûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kalsiyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кальций – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кальций" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кальций – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кальций" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%A1" title="ທາດການຊຽມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທາດການຊຽມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Calcium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcijs" title="Kalcijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kalcijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalzium" title="Kalzium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kalzium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcis" title="Kalcis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalcis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A4so_(metallo)" title="Cäso (metallo) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Cäso (metallo)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Calcium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calsio" title="Calsio – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Calsio" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%E2%80%99cii" title="Kal’cii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kal’cii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/bogjinme" title="bogjinme – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="bogjinme" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalusiyaamu_(Calcium)" title="Kalusiyaamu (Calcium) – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Kalusiyaamu (Calcium)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_(element_chimich)" title="Calcio (element chimich) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Calcio (element chimich)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcium" title="Kalcium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kalcium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Калциум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Калциум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsi%C3%B4ma" title="Kalsiôma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kalsiôma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="കാൽ‌സ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാൽ‌സ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konup%C5%ABm%C4%81" title="Konupūmā – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Konupūmā" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="कॅल्शियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॅल्शियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="كالسيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كالسيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kalsium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1i_(g%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k)" title="Gái (gĭng-sṳ̆k) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gái (gĭng-sṳ̆k)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Кальци – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кальци" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Кальци – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Кальци" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ကယ်လဆီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကယ်လဆီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenextepoztli" title="Tenextepoztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tenextepoztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Calcium" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Calcium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="क्याल्सियम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्याल्सियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="क्याल्सियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्याल्सियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="カルシウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルシウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltsium" title="Kaltsium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kaltsium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kalsium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kalsium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kalsium" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calci" title="Calci – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Calci" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="କ୍ୟାଲ୍‌ସିଅମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କ୍ୟାଲ୍‌ସିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaalsiyeemii" title="Kaalsiyeemii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kaalsiyeemii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsiy" title="Kalsiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kalsiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਕੈਲਸ਼ੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੈਲਸ਼ੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="क्याल्सियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="क्याल्सियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="کیلشیئم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیلشیئم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ကယ်လသီယမ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ကယ်လသီယမ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85" title="کلسيم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کلسيم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0uss_(element)" title="Càuss (element) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Càuss (element)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Calcium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wap%C5%84" title="Wapń – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wapń" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1lcio" title="Cálcio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cálcio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciu" title="Calciu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Calciu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isku_q%27illay" title="Isku q'illay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Isku q'illay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кальций – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кальций" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Калсиум – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Калсиум" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="कैल्शियम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कैल्शियम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0lciu" title="Càlciu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Càlciu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Calcium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Calcium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalciumi" title="Kalciumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kalciumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciu_(mitallu)" title="Calciu (mitallu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Calciu (mitallu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="කැල්සියම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කැල්සියම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Calcium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85" title="ڪيلشم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪيلشم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1pnik" title="Vápnik – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vápnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcij" title="Kalcij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kalcij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaalshiyaam" title="Kaalshiyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kaalshiyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="کەلسیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەلسیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Калцијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Калцијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcij" title="Kalcij – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kalcij" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kalsium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kalsium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalcium" title="Kalcium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kalcium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsiyo" title="Kalsiyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kalsiyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கல்சியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கல்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akalsyum" title="Akalsyum – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Akalsyum" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Кальций – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кальций" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="కాల్షియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాల్షియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="แคลเซียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคลเซียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калсий – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Калсий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AA%E1%8E%B3_%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%9D%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AA%E1%8E%AF%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᎪᎳ ᏗᏝᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎪᎳ ᏗᏝᏂᎪᎯᏍᏗᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsiyum" title="Kalsiyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kalsiyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Кальцій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кальцій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85" title="کیلشیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیلشیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A" title="كالتىسىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كالتىسىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%27cii" title="Kal'cii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kal'cii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calci" title="Calci – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Calci" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalsin" title="Kalsin – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kalsin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciom" title="Calciom – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Calciom" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%88%A3" title="鈣 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鈣" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calsyo" title="Calsyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Calsyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钙" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="קאלציום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical element. For the use of calcium as a medication, see <a href="/wiki/Calcium_supplement" title="Calcium supplement">Calcium supplement</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Calcium_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Calcium (disambiguation)">Calcium (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 20 (Ca)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Calcium, 20Ca</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcium_unter_Argon_Schutzgasatmosph%C3%A4re.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Calcium_unter_Argon_Schutzgasatmosph%C3%A4re.jpg/220px-Calcium_unter_Argon_Schutzgasatmosph%C3%A4re.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Calcium_unter_Argon_Schutzgasatmosph%C3%A4re.jpg/330px-Calcium_unter_Argon_Schutzgasatmosph%C3%A4re.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Calcium_unter_Argon_Schutzgasatmosph%C3%A4re.jpg/440px-Calcium_unter_Argon_Schutzgasatmosph%C3%A4re.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1626" data-file-height="1068" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Calcium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">dull gray, silver; with a pale yellow tint<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Ca)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>40.078±0.004<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW-2">[2]</a></li><li>40.078±0.004 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-3">[3]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Calcium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> ↑ Ca ↓ <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> ← calcium → <a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">scandium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">20</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">group 2 (alkaline earth metals)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">period 4</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#s-block" title="Block (periodic table)">s-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>] 4s2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 8, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1115 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (842 °C, 1548 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1757 K (1484 °C, 2703 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">1.526 g/cm3 <a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">1.378 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8.54 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">154.7 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25.929 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>864 </td> <td>956 </td> <td>1071 </td> <td>1227 </td> <td>1443 </td> <td>1755 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +2 +1<a href="#cite_note-West-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.00 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 589.8 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1145.4 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 4912.4 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#calcium" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 197 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">176±10 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">231 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:20_(Ca_I)_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/20_%28Ca_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/240px-20_%28Ca_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/20_%28Ca_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/360px-20_%28Ca_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/20_%28Ca_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/480px-20_%28Ca_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of calcium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">face-centered cubic</a> (fcc) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cF4</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-face-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Face-centered cubic crystal structure for calcium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Cubic-face-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-face-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="1002" /></a></div>a = 558.8 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22.27×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">201 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">33.6 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diamagnetism" title="Diamagnetism">diamagnetic</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+40.0×10−6 cm3/mol<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7.4 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">17 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">3810 m/s (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.31 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.75 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">170–416 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-70-2 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a> and first isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> (1808)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_calcium" title="Isotopes of calcium">Isotopes of calcium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_calcium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox calcium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_calcium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox calcium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-7">[7]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">40Ca </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">96.9% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">41Ca </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">9.94×104 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium-41" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium-41">41K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">42Ca </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.647% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">43Ca </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.135% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">44Ca </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.09% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">45Ca </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">163 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium-45" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandium-45">45Sc</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">46Ca </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.004% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">47Ca </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">4.5 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium-47" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandium-47">47Sc</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium-48" title="Calcium-48">48Ca</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.187% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">6.4×1019 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Double_beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Double beta minus decay">β−β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">48Ti </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Calcium" title="Category:Calcium">Category: Calcium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_calcium" title="Template:Infobox calcium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_calcium" title="Template talk:Infobox calcium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_calcium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox calcium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Calcium is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> Ca and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 20. As an <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">alkaline earth metal</a>, calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to its heavier homologues <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>. It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth's crust, and the third most abundant metal, after <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>. The most common calcium compound on Earth is <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>, found in <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> and the fossilized remnants of early sea life; <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhydrite" title="Anhydrite">anhydrite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">fluorite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a> are also sources of calcium. The name derives from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> calx "<a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a>", which was obtained from heating limestone. Some calcium compounds were known to the ancients, though their chemistry was unknown until the seventeenth century. Pure calcium was isolated in 1808 via <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> of its oxide by <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a>, who named the element. Calcium compounds are widely used in many industries: in foods and pharmaceuticals for <a href="/wiki/Calcium_supplementation" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium supplementation">calcium supplementation</a>, in the paper industry as bleaches, as components in cement and electrical insulators, and in the manufacture of soaps. On the other hand, the metal in pure form has few applications due to its high reactivity; still, in small quantities it is often used as an alloying component in steelmaking, and sometimes, as a calcium–lead alloy, in making automotive batteries. Calcium is the most abundant metal and the fifth-most abundant element in the <a href="/wiki/Human_body#Composition" title="Human body">human body</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-8">[8]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">calcium ions</a> (Ca2+) play a vital role in the <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemical</a> processes of organisms and <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>: in <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signal transduction</a> pathways where they act as a <a href="/wiki/Second_messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Second messenger">second messenger</a>; in <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> release from <a href="/wiki/Neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurons">neurons</a>; in contraction of all <a href="/wiki/Muscle_cell" title="Muscle cell">muscle cell</a> types; as <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactors</a> in many <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>; and in <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-8">[8]</a> Calcium ions outside cells are important for maintaining the <a href="/wiki/Potential_difference" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential difference">potential difference</a> across excitable <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membranes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> synthesis, and bone formation.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-ods-9">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcium_crystals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Calcium_crystals.jpg/220px-Calcium_crystals.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Calcium_crystals.jpg/330px-Calcium_crystals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Calcium_crystals.jpg/440px-Calcium_crystals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Calcium crystals stored in mineral oil</figcaption></figure> Calcium is a very ductile silvery metal (sometimes described as pale yellow) whose properties are very similar to the heavier elements in its group, <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>. A calcium atom has twenty electrons, with <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">electron configuration</a> [Ar]4s2. Like the other elements placed in group 2 of the periodic table, calcium has two <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">valence electrons</a> in the outermost s-orbital, which are very easily lost in chemical reactions to form a dipositive ion with the stable electron configuration of a <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gas</a>, in this case <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997112–13-10">[10]</a> Hence, calcium is almost always <a href="/wiki/Divalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Divalent">divalent</a> in its compounds, which are usually <a href="/wiki/Ionic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic compound">ionic</a>. Hypothetical univalent salts of calcium would be stable with respect to their elements, but not to <a href="/wiki/Disproportionation" title="Disproportionation">disproportionation</a> to the divalent salts and calcium metal, because the <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Enthalpy of formation">enthalpy of formation</a> of MX2 is much higher than those of the hypothetical MX. This occurs because of the much greater <a href="/wiki/Lattice_energy" title="Lattice energy">lattice energy</a> afforded by the more highly charged Ca2+ cation compared to the hypothetical Ca+ cation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997112–13-10">[10]</a> Calcium, strontium, barium, and radium are always considered to be <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">alkaline earth metals</a>; the lighter <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, also in group 2 of the periodic table, are often included as well. Nevertheless, beryllium and magnesium differ significantly from the other members of the group in their physical and chemical behaviour: they behave more like <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> respectively and have some of the weaker metallic character of the <a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">post-transition metals</a>, which is why the traditional definition of the term "alkaline earth metal" excludes them.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3></div> Calcium metal melts at 842 °C and boils at 1494 °C; these values are higher than those for magnesium and strontium, the neighbouring group 2 metals. It crystallises in the <a href="/wiki/Face-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-centered cubic">face-centered cubic</a> arrangement like strontium and barium; above 443 °C (716 K), it changes to a <a href="/wiki/Body-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-centered cubic">body-centered cubic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith_1956-12">[12]</a> Its density of 1.526 g/cm3 (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-4">[4]</a> is the lowest in its group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997112–13-10">[10]</a> Calcium is harder than <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> but can be cut with a knife with effort. While calcium is a poorer conductor of electricity than <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> by volume, it is a better conductor by mass than both due to its very low density.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHluchanPomerantz2005484-13">[13]</a> While calcium is infeasible as a conductor for most terrestrial applications as it reacts quickly with atmospheric oxygen, its use as such in space has been considered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHluchanPomerantz2005484-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ca(aq)6_improved_image.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ca%28aq%296_improved_image.tif/lossless-page1-220px-Ca%28aq%296_improved_image.tif.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ca%28aq%296_improved_image.tif/lossless-page1-330px-Ca%28aq%296_improved_image.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ca%28aq%296_improved_image.tif/lossless-page1-440px-Ca%28aq%296_improved_image.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>Structure of the polymeric [Ca(H2O)6]2+ center in hydrated calcium chloride, illustrating the high coordination number typical for calcium complexes.</figcaption></figure> The chemistry of calcium is that of a typical heavy alkaline earth metal. For example, calcium spontaneously reacts with water more quickly than magnesium and less quickly than strontium to produce <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a> and hydrogen gas. It also reacts with the <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> in air to form a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">calcium oxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_nitride" title="Calcium nitride">calcium nitride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-14">[14]</a> When finely divided, it spontaneously burns in air to produce the nitride. Bulk calcium is less reactive: it quickly forms a hydration coating in moist air, but below 30% <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> it may be stored indefinitely at room temperature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHluchanPomerantz2005483-15">[15]</a> Besides the simple oxide CaO, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_peroxide" title="Calcium peroxide">calcium peroxide</a>, CaO2, can be made by direct oxidation of calcium metal under a high pressure of oxygen, and there is some evidence for a yellow <a href="/wiki/Superoxide" title="Superoxide">superoxide</a> Ca(O2)2.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997119-16">[16]</a>Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, is a strong base, though not as strong as the hydroxides of strontium, barium or the alkali metals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997121-17">[17]</a> All four dihalides of calcium are known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997117-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">Calcium carbonate</a> (CaCO3) and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfate" title="Calcium sulfate">calcium sulfate</a> (CaSO4) are particularly abundant minerals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997122–15-19">[19]</a> Like strontium and barium, as well as the alkali metals and the divalent <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanides</a> <a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">ytterbium</a>, calcium metal dissolves directly in liquid <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> to give a dark blue solution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997112-20">[20]</a> Due to the large size of the calcium ion (Ca2+), high coordination numbers are common, up to 24 in some <a href="/wiki/Intermetallic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermetallic compound">intermetallic compounds</a> such as CaZn13.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997115-21">[21]</a> Calcium is readily complexed by oxygen <a href="/wiki/Chelate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelate">chelates</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid" title="Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid">EDTA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyphosphate" title="Polyphosphate">polyphosphates</a>, which are useful in <a href="/wiki/Analytic_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytic chemistry">analytic chemistry</a> and removing calcium ions from <a href="/wiki/Hard_water" title="Hard water">hard water</a>. In the absence of <a href="/wiki/Steric_hindrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Steric hindrance">steric hindrance</a>, smaller group 2 cations tend to form stronger complexes, but when large <a href="/wiki/Polydentate" class="mw-redirect" title="Polydentate">polydentate</a> <a href="/wiki/Macrocycle" title="Macrocycle">macrocycles</a> are involved the trend is reversed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997122–15-19">[19]</a> Though calcium is in the same group as magnesium and <a href="/wiki/Organomagnesium_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organomagnesium compound">organomagnesium compounds</a> are very widely used throughout chemistry, organocalcium compounds are not similarly widespread because they are more difficult to make and more reactive, though they have recently been investigated as possible <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalysts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Organocalcium compounds tend to be more similar to organoytterbium compounds due to the similar <a href="/wiki/Ionic_radius" title="Ionic radius">ionic radii</a> of Yb2+ (102 pm) and Ca2+ (100 pm).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997136–37-27">[27]</a> Most of these compounds can only be prepared at low temperatures; bulky ligands tend to favour stability. For example, calcium di<a href="/wiki/Cyclopentadienyl" title="Cyclopentadienyl">cyclopentadienyl</a>, Ca(C5H5)2, must be made by directly reacting calcium metal with <a href="/wiki/Mercurocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercurocene">mercurocene</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cyclopentadiene" title="Cyclopentadiene">cyclopentadiene</a> itself; replacing the C5H5 ligand with the bulkier C5(CH3)5 ligand on the other hand increases the compound's solubility, volatility, and kinetic stability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997122–15-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_calcium" title="Isotopes of calcium">Isotopes of calcium</a></div> Natural calcium is a mixture of five stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> (40Ca, 42Ca, 43Ca, 44Ca, and 46Ca) and one isotope with a half-life so long that it is for all practical purposes stable (<a href="/wiki/Calcium-48" title="Calcium-48">48Ca</a>, with a half-life of about 4.3 × 1019 years). Calcium is the first (lightest) element to have six naturally occurring isotopes.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-14">[14]</a> By far the most common isotope of calcium in nature is 40Ca, which makes up 96.941% of all natural calcium. It is produced in the <a href="/wiki/Silicon-burning_process" title="Silicon-burning process">silicon-burning process</a> from fusion of <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</a> and is the heaviest stable nuclide with equal proton and neutron numbers; its occurrence is also supplemented slowly by the decay of <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a> <a href="/wiki/Potassium-40" title="Potassium-40">40K</a>. Adding another alpha particle leads to unstable 44Ti, which decays via two successive <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron captures</a> to stable 44Ca; this makes up 2.806% of all natural calcium and is the second-most common isotope.<a href="#cite_note-Cameron-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clayton-29">[29]</a> The other four natural isotopes, 42Ca, 43Ca, 46Ca, and 48Ca, are significantly rarer, each comprising less than 1% of all natural calcium. The four lighter isotopes are mainly products of the <a href="/wiki/Oxygen-burning_process" title="Oxygen-burning process">oxygen-burning</a> and silicon-burning processes, leaving the two heavier ones to be produced via <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">neutron capture</a> processes. 46Ca is mostly produced in a "hot" <a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">s-process</a>, as its formation requires a rather high neutron flux to allow short-lived 45Ca to capture a neutron. 48Ca is produced by electron capture in the <a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a> in <a href="/wiki/Type_Ia_supernova" title="Type Ia supernova">type Ia supernovae</a>, where high neutron excess and low enough entropy ensures its survival.<a href="#cite_note-Cameron-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clayton-29">[29]</a> 46Ca and 48Ca are the first "classically stable" nuclides with a 6-neutron or 8-neutron excess respectively. Although extremely neutron-rich for such a light element, 48Ca is very stable because it is a <a href="/wiki/Magic_number_(physics)" title="Magic number (physics)">doubly magic nucleus</a>, having 20 protons and 28 neutrons arranged in closed shells. Its <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> to 48<a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> is very hindered because of the gross mismatch of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_spin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear spin">nuclear spin</a>: 48Ca has zero nuclear spin, being <a href="/wiki/Even_and_odd_atomic_nuclei" title="Even and odd atomic nuclei">even–even</a>, while 48Sc has spin 6+, so the decay is <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_mechanism" title="Forbidden mechanism">forbidden</a> by the conservation of <a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">angular momentum</a>. While two excited states of 48Sc are available for decay as well, they are also forbidden due to their high spins. As a result, when 48Ca does decay, it does so by <a href="/wiki/Double_beta_decay" title="Double beta decay">double beta decay</a> to 48<a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> instead, being the lightest nuclide known to undergo double beta decay.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2016-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> 46Ca can also theoretically undergo double beta decay to 46Ti, but this has never been observed. The most common isotope 40Ca is also doubly magic and could undergo <a href="/wiki/Double_electron_capture" title="Double electron capture">double electron capture</a> to 40<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>, but this has likewise never been observed. Calcium is the only element with two primordial doubly magic isotopes. The experimental lower limits for the half-lives of 40Ca and 46Ca are 5.9 × 1021 years and 2.8 × 1015 years respectively.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2016-30">[30]</a> Apart from the practically stable 48Ca, the longest lived <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotope</a> of calcium is 41Ca. It decays by electron capture to stable 41<a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> with a half-life of about 105 years. Its existence in the early Solar System as an <a href="/wiki/Extinct_radionuclide" title="Extinct radionuclide">extinct radionuclide</a> has been inferred from excesses of 41K: traces of 41Ca also still exist today, as it is a <a href="/wiki/Cosmogenic_nuclide" title="Cosmogenic nuclide">cosmogenic nuclide</a>, continuously produced through <a href="/wiki/Neutron_activation" title="Neutron activation">neutron activation</a> of natural 40Ca.<a href="#cite_note-Clayton-29">[29]</a> Many other calcium radioisotopes are known, ranging from 35Ca to 60Ca. They are all much shorter-lived than 41Ca, the most stable being 45Ca (half-life 163 days) and 47Ca (half-life 4.54 days). Isotopes lighter than 42Ca usually undergo <a href="/wiki/Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">beta plus decay</a> to isotopes of potassium, and those heavier than 44Ca usually undergo <a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">beta minus decay</a> to isotopes of <a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">scandium</a>, though near the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_drip_line" title="Nuclear drip line">nuclear drip lines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proton_emission" title="Proton emission">proton emission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron_emission" title="Neutron emission">neutron emission</a> begin to be significant decay modes as well.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2016-30">[30]</a> Like other elements, a variety of processes alter the relative abundance of calcium isotopes.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The best studied of these processes is the mass-dependent <a href="/wiki/Isotope_fractionation" title="Isotope fractionation">fractionation</a> of calcium isotopes that accompanies the precipitation of calcium minerals such as <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">aragonite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a> from solution. Lighter isotopes are preferentially incorporated into these minerals, leaving the surrounding solution enriched in heavier isotopes at a magnitude of roughly 0.025% per atomic mass unit (amu) at room temperature. Mass-dependent differences in calcium isotope composition are conventionally expressed by the ratio of two isotopes (usually 44Ca/40Ca) in a sample compared to the same ratio in a standard reference material. 44Ca/40Ca varies by about 1–2‰ among organisms on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ein_Ghazal_Venus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ein_Ghazal_Venus.jpg/90px-Ein_Ghazal_Venus.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ein_Ghazal_Venus.jpg/135px-Ein_Ghazal_Venus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Ein_Ghazal_Venus.jpg/180px-Ein_Ghazal_Venus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>One of the <a href="/wiki/%27Ain_Ghazal_Statues" class="mw-redirect" title="'Ain Ghazal Statues">'Ain Ghazal Statues</a>, made from <a href="/wiki/Lime_plaster" title="Lime plaster">lime plaster</a></figcaption></figure> Calcium compounds were known for millennia, though their chemical makeup was not understood until the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997108-34">[34]</a> Lime as a <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">building material</a><a href="#cite_note-minerals.usgs-35">[35]</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Lime_plaster" title="Lime plaster">plaster for statues</a> was used as far back as around 7000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The first dated <a href="/wiki/Lime_kiln" title="Lime kiln">lime kiln</a> dates back to 2500 BC and was found in <a href="/wiki/Khafajah" title="Khafajah">Khafajah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> About the same time, dehydrated <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> (CaSO4·2H2O) was being used in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a>. This material would later be used for the plaster in the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman">ancient Romans</a> instead used lime mortars made by heating <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> (CaCO3). The name "calcium" itself derives from the Latin word calx "lime".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997108-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> noted that the lime that resulted was lighter than the original limestone, attributing this to the boiling of the water. In 1755, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Joseph Black</a> proved that this was due to the loss of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, which as a gas had not been recognized by the ancient Romans.<a href="#cite_note-Weeks-39">[39]</a> In 1789, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> suspected that lime might be an oxide of a fundamental <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>. In his table of the elements, Lavoisier listed five "salifiable earths" (i.e., ores that could be made to react with acids to produce salts (salis = salt, in Latin): chaux (calcium oxide), magnésie (magnesia, magnesium oxide), baryte (barium sulfate), alumine (alumina, aluminium oxide), and silice (silica, silicon dioxide)). About these "elements", Lavoisier reasoned: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">We are probably only acquainted as yet with a part of the metallic substances existing in nature, as all those which have a stronger affinity to oxygen than carbon possesses, are incapable, hitherto, of being reduced to a metallic state, and consequently, being only presented to our observation under the form of oxyds, are confounded with earths. It is extremely probable that barytes, which we have just now arranged with earths, is in this situation; for in many experiments it exhibits properties nearly approaching to those of metallic bodies. It is even possible that all the substances we call earths may be only metallic oxyds, irreducible by any hitherto known process.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></blockquote> Calcium, along with its congeners magnesium, strontium, and barium, was first isolated by <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> in 1808. Following the work of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Jöns Jakob Berzelius</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnus_Martin_af_Pontin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnus Martin af Pontin (page does not exist)">Magnus Martin af Pontin</a> on <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a>, Davy isolated calcium and magnesium by putting a mixture of the respective metal oxides with <a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_oxide" title="Mercury(II) oxide">mercury(II) oxide</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> plate which was used as the anode, the cathode being a platinum wire partially submerged into mercury. Electrolysis then gave calcium–mercury and magnesium–mercury amalgams, and distilling off the mercury gave the metal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997108-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> However, pure calcium cannot be prepared in bulk by this method and a workable commercial process for its production was not found until over a century later.<a href="#cite_note-Weeks-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence_and_production">Occurrence and production</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pamukkale_Hierapolis_Travertine_pools.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Pamukkale_Hierapolis_Travertine_pools.JPG/220px-Pamukkale_Hierapolis_Travertine_pools.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Pamukkale_Hierapolis_Travertine_pools.JPG/330px-Pamukkale_Hierapolis_Travertine_pools.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Pamukkale_Hierapolis_Travertine_pools.JPG/440px-Pamukkale_Hierapolis_Travertine_pools.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">Travertine</a> terraces in <a href="/wiki/Pamukkale" title="Pamukkale">Pamukkale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></figcaption></figure> At 3%, calcium is the fifth <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_elements_in_Earth%27s_crust" title="Abundance of elements in Earth's crust">most abundant element in the Earth's crust</a>, and the third most abundant metal behind <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997109-42">[42]</a> It is also the fourth most abundant element in the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar highlands">lunar highlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHluchanPomerantz2005483-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary rocks">Sedimentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> deposits pervade the Earth's surface as fossilized remains of past marine life; they occur in two forms, the <a href="/wiki/Rhombohedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhombohedral">rhombohedral</a> <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a> (more common) and the <a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthorhombic">orthorhombic</a> <a href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">aragonite</a> (forming in more temperate seas). Minerals of the first type include <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iceland_spar" title="Iceland spar">iceland spar</a>; aragonite beds make up the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys" title="Florida Keys">Florida Keys</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> basins. <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Corals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea shell">sea shells</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearls</a> are mostly made up of calcium carbonate. Among the other important minerals of calcium are <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> (CaSO4·2H2O), <a href="/wiki/Anhydrite" title="Anhydrite">anhydrite</a> (CaSO4), <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">fluorite</a> (CaF2), and <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a> ([Ca5(PO4)3X], X = OH, Cl, or F).gre<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997108-34">[34]</a> The major producers of calcium are <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (about 10000 to 12000 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> per year), <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (about 6000 to 8000 tonnes per year), and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (about 2000 to 4000 tonnes per year). <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> are also among the minor producers. In 2005, about 24000 tonnes of calcium were produced; about half of the world's extracted calcium is used by the United States, with about 80% of the output used each year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHluchanPomerantz2005484-13">[13]</a> In Russia and China, Davy's method of electrolysis is still used, but is instead applied to molten <a href="/wiki/Calcium_chloride" title="Calcium chloride">calcium chloride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHluchanPomerantz2005484-13">[13]</a> Since calcium is less reactive than strontium or barium, the oxide–nitride coating that results in air is stable and <a href="/wiki/Lathe" title="Lathe">lathe</a> machining and other standard metallurgical techniques are suitable for calcium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997110-43">[43]</a> In the United States and Canada, calcium is instead produced by reducing lime with aluminium at high temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHluchanPomerantz2005484-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geochemical_cycling">Geochemical cycling</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle" title="Carbonate–silicate cycle">Carbonate–silicate cycle</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Calcium_cycle" title="Calcium cycle">Calcium cycling</a> provides a link between <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a>. In the simplest terms, mountain-building exposes calcium-bearing rocks such as <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">granodiorite</a> to chemical weathering and releases Ca2+ into surface water. These ions are transported to the ocean where they react with dissolved CO2 to form <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> (CaCO 3), which in turn settles to the sea floor where it is incorporated into new rocks. Dissolved CO2, along with <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a> ions, are termed "<a href="/wiki/Total_inorganic_carbon" title="Total inorganic carbon">dissolved inorganic carbon</a>" (DIC).<a href="#cite_note-Berner-44">[44]</a> The actual reaction is more complicated and involves the bicarbonate ion (HCO− 3) that forms when CO2 reacts with water at seawater <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>: <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>Ca2+ + 2 HCO−3 → CaCO3↓ + CO2 + H2O</dd></dl> At seawater pH, most of the dissolved CO2 is immediately converted back into HCO− 3. The reaction results in a net transport of one molecule of CO2 from the ocean/atmosphere into the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The result is that each Ca2+ ion released by chemical weathering ultimately removes one CO2 molecule from the surficial system (atmosphere, ocean, soils and living organisms), storing it in carbonate rocks where it is likely to stay for hundreds of millions of years. The weathering of calcium from rocks thus scrubs CO2 from the ocean and atmosphere, exerting a strong long-term effect on climate.<a href="#cite_note-Berner-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Calcium_supplement" title="Calcium supplement">Calcium supplement</a></div> The largest use of metallic calcium is in <a href="/wiki/Steelmaking" title="Steelmaking">steelmaking</a>, due to its strong <a href="/wiki/Chemical_affinity" title="Chemical affinity">chemical affinity</a> for oxygen and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>. Its oxides and sulfides, once formed, give liquid lime <a href="/wiki/Aluminate" title="Aluminate">aluminate</a> and sulfide inclusions in steel which float out; on treatment, these inclusions disperse throughout the steel and become small and spherical, improving castability, cleanliness and general mechanical properties. Calcium is also used in maintenance-free <a href="/wiki/Automotive_battery" title="Automotive battery">automotive batteries</a>, in which the use of 0.1% calcium–<a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> alloys instead of the usual <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>–lead alloys leads to lower water loss and lower self-discharging.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHluchanPomerantz2005485–87-47">[47]</a> Due to the risk of expansion and cracking, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> is sometimes also incorporated into these alloys. These lead–calcium alloys are also used in casting, replacing lead–antimony alloys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHluchanPomerantz2005485–87-47">[47]</a> Calcium is also used to strengthen aluminium alloys used for bearings, for the control of graphitic <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a>, and to remove <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a> impurities from lead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997110-43">[43]</a> Calcium metal is found in some drain cleaners, where it functions to generate heat and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a> that <a href="/wiki/Saponification" title="Saponification">saponifies</a> the fats and liquefies the proteins (for example, those in hair) that block drains.<a href="#cite_note-Rumack-48">[48]</a> Besides metallurgy, the reactivity of calcium is exploited to remove <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> from high-purity <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> gas and as a <a href="/wiki/Getter" title="Getter">getter</a> for oxygen and nitrogen. It is also used as a reducing agent in the production of <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>. It can also be used to store hydrogen gas, as it reacts with hydrogen to form solid <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydride" title="Calcium hydride">calcium hydride</a>, from which the hydrogen can easily be re-extracted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenwoodEarnshaw1997110-43">[43]</a> Calcium isotope fractionation during mineral formation has led to several applications of calcium isotopes. In particular, the 1997 observation by Skulan and DePaolo<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> that calcium minerals are isotopically lighter than the solutions from which the minerals precipitate is the basis of analogous applications in medicine and in paleoceanography. In animals with skeletons mineralized with calcium, the calcium isotopic composition of soft tissues reflects the relative rate of formation and dissolution of skeletal mineral.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-50">[50]</a> In humans, changes in the calcium isotopic composition of urine have been shown to be related to changes in bone mineral balance. When the rate of bone formation exceeds the rate of bone resorption, the 44Ca/40Ca ratio in soft tissue rises and vice versa. Because of this relationship, calcium isotopic measurements of urine or blood may be useful in the early detection of metabolic bone diseases like <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-50">[50]</a> A similar system exists in seawater, where 44Ca/40Ca tends to rise when the rate of removal of Ca2+ by mineral precipitation exceeds the input of new calcium into the ocean. In 1997, Skulan and DePaolo presented the first evidence of change in seawater 44Ca/40Ca over geologic time, along with a theoretical explanation of these changes. More recent papers have confirmed this observation, demonstrating that seawater Ca2+ concentration is not constant, and that the ocean is never in a "steady state" with respect to calcium input and output. This has important climatological implications, as the marine calcium cycle is closely tied to the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_cycle" title="Carbon cycle">carbon cycle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Many calcium compounds are used in food, as pharmaceuticals, and in medicine, among others. For example, calcium and phosphorus are supplemented in foods through the addition of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_lactate" title="Calcium lactate">calcium lactate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_diphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium diphosphate">calcium diphosphate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tricalcium_phosphate" title="Tricalcium phosphate">tricalcium phosphate</a>. The last is also used as a polishing agent in <a href="/wiki/Toothpaste" title="Toothpaste">toothpaste</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Antacid" title="Antacid">antacids</a>. <a href="/wiki/Calcium_lactobionate" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium lactobionate">Calcium lactobionate</a> is a white powder that is used as a suspending agent for pharmaceuticals. In baking, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_phosphate" title="Calcium phosphate">calcium phosphate</a> is used as a <a href="/wiki/Leavening_agent" title="Leavening agent">leavening agent</a>. <a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfite" title="Calcium sulfite">Calcium sulfite</a> is used as a bleach in papermaking and as a disinfectant, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_silicate" title="Calcium silicate">calcium silicate</a> is used as a reinforcing agent in rubber, and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_acetate" title="Calcium acetate">calcium acetate</a> is a component of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liming_rosin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liming rosin (page does not exist)">liming rosin</a> and is used to make metallic soaps and synthetic resins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHluchanPomerantz2005485–87-47">[47]</a> Calcium is on the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO21st-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food_sources">Food sources</h2></div> Foods rich in calcium include <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy products</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">sardines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy">soy</a> products, <a href="/wiki/Kale" title="Kale">kale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">fortified</a> <a href="/wiki/Breakfast_cereal" title="Breakfast cereal">breakfast cereals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ods-9">[9]</a> Because of concerns for long-term adverse side effects, including calcification of arteries and <a href="/wiki/Kidney_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney stone">kidney stones</a>, both the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Medicine">Institute of Medicine</a> (IOM) and the <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> (EFSA) set <a href="/wiki/Tolerable_upper_intake_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolerable upper intake level">Tolerable Upper Intake Levels</a> (ULs) for combined dietary and supplemental calcium. From the IOM, people of ages 9–18 years are not to exceed 3 g/day combined intake; for ages 19–50, not to exceed 2.5 g/day; for ages 51 and older, not to exceed 2 g/day.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> EFSA set the UL for all adults at 2.5 g/day, but decided the information for children and adolescents was not sufficient to determine ULs.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_and_pathological_role">Biological and pathological role</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium in biology</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;"> <caption>Age-adjusted daily calcium recommendations (from U.S. Institute of Medicine RDAs)<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Age </th> <th>Calcium (mg/day) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1–3 years </td> <td>700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4–8 years </td> <td>1000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9–18 years </td> <td>1300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19–50 years </td> <td>1000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>>51 years </td> <td>1000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pregnancy </td> <td>1000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lactation </td> <td>1000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcium_intake_world_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Calcium_intake_world_map.svg/310px-Calcium_intake_world_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Calcium_intake_world_map.svg/465px-Calcium_intake_world_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Calcium_intake_world_map.svg/620px-Calcium_intake_world_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption>Global dietary calcium intake among adults (mg/day).<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <400</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  400–500</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  500–600</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  600–700</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  700–800</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  800–900</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  900–1000</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  >1000</div> </div> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Function">Function</h3></div> Calcium is an <a href="/wiki/Essential_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential element">essential element</a> needed in large quantities.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-ods-9">[9]</a> The Ca2+ ion acts as an <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a> and is vital to the health of the muscular, circulatory, and digestive systems; is indispensable to the building of bone in the form of <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyapatite#Biological_function" title="Hydroxyapatite">hydroxyapatite</a>; and supports synthesis and function of blood cells. For example, it regulates the <a href="/wiki/Muscle_contraction" title="Muscle contraction">contraction of muscles</a>, nerve conduction, and the clotting of blood. As a result, intra- and extracellular calcium levels are tightly regulated by the body. Calcium can play this role because the Ca2+ ion forms stable <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">coordination complexes</a> with many organic compounds, especially <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>; it also forms compounds with a wide range of solubilities, enabling the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeleton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-8">[8]</a> <a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Binding">Binding</h3></div> Calcium ions may be complexed by proteins through binding the <a href="/wiki/Carboxyl_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxyl group">carboxyl groups</a> of <a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">glutamic acid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">aspartic acid</a> residues; through interacting with <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylated</a> <a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">serine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">tyrosine</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">threonine</a> residues; or by being <a href="/wiki/Chelation" title="Chelation">chelated</a> by γ-carboxylated amino acid residues. <a href="/wiki/Trypsin" title="Trypsin">Trypsin</a>, a digestive enzyme, uses the first method; <a href="/wiki/Osteocalcin" title="Osteocalcin">osteocalcin</a>, a bone matrix protein, uses the third.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHluchanPomerantz2005489–94-59">[59]</a> Some other bone matrix proteins such as <a href="/wiki/Osteopontin" title="Osteopontin">osteopontin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bone_sialoprotein" title="Bone sialoprotein">bone sialoprotein</a> use both the first and the second. Direct activation of enzymes by binding calcium is common; some other enzymes are activated by noncovalent association with direct calcium-binding enzymes. Calcium also binds to the <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">phospholipid</a> layer of the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a>, anchoring proteins associated with the cell surface.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHluchanPomerantz2005489–94-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solubility">Solubility</h3></div> As an example of the wide range of solubility of calcium compounds, <a href="/wiki/Monocalcium_phosphate" title="Monocalcium phosphate">monocalcium phosphate</a> is very soluble in water, 85% of extracellular calcium is as <a href="/wiki/Dicalcium_phosphate" title="Dicalcium phosphate">dicalcium phosphate</a> with a solubility of 2.00 <a href="/wiki/Molar_concentration" title="Molar concentration">mM</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyapatite" title="Hydroxyapatite">hydroxyapatite</a> of bones in an organic matrix is <a href="/wiki/Tricalcium_phosphate" title="Tricalcium phosphate">tricalcium phosphate</a> with a solubility of 1000 μM.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHluchanPomerantz2005489–94-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3></div> Calcium is a common constituent of <a href="/wiki/Multivitamin" title="Multivitamin">multivitamin</a> <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplements</a>,<a href="#cite_note-lpi-8">[8]</a> but the composition of calcium complexes in supplements may affect its <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a> which varies by solubility of the salt involved: <a href="/wiki/Calcium_citrate" title="Calcium citrate">calcium citrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_malate" title="Calcium malate">malate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_lactate" title="Calcium lactate">lactate</a> are highly bioavailable, while the <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxalate" title="Calcium oxalate">oxalate</a> is less. Other calcium preparations include <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_citrate_malate" title="Calcium citrate malate">calcium citrate malate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_gluconate" title="Calcium gluconate">calcium gluconate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-8">[8]</a> The intestine absorbs about one-third of calcium eaten as the <a href="/wiki/Radical_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical ion">free ion</a>, and plasma calcium level is then regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hormonal_regulation_of_bone_formation_and_serum_levels">Hormonal regulation of bone formation and serum levels</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone" title="Parathyroid hormone">Parathyroid hormone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a> promote the formation of bone by allowing and enhancing the deposition of calcium ions there, allowing rapid bone turnover without affecting bone mass or mineral content.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-8">[8]</a> When plasma calcium levels fall, cell surface receptors are activated and the secretion of parathyroid hormone occurs; it then proceeds to stimulate the entry of calcium into the plasma pool by taking it from targeted kidney, gut, and bone cells, with the bone-forming action of parathyroid hormone being antagonized by <a href="/wiki/Calcitonin" title="Calcitonin">calcitonin</a>, whose secretion increases with increasing plasma calcium levels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHluchanPomerantz2005489–94-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abnormal_serum_levels">Abnormal serum levels</h3></div> Excess intake of calcium may cause <a href="/wiki/Hypercalcemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypercalcemia">hypercalcemia</a>. However, because calcium is absorbed rather inefficiently by the intestines, high serum calcium is more likely caused by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) or possibly by excessive intake of vitamin D, both of which facilitate calcium absorption. All these conditions result in excess calcium salts being deposited in the heart, blood vessels, or kidneys. Symptoms include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, memory loss, confusion, muscle weakness, increased urination, dehydration, and metabolic bone disease.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHluchanPomerantz2005489–94-59">[59]</a> Chronic hypercalcaemia typically leads to <a href="/wiki/Calcification" title="Calcification">calcification</a> of soft tissue and its serious consequences: for example, calcification can cause loss of elasticity of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular wall">vascular walls</a> and disruption of laminar blood flow—and thence to <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_plaque" title="Vulnerable plaque">plaque rupture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">thrombosis</a>. Conversely, inadequate calcium or vitamin D intakes may result in <a href="/wiki/Hypocalcemia" title="Hypocalcemia">hypocalcemia</a>, often caused also by inadequate secretion of parathyroid hormone or defective PTH receptors in cells. Symptoms include neuromuscular excitability, which potentially causes <a href="/wiki/Tetany" title="Tetany">tetany</a> and disruption of conductivity in cardiac tissue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHluchanPomerantz2005489–94-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bone_disease">Bone disease</h3></div> As calcium is required for bone development, many bone diseases can be traced to the organic matrix or the <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyapatite" title="Hydroxyapatite">hydroxyapatite</a> in molecular structure or organization of bone. <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">Osteoporosis</a> is a reduction in mineral content of bone per unit volume, and can be treated by supplementation of calcium, vitamin D, and <a href="/wiki/Bisphosphonate" title="Bisphosphonate">bisphosphonates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lpi-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-ods-9">[9]</a> Inadequate amounts of calcium, vitamin D, or phosphates can lead to softening of bones, called <a href="/wiki/Osteomalacia" title="Osteomalacia">osteomalacia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHluchanPomerantz2005489–94-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metallic_calcium">Metallic calcium</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268415487">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Calcium </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">GHS labelling</a>:<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS02: Flammable"><img alt="GHS02: Flammable" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td>Danger </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H261: In contact with water releases flammable gas">H261</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P231+P232: Handle and store contents under inert gas. Protect from moisture">P231+P232</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_661189f26e6fcb01" /><map name="ImageMap_661189f26e6fcb01"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" title="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 3: Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Flash point between 23 and 38 °C (73 and 100 °F). E.g. gasoline" title="Flammability 3: Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Flash point between 23 and 38 °C (73 and 100 °F). E.g. gasoline" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calcium" title="Instability 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calcium" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazard W: Reacts with water in an unusual or dangerous manner. E.g. sodium, sulfuric acid" title="Special hazard W: Reacts with water in an unusual or dangerous manner. E.g. sodium, sulfuric acid" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 3: Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Flash point between 23 and 38 °C (73 and 100 °F). E.g. gasoline" class="notheme mw-no-invert">3</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704">1</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-text mw-no-invert"><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" title="NFPA 704">W</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> Because calcium reacts exothermically with water and acids, calcium metal coming into contact with bodily moisture results in severe corrosive irritation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHluchanPomerantz2005487–89-61">[61]</a> When swallowed, calcium metal has the same effect on the mouth, oesophagus, and stomach, and can be fatal.<a href="#cite_note-Rumack-48">[48]</a> However, long-term exposure is not known to have distinct adverse effects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHluchanPomerantz2005487–89-61">[61]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8;color:inherit; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Calcium_compounds93" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Calcium_compounds" title="Template:Calcium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Calcium_compounds" title="Template talk:Calcium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Calcium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Calcium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Calcium_compounds93" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium compounds">Calcium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hydrogen & halogens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydride" title="Calcium hydride">CaH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_fluoride" title="Calcium fluoride">CaF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_chloride" title="Calcium chloride">CaCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_hypochlorite" title="Calcium hypochlorite">Ca(ClO)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_chlorate" title="Calcium chlorate">Ca(ClO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_perchlorate" title="Calcium perchlorate">Ca(ClO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_bromide" title="Calcium bromide">CaBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_bromate" title="Calcium bromate">Ca(BrO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_iodide" title="Calcium iodide">CaI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_iodate" title="Calcium iodate">Ca(IO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium(I)_chloride" title="Calcium(I) chloride">CaICl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chalcogens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">CaO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_peroxide" title="Calcium peroxide">CaO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">Ca(OH)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfide" title="Calcium sulfide">CaS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfite" title="Calcium sulfite">CaSO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_bisulfite" title="Calcium bisulfite">CaH2S2O6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfate" title="Calcium sulfate">CaSO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_selenide" title="Calcium selenide">CaSe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pnictogens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_nitride" title="Calcium nitride">Ca3N2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_azide" title="Calcium azide">CaN6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_nitrite" title="Calcium nitrite">Ca(NO2)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_nitrate" title="Calcium nitrate">Ca(NO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_phosphide" title="Calcium phosphide">Ca3P2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_monophosphide" title="Calcium monophosphide">CaP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracalcium_phosphate" title="Tetracalcium phosphate">Ca4(PO4)2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricalcium_phosphate" title="Tricalcium phosphate">Ca3(PO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicalcium_phosphate" title="Dicalcium phosphate">CaHPO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocalcium_phosphate" title="Monocalcium phosphate">Ca(H2PO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_pyrophosphate" title="Calcium pyrophosphate">Ca2P2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_arsenide" title="Calcium arsenide">CaAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_arsenate" title="Calcium arsenate">Ca3(AsO4)2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Group 13 & 14</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbide" title="Calcium carbide">CaC2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_cyanide" title="Calcium cyanide">Ca(CN)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_cyanamide" title="Calcium cyanamide">CaCN2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">CaCO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_bicarbonate" title="Calcium bicarbonate">Ca(HCO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_monosilicide" title="Calcium monosilicide">CaSi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_disilicide" title="Calcium disilicide">CaSi2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_silicate" title="Calcium silicate">Ca2SiO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_borate" title="Calcium borate">Ca3(BO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocalcium_aluminate" title="Monocalcium aluminate">CaAl2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricalcium_aluminate" title="Tricalcium aluminate">Ca3Al2O6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trans metals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_permanganate" title="Calcium permanganate">Ca(MnO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_chromate" title="Calcium chromate">CaCrO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_titanate" title="Calcium titanate">CaTiO3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxalate" title="Calcium oxalate">CaC2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_formate" title="Calcium formate">Ca(HCO2)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_acetate" title="Calcium acetate">Ca(CH3CO2)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_propanoate" title="Calcium propanoate">Ca(C3H5O2)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_fumarate" title="Calcium fumarate">CaC4H2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_citrate" title="Calcium citrate">Ca3(C6H5O7)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_glycerylphosphate" title="Calcium glycerylphosphate">C3H7CaO6P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_dobesilate" title="Calcium dobesilate">Ca(C6H5O5S)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_erythorbate" title="Calcium erythorbate">Ca(C6H7O6)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_inosinate" title="Calcium inosinate">C10H11CaN4O8P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_guanylate" title="Calcium guanylate">CaC10H12O4N5PO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_diglutamate" title="Calcium diglutamate">C10H16CaN2O8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_gluconate" title="Calcium gluconate">C12H22CaO14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_glucoheptonate" title="Calcium glucoheptonate">C14H26CaO16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_glubionate" title="Calcium glubionate">C18H32CaO19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_stearate" title="Calcium stearate">C36H70CaO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_fructoborate" title="Calcium fructoborate">C24H40B2CaO24</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dietary_supplements155" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dietary_supplement" title="Template:Dietary supplement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dietary_supplement" title="Template talk:Dietary supplement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dietary_supplement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dietary supplement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dietary_supplements155" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">Dietary supplements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_supplement" title="Bodybuilding supplement">Bodybuilding supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_drink" title="Energy drink">Energy drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_bar" title="Energy bar">Energy bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_fatty_acid" title="Essential fatty acid">Fatty acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebiotic_(nutrition)" title="Prebiotic (nutrition)">Prebiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probiotic" title="Probiotic">Probiotics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium" title="Bifidobacterium">Bifidobacterium</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_supplement" title="Protein supplement">Protein supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">chemical elements ("minerals")</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Retinol (Vitamin A)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B5)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Pyridoxine (B6)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotin" title="Biotin">Biotin (B7)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folic acid (B9)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanocobalamin" title="Cyanocobalamin">Cyanocobalamin (B12)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Tocopherol (Vitamin E)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_supplement" title="Calcium supplement">Calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choline" title="Choline">Choline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other common ingredients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_alpha-ketoglutarate" title="Arginine alpha-ketoglutarate">AAKG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-Hydroxy_beta-methylbutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid">β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnitine" title="Carnitine">Carnitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate" title="Chondroitin sulfate">Chondroitin sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_gluconate" title="Copper gluconate">Copper gluconate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">Creatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinacea#Medicinal_effects" title="Echinacea">Echinacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)" title="Ephedra (medicine)">Ephedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">Ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucosamine" title="Glucosamine">Glucosamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">Glutamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape_seed_extract" title="Grape seed extract">Grape seed extract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarana" title="Guarana">Guarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_supplement" title="Iron supplement">Iron supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonicera_japonica" title="Lonicera japonica">Japanese honeysuckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_oil" title="Krill oil">Krill oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">Linseed oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoic_acid" title="Lipoic acid">Lipoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silybum_marianum#Health_benefits" title="Silybum marianum">Milk thistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_(supplement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melatonin (supplement)">Melatonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_yeast_rice" title="Red yeast rice">Red yeast rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saw_palmetto_extract" title="Saw 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href="/wiki/Hadacol" title="Hadacol">Hadacol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutraceutical" title="Nutraceutical">Nutraceutical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multivitamin" title="Multivitamin">Multivitamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alkaline_earth_metals25" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alkaline_earth_metals" title="Template:Alkaline earth metals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alkaline_earth_metals" title="Template talk:Alkaline earth metals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alkaline_earth_metals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alkaline earth metals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alkaline_earth_metals25" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">Alkaline earth metals</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:16%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> Be Atomic Number: 4 Atomic Weight: 9.012182 Melting Point: 1560.15 K Boiling Point: 2742 K Specific mass: 1.85 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 1.57 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:16%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> Mg Atomic Number: 12 Atomic Weight: 24.3050 Melting Point: 923.15 K Boiling Point: 1363 K Specific mass: 1.738 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 1.31 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:16%;"><div> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calcium</a> Ca Atomic Number: 20 Atomic Weight: 40.078 Melting Point: 1112.15 K Boiling Point: 1757 K Specific mass: 1.54 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 1 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:16%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> Sr Atomic Number: 38 Atomic Weight: 87.62 Melting Point: 1042.15 K Boiling Point: 1655 K Specific mass: 2.64 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 0.95 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:16%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> Ba Atomic Number: 56 Atomic Weight: 137.327 Melting Point: 1002.15 K Boiling Point: 2170 K Specific mass: 3.594 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 0.89 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:16%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> Ra Atomic Number: 88 Atomic Weight: [226] Melting Point: 973.15 K Boiling Point: 2010 K Specific mass: 5.5 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