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id="toc-McClellan_and_Pleasonton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#McClellan_and_Pleasonton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>McClellan and Pleasonton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-McClellan_and_Pleasonton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brigade_command" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brigade_command"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Brigade command</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brigade_command-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanover_and_Abbottstown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanover_and_Abbottstown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Hanover and Abbottstown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanover_and_Abbottstown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gettysburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gettysburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Gettysburg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gettysburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shenandoah_Valley_and_Appomattox_Court_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shenandoah_Valley_and_Appomattox_Court_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Shenandoah Valley and Appomattox Court House</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shenandoah_Valley_and_Appomattox_Court_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction_duties_in_Texas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction_duties_in_Texas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reconstruction duties in Texas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction_duties_in_Texas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_options" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_options"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Post-war options</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_options-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Indian Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grant,_Belknap_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grant,_Belknap_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Grant, Belknap and politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grant,_Belknap_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Battle of the Little Bighorn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversial_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversial_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Controversial legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversial_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversial legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversial_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_relations_and_media_coverage_during_his_lifetime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_relations_and_media_coverage_during_his_lifetime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Public relations and media coverage during his lifetime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_relations_and_media_coverage_during_his_lifetime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Posthumous legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Criticism and controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Debate_over_tactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_over_tactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3.1</span> <span>Debate over tactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_over_tactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks_on_Indigenous_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_on_Indigenous_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3.2</span> <span>Attacks on Indigenous peoples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_on_Indigenous_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monuments_and_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments_and_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Monuments and memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monuments_and_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates_of_rank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates_of_rank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Dates of rank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates_of_rank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">George Armstrong Custer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="جورج أرمسترونغ كاستر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج أرمسترونغ كاستر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Джордж Армстранг Кастэр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джордж Армстранг Кастэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Джордж Армстронг Къстър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джордж Армстронг Къстър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B6_%CE%86%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA_%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Τζορτζ Άρμστρονγκ Κάστερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζορτζ Άρμστρονγκ Κάστερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="جرج آرمسترانگ کاستر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جرج آرمسترانگ کاستر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_%EC%95%94%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%B1_%EC%BB%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0" title="조지 암스트롱 커스터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지 암스트롱 커스터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8" title="ג'ורג' ארמסטרונג קסטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ורג' ארמסטרונג קסטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ჯორჯ არმსტრონგ კასტერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯორჯ არმსტრონგ კასტერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEord%C5%BEs_%C4%80rmstrongs_Kasters" title="Džordžs Ārmstrongs Kasters – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džordžs Ārmstrongs Kasters" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="جورج ارمسترونج كاستر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج ارمسترونج كاستر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="ジョージ・アームストロング・カスター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージ・アームストロング・カスター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Custer" title="George Custer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="George Custer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Кастер, Джордж Армстронг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кастер, Джордж Армстронг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Џорџ Кастер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џорџ Кастер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="จอร์จ อาร์มสตรอง คัสเตอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอร์จ อาร์มสตรอง คัสเตอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Джордж Армстронг Кастер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джордж Армстронг Кастер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="George Armstrong Custer" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%97%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="乔治·阿姆斯特朗·卡斯特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乔治·阿姆斯特朗·卡斯特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188205#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Custer" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Custer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Custer (disambiguation)">Custer (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">George Armstrong Custer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Custer_Bvt_MG_Geo_A_1865_LC-BH831-365-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Custer_Bvt_MG_Geo_A_1865_LC-BH831-365-crop.jpg/220px-Custer_Bvt_MG_Geo_A_1865_LC-BH831-365-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Custer_Bvt_MG_Geo_A_1865_LC-BH831-365-crop.jpg/330px-Custer_Bvt_MG_Geo_A_1865_LC-BH831-365-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Custer_Bvt_MG_Geo_A_1865_LC-BH831-365-crop.jpg/440px-Custer_Bvt_MG_Geo_A_1865_LC-BH831-365-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="1846" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Armstrong Custer</a>,<br /> portrait by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a> (c.1822/24-1896),<br /> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1865</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1839-12-05</span>)</span>December 5, 1839<br /><a href="/wiki/New_Rumley,_Ohio" title="New Rumley, Ohio">New Rumley, Ohio</a>, U.S.A.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 25, 1876<span style="display:none">(1876-06-25)</span> (aged 36)<br /><a href="/wiki/Little_Bighorn_Battlefield_National_Monument" title="Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument">Little Bighorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana Territory</a>, U.S.A.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Initially on the Little Bighorn battlefield; later reinterred in <a href="/wiki/West_Point_Cemetery" title="West Point Cemetery">West Point Cemetery</a>, (<a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point, New York</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United States<br /><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1861–1876</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png/35px-Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png/53px-Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png/70px-Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lieutenant Colonel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">USA</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/35px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/53px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/70px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Volunteers" title="United States Volunteers">USV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Brigade" title="Michigan Brigade">Michigan Cavalry Brigade</a><br />3rd Cavalry Division<br />2nd Cavalry Division<br /><a href="/wiki/7th_Cavalry_Regiment" title="7th Cavalry Regiment">7th Cavalry Regiment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861-1865)</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manassas_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Manassas campaign">Manassas campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula Campaign">Peninsula Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Battle of Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wapping_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Wapping Heights">Battle of Wapping Heights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Overland campaign">Overland campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Battle of the Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yellow_Tavern" title="Battle of Yellow Tavern">Battle of Yellow Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trevilian_Station" title="Battle of Trevilian Station">Battle of Trevilian Station</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley campaigns of 1864</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guard_Hill" title="Battle of Guard Hill">Battle of Guard Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Winchester" title="Third Battle of Winchester">Third Battle of Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cedar_Creek" title="Battle of Cedar Creek">Battle of Cedar Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tom%27s_Brook" title="Battle of Tom's Brook">Battle of Tom's Brook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Siege of Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_campaign" title="Comanche campaign">Comanche campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Washita_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Washita River">Battle of Washita River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War of 1876</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Dates_of_rank">See below</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bacon_Custer" title="Elizabeth Bacon Custer">Elizabeth ("Libbie") Bacon Custer<br />(1842-1933)</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1864)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Custer" title="Thomas Custer">Thomas Custer</a>, brother<br /><a href="/wiki/Boston_Custer" title="Boston Custer">Boston Custer</a>, brother<br /><a href="/wiki/James_Calhoun_(soldier)" title="James Calhoun (soldier)">James Calhoun</a>, brother-in-law</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Armstrong_Custer_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/George_Armstrong_Custer_signature.svg/175px-George_Armstrong_Custer_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/George_Armstrong_Custer_signature.svg/263px-George_Armstrong_Custer_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/George_Armstrong_Custer_signature.svg/350px-George_Armstrong_Custer_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b> George Armstrong Custer</b> (December 5, 1839 – June 25, 1876) was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> officer and <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> commander in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Custer graduated from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point, New York</a>, and, having been last in his graduating class of 1861, actually finished 34th out of a starting class of 108 candidates,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet achieved a higher military rank than any other U.S. Army officer in his class.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following graduation, he worked closely with future <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> Generals <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Pleasonton" title="Alfred Pleasonton">Alfred Pleasonton</a>, both of whom recognized his abilities as a <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> leader. He was promoted in the early <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> (1861-1865), to brevet <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a> of volunteers, when only aged 23. Only a few days afterwards, he fought at the pivotal <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> in early July 1863, where he commanded the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Brigade" title="Michigan Brigade">Michigan Brigade</a>. Despite being outnumbered, rookie General Custer defeated <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a> cavalry of General <a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">J. E. B. Stuart</a>'s attack at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg,_third_day_cavalry_battles" title="Battle of Gettysburg, third day cavalry battles">East Cavalry Field</a> on the crucial third day of the Gettysburg clash. </p><p>The next year of 1864, saw him serving in the <a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland Campaign</a> and with Union cavalry commander, General <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a>'s army in the <a href="/wiki/Valley_Campaigns_of_1864" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley Campaigns of 1864">Shenandoah Valley</a> campaigns later that summer, defeating Confederate General <a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Jubal Early</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cedar_Creek" title="Battle of Cedar Creek">Cedar Creek</a>. In the last year of the war of 1865, he destroyed or captured the remainder of Early's forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waynesboro,_Virginia" title="Battle of Waynesboro, Virginia">Battle of Waynesboro</a> in Western <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. His division blocked the Southern <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a>'s final retreat from their fallen <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a> in early April 1865, and received the first flag of truce from the worn-out Confederates. He was present at C.S.A. commanding General <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>'s surrender ceremony at the McLean House to Union Army General-in-Chief <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">Appomattox Court House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. After the war, Custer was commissioned as a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">lieutenant colonel</a> in the standing Regular Army and sent west to fight in the ongoing <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a>, mainly against the <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Great Plains native peoples</a>. On June 25, 1876, while leading the Army mounted <a href="/wiki/7th_Cavalry_Regiment" title="7th Cavalry Regiment">7th Cavalry Regiment</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a> in the southeastern <a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana Territory</a> against a coalition of Western Native American tribes,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was killed along with every soldier of the five <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">companies</a> he led of the 7th Regiment. This event became known as "Custer's Last Stand".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His dramatic end was as controversial as the rest of his life and career, and the reaction to his life remains divided, even 150 years later. His mythologized status in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">American history</a> was partly established through the energetic lobbying of his adoring wife <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bacon_Custer" title="Elizabeth Bacon Custer">Elizabeth Bacon "Libbie" Custer</a> (1842-1933), throughout her long widowhood which spanned six decades longer into the mid-<a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_and_ancestry">Family and ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family and ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Custer's paternal ancestors, Paulus and Gertrude Küster, came to the North American English colonies around 1693 from the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> in Germany, probably among thousands of <a href="/wiki/German_Palatines" class="mw-redirect" title="German Palatines">Palatines</a> whose passage was arranged by the English government to gain settlers in New York and Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Custer's maternal ancestors were of English and Ulster Scots descent, having ancestries from England and Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to family letters, Custer was named after George Armstrong, a minister, in his devout mother's hope that her son might join the clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth,_siblings,_and_childhood"><span id="Birth.2C_siblings.2C_and_childhood"></span>Birth, siblings, and childhood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth, siblings, and childhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Custer was born in <a href="/wiki/New_Rumley,_Ohio" title="New Rumley, Ohio">New Rumley, Ohio</a>, to Emanuel Henry Custer (1806–1892), a farmer and blacksmith, and his second wife, Marie Ward Kirkpatrick (1807–1882), who was of English and Scots-Irish descent.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had two younger brothers, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Custer" title="Thomas Custer">Thomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston_Custer" title="Boston Custer">Boston</a>. His other full siblings were the family's youngest child, Margaret Custer, and Nevin Custer, who suffered from asthma and rheumatism. Custer also had three older half-siblings.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Custer and his brothers acquired a life-long love of practical jokes, which they played out among the close family members.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Emanuel Custer was an outspoken <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Jacksonian Democrat</a> who taught his children politics and toughness at an early age.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a February 3, 1887, letter to his son's widow Libby, Emanuel related an incident from when George Custer (known as Autie) was about four years old: </p> <blockquote><p>"He had to have a tooth drawn, and he was very much afraid of blood. When I took him to the doctor to have the tooth pulled, it was in the night and I told him if it bled well it would get well right away, and he must be a good soldier. When he got to the doctor he took his seat, and the pulling began. The forceps slipped off and he had to make a second trial. He pulled it out, and Autie never even scrunched. Going home, I led him by the arm. He jumped and skipped, and said 'Father you and me can whip all the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whigs</a> in Michigan.' I thought that was saying a good deal but I did not contradict him."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George-a-custer_west-point.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/George-a-custer_west-point.jpg/220px-George-a-custer_west-point.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/George-a-custer_west-point.jpg/330px-George-a-custer_west-point.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/George-a-custer_west-point.jpg/440px-George-a-custer_west-point.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3091" data-file-height="4169" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">USMA</a> Cadet George Armstrong "Autie" Custer, ca. 1859 with a <a href="/wiki/Colt_Model_1855_Sidehammer_Pocket_Revolver" title="Colt Model 1855 Sidehammer Pocket Revolver">Colt Model 1855 Sidehammer Pocket Revolver</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In order to attend school, Custer lived with an older half-sister and her husband in <a href="/wiki/Monroe,_Michigan" title="Monroe, Michigan">Monroe, Michigan</a>. Before entering the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a>, Custer attended the McNeely Normal School, later known as Hopedale Normal College, in <a href="/wiki/Hopedale,_Ohio" title="Hopedale, Ohio">Hopedale, Ohio</a>. The school was known for training teachers for elementary schools. While attending Hopedale, Custer and classmate William Enos Emery were known to have carried coal to help pay for their room and board. After graduating from McNeely Normal School in 1856, Custer taught school in <a href="/wiki/Cadiz,_Ohio" title="Cadiz, Ohio">Cadiz, Ohio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Custer_Lives_Bio_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Custer_Lives_Bio-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first sweetheart was Mary Jane Holland.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Custer entered <a href="/wiki/West_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="West Point">West Point</a> as a cadet on July 1, 1857, as a member of the class of 1862. His class numbered seventy-nine cadets embarking on a five-year course of study. With the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> in 1861, the course was shortened to four years, and Custer and his class graduated on June 24, 1861. He was 34th in a class of 34 graduates: 23 classmates had dropped out for academic reasons while 22 classmates had already resigned to join the Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout his life, Custer tested boundaries and rules. In his four years at West Point, he amassed a record total of 726 demerits, one of the worst conduct records in the history of the academy. The local minister remembered Custer as "the instigator of devilish plots both during the service and in Sunday school. On the surface he appeared attentive and respectful, but underneath the mind boiled with disruptive ideas."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fellow cadet recalled Custer as declaring there were only two places in a class, the head and the foot, and since he had no desire to be the head, he aspired to be the foot. A roommate noted, "It was alright with George Custer, whether he knew his lesson or not; he simply did not allow it to trouble him."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="McClellan_and_Pleasonton">McClellan and Pleasonton</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: McClellan and Pleasonton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CusterandWashington01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/CusterandWashington01.jpg/220px-CusterandWashington01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/CusterandWashington01.jpg/330px-CusterandWashington01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/CusterandWashington01.jpg/440px-CusterandWashington01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="1120" /></a><figcaption>Custer with former classmate, friend, and captured Confederate soldier, Lieutenant James Barroll Washington, an aide to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">General Johnston</a>, at Fair Oaks, Virginia, 1862</figcaption></figure> <p>Like the other graduates, Custer was commissioned a <a href="/wiki/US_Second_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="US Second Lieutenant">second lieutenant</a>; he was also assigned to the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="2nd Cavalry Regiment (United States)">2nd U.S. Cavalry Regiment</a> and tasked with drilling volunteers in Washington, D.C. On July 21, 1861, he was with his regiment at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Manassas_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Manassas Campaign">Manassas Campaign</a> where Army commander <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> detailed him to carry messages to Major General <a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">Irvin McDowell</a>. After the battle, he continued participating in the defense of Washington D.C. until October 1861, when he became ill. He was absent from his unit until February 1862. In March, he participated with the 2nd Cavalry in the <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula Campaign">Peninsula Campaign</a> in Virginia until April 4. </p><p>On April 5, Custer served in the <a href="/wiki/5th_Cavalry_Regiment" title="5th Cavalry Regiment">5th Cavalry Regiment</a> which participated in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown_(1862)" title="Siege of Yorktown (1862)">Siege of Yorktown</a> from April 5 to May 4 and was aide to <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a>. McClellan was in command of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Potomac" title="Army of the Potomac">Army of the Potomac</a> during the Peninsula Campaign. On May 24, 1862, during pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">Joseph E. Johnston</a> up the Peninsula, General McClellan and his staff were reconnoitering a potential crossing point on the <a href="/wiki/Chickahominy_River" title="Chickahominy River">Chickahominy River</a>, they stopped, and Custer overheard General <a href="/wiki/John_G._Barnard" title="John G. Barnard">John G. Barnard</a> mutter, "I wish I knew how deep it is." Custer dashed forward on his horse out to the middle of the river, turned to the astonished officers, and shouted triumphantly, "McClellan, that's how deep it is, General!"<sup id="cite_ref-tagg_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tagg-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Custer was assigned to lead an attack with four companies of the 4th Michigan Infantry across the Chickahominy River above New Bridge. The attack was successful, resulting in the capture of 50 Confederate soldiers and the seizing of the first Confederate battle flag of the war. McClellan termed it a "very gallant affair" and congratulated Custer personally. In his role as aide-de-camp to McClellan, he began his life-long pursuit of publicity.<sup id="cite_ref-tagg_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tagg-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Captain_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (Union Army)">captain</a> on June 5, 1862. On July 17, he was demoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/First_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lieutenant">first lieutenant</a>. He participated in the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Campaign">Maryland Campaign</a> in September to October, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Mountain" title="Battle of South Mountain">Battle of South Mountain</a> on September 14, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a> on September 17, and the March to <a href="/wiki/Warrenton,_Virginia" title="Warrenton, Virginia">Warrenton, Virginia</a>, in October. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_and_generals_at_Antietam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Lincoln_and_generals_at_Antietam.jpg/220px-Lincoln_and_generals_at_Antietam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Lincoln_and_generals_at_Antietam.jpg/330px-Lincoln_and_generals_at_Antietam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Lincoln_and_generals_at_Antietam.jpg/440px-Lincoln_and_generals_at_Antietam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4504" data-file-height="3324" /></a><figcaption>Custer (extreme right) with <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">President Lincoln</a>, General McClellan and other officers at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a>, 1862</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 9, 1863, he became aide to Brevet Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Pleasonton" title="Alfred Pleasonton">Alfred Pleasonton</a>, who was commanding the Cavalry Corps, Army of the Potomac. Recalling his service under Pleasonton, he was quoted as saying that "I do not believe a father could love his son more than General Pleasonton loves me."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pleasonton's first assignment was to locate the army of <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>, moving north through the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a> in the beginning of what was to become the <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gettysburg Campaign">Gettysburg Campaign</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brigade_command">Brigade command</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Brigade command"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Custer-Pleasonton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Custer-Pleasonton.jpg/220px-Custer-Pleasonton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Custer-Pleasonton.jpg/330px-Custer-Pleasonton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Custer-Pleasonton.jpg/440px-Custer-Pleasonton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>Custer (left) with <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Pleasonton" title="Alfred Pleasonton">General Pleasonton</a> on horseback in <a href="/wiki/Falmouth,_Virginia" title="Falmouth, Virginia">Falmouth, Virginia</a>, 1863</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Custer%26Pleasonton1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Custer%26Pleasonton1863.jpg/220px-Custer%26Pleasonton1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Custer%26Pleasonton1863.jpg/330px-Custer%26Pleasonton1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Custer%26Pleasonton1863.jpg/440px-Custer%26Pleasonton1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1231" /></a><figcaption>Custer (left) with Alfred Pleasonton in autumn 1863</figcaption></figure> <p>Pleasonton was promoted on June 22, 1863, to major general of U.S. Volunteers. On June 29, after consulting with the new commander of the Army of the Potomac, <a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">George Meade</a>, Pleasanton began replacing political generals with "commanders who were prepared to fight, to personally lead mounted attacks".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He found just the kind of aggressive fighters he wanted in three of his aides: <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Merritt" title="Wesley Merritt">Wesley Merritt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elon_J._Farnsworth" title="Elon J. Farnsworth">Elon J. Farnsworth</a> (both of whom had command experience), and Custer. All received immediate promotions, Custer to brigadier general of volunteers,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commanding the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Brigade" title="Michigan Brigade">Michigan Cavalry Brigade</a> ("Wolverines"), part of the division of Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Judson_Kilpatrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Judson Kilpatrick">Judson Kilpatrick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite having no direct command experience, he became one of the youngest generals in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> at the age of 23. He immediately shaped his brigade to reflect his aggressive character. </p><p>Now a general officer, he had greater latitude in choosing his uniform. Though often criticized as being gaudy, it was more than personal vanity. Historian Tom Carhart observed that "A showy uniform for Custer was one of command presence on the battlefield: he wanted to be readily distinguishable at first glance from all other soldiers. He intended to lead from the front, and to him it was a crucial issue of unit morale that his men be able to look up in the middle of a charge, or at any other time on the battlefield, and instantly see him leading the way into danger."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hanover_and_Abbottstown">Hanover and Abbottstown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hanover and Abbottstown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 30, 1863, Custer and the First and Seventh Michigan Cavalry had just passed through <a href="/wiki/Hanover,_Pennsylvania" title="Hanover, Pennsylvania">Hanover, Pennsylvania</a>, while the Fifth and Sixth Michigan Cavalry followed about seven miles behind. Hearing gunfire, he turned and started off to the sound of the guns. A courier reported that Farnsworth's Brigade had been attacked by rebel cavalry from side streets in the town. Reassembling his command, he received orders from Kilpatrick to engage the enemy northeast of town near the railway station. Custer deployed his troops and began to advance. After a brief firefight, the rebels withdrew to the northeast. This seemed odd, since it was assumed that Lee and his army were somewhere to the west. Though seemingly of little consequence, this skirmish further delayed Stuart from joining Lee. As Captain James H. Kidd, commander of F troop, Sixth Michigan Cavalry, later wrote: "Under [Custer's] skillful hand the four regiments were soon welded into a cohesive unit...."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Next morning, July 1, they passed through <a href="/wiki/Abbottstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Abbottstown, Pennsylvania">Abbottstown, Pennsylvania</a>, still searching for Stuart's cavalry. Late in the morning they heard sounds of gunfire from the direction of Gettysburg. That night at <a href="/wiki/Heidlersburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Heidlersburg, Pennsylvania">Heidlersburg, Pennsylvania</a>, they learned that General <a href="/wiki/John_Buford" title="John Buford">John Buford</a>'s cavalry had found Lee's army at Gettysburg. The next morning, July 2, orders came for Custer to hurry north to disrupt General <a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Richard S. Ewell</a>'s communications and relieve the pressure on the Union forces. By midafternoon, as they approached <a href="/wiki/Hunterstown,_Pennsylvania" title="Hunterstown, Pennsylvania">Hunterstown, Pennsylvania</a>, they encountered Stuart's cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Custer rode ahead alone to investigate and found that the rebels were unaware of the arrival of his troops. </p><p>Returning to his men, he carefully positioned them along both sides of the road where they would be hidden from the rebels. Further along the road, behind a low rise, he positioned the First and Fifth Michigan Cavalry and his artillery, under the command of Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cummings_McWhorter_Pennington_Jr." title="Alexander Cummings McWhorter Pennington Jr.">Alexander Cummings McWhorter Pennington Jr.</a> To bait his trap, he gathered A Troop, Sixth Michigan Cavalry, and called out, "Come on boys, I'll lead you this time!" and galloped directly at the unsuspecting rebels. As he had expected, the rebels, "more than two hundred horsemen, came racing down the country road" after Custer and his men. </p><p>He lost half of his men in the deadly rebel fire and his horse went down, leaving him on foot.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was rescued by Private Norvell Francis Churchill of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Michigan_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Michigan Cavalry">1st Michigan Cavalry</a>, who galloped up, shot Custer's nearest assailant, and pulled Custer up behind him.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Custer and his remaining men reached safety, while the pursuing rebels were cut down by slashing rifle fire, then <a href="/wiki/Canister_shot" title="Canister shot">canister</a> from six cannons. The rebels broke off their attack, and both sides withdrew. </p><p>Spending most of the night in the saddle, Custer's brigade arrived at <a href="/wiki/Two_Taverns,_Pennsylvania" title="Two Taverns, Pennsylvania">Two Taverns, Pennsylvania</a>, roughly five miles southeast of Gettysburg around 3:00 a.m. on July 3. There he was joined by Farnsworth's brigade. By daybreak they received orders to protect Meade's flanks. At this point, he was about to experience perhaps his finest hours during the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gettysburg">Gettysburg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gettysburg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="Special:EditPage/George Armstrong Custer">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22George+Armstrong+Custer%22">"George Armstrong Custer"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22George+Armstrong+Custer%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22George+Armstrong+Custer%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22George+Armstrong+Custer%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22George+Armstrong+Custer%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22George+Armstrong+Custer%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a>'s battle plan, shared with less than a handful of subordinates, was to defeat <a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a> through a combined assault using all of his resources. General <a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">James Longstreet</a> would attack <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_Hill" title="Cemetery Hill">Cemetery Hill</a> from the west, <a href="/wiki/J.E.B._Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="J.E.B. Stuart">Stuart</a> would attack <a href="/wiki/Culp%27s_Hill" title="Culp's Hill">Culp's Hill</a> from the southeast, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a> would attack Culp's Hill from the north. Once the Union forces holding Culp's Hill had collapsed, the rebels would "roll up" the remaining Union defenses on <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_Ridge" title="Cemetery Ridge">Cemetery Ridge</a>. To accomplish this, he sent Stuart with six thousand cavalrymen and mounted infantry on a long flanking maneuver.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By mid-morning on July 3, Custer had arrived at the intersection of Old Dutch Road and Hanover Road, two miles east of Gettysburg. He was later joined by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/David_McMurtrie_Gregg" title="David McMurtrie Gregg">David McMurtrie Gregg</a>, who had him deploy his men at the northeast corner. Custer then sent out scouts to investigate nearby wooded areas. Meanwhile, Gregg had positioned Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_Baillie_McIntosh" title="John Baillie McIntosh">John Baillie McIntosh</a>'s brigade near the intersection and sent the rest of his command to do picket duty two miles to the southwest. After additional deployments, 2,400 cavalry under McIntosh and 1,200 under Custer remained together with Colonel <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cummings_McWhorter_Pennington_Jr." title="Alexander Cummings McWhorter Pennington Jr.">Alexander Cummings McWhorter Pennington Jr.</a>'s and Captain <a href="/wiki/Alanson_Merwin_Randol" title="Alanson Merwin Randol">Alanson Merwin Randol</a>'s artillery, who had a total of ten three-inch guns. </p><p>About noon, Custer's men heard cannon fire, Stuart's signal to Lee that he was in position and had not been detected. About the same time, Gregg received a message warning that a large body of rebel cavalry had moved out on the York Pike and might be trying to get around the Union right. A second message from Pleasonton ordered Gregg to send Custer to cover the Union far left. Since Gregg had already sent most of his force off to do other duties, it was clear to both Gregg and Custer that Custer must remain. They had about 2,700 men facing 6,000 Confederates. </p><p>Soon afterward, fighting broke out between the skirmish lines. Stuart ordered an attack by his mounted infantry under General <a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Jenkins" title="Albert G. Jenkins">Albert G. Jenkins</a>, but the Union line held, with men from the First Michigan cavalry, the <a href="/wiki/1st_New_Jersey_Volunteer_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="1st New Jersey Volunteer Cavalry">First New Jersey Cavalry</a>, and the Third Pennsylvania Cavalry. Stuart ordered Jackson's four gun battery into action; Custer ordered Pennington to answer. After a brief exchange in which two of Jackson's guns were destroyed, there was a lull in the action. </p><p>About one o'clock, the massive Confederate artillery barrage began in support of the upcoming assault on Cemetery Ridge. Jenkins's men renewed the attack, but soon ran out of ammunition and fell back. Resupplied, they again pressed the attack. Outnumbered, the Union cavalry fell back, firing as they went. Custer sent most of his Fifth Michigan cavalry ahead on foot, forcing Jenkins's men to fall back. Jenkins's men were reinforced by about 150 sharpshooters from General <a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Lee" title="Fitzhugh Lee">Fitzhugh Lee</a>'s brigade, and shortly Stuart ordered a mounted charge by the Ninth Virginia Cavalry and the Thirteenth Virginia Cavalry. Now it was Custer's men who were running out of ammunition. The Fifth Michigan was forced back and the battle was reduced to vicious, hand-to-hand combat. </p><p>Seeing this, Custer mounted a counterattack. Riding ahead of the fewer than 400 new troopers of the Seventh Michigan Cavalry, he shouted, "Come on, you Wolverines!" As he swept forward, he formed a line of squadrons five ranks deep – five rows of eighty horsemen side by side – chasing the retreating rebels until their charge was stopped by a wood rail fence. The horses and men became jammed into a solid mass and were soon attacked on their left flank by the dismounted Ninth and Thirteenth Virginia Cavalry and on the right flank by the mounted First Virginia Cavalry. Custer extricated his men and raced south to the protection of Pennington's artillery near Hanover Road. The pursuing Confederates were cut down by canister, then driven back by the remounted Fifth Michigan Cavalry. Both forces withdrew to a safe distance to regroup. </p><p>It was then about three o'clock. The artillery barrage to the west had suddenly stopped. Union soldiers were surprised to see Stuart's entire force about a half mile away coming toward them, not in line of battle, but "formed in close column of squadrons... A grander spectacle than their advance has rarely been beheld".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stuart recognized he now had little time to reach and attack the Union rear along Cemetery Ridge; he must make one last effort to break through the Union cavalry. </p><p>Stuart passed by McIntosh's cavalry – the First New Jersey, Third Pennsylvania, and Company A of Purnell's Legion, which had been posted about halfway down the field – with relative ease. As Stuart approached, the Union troops were ordered back into the woods without slowing down Stuart's column, which was "advancing as if in review, with sabers drawn and glistening like silver in the bright sunlight...."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stuart's last obstacle was Custer and his 400 veteran troopers of the First Michigan Cavalry directly in the Confederate cavalry's path. Outnumbered but undaunted, Custer rode to the head of the regiment, "drew his saber, threw off his hat so they could see his long yellow hair" and shouted... "Come on, you Wolverines!"<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Custer formed his men in line of battle and charged. "So sudden was the collision that many of the horses were turned end over end and crushed their riders beneath them...."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Confederate advance stopped, their right flank was struck by troopers of the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Michigan. McIntosh was able to gather some of his men from the First New Jersey and Third Pennsylvania and charged the rebel left flank. "Seeing that the situation was becoming critical, I [Captain Miller] turned to [Lieutenant Brooke-Rawle] and said: 'I have been ordered to hold this position, but, if you will back me up in case I am court-martialed for disobedience, I will order a charge.'<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebel column disintegrated, and individual troopers fought with saber and pistol. </p><p>Within twenty minutes the combatants heard the sound of the Union artillery opening up on Pickett's men. Stuart knew that whatever chance he had of joining the Confederate assault was gone. He withdrew his men to Cress Ridge.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Custer's brigade lost 257 men at Gettysburg; the highest loss of any Union cavalry brigade.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "I challenge the annals of warfare to produce a more brilliant or successful charge of cavalry", Custer wrote in his report.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "For Gallant And Meritorious Services", he was awarded a Regular Army brevet promotion to major. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shenandoah_Valley_and_Appomattox_Court_House">Shenandoah Valley and Appomattox Court House</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shenandoah Valley and Appomattox Court House"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>General Custer also participated in Sheridan's campaign in the Shenandoah Valley. In this campaign, the civilian population was specifically targeted in what is known as <i>the Burning</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1864, with the Cavalry Corps of the Army of the Potomac reorganized under the command of Major General <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a>, Custer (now commanding the 3rd Division) led his "Wolverines" to the Shenandoah Valley where by the year's end they defeated the army of <a href="/wiki/Lt._Gen._(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lt. Gen. (CSA)">Confederate Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Jubal Early</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Valley_Campaigns_of_1864" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley Campaigns of 1864">Valley Campaigns of 1864</a>. During May and June, Sheridan and Custer (Captain, 5th Cavalry, May 8 and Brevet Lieutenant Colonel, May 11) took part in cavalry actions supporting the <a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland Campaign</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Battle of the Wilderness</a> (after which Custer ascended to <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">division</a> command), and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yellow_Tavern" title="Battle of Yellow Tavern">Battle of Yellow Tavern</a> (where <a href="/wiki/J.E.B._Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="J.E.B. Stuart">J.E.B. Stuart</a> was mortally wounded). </p><p>In the largest all-cavalry engagement of the war, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trevilian_Station" title="Battle of Trevilian Station">Battle of Trevilian Station</a>, in which Sheridan sought to destroy the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Central_Railroad" title="Virginia Central Railroad">Virginia Central Railroad</a> and the Confederates' western resupply route, Custer captured <a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Hampton's</a> divisional train, but was then cut off and suffered heavy losses (including having his division's trains overrun and his personal baggage captured by the enemy) before being relieved. When Lieutenant General Early was ordered to move down the Shenandoah Valley and threaten Washington, D.C., Custer's division was again dispatched under Sheridan. In the <a href="/wiki/Valley_Campaigns_of_1864" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley Campaigns of 1864">Valley Campaigns of 1864</a>, they pursued the Confederates at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Opequon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Opequon">Third Battle of Winchester</a> and effectively destroyed Early's army during Sheridan's <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cedar_Creek" title="Battle of Cedar Creek">counterattack at Cedar Creek</a>. </p><p>Sheridan and Custer, having defeated Early, returned to the main Union Army lines at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Siege of Petersburg</a>, where they spent the winter. In April 1865, the Confederate lines finally broke and Robert E. Lee began his <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Appomattox Campaign">retreat</a> to <a href="/wiki/Appomattox_Court_House_National_Historical_Park" title="Appomattox Court House National Historical Park">Appomattox Court House</a>, pursued by the Union cavalry. Custer distinguished himself by his actions at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waynesboro,_Virginia" title="Battle of Waynesboro, Virginia">Waynesboro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dinwiddie_Court_House" title="Battle of Dinwiddie Court House">Dinwiddie Court House</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a>. His division blocked Lee's retreat on its final day and received the first flag of truce from the Confederate force. </p><p>After a truce was arranged, Custer was escorted through the lines to meet Longstreet, who described Custer as having flaxen locks flowing over his shoulders, and Custer said “in the name of General Sheridan I demand the unconditional surrender of this army.” Longstreet replied that he was not in command of the army, but if he was, he would not deal with messages from Sheridan. Custer responded it would be a pity to have more blood upon the field, to which Longstreet suggested the truce be respected, and then added “General Lee has gone to meet General Grant, and it is for them to determine the future of the armies.”<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Custer was present at the surrender at Appomattox Court House and the table upon which the surrender was signed was presented to him as a gift for his wife by Sheridan, who included a note praising Custer's gallantry. She treasured the gift of the historic table, which is now in the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 15, 1865, Custer was promoted to major general in the U.S. Volunteers, making him the youngest major general in the Union Army at age 25. </p><p>On April 25, after the war officially ended, Custer had his men search for and illegally seize a large, prize racehorse named "Don Juan" near Clarksville, Virginia, worth an estimated $10,000 (several hundred thousand today), along with his written pedigree. Custer rode Don Juan in the grand review victory parade in Washington, D.C., on May 23, creating a sensation when the scared thoroughbred bolted. The owner, Richard Gaines, wrote to General Grant, who ordered Custer to return the horse to Gaines, but he did not. Instead, he hid the horse and won a race with it the next year, before the horse suddenly died.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconstruction_duties_in_Texas">Reconstruction duties in Texas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reconstruction duties in Texas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 3, 1865, at Sheridan's behest, Major General Custer accepted command of the 2nd Division of Cavalry, Military Division of the Southwest, to march from <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana" title="Alexandria, Louisiana">Alexandria, Louisiana</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Hempstead,_Texas" title="Hempstead, Texas">Hempstead, Texas</a>, as part of the Union occupation forces. Custer arrived at Alexandria on June 27 and began assembling his units, which took more than a month to gather and remount. On July 17, he assumed command of the Cavalry Division of the Military Division of the Gulf (on August 5, officially named the 2nd Division of Cavalry of the Military Division of the Gulf), and accompanied by his wife, he led the division (five regiments of veteran Western Theater cavalrymen) to Texas on an arduous 18-day march in August. On October 27, the division departed to Austin. On October 29, Custer moved the division from Hempstead to <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a>, arriving on November 4. Major General Custer became Chief of Cavalry of the Department of Texas, from November 13 to February 1, 1866, succeeding Major General <a href="/wiki/Wesley_Merritt" title="Wesley Merritt">Wesley Merritt</a>. </p><p>During his entire period of command of the division, Custer encountered considerable friction and near mutiny from the volunteer cavalry regiments who had campaigned along the Gulf coast. They desired to be mustered out of Federal service rather than continue campaigning. They resented the imposition of discipline (particularly from an Eastern Theater general) and considered Custer nothing more than a vain dandy.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Custer's division was mustered out beginning in November 1865, replaced by the regulars of the <a href="/wiki/6th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Cavalry Regiment (United States)">U.S. 6th Cavalry Regiment</a>. Although their occupation of Austin had apparently been pleasant, many veterans harbored deep resentments against Custer, particularly those in the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Regiment_Wisconsin_Volunteer_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer Cavalry">2nd Wisconsin Cavalry</a>, because of his attempts to maintain discipline. Upon its mustering out, several members planned to ambush Custer, but he was warned the night before and the attempt thwarted.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_options">Post-war options</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-war options"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maj._Gen._G.A._Custer_-_From_photographic_negative_in_Brady%27s_National_Portrait_Gallery._LCCN2015649855.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Maj._Gen._G.A._Custer_-_From_photographic_negative_in_Brady%27s_National_Portrait_Gallery._LCCN2015649855.jpg/220px-Maj._Gen._G.A._Custer_-_From_photographic_negative_in_Brady%27s_National_Portrait_Gallery._LCCN2015649855.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Maj._Gen._G.A._Custer_-_From_photographic_negative_in_Brady%27s_National_Portrait_Gallery._LCCN2015649855.jpg/330px-Maj._Gen._G.A._Custer_-_From_photographic_negative_in_Brady%27s_National_Portrait_Gallery._LCCN2015649855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Maj._Gen._G.A._Custer_-_From_photographic_negative_in_Brady%27s_National_Portrait_Gallery._LCCN2015649855.jpg/440px-Maj._Gen._G.A._Custer_-_From_photographic_negative_in_Brady%27s_National_Portrait_Gallery._LCCN2015649855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3975" data-file-height="6473" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a> photograph of Custer. From the Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs, Prints and Photographs Division, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GenGACuster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/GenGACuster.jpg/220px-GenGACuster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/GenGACuster.jpg/330px-GenGACuster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/GenGACuster.jpg/440px-GenGACuster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5302" data-file-height="6535" /></a><figcaption>Brevet Major General George Armstrong Custer, United States Army, 1865</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Custer_Staghounds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Custer_Staghounds.jpg/220px-Custer_Staghounds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Custer_Staghounds.jpg/330px-Custer_Staghounds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Custer_Staghounds.jpg/440px-Custer_Staghounds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption>Custer and <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Knife" title="Bloody Knife">Bloody Knife</a> (kneeling left), his favorite <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Indian_Scouts" title="United States Army Indian Scouts">Indian Scout</a>. Custer was well-liked by his native scouts, whose company he enjoyed. He often ate with them. A diary entry in May 1876 by Kellogg records, "General Custer visits scouts; much at home amongst them."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Our_First_Grizzly,_killed_by_Gen._Custer_and_Col._Ludlow.%22_By_Illingworth,_1874,_during_Black_Hills_expedition_-_NARA_-_519426.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%22Our_First_Grizzly%2C_killed_by_Gen._Custer_and_Col._Ludlow.%22_By_Illingworth%2C_1874%2C_during_Black_Hills_expedition_-_NARA_-_519426.jpg/220px-%22Our_First_Grizzly%2C_killed_by_Gen._Custer_and_Col._Ludlow.%22_By_Illingworth%2C_1874%2C_during_Black_Hills_expedition_-_NARA_-_519426.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%22Our_First_Grizzly%2C_killed_by_Gen._Custer_and_Col._Ludlow.%22_By_Illingworth%2C_1874%2C_during_Black_Hills_expedition_-_NARA_-_519426.jpg/330px-%22Our_First_Grizzly%2C_killed_by_Gen._Custer_and_Col._Ludlow.%22_By_Illingworth%2C_1874%2C_during_Black_Hills_expedition_-_NARA_-_519426.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%22Our_First_Grizzly%2C_killed_by_Gen._Custer_and_Col._Ludlow.%22_By_Illingworth%2C_1874%2C_during_Black_Hills_expedition_-_NARA_-_519426.jpg/440px-%22Our_First_Grizzly%2C_killed_by_Gen._Custer_and_Col._Ludlow.%22_By_Illingworth%2C_1874%2C_during_Black_Hills_expedition_-_NARA_-_519426.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2879" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>"Our First Grizzly, killed by Gen. Custer and Col. Ludlow." By Illingworth, 1874, during Black Hills expedition (Left to right: Bloody Knife, George Armstrong Custer, Private John Noonan, and Captain William Ludlow)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Armstrong_Custer_and_wife_Fort_Lincoln_Dakota_Territory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/George_Armstrong_Custer_and_wife_Fort_Lincoln_Dakota_Territory.jpg/220px-George_Armstrong_Custer_and_wife_Fort_Lincoln_Dakota_Territory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/George_Armstrong_Custer_and_wife_Fort_Lincoln_Dakota_Territory.jpg/330px-George_Armstrong_Custer_and_wife_Fort_Lincoln_Dakota_Territory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/George_Armstrong_Custer_and_wife_Fort_Lincoln_Dakota_Territory.jpg/440px-George_Armstrong_Custer_and_wife_Fort_Lincoln_Dakota_Territory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>Custer and his wife at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Fort Abraham Lincoln">Fort Abraham Lincoln</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a>, 1874</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunting_and_camping_party_of_Custer_(standing_in_center)_and_invited_guests._Fort_A._Lincoln_on_the_Little_Heart_River,_-_NARA_-_530885.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hunting_and_camping_party_of_Custer_%28standing_in_center%29_and_invited_guests._Fort_A._Lincoln_on_the_Little_Heart_River%2C_-_NARA_-_530885.tif/lossy-page1-350px-Hunting_and_camping_party_of_Custer_%28standing_in_center%29_and_invited_guests._Fort_A._Lincoln_on_the_Little_Heart_River%2C_-_NARA_-_530885.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hunting_and_camping_party_of_Custer_%28standing_in_center%29_and_invited_guests._Fort_A._Lincoln_on_the_Little_Heart_River%2C_-_NARA_-_530885.tif/lossy-page1-525px-Hunting_and_camping_party_of_Custer_%28standing_in_center%29_and_invited_guests._Fort_A._Lincoln_on_the_Little_Heart_River%2C_-_NARA_-_530885.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hunting_and_camping_party_of_Custer_%28standing_in_center%29_and_invited_guests._Fort_A._Lincoln_on_the_Little_Heart_River%2C_-_NARA_-_530885.tif/lossy-page1-700px-Hunting_and_camping_party_of_Custer_%28standing_in_center%29_and_invited_guests._Fort_A._Lincoln_on_the_Little_Heart_River%2C_-_NARA_-_530885.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2325" /></a><figcaption>Hunting and camping party near Fort Abraham Lincoln, 1875. An illustration of the variety of uniforms worn by Cavalry Regiments in the west. From left to right: Lt. James Calhoun, Mr. Swett, Capt. Stephen Baker, Boston Custer, Lt. Winfield Scott Edgerly, Miss Watson, Capt. Myles Walter Keogh, Mrs. Maggie Calhoun, Mrs. Elizabeth Custer, Lt. Col. George Custer, Dr. H.O. Paulding, Mrs. Henrietta Smith, Dr. George Edwin Lord, Capt. Thomas Bell Weir, Lt. William Winer Cooke, Lt. R.E. Thompson, Miss ; Wadsworth, another Miss Wadsworth, Capt. Thomas Custer and Lt. Algernon Emery Smith.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On February 1, 1866, Major General Custer mustered out of the U.S. volunteer service and took an extended leave of absence until September 24.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time he explored several options in New York City,<sup id="cite_ref-utley-38_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utley-38-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he considered careers in railroads and mining.<sup id="cite_ref-utley-39_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utley-39-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Offered a position (and $10,000 in gold) as adjutant general of the army of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a> of Mexico, who was then in a struggle with the Mexican Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico" title="Maximilian I of Mexico">Maximilian I</a> (a satellite ruler of French Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>), Custer applied for a one-year leave of absence from the U.S. Army, which was endorsed by <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> and Secretary Stanton. However, Sheridan and Mrs. Custer disapproved, and after his request for leave was opposed by U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a>, who was against having an American officer commanding foreign troops, Custer refused the alternative of resignation from the Army to take the lucrative post.<sup id="cite_ref-utley-39_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utley-39-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the death of his father-in-law in May 1866, Custer returned to Monroe, Michigan, where he considered running for Congress. He took part in public discussion over the treatment of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">American South</a> in the aftermath of the Civil War, advocating a policy of moderation.<sup id="cite_ref-utley-39_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utley-39-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was named head of the Soldiers and Sailors Union, regarded as a response to the hyper-partisan <a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a> (GAR). Formed in 1866, it was led by Republican activist <a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John Alexander Logan</a>. </p><p>In September 1866, Custer accompanied President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> on a journey by train known as the "<a href="/wiki/Swing_Around_the_Circle" title="Swing Around the Circle">Swing Around the Circle</a>" to build up public support for Johnson's policies towards the South. Custer denied a charge by the newspapers that Johnson had promised him a colonel's commission in return for his support, but Custer had written to Johnson some weeks before seeking such a commission. Custer and his wife stayed with the president during most of the trip. At one point, Custer confronted a small group of Ohio men who repeatedly jeered Johnson, saying to them: "I was born two miles and a half from here, but I am ashamed of you."<sup id="cite_ref-utley-39-40_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utley-39-40-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian_Wars">Indian Wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Indian Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars#Great_Plains" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars § Great Plains</a></div> <p>On July 28, 1866, Custer was appointed lieutenant colonel of the newly created <a href="/wiki/7th_Cavalry_Regiment" title="7th Cavalry Regiment">7th Cavalry Regiment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-utley-40_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utley-40-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Riley" title="Fort Riley">Fort Riley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-utley-41_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utley-41-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served on frontier duty at Fort Riley from October 18 to March 26, and scouted in Kansas and Colorado until July 28, 1867. He took part in Major General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a>'s expedition against the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a>. On June 26, Lt. Lyman Kidder's party, made up of ten troopers and one scout, were <a href="/wiki/Kidder_fight" title="Kidder fight">massacred</a> while en route to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wallace" title="Fort Wallace">Fort Wallace</a>. Lt. Kidder was to deliver dispatches to Custer from <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">General Sherman</a>, but his party was attacked by Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne. Days later, Custer and a search party found the bodies of Kidder's patrol. </p><p>Following the Hancock campaign, Custer was arrested and suspended at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth,_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Leavenworth, Kansas">Fort Leavenworth, Kansas</a>, until August 12, 1868, for being absent without leave (AWOL), after having abandoned his post to see his wife. At the request of Major General Sheridan, who wanted him for his planned winter campaign against the Cheyenne, he was allowed to return to duty before his one year of suspension had expired and join his regiment on October 7, 1868. He then went on frontier duty, scouting in Kansas and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> through October 1869. </p><p>Under Sheridan's orders, he took part in establishing <a href="/wiki/Fort_Supply_(Oklahoma)" title="Fort Supply (Oklahoma)">Camp Supply</a> in Indian Territory in early November 1868 as a supply base for the winter campaign. On November 27, 1868, he led the 7th Cavalry Regiment in an attack on the Cheyenne encampment of Chief <a href="/wiki/Black_Kettle" title="Black Kettle">Black Kettle</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Washita_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Washita River">Battle of Washita River</a>. He reported killing 103 warriors; 53 women and children were taken as prisoners. Estimates by the Cheyenne of their casualties were substantially lower (11 warriors plus 19 women and children).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Custer had his men shoot most of the 875 Indian ponies they had captured.<sup id="cite_ref-Schultz2010_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schultz2010-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Battle of Washita River was regarded as the first substantial U.S. victory in the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars#Sheridan's_campaigns" title="American Indian Wars">Southern Plains War</a>, and it helped force a large portion of the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_and_Arapaho_Tribes" title="Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes">Southern Cheyenne</a> on to a U.S.-assigned reservation. </p><p>In 1873, he was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a> to protect a railroad survey party against the <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a>. On August 4, 1873, near the <a href="/wiki/Tongue_River_(Montana)" title="Tongue River (Montana)">Tongue River</a>, the 7th Cavalry Regiment clashed for the first time with the Lakota. One man on each side was killed. In 1874, Custer led <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Expedition" title="Black Hills Expedition">an expedition</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a> and announced the discovery of gold on <a href="/wiki/French_Creek_(Cheyenne_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="French Creek (Cheyenne River)">French Creek</a> near present-day <a href="/wiki/Custer,_South_Dakota" title="Custer, South Dakota">Custer, South Dakota</a>. Custer's announcement triggered the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills Gold Rush">Black Hills Gold Rush</a>. Among the towns that immediately sprung up was <a href="/wiki/Deadwood,_South_Dakota" title="Deadwood, South Dakota">Deadwood, South Dakota</a>, notorious for its lawlessness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grant,_Belknap_and_politics"><span id="Grant.2C_Belknap_and_politics"></span>Grant, Belknap and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Grant, Belknap and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Trader_post_scandal" title="Trader post scandal">Trader post scandal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Custer9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Custer9.jpg/220px-Custer9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Custer9.jpg/330px-Custer9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Custer9.jpg/440px-Custer9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer, 7th U.S. Cavalry, ca. 1875</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1875, the Grant administration attempted to buy the Black Hills region from the Sioux. When the Sioux refused to sell, they were ordered to report to reservations by the end of January 1876. Mid-winter conditions made it impossible for them to comply. The administration labeled them "hostiles" and tasked the Army with bringing them in. </p><p>Custer was to command an expedition planned for the spring, part of a three-pronged campaign. While Custer's expedition marched west from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Fort Abraham Lincoln">Fort Abraham Lincoln</a>, near present-day <a href="/wiki/Mandan,_North_Dakota" title="Mandan, North Dakota">Mandan, North Dakota</a>, troops under Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_Gibbon" title="John Gibbon">John Gibbon</a> were to march east<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevin1973202_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevin1973202-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ellis" title="Fort Ellis">Fort Ellis</a>, near present-day <a href="/wiki/Bozeman,_Montana" title="Bozeman, Montana">Bozeman, Montana</a>, while a force under General <a href="/wiki/George_Crook" title="George Crook">George Crook</a> was to march north<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevin1973202_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevin1973202-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Fetterman" title="Fort Fetterman">Fort Fetterman</a>, near present-day <a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Wyoming" title="Douglas, Wyoming">Douglas, Wyoming</a>. </p><p>Custer's 7th Cavalry was originally scheduled to leave Fort Abraham Lincoln on April 6, 1876, but on March 15 he was summoned to Washington to testify at congressional hearings. Rep. <a href="/wiki/Hiester_Clymer" title="Hiester Clymer">Hiester Clymer</a>'s Committee was investigating alleged corruption involving Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/William_W._Belknap" title="William W. Belknap">William W. Belknap</a> (who had resigned March 2), along with President Grant's brother Orville and traders granted monopolies at frontier Army posts.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was alleged that Belknap had been selling these lucrative trading post positions where soldiers were required to make their purchases. Custer himself had experienced first hand the high prices being charged at Fort Lincoln.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerned that he might miss the coming campaign, Custer did not want to go to Washington. He asked to answer questions in writing, but Clymer insisted.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recognizing that his testimony would be explosive, Custer tried "to follow a moderate and prudent course, avoiding prominence."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, he provided a quantity of unsubstantiated accusations against Belknap.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevin1973202_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevin1973202-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His testimony, given on March 29 and April 4, was a sensation, being loudly praised by the Democratic press and sharply criticized by Republicans. Custer wrote articles published anonymously in <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">The New York Herald</a></i> that exposed trader post kickback rings and implied that Belknap was behind them. During his testimony, Custer attacked President Grant's brother Orville on unproven grounds of extorting money in exchange for exerting undue influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevin1973202_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevin1973202-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Ambrose" title="Stephen E. Ambrose">Stephen E. Ambrose</a> speculated that around this time Custer was presented with the idea of becoming the Democratic candidate in the upcoming <a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876 United States presidential election</a>, adding further motivation for Custer to rejoin his regiment and win further accolades in the Sioux Wars.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Custer testified, Belknap was impeached, and the case sent to the Senate for trial. Custer asked the impeachment managers to release him from further testimony. With the help of a request from his superior, Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Terry" title="Alfred Terry">Alfred Terry</a>, Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Dakota" title="Department of Dakota">Department of Dakota</a>, he was excused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevin1973202_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevin1973202-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, President Grant intervened, ordering that another officer fulfill Custer's military duty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevin1973202_60-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevin1973202-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Terry protested, arguing that he had no available officers of rank qualified to replace Custer. Both Sheridan and Sherman wanted Custer in command, but had to support Grant. General Sherman, hoping to resolve the issue, advised Custer to meet personally with Grant before leaving Washington. Three times Custer requested meetings with the president, but each request was refused.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, Custer gave up and took a train to Chicago on May 2, planning to rejoin his regiment. A furious Grant ordered Sheridan to arrest Custer for leaving Washington without permission. On May 3, a member of Sheridan's staff arrested Custer as he arrived in Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arrest sparked public outrage. <i>The New York Herald</i> called Grant the "modern Caesar" and asked, "Are officers... to be dragged from railroad trains and ignominiously ordered to stand aside until the whims of the Chief magistrate ... are satisfied?"<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grant relented, but insisted that Terry—not Custer—personally command the expedition. Terry met Custer in <a href="/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul, Minnesota">St. Paul, Minnesota</a>, on May 6. He later recalled that Custer "with tears in his eyes, begged for my aid. How could I resist it?"<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Custer and Terry both wrote telegrams to Grant asking that Custer be able to lead his regiment, with Terry in command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevin1973202_60-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevin1973202-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sheridan endorsed the effort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevin1973202_60-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevin1973202-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grant was already under pressure for his treatment of Custer. His administration worried that if the "Sioux campaign" failed without Custer, then Grant would be blamed for ignoring the recommendations of senior Army officers. On May 8, Custer was told that he would lead the expedition, but only under Terry's direct supervision. Elated, Custer told General Terry's chief engineer, Captain Ludlow, that he would "cut loose" from Terry and operate independently.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Battle of the Little Bighorn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_W._Cooke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/William_W._Cooke.jpg/220px-William_W._Cooke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/William_W._Cooke.jpg/330px-William_W._Cooke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/William_W._Cooke.jpg/440px-William_W._Cooke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_W._Cooke" title="William W. Cooke">William W. Cooke</a>, Custer's <a href="/wiki/Adjutant" title="Adjutant">adjutant</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloody_Knife,_Custer%27s_scout,_on_Yellowstone_Expedition,_1873_-_NARA_-_524373.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bloody_Knife%2C_Custer%27s_scout%2C_on_Yellowstone_Expedition%2C_1873_-_NARA_-_524373.jpg/250px-Bloody_Knife%2C_Custer%27s_scout%2C_on_Yellowstone_Expedition%2C_1873_-_NARA_-_524373.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bloody_Knife%2C_Custer%27s_scout%2C_on_Yellowstone_Expedition%2C_1873_-_NARA_-_524373.jpg/375px-Bloody_Knife%2C_Custer%27s_scout%2C_on_Yellowstone_Expedition%2C_1873_-_NARA_-_524373.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bloody_Knife%2C_Custer%27s_scout%2C_on_Yellowstone_Expedition%2C_1873_-_NARA_-_524373.jpg/500px-Bloody_Knife%2C_Custer%27s_scout%2C_on_Yellowstone_Expedition%2C_1873_-_NARA_-_524373.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2631" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Bloody Knife, Custer's scout, on Yellowstone Expedition, 1873</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_Verde-Fort_Camp_Verde-Custers_Last_Stand_Cavalry_Trumpet-1878-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Camp_Verde-Fort_Camp_Verde-Custers_Last_Stand_Cavalry_Trumpet-1878-2.jpg/200px-Camp_Verde-Fort_Camp_Verde-Custers_Last_Stand_Cavalry_Trumpet-1878-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Camp_Verde-Fort_Camp_Verde-Custers_Last_Stand_Cavalry_Trumpet-1878-2.jpg/300px-Camp_Verde-Fort_Camp_Verde-Custers_Last_Stand_Cavalry_Trumpet-1878-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Camp_Verde-Fort_Camp_Verde-Custers_Last_Stand_Cavalry_Trumpet-1878-2.jpg/400px-Camp_Verde-Fort_Camp_Verde-Custers_Last_Stand_Cavalry_Trumpet-1878-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1833" data-file-height="3121" /></a><figcaption>The 7th Cavalry's trumpet was found in 1878 on the grounds of the Little Bighorn Battlefield (Custer's Last Stand) and is on display in Camp Verde in Arizona</figcaption></figure> <p>By the time of Custer's <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Expedition" title="Black Hills Expedition">Black Hills expedition</a> in 1874, the level of conflict and tension between the U.S. and many of the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a> tribes (including the <a href="/wiki/Lakota_Sioux" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakota Sioux">Lakota Sioux</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a>) had become exceedingly high. European-Americans continually broke treaty agreements and advanced further westward, resulting in violence and acts of depredation by both sides. To take possession of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a> (and thus the gold deposits), and to stop Indian attacks, the U.S. decided to corral all remaining free Plains Indians. The Grant government set a deadline of January 31, 1876, for all Lakota and <a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a> wintering in the "unceded territory" to report to their designated agencies (reservations) or be considered "hostile".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At that time, the 7th Cavalry's regimental commander, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._Sturgis" title="Samuel D. Sturgis">Samuel D. Sturgis</a>, was on detached duty as the Superintendent of Mounted Recruiting Service and in command of the Cavalry Depot in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which left Lieutenant Colonel Custer in command of the regiment. Custer and the 7th Cavalry departed from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Fort Abraham Lincoln">Fort Abraham Lincoln</a> on May 17, 1876, part of a larger army force planning to round up remaining free Indians. Meanwhile, in the spring and summer of 1876, the Hunkpapa Lakota holy man <a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a> had called together the largest gathering of Plains Indians at Ash Creek, Montana (later moved to the Little Bighorn River) to discuss what to do about the whites.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was this united encampment of Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians that the 7th Calvary met at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Indian_Reservation" title="Crow Indian Reservation">Crow Indian Reservation</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> created in old Crow Country (in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1851)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)">Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851</a>, the valley of the Little Bighorn is in the heart of the Crow Indian treaty territory and was accepted as such by the Lakota, the Cheyenne, and the Arapaho).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lakotas were staying in the valley without consent from <a href="/wiki/Crow_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Nation">the Crow tribe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which sided with the Army to expel the Indian invaders.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around June 15, Major <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Reno" title="Marcus Reno">Marcus Reno</a> while scouting, discovered the trail of a large village on the <a href="/wiki/Rosebud_River" title="Rosebud River">Rosebud River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 22, Custer's entire regiment was detached to follow this trail. On June 25, some of Custer's <a href="/wiki/Crow_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Indian">Crow Indian</a> scouts identified what they claimed was a large Indian encampment in the valley near the <a href="/wiki/Little_Bighorn_River" title="Little Bighorn River">Little Bighorn River</a>. Custer had first intended to attack the Indian village the next day, but since his presence became known, he decided to attack immediately and divided his forces into three battalions: one led by Major Reno, one by Captain <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Benteen" title="Frederick Benteen">Frederick Benteen</a>, and one by himself. Captain Thomas M. McDougall and Company B were with the <a href="/wiki/Pack_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Pack train">pack train</a>. Reno was sent north to charge the southern end of the encampment, Custer rode north, hidden to the east of the encampment by bluffs and planning to circle around and attack from the north,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-amfourthreeseven_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amfourthreeseven-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Benteen was initially sent south and west to scout Indian presence and potentially protect the column from the south. </p><p>Reno began a charge on the southern end of the village, but halted some 500–600 yards short of the camp, and had his men dismount and form a <a href="/wiki/Skirmisher" title="Skirmisher">skirmish line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were soon overcome by mounted Lakota and Cheyenne warriors who counterattacked <i>en masse</i> against Reno's exposed left flank,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forcing Reno and his men to take cover in the trees along the river. Eventually, the troopers engaged in a bloody retreat up the bluffs above the river, where they made their stand.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This opening action of the battle cost Reno a quarter of his command. </p><p>Custer may have seen Reno stop and form a skirmish line while he led his command to the northern end of the main encampment, where he may have planned to sandwich the Indians between his attacking troopers and Reno's command in a "<a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_anvil" title="Hammer and anvil">hammer and anvil</a>" maneuver.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/George_Bird_Grinnell" title="George Bird Grinnell">Grinnell's</a> account, based on the testimony of the Cheyenne warriors who survived the fight,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at least part of Custer's command attempted to ford the river at the north end of the camp, but were driven off by Indian sharpshooters firing from the brush along the west bank of the river. From that point the soldiers were pursued by hundreds of warriors onto a ridge north of the encampment. Custer and his command were prevented from digging in by <a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a>. Those warriors had outflanked him and were now to his north, at the crest of the ridge.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional white accounts give credit to Gall for the attack that drove Custer up onto the ridge, but Indian witnesses have disputed that account.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:23em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Hurrah boys, we've got them! We'll finish them up and then go home to our station. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Words reportedly said by General Custer early in the engagement.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>For a time, Custer's men appear to have been deployed by company, in standard cavalry fighting formation—the skirmish line, with every fourth man holding the horses, though this arrangement would have robbed Custer of a quarter of his firepower. Worse, as the fight intensified, many soldiers could have taken to holding their own horses or hobbling them, further reducing the 7th's effective fire. When Crazy Horse and White Bull mounted the charge that broke through the center of Custer's lines, order may have broken down among the soldiers of Calhoun's command,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though <a href="/wiki/Myles_Keogh" title="Myles Keogh">Myles Keogh</a>'s men seem to have fought and died where they stood. According to some Lakota accounts, many of the panicked soldiers threw down their weapons<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and either rode or ran towards the knoll where Custer, the other officers, and about 40 men were making a stand. Along the way, the warriors rode them down, <a href="/wiki/Counting_coup" title="Counting coup">counting coup</a> by striking the fleeing troopers with their <a href="/wiki/Quirt" title="Quirt">quirts</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">lances</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, Custer had 208 officers and men under his direct command, with an additional 142 under Reno, just over 100 under Benteen, and 50 soldiers with Captain McDougall's rearguard, accompanied by 84 soldiers under 1st Lieutenant Edward Gustave Mathey with the pack train. The Lakota-Cheyenne coalition may have fielded over 1,800 warriors.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Gregory Michno settles on a low number of around 1,000 based on contemporary Lakota testimony, but other sources place the number at 1,800 or 2,000, especially in the works by Utley and Fox. The 1,800–2,000 figure is substantially lower than the higher numbers of 3,000 or more postulated by Ambrose, Gray, Scott, and others. Some of the other participants in the battle gave higher estimates: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>Spotted Horn Bull – 5,000 braves and leaders</li> <li>Maj. Reno – 2,500 to 5,000 warriors</li> <li>Capt. Moylan – 3,500 to 4,000</li> <li>Lt. Hare – not under 4,000</li> <li>Lt. Godfrey – minimum between 2,500 and 3,000</li> <li>Lt. Edgerly – 4,000</li> <li>Lt. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Varnum" title="Charles Varnum">Varnum</a> – not less than 4,000</li> <li>Sgt. Kanipe – fully 4,000</li> <li>George Herendeen – fully 3,000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gerard" title="Fred Gerard">Fred Gerard</a> – 2,500 to 3,000</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>An average of the above is 3,500 Indian warriors and leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the troopers of Custer's five companies were cut down, the native warriors stripped the dead of their firearms and ammunition, with the result that the return fire from the cavalry steadily decreased, while firing from the Indians constantly increased. The surviving troopers apparently shot their remaining horses to use as <a href="/wiki/Breastworks" class="mw-redirect" title="Breastworks">breastworks</a> for a final stand on the knoll at the north end of the ridge. The warriors closed in for the final attack and killed every man in Custer's command. As a result, the Battle of the Little Bighorn has come to be popularly known as "Custer's Last Stand". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Armstrong_Custer_and_Elizabeth_Bacon_Custer_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/George_Armstrong_Custer_and_Elizabeth_Bacon_Custer_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-George_Armstrong_Custer_and_Elizabeth_Bacon_Custer_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/George_Armstrong_Custer_and_Elizabeth_Bacon_Custer_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/330px-George_Armstrong_Custer_and_Elizabeth_Bacon_Custer_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/George_Armstrong_Custer_and_Elizabeth_Bacon_Custer_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/440px-George_Armstrong_Custer_and_Elizabeth_Bacon_Custer_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2808" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption>George and Libbie Custer, 1864</figcaption></figure> <p>On February 9, 1864, Custer married <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bacon_Custer" title="Elizabeth Bacon Custer">Elizabeth Clift Bacon</a> (1842–1933), whom he had first seen when he was ten years old.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had been socially introduced to her in November 1862, when home in Monroe on leave. She was not initially impressed with him,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and her father, Judge <a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Bacon" title="Daniel S. Bacon">Daniel Bacon</a>, disapproved of Custer as a match because he was the son of a blacksmith. It was not until well after Custer had been promoted to the rank of brigadier general that he gained the approval of Judge Bacon. He married Elizabeth Bacon fourteen months after they formally met.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1868, following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Washita_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Washita River">Battle of Washita River</a>, Custer was alleged (by Captain <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Benteen" title="Frederick Benteen">Frederick Benteen</a>, chief of scouts Ben Clark, and Cheyenne oral tradition) to have unofficially married <a href="/wiki/Mo-nah-se-tah" title="Mo-nah-se-tah">Mo-nah-se-tah</a>, daughter of the Cheyenne chief <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_(Cheyenne_chief)" title="Little Rock (Cheyenne chief)">Little Rock</a> in the winter or early spring of 1868–1869 (Little Rock was killed in the one-day action at Washita on November 27).<sup id="cite_ref-utley-107_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utley-107-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mo-nah-se-tah gave birth to a child in January 1869, two months after the Washita battle. Cheyenne oral history tells that she also bore a second child fathered by Custer in late 1869. Some historians, however, believe that Custer had become sterile after contracting gonorrhea while at West Point and that the father was in actuality his brother Thomas.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clarke's description in his memoirs included the statement, "Custer picked out a fine looking one and had her in his tent every night."<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to "Autie", Custer acquired several nicknames. During the Civil War, after his promotion to become the youngest <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">brigadier general</a> in the Army aged 23, the press called him "The Boy General". During his years on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> in the American Indian Wars, his troopers referred to him with grudging admiration as "Iron Butt" and "Hard Ass" for his stamina in the saddle and strict discipline, as well as with the more derisive "Ringlets" for his long, curling blond hair, which he perfumed with cinnamon-scented hair oil.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout his travels, he gathered geological specimens, sending them to the University of Michigan. On September 10, 1873, he wrote Libbie, "the Indian battles hindered the collecting, while in that immediate region it was unsafe to go far from the command...."<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his service in Kentucky, Custer bought thoroughbred horses. He took two on his last campaign, Vic (for Victory) and Dandy. During the march he changed horses every three hours.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He rode Vic into his last battle. Custer took his two staghounds Tuck and Bleuch with him during the last expedition. He left them with orderly Burkman when he rode into battle. Burkman joined the packtrain. He regretted not accompanying Custer but lived until 1925, when he took his own life.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appearance">Appearance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Custer was fastidious in his grooming. Early in their marriage, Libbie wrote, "He brushes his teeth after every meal. I always laugh at him for it, also for washing his hands so frequently."<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was 5'11" tall and wore a size 38 jacket and size 9C boots.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At various times he weighed between 143 pounds (at the end of the 1869 Kansas campaign)<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a muscular 170 pounds. A splendid horseman, "Custer mounted was an inspiration."<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was quite fit, able to jump to a standing position from lying flat on his back. He was a "power sleeper", able to get by on short naps after falling asleep immediately on lying down.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He "had a habit of throwing himself prone on the grass for a few minutes' rest and resembled a human island, entirely surrounded by crowding, panting dogs."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The common media image of Custer's appearance at the Last Stand—buckskin coat and long, curly blonde hair—is wrong. Although he and several other officers wore buckskin coats on the expedition, they took them off and packed them away because it was so hot. According to Soldier, an Arikara scout, "Custer took off his buckskin coat and tied it behind his saddle."<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, Custer—whose hair was thinning—joined a similarly balding Lieutenant Varnum and "had the clippers run over their heads" before leaving Fort Lincoln.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is unlikely that any Native American recognized Custer during or after the battle. Michno summarizes: "Shave Elk said, 'We did not suspect that we were fighting Custer and did not recognize him either alive or dead.' Wooden Leg said no one could recognize any enemy during the fight, for they were too far away. The Cheyennes did not even know a man named Custer was in the fight until weeks later. Antelope said none knew of Custer being at the fight until they later learned of it at the agencies. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bailey_Marquis" title="Thomas Bailey Marquis">Thomas Marquis</a> learned from his interviews that no Indian knew Custer was at the Little Bighorn fight until months later. Many Cheyennes were not even aware that other members of the Custer family had been in the fight until 1922 when Marquis himself first informed them of that fact."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several individuals claimed responsibility for killing Custer, including <a href="/wiki/White_Bull" title="White Bull">White Bull</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Miniconjou" title="Miniconjou">Miniconjous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rain-in-the-Face" title="Rain-in-the-Face">Rain-in-the-Face</a>, Flat Lip, and Brave Bear.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2005, at a public meeting, Northern Cheyenne storytellers said that according to their oral tradition, <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Calf_Road_Woman" title="Buffalo Calf Road Woman">Buffalo Calf Road Woman</a>, a Northern Cheyenne <a href="/wiki/Heroine" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroine">heroine</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Rosebud" title="Battle of the Rosebud">Battle of the Rosebud</a>, struck the final blow against Custer, which knocked him off his horse before he died. She hit him with a club-like instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A contrasting version of Custer's death is suggested by the testimony of an Oglala named Joseph White Cow Bull, according to novelist and Custer biographer Evan Connell. He says that Joseph White Bull stated he had shot a rider wearing a buckskin jacket and big hat at the riverside when the soldiers first approached the village from the east. The initial force facing the soldiers, according to this version, was quite small (possibly as few as four warriors) yet challenged Custer's command. The rider who was hit had shouted orders that prompted the soldiers to attack and was next to a rider who bore a flag, but when the buckskin-clad rider fell off his horse after being shot, many of the attackers reined up. The allegation that the buckskin-clad officer was Custer, if accurate, might explain the supposed rapid disintegration of Custer's forces.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, several other officers of the Seventh, including <a href="/wiki/William_W._Cooke" title="William W. Cooke">William Cooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Custer" title="Thomas Custer">Tom Custer</a> and William Sturgis, were also dressed in buckskin on the day of the battle, and the fact that each of the non-mutilation wounds to George Custer's body (a bullet wound below the heart and a shot to the left temple) would have been instantly fatal casts doubt on his being wounded or killed at the ford, more than a mile from where his body was found.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The circumstances are, however, consistent with <a href="/wiki/David_Humphreys_Miller" title="David Humphreys Miller">David Humphreys Miller</a>'s suggestion that Custer's subordinates would not have left his dead body behind to be desecrated.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1920s, two elderly Cheyenne women spoke briefly with oral historians about their having recognized Custer's body on the battlefield and said that they had stopped a Sioux warrior from desecrating the body. The women were relatives of <a href="/wiki/Mo-nah-se-tah" title="Mo-nah-se-tah">Mo-nah-se-tah</a>, who was allegedly borne two children by him. Mo-nah-se-tah was among 53 Cheyenne women and children taken captive by the 7th Cavalry after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Washita_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Washita River">Battle of Washita River</a> in 1868, in which Custer commanded an attack on the camp of Chief <a href="/wiki/Black_Kettle" title="Black Kettle">Black Kettle</a>. Mo-nah-se-tah's father, <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_(Cheyenne_chief)" title="Little Rock (Cheyenne chief)">Cheyenne chief Little Rock</a>, was killed in the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-greene-169_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene-169-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the winter and early spring of 1868–1869, Custer reportedly sexually assaulted teenage Mo-nah-se-tah. Cheyenne oral history alleges that she later bore Custer's child in late 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-greene-169_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greene-169-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-utley-107_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utley-107-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Custer, however, had apparently become sterile after contracting venereal disease at West Point, leading some historians to believe that the father was really his brother <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Custer" title="Thomas Custer">Thomas</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-utley-107_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utley-107-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Cheyenne culture of the time, such a relationship was considered a marriage. The women allegedly told the warrior: "Stop, he is a relative of ours," and then shooed him away. The two women said they shoved their <a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">sewing awls</a> into his ears to permit Custer's corpse to "hear better in the afterlife" because he had broken his promise to <a href="/wiki/Stone_Forehead" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone Forehead">Stone Forehead</a> never to fight against Native Americans again.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the main column under General Terry arrived two days later, the army found most of the soldiers' corpses stripped, scalped, and mutilated.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Custer's body had two bullet holes, one in the left temple and one just below the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Capt. Benteen, who inspected the body, stated that in his opinion the fatal injuries had not been the result of .45 caliber ammunition, which implies the bullet holes had been caused by ranged rifle fire.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some time later, Lieutenant Edward S. Godfrey described Custer's mutilation, telling Charles F. Bates, that an arrow "had been forced up his penis."<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bodies of Custer and his brother Tom were wrapped in canvas and blankets, then buried in a shallow grave, covered by the basket from a <a href="/wiki/Travois" title="Travois">travois</a> held in place by rocks. When soldiers returned a year later, the brothers' grave had been scavenged by animals and the bones scattered. "Not more than a double handful of small bones were picked up."<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Custer was reinterred with full <a href="/wiki/Military_funerals_in_the_United_States" title="Military funerals in the United States">military honors</a> at <a href="/wiki/West_Point_Cemetery" title="West Point Cemetery">West Point Cemetery</a> on October 10, 1877. The battle site was designated a <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Cemetery">National Cemetery</a> in 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversial_legacy">Controversial legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Controversial legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GACuster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GACuster.jpg/220px-GACuster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GACuster.jpg/330px-GACuster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/GACuster.jpg/440px-GACuster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3254" data-file-height="3922" /></a><figcaption>George A. Custer in civilian clothes, December 1869</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_relations_and_media_coverage_during_his_lifetime">Public relations and media coverage during his lifetime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Public relations and media coverage during his lifetime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Custer has been called a "media personality",<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he valued good <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> and used the print media of his era effectively. He frequently invited journalists to accompany his campaigns (one, <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> reporter <a href="/wiki/Mark_Kellogg_(reporter)" title="Mark Kellogg (reporter)">Mark Kellogg</a>, died at the Little Bighorn), and their favorable reporting contributed to his high reputation, which lasted well into the latter 20th century. Effusive praise from <a href="/wiki/William_Eleroy_Curtis" title="William Eleroy Curtis">William Eleroy Curtis</a>, the first journalist to report the discovery of gold in the Black Hills, laid the foundation for Custer's status as a <a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">tragic hero</a> who furthered the "<a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">manifest destiny</a>" of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-env_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-env-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bro_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bro-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Custer enjoyed writing, often writing all night long. Before leaving the steamer <i>Far West</i> for the final leg of the journey, Custer wrote all night. His orderly John Burkman stood guard in front of his tent and on the morning of June 22, 1876, found Custer "hunched over on the cot, just his coat and his boots off, and the pen still in his hand."<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Custer wrote a series of magazine articles of his experiences on the frontier, which were published in book form as <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73498">My Life on the Plains</a></i> in 1874. The work is still a valued primary source for information on U.S.-Native relations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumous_legacy">Posthumous legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Posthumous legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_George_Armstrong_Custer" title="Cultural depictions of George Armstrong Custer">Cultural depictions of George Armstrong Custer</a></div> <p>After his death, Custer achieved lasting fame. Custer's wife <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bacon_Custer" title="Elizabeth Bacon Custer">Elizabeth</a>, who had accompanied him in many of his frontier expeditions, did much to advance his fame with the publication of several books about her late husband: <i>Boots and Saddles, Life with General Custer in Dakota</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Tenting on the Plains, or General Custer in Kansas and Texas</i><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Following the Guidon</i>.,<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus furthering a "Custer myth".<sup id="cite_ref-:02_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emergence of this myth was also supported by the secrecy of the Official Record of the 1879 Court of Inquiry, which was not released until 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The deaths of Custer and his troops became the best-known episode in the history of the American Indian Wars, due in part to a painting commissioned by the brewery <a href="/wiki/Anheuser-Busch" title="Anheuser-Busch">Anheuser-Busch</a> as part of an advertising campaign. The enterprising company ordered reprints of a dramatic work that depicted "Custer's Last Stand" and had them framed and hung in many United States <a href="/wiki/Western_saloon" title="Western saloon">saloons</a>. This created lasting impressions of the battle and the brewery's products in the minds of many bar patrons.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a> wrote an adoring (and in some places, erroneous) poem.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>'s lavish praise pleased Custer's widow.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President Grant, a highly successful general but recent antagonist, criticized Custer's actions in the battle of the Little Bighorn. Quoted in the <i>New York Herald</i> on September 2, 1876, Grant said, "I regard Custer's Massacre as a sacrifice of troops, brought on by Custer himself, that was wholly unnecessary – wholly unnecessary."<sup id="cite_ref-b540_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b540-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Phillip Sheridan took a more moderately critical view of Custer's final military actions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Miles" class="mw-redirect" title="Nelson Miles">Nelson Miles</a> (who inherited Custer's mantle of famed Indian fighter) and others praised him as a fallen hero betrayed by the incompetence of subordinate officers. Miles noted the difficulty of winning a fight "with seven-twelfths of the command remaining out of the engagement when within sound of his rifle shots."<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The assessment of Custer's actions during the American Indian Wars has undergone substantial reconsideration in modern times. Documenting the arc of popular perception in his biography <i><a href="/wiki/Son_of_the_Morning_Star" title="Son of the Morning Star">Son of the Morning Star</a></i> (1984), author <a href="/wiki/Evan_S._Connell" title="Evan S. Connell">Evan S. Connell</a> notes the reverential tone of Custer's first biographer Frederick Whittaker (whose book was rushed out the year of Custer's death.)<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Connell concludes: </p> <blockquote><p>These days it is stylish to denigrate the general, whose stock sells for nothing. Nineteenth-century Americans thought differently. At that time he was <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Terrail,_seigneur_de_Bayard" title="Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard">a cavalier without fear and beyond reproach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-c411_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c411-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>In the same year, W.A. Graham stated in <i>The Custer Myth</i>:</p><blockquote><p>But for the "blaze of glory" that formed the setting for his dramatically tragic departure at the hands of yelling savages, he would probably be just another name of a long list of names in our histories of the Civil War, in which as "The Boy General" he made an outstanding record as a leader of Cavalry, as did also numerous others who have been long since all but forgotten.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_and_controversy">Criticism and controversy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Criticism and controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Debate_over_tactics">Debate over tactics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Debate over tactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:23em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>When writing about Custer, neutral ground is elusive. What should Custer have done at any of the critical junctures that rapidly presented themselves, each now the subject of endless speculation and rumination? There will always be a variety of opinions based upon what Custer knew, what he did not know, and what he could not have known... </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—from <i>Touched by Fire: The Life, Death, and Mythic Afterlife of George Armstrong Custer</i> by <a href="/wiki/Louise_Barnett" title="Louise Barnett">Louise Barnett</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-b540_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b540-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>The controversy over blame for the disaster at Little Bighorn continues to this day. Major <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Reno" title="Marcus Reno">Marcus Reno</a>'s failure to press his attack on the south end of the Lakota/Cheyenne village and his flight to the timber along the river after a single casualty have been cited as a factor in the destruction of Custer's battalion, as has Captain <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Benteen" title="Frederick Benteen">Frederick Benteen</a>'s allegedly tardy arrival on the field and the failure of the two officers' combined forces to move toward the relief of Custer.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of Custer's critics have asserted tactical errors.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>While camped at Powder River, Custer refused the support offered by General Terry on June 21 of an additional four companies of the Second Cavalry. Custer stated that he "could whip any Indian village on the Plains"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with his own regiment and that extra troops would simply be a burden.</li> <li>At the same time, he left behind at the steamer <i>Far West</i> on the Yellowstone and a battery of <a href="/wiki/Gatling_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Gatling guns">Gatling guns</a>, although he knew he was facing superior numbers. Before leaving the camp, all the troops, including the officers, also boxed their sabers and sent them back with the wagons.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On the day of the battle, Custer divided his 600-man command, despite being faced with vastly superior numbers of Sioux and Cheyenne.</li> <li>The refusal of an extra battalion reduced the size of his force by at least a sixth, and rejecting the firepower offered by the Gatling guns played into the events of June 25 to the disadvantage of his regiment.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Custer's defenders, however, including historian Charles K. Hofling, have asserted that Gatling guns would have been slow and cumbersome as the troops crossed the rough country between the Yellowstone and the Little Bighorn.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Custer rated speed in gaining the battlefield as essential and more important. Supporters of Custer claim that splitting the forces was a standard tactic, so as to demoralize the enemy with the appearance of the cavalry in different places all at once, especially when a contingent threatened the line of retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attacks_on_Indigenous_peoples">Attacks on Indigenous peoples</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Attacks on Indigenous peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sharply criticizing the self-styled "Indian fighter", U.S. Indigenous people's organized movements have emphasized Custer's role in the U.S. government's treaty violations and other injustices against Native Americans. </p><p>Standing Rock Sioux theologian and author <a href="/wiki/Vine_Deloria_Jr." title="Vine Deloria Jr.">Vine Deloria Jr.</a> made a comparison between Custer and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi</a> <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> officer <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a>, referring to Custer as the "Eichmann of the Plains" in a 1996 <i>Los Angeles Times</i> interview.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1969 book <i>Custer Died for Your Sins,</i> Deloria condemned Custer's violations of the 1868 Fort Laramie Treaty that established the Black Hills region as unceded territory of the Sioux and Arapaho peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Custer's violations of the Fort Laramie Treaty included an 1874 gold expedition and the 1876 Battle of Greasy Grass (Battle of the Little Bighorn).<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics have also highlighted Custer's <a href="/wiki/Washita_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Washita Massacre">1868 Washita River surprise attack</a> that killed Cheyenne non-combatants including mothers, children, and elders. Custer was following Generals William Sherman and Philip Sheridan's orders for "total war" on the Indigenous nations. Describing total war methods, Sherman wrote, "We must act with vindictive earnestness against the Sioux, even to their extermination, men, women, and children...during an assault, the soldiers can not pause to distinguish between male and female, or even discriminate as to age."<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is credible evidence that, following the attack, Custer and his men sexually assaulted female captives.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another historian writes, "There was a saying among the soldiers of the western frontier, a saying Custer and his officers could heartily endorse: 'Indian women rape easy.'"<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indigenous criticism of Custer's posthumous legacy may have begun immediately after Custer died. Good Fox (Lakota) recounted: </p> <blockquote><p>"I was told that after the battle two Cheyenne women came across Custer's body. They knew him, because he had attacked their peaceful village on the Washita. These women said, 'You smoked the peace pipe with us. Our chiefs told you that you would be killed if you ever made war on us again. But you would not listen. This will make you hear better.' The women each took an awl from their beaded cases and stuck them deep into Custer's ears."<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1976, the American Indian Movement (AIM) celebrated the centennial anniversary of Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho victory in the Battle of Greasy Grass, performing a victory dance around the marker of Custer's death.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AIM continued protesting there, demanding the official renaming of the “Custer Battlefield,” finally winning this demand in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2021, the United Tribes of Michigan unanimously passed a resolution calling for the removal of a Custer statue in Monroe, Michigan. The resolution stated in part: </p> <blockquote> <p>"(It) is widely perceived as offensive and a painful public reminder of the legacy of Indigenous people's genocide and present realities of systemic racism in our country... Custer is notoriously known as the 'Indian Killer' [...] Custer does not deserve any glory, nor the right to further torment minoritized citizens 145 years postmortem."<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monuments_and_memorials">Monuments and memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Monuments and memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Where_custer_fell_little_big_horn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Where_custer_fell_little_big_horn.jpg/220px-Where_custer_fell_little_big_horn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Where_custer_fell_little_big_horn.jpg/330px-Where_custer_fell_little_big_horn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Where_custer_fell_little_big_horn.jpg/440px-Where_custer_fell_little_big_horn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4085" data-file-height="2720" /></a><figcaption>Marker indicating where Custer fell on "Last Stand Hill" during <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a> – <a href="/wiki/Crow_Agency,_Montana" title="Crow Agency, Montana">Crow Agency, Montana</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Custer_Monument_New_Rumley_OH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Custer_Monument_New_Rumley_OH.jpg/220px-Custer_Monument_New_Rumley_OH.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Custer_Monument_New_Rumley_OH.jpg/330px-Custer_Monument_New_Rumley_OH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Custer_Monument_New_Rumley_OH.jpg/440px-Custer_Monument_New_Rumley_OH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>Custer Memorial at his birthplace in <a href="/wiki/New_Rumley,_Ohio" title="New Rumley, Ohio">New Rumley, Ohio</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Custerstatue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Custerstatue.jpg/220px-Custerstatue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Custerstatue.jpg/330px-Custerstatue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Custerstatue.jpg/440px-Custerstatue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monroe,_Michigan" title="Monroe, Michigan">Monroe, Michigan</a>, Custer's childhood home, unveiled the <a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer_Equestrian_Monument" title="George Armstrong Custer Equestrian Monument">George Armstrong Custer Equestrian Monument</a> in 1910</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Counties are named in Custer's honor in six states: <a href="/wiki/Custer_County,_Colorado" title="Custer County, Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Custer_County,_Idaho" title="Custer County, Idaho">Idaho</a> (which is named for the General Custer Mine, which was named for Custer), <a href="/wiki/Custer_County,_Montana" title="Custer County, Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Custer_County,_Nebraska" title="Custer County, Nebraska">Nebraska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Custer_County,_Oklahoma" title="Custer County, Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Custer_County,_South_Dakota" title="Custer County, South Dakota">South Dakota</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custer_Township_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Custer Township (disambiguation)">Townships</a> in Illinois, Michigan, and Minnesota were named for Custer.</li> <li>Other municipalities named after Custer include the <a href="/wiki/Village_(United_States)" title="Village (United States)">villages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Custer,_Michigan" title="Custer, Michigan">Custer, Michigan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Custar,_Ohio" title="Custar, Ohio">Custar, Ohio</a>; the city of <a href="/wiki/Custer,_South_Dakota" title="Custer, South Dakota">Custer, South Dakota</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Custer_City,_Oklahoma" title="Custer City, Oklahoma">Custer City, Oklahoma</a>; and the unincorporated town of <a href="/wiki/Custer,_Wisconsin" title="Custer, Wisconsin">Custer, Wisconsin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custer_National_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Custer National Cemetery">Custer National Cemetery</a> is within <a href="/wiki/Little_Bighorn_Battlefield_National_Monument" title="Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument">Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument</a>, the site of Custer's death.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer_Equestrian_Monument" title="George Armstrong Custer Equestrian Monument">George Armstrong Custer Equestrian Monument</a> of Custer, by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Clark_Potter" title="Edward Clark Potter">Edward Clark Potter</a>, was erected in <a href="/wiki/Monroe,_Michigan" title="Monroe, Michigan">Monroe, Michigan</a>, Custer's boyhood home, in 1910.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Custer_Training_Center" title="Fort Custer Training Center">Fort Custer National Military Reservation</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Michigan" title="Augusta, Michigan">Augusta, Michigan</a>, was built in 1917 on 130 parcels of land, as part of the military mobilization for <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. During the war, some 90,000 troops passed through Camp Custer.</li> <li>The establishment of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Custer_National_Cemetery" title="Fort Custer National Cemetery">Fort Custer National Cemetery</a> (originally Fort Custer Post Cemetery) took place on September 18, 1943, with the first interment. On Memorial Day 1982, more than 33 years after the first resolution had been introduced in Congress, impressive ceremonies marked the official opening of the cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Custer Hill is the main troop billeting area at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Riley" title="Fort Riley">Fort Riley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>. Custer's 1866 residence on the post has been preserved and is currently maintained as the Custer House Museum and meeting space (also sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Custer_Home" title="Custer Home">Custer Home</a>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/85th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="85th Infantry Division (United States)">85th Infantry Division</a> was nicknamed The Custer Division.</li> <li>The Black Hills of South Dakota are replete with evidence of Custer, with a county, town, and <a href="/wiki/Custer_State_Park" title="Custer State Park">Custer State Park</a> all located in the area.</li> <li>A prominent mountain peak in the Black Hills bears his name.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Fort_Abraham_Lincoln#Custer_House" title="Fort Abraham Lincoln">Custer house</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Fort Abraham Lincoln">Fort Abraham Lincoln</a>, near present-day <a href="/wiki/Mandan,_North_Dakota" title="Mandan, North Dakota">Mandan, North Dakota</a>, has been reconstructed as it was in Custer's day, along with the soldiers' barracks, block houses, etc. Annual re-enactments are held of Custer's 7th Cavalry's leaving for the Little Bighorn.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On July 2, 2008, a marble monument to Brigadier General Custer was dedicated at the site of the 1863 Civil War <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hunterstown" title="Battle of Hunterstown">Battle of Hunterstown</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Adams_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Adams County, Pennsylvania">Adams County, Pennsylvania</a>.</li> <li><i> <a href="/wiki/Custer_Monument_(West_Point)" title="Custer Monument (West Point)">Custer Monument</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> was first unveiled in 1879. It now stands next to his grave in the <a href="/wiki/West_Point_Cemetery" title="West Point Cemetery">West Point Cemetery</a>.</li> <li>Custer Memorial Monument at his birthplace was erected by the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical society in 1931. It is located near the remains of the foundation of his birthplace homestead in New Rumley, Ohio. Custer Monument is managed locally by the Custer Memorial Association.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates_of_rank">Dates of rank</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Dates of rank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Insignia</th> <th>Rank</th> <th>Date</th> <th>Component </th></tr> <tr> <td>None</td> <td>Cadet</td> <td>July 1, 1857</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_2nd_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_States" title="Second lieutenant">Second Lieutenant</a></td> <td>June 24, 1861</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">Regular Army</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a></td> <td>June 5, 1862</td> <td>Temporary aide de camp </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_1st_lt_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant#United_States" title="First lieutenant">First Lieutenant</a></td> <td>July 17, 1862</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">Regular Army</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a></td> <td>June 29, 1863</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Volunteers" title="United States Volunteers">Volunteers</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_maj_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brevet_(military)#United_States" title="Brevet (military)">Brevet</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">Major</a></td> <td>July 3, 1863</td> <td>Regular Army </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_cpt_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a></td> <td>May 8, 1864</td> <td>Regular Army </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png/75px-Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png/113px-Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png/150px-Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td>Brevet <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lieutenant Colonel</a></td> <td>May 11, 1864</td> <td>Regular Army </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_Army_colonel_rank_insignia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Union_Army_colonel_rank_insignia.png/75px-Union_Army_colonel_rank_insignia.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Union_Army_colonel_rank_insignia.png/113px-Union_Army_colonel_rank_insignia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Union_Army_colonel_rank_insignia.png/150px-Union_Army_colonel_rank_insignia.png 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td>Brevet <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a></td> <td>September 19, 1864</td> <td>Regular Army </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_brig_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td>Brevet <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General (United States)">Brigadier General</a></td> <td>March 13, 1865</td> <td>Regular Army </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td>Brevet <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a></td> <td>March 13, 1865</td> <td>Regular Army </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/75px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/113px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg/150px-Union_army_maj_gen_rank_insignia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a></td> <td>April 15, 1865</td> <td>Volunteers (Mustered out on February 1, 1866.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png/75px-Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png/113px-Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png/150px-Union_Army_LTC_rank_insignia.png 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="544" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lieutenant Colonel</a></td> <td>July 28, 1866</td> <td>Regular Army </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/28px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/42px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/56px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1875" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">American Civil War portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garryowen_(air)" title="Garryowen (air)">Garryowen</a> march song</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-Americans_in_the_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="German-Americans in the Civil War">German-Americans in the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_Yellow_Face" title="Half Yellow Face">Half Yellow Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_generals_(Union)" title="List of American Civil War generals (Union)">List of American Civil War generals (Union)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_Americans" title="List of German Americans">List of German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Swan" title="White Swan">White Swan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Armstrong-Custer">"George Armstrong Custer | Biography, Battles, Death, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=George+Armstrong+Custer+%7C+Biography%2C+Battles%2C+Death%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FGeorge-Armstrong-Custer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraft2006" class="citation web cs1">Kraft, Louis (September 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/george-armstrong-custer-changing-views-of-an-american-legend.htm">"George Armstrong Custer: Changing Views of an American Legend"</a>. <i>HistoryNet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HistoryNet&rft.atitle=George+Armstrong+Custer%3A+Changing+Views+of+an+American+Legend&rft.date=2006-09-01&rft.aulast=Kraft&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fgeorge-armstrong-custer-changing-views-of-an-american-legend.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose1996" class="citation book cs1">Ambrose, Stephen E. (1996). <i>Crazy Horse and Custer: The Parallel Lives of Two American Warriors</i>. First Anchor. pp. Chapter 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crazy+Horse+and+Custer%3A+The+Parallel+Lives+of+Two+American+Warriors&rft.pages=Chapter+6&rft.pub=First+Anchor&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://usma.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/view/delivery/01USMA_INST/12178577280005711">https://usma.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/view/delivery/01USMA_INST/12178577280005711</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.battlefields.org/learn/biographies/george-armstrong-custer">"George Armstrong Custer"</a>. <i>American Battlefield Trust</i>. November 4, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Battlefield+Trust&rft.atitle=George+Armstrong+Custer&rft.date=2009-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.battlefields.org%2Flearn%2Fbiographies%2Fgeorge-armstrong-custer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Little-Bighorn">"Battle of the Little Bighorn | Summary, Location, & Custer's Last Stand"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Battle+of+the+Little+Bighorn+%7C+Summary%2C+Location%2C+%26+Custer%27s+Last+Stand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FBattle-of-the-Little-Bighorn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louise Barnett, <i>Touched by Fire: The Life, Death, and Mythic Afterlife of George Armstrong Custer</i> (New York: Henry Holt, 1996), pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWert,_Jeffry_D.1996" class="citation book cs1">Wert, Jeffry D. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/custercontrovers0000wert"><i>Custer: The Controversial Life of George Armstrong Custer</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81043-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81043-0"><bdi>978-0-684-81043-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Custer%3A+The+Controversial+Life+of+George+Armstrong+Custer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-684-81043-0&rft.au=Wert%2C+Jeffry+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcustercontrovers0000wert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnell,_Evan_S.1984" class="citation book cs1">Connell, Evan S. (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sonofmorningstar0000conn"><i>Son Of The Morning Star</i></a></span>. San Francisco, California: North Point Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-160-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-160-3"><bdi>978-0-86547-160-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Son+Of+The+Morning+Star&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.pub=North+Point+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-86547-160-3&rft.au=Connell%2C+Evan+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsonofmorningstar0000conn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/1850_census_Custer.jpg">Custer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1850 United States Census">1850 US Census</a>, North Township, Harrison County, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerington1987" class="citation book cs1">Merington, Margurite (1987). <i>The Custer Story: The Life and Intimate Letters of George A. Custer and His Wife Elizabeth</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-8138-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-8138-7"><bdi>978-0-8032-8138-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Custer+Story%3A+The+Life+and+Intimate+Letters+of+George+A.+Custer+and+His+Wife+Elizabeth&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-8138-7&rft.aulast=Merington&rft.aufirst=Margurite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/1850_census_Custer.jpg">Custer</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1850_US_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1850 US Census">1850 US Census</a>, North Township, Harrison County, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wert (1996), pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidd2001" class="citation book cs1">Kidd, James (2001). <i>At Custer's Side</i>. Kent State University Press. p. 74. <q>The elder Custer was a democrat, a 'Jacksonian' Democrat, and remained such all his life. His sons were trained in that political faith.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+Custer%27s+Side&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth Bacon Custer, <i>Tenting on the Plains, or General Custer in Kansas and Texas</i>. (New York, Harper & Brothers, Inc., 1895). p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Custer_Lives_Bio-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Custer_Lives_Bio_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214184239/http://custerlives.com/custer1.htm">"General George Custer Biography, US 7th Cavalry"</a>. Custer Lives!. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://custerlives.com/custer1.htm">the original</a> on February 14, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+George+Custer+Biography%2C+US+7th+Cavalry&rft.pub=Custer+Lives%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcusterlives.com%2Fcuster1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jim Donovan, <i>Custer and the Little Bighorn: The Man, The Mystery, The Myth</i>, 2011 - 0785825894, p 22. Quote: "A Young Romantic Custer at age seventeen. This is the first known photograph of the future Boy General, taken June 1857 in Cadiz, Ohio. He is holding a photograph of Mary Jane Holland, his first serious romance. pretty teenage daughter, Mary Jane, caught his eye and Armstrong Custer was in love. It was his first serious romance, and the two began spending plenty of time together. He wrote her often—the beginning of a lifelong habit of committing his most private thoughts to paper"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Carhart, <i>Lost Triumph: Lee's Real Plan at Gettysburg and Why It Failed</i>. (New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons, 2003), p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWert2015" class="citation book cs1">Wert, Jeffry (2015). <i>Custer</i>. Simon & Schuster. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Custer&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Wert&rft.aufirst=Jeffry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com">"George Custer: Facts Summary Information"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Custer%3A+Facts+Summary+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tagg-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tagg_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tagg_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tagg, Larry. (1988). <i>The Generals Of Gettysburg: Appraisal Of The Leaders Of America's Greatest Battle</i>. Savas Publishing Company, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-882810-30-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-882810-30-9">1-882810-30-9</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrwin1983" class="citation book cs1">Urwin, Gregory J. W (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/custervictorious00urwi/page/41"><i>Custer Victorious: The Civil War Battles of General George Armstrong Custer</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/custervictorious00urwi/page/41">41</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803295561" title="Special:BookSources/0803295561"><bdi>0803295561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Custer+Victorious%3A+The+Civil+War+Battles+of+General+George+Armstrong+Custer&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0803295561&rft.aulast=Urwin&rft.aufirst=Gregory+J.+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcustervictorious00urwi%2Fpage%2F41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Carhart, <i>Lost Triumph: Lee's Real Plan at Gettysburg and Why It Failed</i>. (New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons, 2003), pp. 117- 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ultimateflags.com/blog/custer-and-the-civil-war/">"Custer and the Civil War"</a>. March 21, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Custer+and+the+Civil+War&rft.date=2018-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fultimateflags.com%2Fblog%2Fcuster-and-the-civil-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/libi/learn/historyculture/lt-col-george-armstrong-custer.htm">"Lt Col George Armstrong Custer – Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=Lt+Col+George+Armstrong+Custer+%E2%80%93+Little+Bighorn+Battlefield+National+Monument+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Flibi%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Flt-col-george-armstrong-custer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Carhart, <i>Lost Triumph: Lee's Real Plan at Gettysburg and Why It Failed</i>. (New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons, 2003), p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Harvey Kidd, <i>Personal Recollections of a Cavalryman With Custer's Michigan Cavalry Brigade in the Civil War</i>. (Ionia, MI:The Sentinel Press, 1908), pp. 132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Carhart, <i>Lost Triumph: Lee's Real Plan at Gettysburg and Why It Failed</i>. (New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons, 2003), pp. 126–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Carhart, <i>Lost Triumph: Lee's Real Plan at Gettysburg and Why It Failed</i>. New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons, 2003, pp. 132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnell" class="citation web cs1">Connell, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.thetimesherald.com/article/20111009/OPINION02/110090313/Custer-man-who-saved-him">"Custer and the Man Who Saved im"</a>. <i>The Times Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+Herald&rft.atitle=Custer+and+the+Man+Who+Saved+im&rft.aulast=Connell&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.thetimesherald.com%2Farticle%2F20111009%2FOPINION02%2F110090313%2FCuster-man-who-saved-him&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Carhart, <i>Lost Triumph: Lee's Real Plan at Gettysburg and Why It Failed</i>. (New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons, 2003), pp. 158-161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William E. Miller, "The Cavalry Battle near Gettysburg". <i>Battles and Leaders of the Civil War</i>, Vol. 3, p. 402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Brooke-Rawle, The Right flank at Gettysburg". (Philadelphia: McLaughlin Brothers, 1878), p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Carhart, <i>Lost Triumph: Lee's Real Plan at Gettysburg and Why It Failed</i>. New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons, 2003, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William E. Miller, "The Cavalry Battle near Gettysburg". <i>Battles and Leaders of the Civil War</i>, Vol. 3, p. 404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William E. Miller, "The Cavalry Battle near Gettysburg". <i>Battles and Leaders of the Civil War</i>, Vol. 3, pp. 404-405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Carhart, <i>Lost Triumph: Lee's Real Plan at Gettysburg and Why It Failed</i>. (New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons, 2003), p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larry Tagg, The Generals Of Gettysburg: Appraisal Of The Leaders Of America's Greatest Battle. Boston, MA: Da Capo Press,2008, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James S. Robbins, Last in their Class: Custer, Pickett and the Goats of West Point. (New York, NY: Encounter Books, 2006), p. 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781883522186"><i>The Burning: Sheridan's Devastation of the Shenandoah Valley</i></a> (1st ed.). Charlottesville, VA: Rockbridge Publishing. 1998. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781883522186" title="Special:BookSources/9781883522186"><bdi>9781883522186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Burning%3A+Sheridan%27s+Devastation+of+the+Shenandoah+Valley&rft.place=Charlottesville%2C+VA&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Rockbridge+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781883522186&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781883522186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2006" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher, Gary W (December 15, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YmlifV06RsMC&q=custer+shenandoah&pg=PA134"><i>The Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1864</i></a>. Univ of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807877111" title="Special:BookSources/9780807877111"><bdi>9780807877111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shenandoah+Valley+Campaign+of+1864&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2006-12-15&rft.isbn=9780807877111&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Gary+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYmlifV06RsMC%26q%3Dcuster%2Bshenandoah%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/cebe/learn/historyculture/the-burning.htm">"The Burning - Cedar Creek & Belle Grove National Historical Park (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Burning+-+Cedar+Creek+%26+Belle+Grove+National+Historical+Park+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fcebe%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fthe-burning.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Longstreet, p.627.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wert, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/when-custer-stole-thoroughbred-180956961/">"That Time When Custer Stole a Horse"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>. November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=That+Time+When+Custer+Stole+a+Horse&rft.date=2015-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fwhen-custer-stole-thoroughbred-180956961%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wert (1996), pp. 232–238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richter, William L. "It is Best to Go Strong-Armed: Army Occupation of Texas, 1865–66", <i>Arizona and The West</i> (Summer 1985), Vol. 27, No. 2, p. 121-122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richter, "It is Best to Go Strong-Armed: Army Occupation of Texas, 1865–66", p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Kellogg, "Notes: May 17 to June 9, 1876, of the Little Bighorn Expedition", Contributions to the Historical Society of Montana, Volume 9 (1923): p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dp.la/item/4da699d78eed3bd9e9c46dd4d45fc32a">https://dp.la/item/4da699d78eed3bd9e9c46dd4d45fc32a</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Army/USMA/Cullums_Register/1966*.html">"George A. Custer • Cullum's Register • 1966"</a>. <i>penelope.uchicago.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=George+A.+Custer+%E2%80%A2+Cullum%27s+Register+%E2%80%A2+1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FGazetteer%2FPlaces%2FAmerica%2FUnited_States%2FArmy%2FUSMA%2FCullums_Register%2F1966%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-utley-38-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-utley-38_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Utley 2001, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-utley-39-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-utley-39_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-utley-39_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-utley-39_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Utley 2001, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wert (1996), p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-utley-39-40-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-utley-39-40_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Utley 2001, pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-utley-40-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-utley-40_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Utley 2001, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-utley-41-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-utley-41_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Utley 2001, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/archive/waba/story.htm">"The Story of the Battle of the Washita"</a>. National Park Service (USA). November 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Battle+of+the+Washita&rft.pub=National+Park+Service+%28USA%29&rft.date=1999-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farchive%2Fwaba%2Fstory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schultz2010-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schultz2010_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz2010" class="citation book cs1">Schultz, Duane (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DorvCgAAQBAJ&q=Now+Custer+had+to+decide+what+to+do+with+the+875+horses&pg=PA124">"The snow was made red with blood"</a>. <i>Custer: lessons in leadership</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 111–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11424-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11424-1"><bdi>978-0-230-11424-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+snow+was+made+red+with+blood&rft.btitle=Custer%3A+lessons+in+leadership&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=111-26&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-11424-1&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Duane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDorvCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DNow%2BCuster%2Bhad%2Bto%2Bdecide%2Bwhat%2Bto%2Bdo%2Bwith%2Bthe%2B875%2Bhorses%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevin1973202-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevin1973202_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevin1973202_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevin1973202_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevin1973202_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevin1973202_60-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevin1973202_60-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevin1973202_60-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevin1973202_60-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNevin1973">Nevin 1973</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edgar I. Stewart, <i>Custer's Luck</i>. (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press,1967) p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart, <i>Custer's Luck</i>. pp. 120-121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart, Custer's Luck, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marguerite Merrington, <i>The Custer Story: The Life and Intimate Letters of General George A. Custer and his Wife Elizabeth</i>. (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1987), p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose1996" class="citation book cs1">Ambrose, Stephen E. (1996). <i>Crazy Horse and Custer: The Parallel Lives of Two American Warriors</i>. First Anchor. pp. 400–408.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crazy+Horse+and+Custer%3A+The+Parallel+Lives+of+Two+American+Warriors&rft.pages=400-408&rft.pub=First+Anchor&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merrington, The Custer Story. p. 281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart, <i>Custer's Luck</i>, pp. 132-133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Wengert, <i>The Custer Dispatches</i>. (Manhattan, KS: Sunflower University Press, 1987), p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart, <i>Custer's Luck</i>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart, <i>Custer's Luck</i>, p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1868 Fort Laramie Treaty. The Cheyenne were not part of this treaty and had no designated agency. The reservation was for the Lakota and Arapaho.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Army/USMA/Cullums_Register/1303*.html">"Online version of Cullum's Register of Graduates of the United States Military Academy – Class of 1846 – Samuel D. Sturgis"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+version+of+Cullum%27s+Register+of+Graduates+of+the+United+States+Military+Academy+%E2%80%93+Class+of+1846+%E2%80%93+Samuel+D.+Sturgis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FGazetteer%2FPlaces%2FAmerica%2FUnited_States%2FArmy%2FUSMA%2FCullums_Register%2F1303%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall 2007, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Vol. II. Washington, 1904, p. 1008-1011. Treaty with the Crows, 1868.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Vol. II. Washington, 1904, p. 594.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoxie, Frederick E.: Parading Through History. The Making of the Crow Nation in America, 1805-1935. Cambridge,1995, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunlay, Thomas W.: Wolves for the Blue Soldiers. Indian Scouts and Auxiliaries with the United States Army, 1860-90. Lincoln and London, 1982, pp. 113-114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Army_Center_of_Military_History" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Army Center of Military History. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/r&h/R&H-7Cav.htm">"Seventh Regiment of Cavalry – Center of Military History"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seventh+Regiment+of+Cavalry+%E2%80%93+Center+of+Military+History&rft.au=U.S.+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fr%26h%2FR%26H-7Cav.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welch 2007, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amfourthreeseven-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amfourthreeseven_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ambrose, Stephen E. (1996). <i>Crazy Horse and Custer: The Parallel Lives of Two American Warriors</i>. New York: Anchor Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-47966-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-47966-2">0-385-47966-2</a>, p. 437.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall 2007, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodrich, Thomas (1997). <i>Scalp Dance: Indian Warfare on the High Plains, 1865–1879</i>. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, p. 242, testimony of scout Billy Jackson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall 2007, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ambrose 1996, p. 439.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vern Smalley, More Little Bighorn Mysteries, Chapter 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grinnell, 1915, pp. 300–301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall 2007, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michno, Gregory F. (1997). <i>Lakota Noon: The Indian Narrative of Custer's Defeat.</i> Mountain Press Publishing Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87842-349-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87842-349-4">0-87842-349-4</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWindolph1954" class="citation book cs1">Windolph, Charles (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E6t3ODKOQkkC&q=custer+%22We've+got+them.+We'll+finish+them+up+and+then+go+home+to+our+station%22&pg=PA86"><i>I Fought with Custer: The Story of Sergeant Windolph, Last Survivor of the Battle of the Little Big Horn as told to Frazier and Robert Hunt</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803247468" title="Special:BookSources/9780803247468"><bdi>9780803247468</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Fought+with+Custer%3A+The+Story+of+Sergeant+Windolph%2C+Last+Survivor+of+the+Battle+of+the+Little+Big+Horn+as+told+to+Frazier+and+Robert+Hunt&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=9780803247468&rft.aulast=Windolph&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE6t3ODKOQkkC%26q%3Dcuster%2B%2522We%27ve%2Bgot%2Bthem.%2BWe%27ll%2Bfinish%2Bthem%2Bup%2Band%2Bthen%2Bgo%2Bhome%2Bto%2Bour%2Bstation%2522%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michno (1997), pp. 205–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welch 2007, p. 183; cf. Grinnell, p. 301, whose sources say that by this time, about half the soldiers were without carbines and fought only with six-shooters.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michno (1997), p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michno (1997), pp. 10–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vern Smalley, Little Bighorn Mysteries, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Connell (1984), p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett1996" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, Louise (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/touchedbyfirelif00barn"><i>Touched by Fire: The Life, Death, and Afterlife of George Armstrong Custer</i></a>. New York: Henry Holt and Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-3720-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-3720-3"><bdi>978-0-8050-3720-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Touched+by+Fire%3A+The+Life%2C+Death%2C+and+Afterlife+of+George+Armstrong+Custer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-3720-3&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftouchedbyfirelif00barn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Connell (1984), pp. 113–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-utley-107-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-utley-107_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-utley-107_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-utley-107_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Utley, Robert M. (2001). <i>Cavalier in Buckskin: George Armstrong Custer and the Western Military Frontier,</i> revised edition. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3387-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3387-2">0-8061-3387-2</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wert (1996), pp. 287–288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Montana: The Magazine of Western History</i> (Montana Historical Society), vol. 67. no 3, Autumn 2017, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Welch and Paul Stekler, <i>Custer: The Battle of Little Bighorn and the Fate of the Plains Indians</i>. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1994. p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth B. Custer, Boots and Saddles, or Life in Dakota With General Custer.(New York: Harper and Brothers, 1885), p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. A. Brininstool, Troopers with Custer: Historic Incidents of the Battle of the Little Bighorn. (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1989), p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nathaniel Philbrick, The Last Stand. (New York: Penguin Group, 2010), p, 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marguerite Merington, <i>The Custer Story: The Life and Intimate Letters of General George A. Custer and His Wife Elizabeth</i>. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1987. p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas O'Neill, Passing Into Legend: the Death of Custer. (Brooklyn, NY: Arrow and Trooper, 1991), pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence A. Frost, General Custer's Libbie. (Seattle: Superior Publishing Co., 1976), p. 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Custer's Indian Battles. (Bronxville, NY: Unknown, 1936), p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Custer's Indian Battles. (Bronxville, NY: Unknown, 1936), pp. 12, 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katherine Gibson Fougera, With Custer's Cavalry. (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press: 1986), p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Hammer, <i>Custer in '76: Walter Camp's Notes on the Custer Fight</i>. (Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990), p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. M. Coughlin, <i>Varnum: The Last of Custer's Lieutenants</i>. Bryan, TX: J. M. Carroll, 1980. p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory F. Michno, <i>Lakota Noon: The Indian Narrative of Custer's Defeat</i>. (Missoula, MT: Mountain Press, 1997) p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dee Brown, <i>Bury my Heart at Wounded Knee</i>, Vintage, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-952640-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-952640-7">978-0-09-952640-7</a>, p.296-297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mentalfloss.com/article/502013/retrobituaries-buffalo-calf-road-woman-custers-final-foe">"Retrobituaries: Buffalo Calf Road Woman, Custer's Final Foe"</a>. <i>mentalfloss.com</i>. June 22, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mentalfloss.com&rft.atitle=Retrobituaries%3A+Buffalo+Calf+Road+Woman%2C+Custer%27s+Final+Foe&rft.date=2017-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmentalfloss.com%2Farticle%2F502013%2Fretrobituaries-buffalo-calf-road-woman-custers-final-foe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKidston2005" class="citation web cs1">Kidston, Martin J. (June 28, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.helenair.com/news/state-and-regional/article_fcf44c96-cfb6-56f4-9c57-062e944350ce.html">"Northern Cheyenne break vow of silence"</a>. Helenair.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+Cheyenne+break+vow+of+silence&rft.pub=Helenair.com&rft.date=2005-06-28&rft.aulast=Kidston&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helenair.com%2Fnews%2Fstate-and-regional%2Farticle_fcf44c96-cfb6-56f4-9c57-062e944350ce.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Connell (1984), pp. 413–414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wert, 1996, p. 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Humphreys_Miller" title="David Humphreys Miller">David Humphreys Miller</a>, <i>Custer's Fall: The Indian Side of the Story</i>. University of Nebraska Press, 1985.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greene-169-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greene-169_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greene-169_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene 2004, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowers,_Thomas2010" class="citation news cs1">Powers, Thomas (November 2010). "How Little Bighorn was won". <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Magazine">Smithsonian Magazine</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+Little+Bighorn+was+won&rft.date=2010-11&rft.au=Powers%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall 2007, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welch 2007, pp. 175–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Welch 2007, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Connell (1984), P. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Hardoff, <i>The Custer Battle Casualties: Burials, Exhumations, and Reinterments</i>. (El Segundo, CA: Upton and Sons, 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0912783141" title="Special:BookSources/0912783141">0912783141</a>), p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Hardoff, <i>The Custer Battle Casualties: Burials, Exhumations, and Reinterments</i>. (El Segundo, CA: Upton and Sons, 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0912783141" title="Special:BookSources/0912783141">0912783141</a>), pp. 25, 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mrail.net/data/cemete/mont/bighorn/custer/index.htm">"Custer National Cemetery - Big Horn County - Montana"</a>. <i>mrail.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mrail.net&rft.atitle=Custer+National+Cemetery+-+Big+Horn+County+-+Montana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmrail.net%2Fdata%2Fcemete%2Fmont%2Fbighorn%2Fcuster%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavage1997" class="citation book cs1">Ravage, John W. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackpioneersima00rava/page/74"><i>Black pioneers: images of the Black experience on the North American frontier</i></a>. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackpioneersima00rava/page/74">74</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-546-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-546-8"><bdi>978-0-87480-546-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+pioneers%3A+images+of+the+Black+experience+on+the+North+American+frontier&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-87480-546-8&rft.aulast=Ravage&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackpioneersima00rava%2Fpage%2F74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2006" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Michael C.C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americaniconsenc0000unse/page/186">"George Armstrong Custer"</a>. In Hall, Dennis G.; Hall, Susan (eds.). <i>American icons: an encyclopedia of the people, places, and things that have shaped our culture</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americaniconsenc0000unse/page/186">186</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98429-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98429-8"><bdi>978-0-275-98429-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=George+Armstrong+Custer&rft.btitle=American+icons%3A+an+encyclopedia+of+the+people%2C+places%2C+and+things+that+have+shaped+our+culture&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98429-8&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericaniconsenc0000unse%2Fpage%2F186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-env-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-env_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlotkin1998" class="citation book cs1">Slotkin, Richard (1998). <i>The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialization, 1800-1890</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806130309" title="Special:BookSources/9780806130309"><bdi>9780806130309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fatal+Environment%3A+The+Myth+of+the+Frontier+in+the+Age+of+Industrialization%2C+1800-1890&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780806130309&rft.aulast=Slotkin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bro-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bro_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"William Eleroy Curtis". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. October 6, 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=William+Eleroy+Curtis&rft.date=1911-10-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glendolin D. Wagner, Old Neutrement. (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1989), pp. 137–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth B. Custer, Boots and Saddles, or Life in Dakota with General Custer. (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1885)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth B. Custer, Tenting on the Plains, or General Custer in Kansas and Texas. (New York, C.L. Webster and Co., 1887)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth B. Custer, Following the Guidon. (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1890)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEzra_J._Warner1964" class="citation cs2">Ezra J. Warner (1964), <i>Generals in blue: lives of the Union commanders</i>, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, p. 110</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generals+in+blue%3A+lives+of+the+Union+commanders&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Ezra+J.+Warner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamDustin1953" class="citation book cs1">Graham, William Alexander; Dustin, Fred (1953). <i>The Custer Myth: A Source Book of Custeriana</i>. Stackpole Company. pp. xii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Custer+Myth%3A+A+Source+Book+of+Custeriana&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=Stackpole+Company&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=William+Alexander&rft.au=Dustin%2C+Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriske2005" class="citation book cs1">Griske, Michael (2005). <i>The Diaries of John Hunton</i>. Heritage Books. pp. 78–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7884-3804-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7884-3804-2"><bdi>978-0-7884-3804-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diaries+of+John+Hunton&rft.pages=78-79&rft.pub=Heritage+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7884-3804-2&rft.aulast=Griske&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Connell (1984), pp. 380–391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Connell (1984), p. 325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b540-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b540_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b540_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnett (1996), p. 540.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1953" class="citation book cs1">Graham, William A. (1953). <i>Colonel</i>. Harrisburg, PA: The Stackpole Co. pp. 115–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0811703479" title="Special:BookSources/0811703479"><bdi>0811703479</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonel&rft.place=Harrisburg%2C+PA&rft.pages=115-117&rft.pub=The+Stackpole+Co.&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=0811703479&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnett (1996), p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Connell (1984), p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c411-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-c411_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Connell (1984), p. 411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson Appleton Miles, Personal recollections and observations of General Nelson A. Miles embracing a brief view of the Civil War, or, From New England to the Golden Gate : and the story of his Indian campaigns, with comments on the exploration, development and progress of our great western empire. (Chicago: Werner, 1896). Chapter XXII, pp. 289-290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astonisher.com/archives/museum/wm_slaper_little_big_horn.html">"William Slaper's Story of the Battle"</a>, Personal account by a trooper in M company 7th Cavalry.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodrich, <i>Scalp Dance</i>, 1997, pp. 233–234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHofling1985" class="citation book cs1">Hofling, Charles K (June 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=354YOkSKZXcC&q=nelson+miles+on+little+bighorn&pg=PA27"><i>Custer and the Little Big Horn: A ... – Google Books</i></a>. Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-1814-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-1814-0"><bdi>978-0-8143-1814-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Custer+and+the+Little+Big+Horn%3A+A+...+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1985-06&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-1814-0&rft.aulast=Hofling&rft.aufirst=Charles+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D354YOkSKZXcC%26q%3Dnelson%2Bmiles%2Bon%2Blittle%2Bbighorn%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stevenwkohlhagen.com/custer-luck-runs-out-or-what-really-did-happen-at-the-little-bighorn/">"Supporters"</a>. stevenwkohlhagen.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supporters&rft.pub=stevenwkohlhagen.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stevenwkohlhagen.com%2Fcuster-luck-runs-out-or-what-really-did-happen-at-the-little-bighorn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patricia Ward Biederman, "Symposium Will Take a Closer Look at Custer," <i>Los Angeles Times,</i> August 8, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vine Deloria Jr., <i>Custer Died for Your Sins: An Indian Manifesto</i> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1969).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kimbra Cutlip, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/1868-two-nations-made-treaty-us-broke-it-and-plains-indian-tribes-are-still-seeking-justice-180970741/">In 1868, Two Nations Made a Treaty, the U.S. Broke It and Plains Indian Tribes are Still Seeking Justice</a>, <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>, November 7, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, <i>An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States</i> (Boston: Beacon Press, 2014), 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerome Green, <i>Washita: The U.S. Army and the Southern Cheyennes, 1867-1869</i> (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004), 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nathaniel Philbrick, <i>The Last Stand: Custer, Sitting Bull, and the Battle of Little Bighorn</i> (New York: Viking, 2010), 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Matthiessen, <i>In the Spirit of Crazy Horse</i> (New York: Viking, 1991), 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grace Lichtenstein, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/06/25/archives/custers-defeat-remembered-in-entreaties-on-peace-custers-defeat.html">Custer's Defeat Remembered In Entreaties on Peace</a>, <i>New York Times</i>, June 25, 1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce E. Johansen, <i>Encyclopedia of the American Indian Movement</i> (Santa Barbara: Greenwood, 2013), 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blake Bacho, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monroenews.com/story/news/2021/05/28/united-tribes-michigan-support-removing-custer-monument/7467487002/">United Tribes of Michigan approve efforts to remove ‘Indian Killer’ Custer monument</a>, <i>The Monroe News</i>, 28 May 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cem.va.gov/CEMs/nchp/ftcuster.asp">"Fort Custer National Cemetery"</a>. United States Department of Veterans Affairs<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fort+Custer+National+Cemetery&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Veterans+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cem.va.gov%2FCEMs%2Fnchp%2Fftcuster.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Custer%27s+last+policy:+General+George+Custer%27s+life+insurance+policy+...-a0154692038">"Custer's last policy: General George Custer's life insurance policy is now on display at the fort he called home before the Battle of Little Bighorn"</a>. <i>The Free Library</i>. November 1, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Library&rft.atitle=Custer%27s+last+policy%3A+General+George+Custer%27s+life+insurance+policy+is+now+on+display+at+the+fort+he+called+home+before+the+Battle+of+Little+Bighorn.&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FCuster%2527s%2Blast%2Bpolicy%3A%2BGeneral%2BGeorge%2BCuster%2527s%2Blife%2Binsurance%2Bpolicy%2B...-a0154692038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohiohistory.org/visit/browse-historical-sites/custer-monument/">"Custer Monument"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Custer+Monument&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohiohistory.org%2Fvisit%2Fbrowse-historical-sites%2Fcuster-monument%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?74506-1/touched-fire-george-armstrong-custer"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Louise Barnett on <i>Touched by Fire</i>, October 13, 1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Ambrose, Stephen E. (1996 [1975]). <i>Crazy Horse and Custer: The Parallel Lives of Two American Warriors</i>. New York: Anchor Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-47966-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-47966-2">0-385-47966-2</a>.</li> <li>Barnett, Louise (1996) <i>Touched by Fire: The Life, Death, and Mythic Afterlife of George Armstrong Custer</i> New York, Henry Holt and Company, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803262663" title="Special:BookSources/0803262663">0803262663</a></li> <li>Boulard, Garry (2006) <i>The Swing Around the Circle: Andrew Johnson and the Train Ride that Destroyed a Presidency</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440102394" title="Special:BookSources/9781440102394">9781440102394</a></li> <li>Caudill, Edward and Paul Ashdown (2015). <i>Inventing Custer: The Making of An American Legend.</i> Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442251861" title="Special:BookSources/9781442251861">9781442251861</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnell1984" class="citation book cs1">Connell, Evan S. (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sonofmorningstar0000conn"><i>Son Of The Morning Star</i></a></span>. San Francisco, California: North Point Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-160-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-160-3"><bdi>978-0-86547-160-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Son+Of+The+Morning+Star&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+California&rft.pub=North+Point+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-86547-160-3&rft.aulast=Connell&rft.aufirst=Evan+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsonofmorningstar0000conn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEicherEicher2001" class="citation book cs1">Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001). <i>Civil War High Commands</i>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3641-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3641-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-3641-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+War+High+Commands&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-3641-1&rft.aulast=Eicher&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Eicher%2C+David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Goodrich, Thomas. <i>Scalp Dance: Indian Warfare on the High Plains, 1865–1879</i>. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/081171523X" title="Special:BookSources/081171523X">081171523X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1993" class="citation book cs1">Gray, John S. (1993). <i>Custer's Last Campaign: Mitch Boyer and the Little Bighorn Remembered</i>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7040-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7040-4"><bdi>978-0-8032-7040-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Custer%27s+Last+Campaign%3A+Mitch+Boyer+and+the+Little+Bighorn+Remembered&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-7040-4&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrinnell1915" class="citation book cs1">Grinnell, George Bird (1915). <i>The Fighting Cheyennes</i>. The University of Oklahoma Press reprint 1956. pp. 296–307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7394-0373-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7394-0373-0"><bdi>978-0-7394-0373-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fighting+Cheyennes&rft.pages=296-307&rft.pub=The+University+of+Oklahoma+Press+reprint+1956&rft.date=1915&rft.isbn=978-0-7394-0373-0&rft.aulast=Grinnell&rft.aufirst=George+Bird&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Longacre, Edward G. (2000). <i>Lincoln's Cavalrymen: A History of the Mounted Forces of the Army of the Potomac.</i> Stackpole Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-1049-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8117-1049-1">0-8117-1049-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet, James</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frommanassastoa01longgoog"><i>From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America</i></a>, J.B. Lippincott, 1908.</li> <li>Mails, Thomas E. (1972). <i>Mystic Warriors of the Plains</i>. Doubleday. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/038504741X" title="Special:BookSources/038504741X">038504741X</a></li> <li>Marshall, Joseph M. III. (2007). <i>The Day the World Ended at Little Bighorn: A Lakota History</i>. New York: Viking Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670038534" title="Special:BookSources/9780670038534">9780670038534</a></li> <li>Merington, Marguerite, Ed. <i>The Custer Story: The Life and Intimate Letters of General Custer and his Wife Elizabeth.</i> (1950) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1027056">1027056</a></li> <li>Michno, Gregory F. (1997). <i>Lakota Noon: The Indian Narrative of Custer's Defeat.</i> Mountain Press Publishing Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87842-349-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87842-349-4">0-87842-349-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevin1973" class="citation book cs1">Nevin, David (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soldiers00nevi"><i>The Old West: Soldiers</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Time-Life_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-Life Books">Time-Life Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+West%3A+Soldiers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Nevin&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoldiers00nevi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Perrett, Bryan. <i>Last Stand: Famous Battles Against the Odds.</i> London: Arms & Armour, 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0304350559" title="Special:BookSources/0304350559">0304350559</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottFoxConnorHarmon1989" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Douglas D.; Fox, Richard A.; Connor, Melissa A.; Harmon, Dick (1989). <i>Archaeological Perspectives on the Battle of the Little Bighorn</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3292-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3292-1"><bdi>978-0-8061-3292-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Perspectives+on+the+Battle+of+the+Little+Bighorn&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3292-1&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Douglas+D.&rft.au=Fox%2C+Richard+A.&rft.au=Connor%2C+Melissa+A.&rft.au=Harmon%2C+Dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Punke, Michael, "Last Stand: <a href="/wiki/George_Bird_Grinnell" title="George Bird Grinnell">George Bird Grinnell</a>, the Battle to Save the Buffalo, and the Birth of the New West", Smithsonian Books, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-089782-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-089782-6">978-0-06-089782-6</a></li> <li>Robbins, James S. <i>The Real Custer: From Boy General to Tragic Hero.</i> Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62157-209-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62157-209-1">978-1-62157-209-1</a></li> <li>Tagg, Larry. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080208215607/http://www.generalsandbrevets.com/sgd/daniel.htm"><i>The Generals of Gettysburg.</i></a> Savas Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-882810-30-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-882810-30-9">1-882810-30-9</a>.</li> <li>Urwin, Gregory J. W., <i>Custer Victorious,</i> University of Nebraska Press, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9556-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9556-8">978-0-8032-9556-8</a>.</li> <li>Utley, Robert M. (2001). <i>Cavalier in Buckskin: George Armstrong Custer and the Western Military Frontier,</i> revised edition. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3387-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3387-2">0-8061-3387-2</a>.</li> <li>Vestal, Stanley. <i>Warpath: The True Story of the Fighting Sioux Told in a Biography of Chief White Bull.</i> Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1934. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/250280757">250280757</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1964" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Ezra J. (1964). <i>Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders</i>. Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-0822-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-0822-2"><bdi>978-0-8071-0822-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generals+in+Blue%3A+Lives+of+the+Union+Commanders&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-0822-2&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Ezra+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Welch, James, with Paul Stekler. (2007 [1994]). <i>Killing Custer: The Battle of Little Bighorn and the Fate of the Plains Indians</i>. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.</li> <li>Wert, Jeffry D. <i>Custer: The Controversial Life of George Armstrong Custer.</i> New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-83275-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-83275-5">0-684-83275-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittenberg2001" class="citation book cs1">Wittenberg, Eric J. (2001). <i>Glory Enough for All : Sheridan's Second Raid and the Battle of Trevilian Station</i>. Brassey's Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-353-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-353-4"><bdi>978-1-57488-353-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glory+Enough+for+All+%3A+Sheridan%27s+Second+Raid+and+the+Battle+of+Trevilian+Station&rft.pub=Brassey%27s+Inc&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-353-4&rft.aulast=Wittenberg&rft.aufirst=Eric+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuster1999" class="citation book cs1">Custer, Elizabeth Bacon (May 19, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EfRkVrJcVLoC&q=novel+war&pg=PA314"><i>Boots and Saddles: Or, Life in Dakota with General Custer</i></a>. Harper & Brothers, NY., 1885. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58218-126-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58218-126-4"><bdi>978-1-58218-126-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boots+and+Saddles%3A+Or%2C+Life+in+Dakota+with+General+Custer&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers%2C+NY.%2C+1885&rft.date=1999-05-19&rft.isbn=978-1-58218-126-4&rft.aulast=Custer&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Bacon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEfRkVrJcVLoC%26q%3Dnovel%2Bwar%26pg%3DPA314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuster1999" class="citation book cs1">Custer, Elizabeth Bacon (June 19, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=12kdG7nn6KMC"><i>Tenting on the Plains: General Custer in Kansas and Texas</i></a>. Charles I. Webster & Co, 1887. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58218-051-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58218-051-9"><bdi>978-1-58218-051-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tenting+on+the+Plains%3A+General+Custer+in+Kansas+and+Texas&rft.pub=Charles+I.+Webster+%26+Co%2C+1887&rft.date=1999-06-19&rft.isbn=978-1-58218-051-9&rft.aulast=Custer&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Bacon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D12kdG7nn6KMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinerty1890" class="citation book cs1">Finerty, J.F (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/History.Finerty"><i>War-path and bivouac: or, The conquest of the Sioux: a narrative of stirring personal experiences and adventures in the Big Horn and Yellowstone expedition of 1876, and in the campaign on the British border, in 1879</i></a>. Donohue Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War-path+and+bivouac%3A+or%2C+The+conquest+of+the+Sioux%3A+a+narrative+of+stirring+personal+experiences+and+adventures+in+the+Big+Horn+and+Yellowstone+expedition+of+1876%2C+and+in+the+campaign+on+the+British+border%2C+in+1879&rft.pub=Donohue+Brothers&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Finerty&rft.aufirst=J.F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.wisc.edu%2F1711.dl%2FHistory.Finerty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraft2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kraft, Louis (2008). "Custer: The Truth Behind the Silver Screen Myth". <i>American History</i> (Feb): 26–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+History&rft.atitle=Custer%3A+The+Truth+Behind+the+Silver+Screen+Myth&rft.issue=Feb&rft.pages=26-33&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Kraft&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewsom2007" class="citation book cs1">Newsom, T.M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/History/History-idx?id=History.Newson"><i>Thrilling scenes among the Indians. With a graphic description of Custer's last fight with Sitting Bull</i></a>. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-548-62988-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-548-62988-8"><bdi>978-0-548-62988-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thrilling+scenes+among+the+Indians.+With+a+graphic+description+of+Custer%27s+last+fight+with+Sitting+Bull&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-548-62988-8&rft.aulast=Newsom&rft.aufirst=T.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigicoll.library.wisc.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FHistory%2FHistory-idx%3Fid%3DHistory.Newson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stiles, T.J. <i>Custer's Trials: A Life on the Frontier of a New America</i> (2015), Pulitzer Prize.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor1877" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Fuller_Victor" title="Frances Fuller Victor">Victor, F.F.</a> (1877). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="wikisource:en:A History of the Sioux War, and a Life of Gen. George A. Custer, with a Full Account of his Last Battle"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:A_History_of_the_Sioux_War,_and_a_Life_of_Gen._George_A._Custer,_with_a_Full_Account_of_his_Last_Battle"><i>Eleven years in the Rocky Mountains and life on the frontier also a history of the Sioux war, and a life Gen. George A. Custer, with a full account of his last battle</i> </a></span>. Columbian book company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eleven+years+in+the+Rocky+Mountains+and+life+on+the+frontier+also+a+history+of+the+Sioux+war%2C+and+a+life+Gen.+George+A.+Custer%2C+with+a+full+account+of+his+last+battle&rft.pub=Columbian+book+company&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Victor&rft.aufirst=F.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittaker1876" class="citation book cs1">Whittaker, F. (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/History.Whittaker"><i>A complete life of Gen. George A. Custer : Major-General of Volunteers; Brevet Major-General, U.S. Army; and Lieutenant-Colonel, Seventh U.S. Cavalry</i></a>. Sheldon and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+complete+life+of+Gen.+George+A.+Custer+%3A+Major-General+of+Volunteers%3B+Brevet+Major-General%2C+U.S.+Army%3B+and+Lieutenant-Colonel%2C+Seventh+U.S.+Cavalry&rft.pub=Sheldon+and+Company&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Whittaker&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.wisc.edu%2F1711.dl%2FHistory.Whittaker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9966994-3-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9966994-3-3">978-0-9966994-3-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonovan2009" class="citation book cs1">Donovan, J. (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780316155786"><i>A Terrible Glory: Custer and the Little Bighorn – The Last Great Battle of the American West</i></a></span>. Little, Brown & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-06747-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-06747-8"><bdi>978-0-316-06747-8</bdi></a>. <q>A Terrible Glory: Custer and the Little Bighorn.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Terrible+Glory%3A+Custer+and+the+Little+Bighorn+%E2%80%93+The+Last+Great+Battle+of+the+American+West&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+%26+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-316-06747-8&rft.aulast=Donovan&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780316155786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" class="extiw" title="commons:George Armstrong Custer"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">George Armstrong Custer</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldhistory.us/military-history/indian-wars-and-the-year-of-george-custer-finding-the-indians.php">Indian Wars and the Year of George Custer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friendslittlebighorn.com">Friends of the Little Bighorn Battlefield</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.kshs.org/portraits/custer_elizabeth.htm">Custer Battlefield Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406011637/http://www.thelbha.org/home.shtml">Little Big Horn Associates</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.littlebighorn.info">Little Bighorn History Alliance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514172105/http://library.uww.edu/special-collections/special-collections/hammer-collection">Kenneth M Hammer Collection on Custer and the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Harold G. Andersen Library, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Custer" class="extiw" title="commons:Custer">Gallery of Custer images</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100731202833/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/C/CU011.html">Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture -Custer, George Armstrong</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Custer, George Armstrong"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Custer,_George_Armstrong">"Custer, George Armstrong" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Custer%2C+George+Armstrong&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuster1900" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bacon_Custer" title="Elizabeth Bacon Custer">Custer, Elizabeth Bacon</a> (1900). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Custer, George Armstrong"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Custer,_George_Armstrong">"Custer, George Armstrong" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Custer%2C+George+Armstrong&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Custer&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Bacon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Armstrong+Custer" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/2109">Works by Gen. George A. Custer</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.lib.byu.edu/repositories/14/resources/7327">George A. and Elizabeth B. Custer papers, Vault MSS 364</a> at <a href="/wiki/L._Tom_Perry_Special_Collections" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Tom Perry Special Collections">L. Tom Perry Special Collections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_B._Lee_Library" title="Harold B. Lee Library">Harold B. Lee Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University" title="Brigham Young University">Brigham Young University</a></li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.bates" class="extiw" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.bates">Charles F. Bates Papers</a>. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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colspan="2"><div>1776 to 1912</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikara" title="Arikara">Arikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine" title="Assiniboine">Assiniboine (Nakota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_people" title="Cayuse people">Cayuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_peoples" title="Chinookan peoples">Chinook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Chippewa (Ojibwe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah" title="Cocopah">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidatsa" title="Hidatsa">Hidatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai" title="Kutenai">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape (Delaware)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandan" title="Mandan">Mandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_people" title="Maricopa people">Maricopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_people" title="Modoc people">Modoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce" title="Nez Perce">Nez Perce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute_people" title="Northern Paiute people">Northern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth" title="Nuu-chah-nulth">Nootka (Nuu-chah-nulth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pend_d%27Oreilles" title="Pend d'Oreilles">Pend d'Oreilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequots" title="Pequots">Pequots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Paiute_people" title="Southern Paiute people">Southern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpqua_people" title="Umpqua people">Umpqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washoe_people" title="Washoe people">Washoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakama" title="Yakama">Yakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai" title="Yavapai">Yavapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Yuma (Quechan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonga_Black_Hawk" title="Antonga Black Hawk">Black Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Kettle" title="Black Kettle">Black Kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Knife" title="Bloody Knife">Bloody Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Joseph" title="Chief Joseph">Chief Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochise" title="Cochise">Cochise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_Watie" title="Stand Watie">Degataga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Porter" title="Pleasant Porter">Crazy Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitto_Harjo" title="Chitto Harjo">Crazy Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangas_Coloradas" title="Mangas Coloradas">Dasoda-hae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geronimo" title="Geronimo">Geronimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Ridge" title="Major Ridge">Ganundalegi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irataba" title="Irataba">Irataba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Wright" title="Allen Wright">Kiliahote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuelito" title="Manuelito">Manuelito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massai" title="Massai">Massai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenty_Coups" title="Plenty Coups">Plenty Coups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanah_Parker" title="Quanah Parker">Quanah Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Seattle" title="Chief Seattle">Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Smallwood" title="Benjamin Franklin Smallwood">Smallwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pitchlynn" title="Peter Pitchlynn">Snapping Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Bear" title="Standing Bear">Standing Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Bears" title="Ten Bears">Ten Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_the_Clouds" title="Touch the Clouds">Touch the Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba_(chief)" title="Tuba (chief)">Tuvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorio" title="Victorio">Victorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washakie" title="Washakie">Washakie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers<br />and <a href="/wiki/American_pioneer" title="American pioneer">pioneers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bozeman" title="John Bozeman">John Bozeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bridger" title="Jim Bridger">Jim Bridger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_V%C3%A9lez_Cachup%C3%ADn" title="Tomás Vélez Cachupín">Tomás Vélez Cachupín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clark" title="William Clark">William Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Crockett" title="Davy Crockett">Davy Crockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donner_Party" title="Donner Party">Donner Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver-Eating_Johnson" title="Liver-Eating Johnson">Liver-Eating Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis" title="Meriwether Lewis">Meriwether Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Mayer" title="Joe Mayer">Joe Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_John_Murphy" title="William John Murphy">William John Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell" title="John Wesley Powell">John Wesley Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rivera_(explorer)" title="Juan Rivera (explorer)">Juan Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Ruggles" title="Levi Ruggles">Levi Ruggles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedediah_Smith" title="Jedediah Smith">Jedediah Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Swilling" title="Jack Swilling">Jack Swilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Swilling" title="Trinidad Swilling">Trinidad Swilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ora_Rush_Weed" title="Ora Rush Weed">Ora Rush Weed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richens_Lacey_Wootton" title="Richens Lacey Wootton">Richens Lacey Wootton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wickenburg" title="Henry Wickenburg">Henry Wickenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bill_Williams" title="Old Bill Williams">"Old Bill" Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lawmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfego_Baca" title="Elfego Baca">Elfego Baca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Bassett" title="Charlie Bassett">Charlie Bassett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Bean" title="Roy Bean">Roy Bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Earp" title="Morgan Earp">Morgan Earp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Earp" title="Virgil Earp">Virgil Earp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Earp" title="Wyatt Earp">Wyatt Earp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Garfias" title="Henry Garfias">Henry Garfias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Garrett" title="Pat Garrett">Pat Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Helm" title="Jack Helm">Jack Helm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Bill_Hickok" title="Wild Bill Hickok">"Wild Bill" Hickok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_Masterson" title="Bat Masterson">Bat Masterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysterious_Dave_Mather" title="Mysterious Dave Mather">"Mysterious Dave" Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_Reeves" title="Bass Reeves">Bass Reeves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Scarborough_(cowboy)" title="George Scarborough (cowboy)">George Scarborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Selman" title="John Selman">John Selman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Horton_Slaughter" title="John Horton Slaughter">John Horton Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Tilghman" title="Bill Tilghman">William "Bill" Tilghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Timberlake" title="James Timberlake">James Timberlake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_C._Wheeler" title="Harry C. Wheeler">Harry C. Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlaws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_the_Kid" title="Billy the Kid">Billy the Kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Bart_(outlaw)" title="Black Bart (outlaw)">Black Bart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Brocius" title="William Brocius">"Curly Bill" Brocius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Cassidy" title="Butch Cassidy">Butch Cassidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Clanton" title="Billy Clanton">Billy Clanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ike_Clanton" title="Ike Clanton">Ike Clanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Gang" title="Dalton Gang">Dalton Brothers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grat_Dalton" title="Grat Dalton">Grat</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_M._Dalton" title="William M. Dalton">Bill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dalton" title="Bob Dalton">Bob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmett_Dalton" title="Emmett Dalton">Emmett</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Doolin" title="Bill Doolin">Bill Doolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Downing" title="Bill Downing">Bill Downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Hardin" title="John Wesley Hardin">John Wesley Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Ringo" title="Johnny Ringo">Johnny Ringo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_James" title="Jesse James">Jesse James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_James" title="Frank James">Frank James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ketchum" title="Tom Ketchum">Tom Ketchum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_McLaury" title="Frank McLaury">Frank McLaury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_McLaury" title="Tom McLaury">Tom McLaury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquin_Murrieta" title="Joaquin Murrieta">Joaquin Murrieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Starr" title="Belle Starr">Belle Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soapy_Smith" title="Soapy Smith">Soapy Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundance_Kid" title="Sundance Kid">Sundance Kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James-Younger_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="James-Younger Gang">Younger Brothers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cole_Younger" title="Cole Younger">Cole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Younger" title="Bob Younger">Bob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Younger" title="Jim Younger">Jim</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Younger" title="John Younger">John</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soldiers<br />and scouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Russell Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bill" title="Buffalo Bill">"Buffalo Bill" Cody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Jack_Omohundro" title="Texas Jack Omohundro">Texas Jack Omohundro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Cooney" title="James C. Cooney">James C. Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Crook" title="George Crook">George Crook</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Armstrong Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Godey" title="Alexis Godey">Alexis Godey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Heintzelman" title="Samuel P. Heintzelman">Samuel P. Heintzelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Horn" title="Tom Horn">Tom Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamity_Jane" title="Calamity Jane">Calamity Jane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Kelly" title="Luther Kelly">Luther Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranald_S._Mackenzie" title="Ranald S. Mackenzie">Ranald S. Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charley_Reynolds" title="Charley Reynolds">Charley Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sieber" title="Al Sieber">Al Sieber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor">John Jacob Astor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Boring" title="William H. Boring">William H. Boring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_R._Davis" title="Jonathan R. Davis">Jonathan R. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Flavel" title="George Flavel">George Flavel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Fly" title="C. S. Fly">C. S. Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joel_Glanton" title="John Joel Glanton">John Joel Glanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Goodfellow" title="George E. Goodfellow">George E. Goodfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Holliday" title="Doc Holliday">Doc Holliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah_Kingsley" title="Zephaniah Kingsley">Zephaniah Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Kinman" title="Seth Kinman">Seth Kinman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octaviano_Ambrosio_Larrazolo" title="Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo">Octaviano Larrazolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Love" title="Nat Love">Nat Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Mowry" title="Sylvester Mowry">Sylvester Mowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Norton" title="Emperor Norton">Emperor Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedona_Schnebly" title="Sedona Schnebly">Sedona Schnebly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_William_Sweeny" title="Thomas William Sweeny">Thomas William Sweeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lebeck" title="Peter Lebeck">Peter Lebeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_lifestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Western lifestyle">Frontier culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">Barbed wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_Hill" title="Boot Hill">Boot Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_drives_in_the_United_States" title="Cattle drives in the United States">Cattle drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_poetry" title="Cowboy poetry">Cowboy poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_raiding" title="Cattle raiding">Cattle rustling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle towns">Cow town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_draw" title="Fast draw">Fast draw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunfighter#Famous_gunfights" title="Gunfighter">Gunfights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homesteading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_run" title="Land run">Land rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">Moonshine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-room_school" title="One-room school">One-room schoolhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Rendezvous" title="Rocky Mountain Rendezvous">Rocky Mountain Rendezvous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">Rodeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagecoach" title="Stagecoach">Stagecoach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_robbery" title="Train robbery">Train robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilantism" title="Vigilantism">Vigilante justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_saloon" title="Western saloon">Western saloon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tack_piano" title="Tack piano">Tack piano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_West_shows" title="Wild West shows">Wild West shows</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport<br />and trails</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barlow_Road" title="Barlow Road">Barlow Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozeman_Trail" title="Bozeman Trail">Bozeman Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfield_Overland_Mail" title="Butterfield Overland Mail">Butterfield Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Trail" title="California Trail">California Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisholm_Trail" title="Chisholm Trail">Chisholm Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Platte_River_Road" title="Great Platte River Road">Great Platte River Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Cattle_Trail" title="Great Western Cattle Trail">Great Western Cattle Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolo_Pass_(Oregon)" title="Lolo Pass (Oregon)">Lolo Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meek_Cutoff" title="Meek Cutoff">Meek Cutoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Trail" title="Mormon Trail">Mormon Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_Express" title="Pony Express">Pony Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail" title="Santa Fe Trail">Santa Fe Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Emigrant_Trail" title="Southern Emigrant Trail">Southern Emigrant Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanner_Trail" title="Tanner Trail">Tanner Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_man%27s_hand" title="Dead man's hand">Dead man's hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dime_novel" title="Dime novel">Dime novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_(folklore)" title="John Henry (folklore)">John Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Kaw" title="Johnny Kaw">Johnny Kaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Tom%27s_treasure" title="Long Tom's treasure">Long Tom's treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Dutchman%27s_Gold_Mine" title="Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine">Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Ship_of_the_Desert" title="Lost Ship of the Desert">Lost Ship of the Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montezuma%27s_treasure" title="Montezuma's treasure">Montezuma's treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bunyan" title="Paul Bunyan">Paul Bunyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecos_Bill" title="Pecos Bill">Pecos Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Cities_of_Gold" title="Seven Cities of Gold">Seven Cities of Gold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">Gold rushes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills Gold Rush">Black Hills Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Gulch_and_Diamond_City" title="Confederate Gulch and Diamond City">Confederate Gulch and Diamond City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pike's Peak Gold Rush">Pike's Peak Gold Rush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gunfights" title="List of Old West gunfights">Gunfights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Gang#Coffeyville_bank_robbery" title="Dalton Gang">Battle of Coffeyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lincoln_(1878)" title="Battle of Lincoln (1878)">Battle of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisco_shootout" title="Frisco shootout">Frisco shootout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunfight_at_the_O.K._Corral" title="Gunfight at the O.K. Corral">Gunfight at the O.K. Corral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Branch_Saloon_gunfight" title="Long Branch Saloon gunfight">Long Branch Saloon gunfight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variety_Hall_shootout" title="Variety Hall shootout">Variety Hall shootout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Battle of the Alamo">Battle of the Alamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glorieta_Pass" title="Battle of Glorieta Pass">Battle of Glorieta Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacinto" title="Battle of San Jacinto">Battle of San Jacinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Washita_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Washita River">Battle of Washita River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Flag_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear Flag Revolt">Bear Flag Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_1837_(New_Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of 1837 (New Mexico)">Chimayó Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Adobe_Walls" title="First Battle of Adobe Walls">First Battle of Adobe Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre" title="Wounded Knee Massacre">Wounded Knee Massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Range_war" title="Range war">Range wars</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Family_feuds_in_the_United_States" title="Family feuds in the United States">feuds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochise_County_in_the_Old_West" title="Cochise County in the Old West">Earp-Clanton feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County_War" title="Johnson County War">Johnson County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County_War" title="Lincoln County War">Lincoln County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_County_War" title="Mason County War">Mason County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Valley_War" title="Pleasant Valley War">Pleasant Valley War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep Wars">Sheep Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton%E2%80%93Taylor_feud" title="Sutton–Taylor feud">Sutton–Taylor feud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arizona_Rangers" title="List of Arizona Rangers">Arizona Rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_frontier" title="Bibliography of the American frontier">Bibliography of the American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cowboys_and_cowgirls" title="List of cowboys and cowgirls">Cowboys and cowgirls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gangs" title="List of Old West gangs">Gangs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_towns_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ghost towns in the United States">Ghost towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gunfights" title="List of Old West gunfights">Gunfights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_lawmen" title="List of Old West lawmen">Lawmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_men" title="List of mountain men">Mountain men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gunfighters" title="List of Old West gunfighters">Outlaws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Old_West" title="Timeline of the American Old West">Timeline of the American Old West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Western_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Western United States">Cuisine of the Western United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuckwagon" title="Chuckwagon">Chuckwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_California" title="Cuisine of California">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">New Mexico chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_oysters" title="Rocky Mountain oysters">Rocky Mountain oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tex-Mex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Western" title="Gothic Western">Gothic Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_lifestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Western lifestyle">Western lifestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Dirt_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Dirt (music)">Red Dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_country_music" title="Texas country music">Texas country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_wear" title="Western wear">Western wear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_boot" title="Cowboy boot">Cowboy boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_hat" title="Cowboy hat">Cowboy hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeans" title="Jeans">Jeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_fastener" title="Snap fastener">Snap fastener</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Places" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Alaska" title="Department of Alaska">Alaska</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iditarod,_Alaska" title="Iditarod, Alaska">Iditarod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome,_Alaska" title="Nome, Alaska">Nome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward,_Alaska" title="Seward, Alaska">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skagway,_Alaska" title="Skagway, Alaska">Skagway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canyon_Diablo,_Arizona" title="Canyon Diablo, Arizona">Canyon Diablo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Grant,_Arizona" title="Fort Grant, Arizona">Fort Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescott,_Arizona" title="Prescott, Arizona">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombstone,_Arizona" title="Tombstone, Arizona">Tombstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_Rock,_Arizona" title="Window Rock, Arizona">Window Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_California" title="Jamestown, California">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creede,_Colorado" title="Creede, Colorado">Creede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telluride,_Colorado" title="Telluride, Colorado">Telluride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad,_Colorado" title="Trinidad, Colorado">Trinidad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota" title="Bismarck, North Dakota">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadwood,_South_Dakota" title="Deadwood, South Dakota">Deadwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">Fargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Yates,_North_Dakota" title="Fort Yates, North Dakota">Fort Yates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota" title="Rapid City, South Dakota">Rapid City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Rock_Indian_Reservation" title="Standing Rock Indian Reservation">Standing Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankton,_South_Dakota" title="Yankton, South Dakota">Yankton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Florida Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola,_Florida" title="Angola, Florida">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Fort" title="Negro Fort">Negro Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pensacola,_Florida" title="History of Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospect_Bluff_Historic_Sites" title="Prospect Bluff Historic Sites">Prospect Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_St._Augustine,_Florida" title="History of St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marcos_de_Apalache_Historic_State_Park" title="San Marcos de Apalache Historic State Park">St. Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Territory" title="Idaho Territory">Idaho Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Boise" title="Fort Boise">Fort Boise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hall" title="Fort Hall">Fort Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Dearborn" title="Fort Dearborn">Fort Dearborn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Kansas" title="Abilene, Kansas">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodge_City,_Kansas" title="Dodge City, Kansas">Dodge City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth,_Kansas" title="Ellsworth, Kansas">Ellsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hays,_Kansas" title="Hays, Kansas">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leavenworth,_Kansas" title="Leavenworth, Kansas">Leavenworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billings,_Montana" title="Billings, Montana">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozeman,_Montana" title="Bozeman, Montana">Bozeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Lodge,_Montana" title="Deer Lodge, Montana">Deer Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Benton,_Montana" title="Fort Benton, Montana">Fort Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Peck,_Montana" title="Fort Peck, Montana">Fort Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston,_Montana" title="Livingston, Montana">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missoula,_Montana" title="Missoula, Montana">Missoula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_City,_Montana" title="Virginia City, Montana">Virginia City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chadron,_Nebraska" title="Chadron, Nebraska">Chadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Atkinson_(Nebraska)" title="Fort Atkinson (Nebraska)">Fort Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Robinson" title="Fort Robinson">Fort Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska" title="Nebraska City, Nebraska">Nebraska City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogallala,_Nebraska" title="Ogallala, Nebraska">Ogallala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine,_Nebraska" title="Valentine, Nebraska">Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteclay,_Nebraska" title="Whiteclay, Nebraska">Whiteclay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carson_City,_Nevada" title="Carson City, Nevada">Carson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_City,_Nevada" title="Virginia City, Nevada">Virginia City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamogordo,_New_Mexico" title="Alamogordo, New Mexico">Alamogordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimarron,_New_Mexico" title="Cimarron, New Mexico">Cimarron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumner,_New_Mexico" title="Fort Sumner, New Mexico">Fort Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallup,_New_Mexico" title="Gallup, New Mexico">Gallup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_New_Mexico" title="Las Vegas, New Mexico">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_New_Mexico" title="Lincoln, New Mexico">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesilla,_New_Mexico" title="Mesilla, New Mexico">Mesilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon,_New_Mexico" title="Mogollon, New Mexico">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell,_New_Mexico" title="Roswell, New Mexico">Roswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucumcari,_New_Mexico" title="Tucumcari, New Mexico">Tucumcari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Oklahoma Territory</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Arrow,_Oklahoma" title="Broken Arrow, Oklahoma">Broken Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Gibson" title="Fort Gibson">Fort Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill" title="Fort Sill">Fort Sill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okmulgee,_Oklahoma" title="Okmulgee, Oklahoma">Okmulgee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawhuska,_Oklahoma" title="Pawhuska, Oklahoma">Pawhuska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahlequah,_Oklahoma" title="Tahlequah, Oklahoma">Tahlequah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishomingo,_Oklahoma" title="Tishomingo, Oklahoma">Tishomingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuskahoma,_Oklahoma" title="Tuskahoma, Oklahoma">Tuskahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wewoka,_Oklahoma" title="Wewoka, Oklahoma">Wewoka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astoria,_Oregon" title="Astoria, Oregon">Astoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dalles,_Oregon" title="The Dalles, Oregon">The Dalles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Grande,_Oregon" title="La Grande, Oregon">La Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMinnville,_Oregon" title="McMinnville, Oregon">McMinnville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon" title="Oregon City, Oregon">Oregon City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Oregon" title="Salem, Oregon">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale,_Oregon" title="Vale, Oregon">Vale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Texas" title="Abilene, Texas">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzales,_Texas" title="Gonzales, Texas">Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Everett,_Washington" title="Everett, Washington">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Townsend,_Washington" title="Port Townsend, Washington">Port Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington" title="Vancouver, Washington">Vancouver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Territory" title="Wyoming Territory">Wyoming Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bridger" title="Fort Bridger">Fort Bridger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Laramie_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Laramie National Historic Site">Fort Laramie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_frontier" title="Category:American frontier">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gettysburg_figures" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gettysburg_figures" title="Template:Gettysburg figures"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gettysburg_figures" title="Template talk:Gettysburg figures"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gettysburg_figures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gettysburg figures"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gettysburg_figures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg figures</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate</a> leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Porter_Alexander" title="Edward Porter Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_T._Anderson" title="George T. Anderson">G. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Archer" title="James J. Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Addison_Armistead" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Addison Armistead">Armistead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barksdale" title="William Barksdale">Barksdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Benning" title="Henry L. Benning">Benning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Brockenbrough" title="John M. Brockenbrough">Brockenbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Chambliss" title="John R. Chambliss">Chambliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junius_Daniel" title="Junius Daniel">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Davis" title="Joseph R. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Doles" title="George P. Doles">Doles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Garnett" title="Richard B. Garnett">Garnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Gordon" title="John B. Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Hays" title="Harry T. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Heth" title="Henry Heth">Heth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_G._Humphreys" title="Benjamin G. Humphreys">Humphreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Imboden" title="John D. Imboden">Imboden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Iverson_Jr." title="Alfred Iverson Jr.">Iverson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Jenkins" title="Albert G. Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Johnson_(general)" title="Edward Johnson (general)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Jones" title="John M. Jones">J. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Jones_(general)" title="William E. Jones (general)">W. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Kemper" title="James L. Kemper">Kemper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Kershaw" title="Joseph B. Kershaw">Kershaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Lane_(Confederate_general)" title="James Henry Lane (Confederate general)">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evander_M._Law" title="Evander M. Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Lee" title="Fitzhugh Lee">F. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Fitzhugh_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Fitzhugh Lee">W. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">Mahone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Marshall" title="James K. Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_McLaws" title="Lafayette McLaws">McLaws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._O%27Neal" title="Edward A. O'Neal">O'Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Oates" title="William C. Oates">Oates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dorsey_Pender" title="William Dorsey Pender">Pender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Johnston_Pettigrew" title="J. Johnston Pettigrew">Pettigrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Monroe_Perrin" title="Abner Monroe Perrin">Perrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pickett" title="George Pickett">Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnot_Posey" title="Carnot Posey">Posey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dodson_Ramseur" title="Stephen Dodson Ramseur">Ramseur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_B._Robertson" title="Jerome B. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Rodes" title="Robert E. Rodes">Rodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moore_Scales" title="Alfred Moore Scales">Scales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Jones_Semmes" title="Paul Jones Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(Virginia_governor)" title="William Smith (Virginia governor)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Steuart_(brigadier_general)" title="George H. Steuart (brigadier general)">G. Steuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">J. E. B. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lloyd_Thomas" title="Edward Lloyd Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_R._Trimble" title="Isaac R. Trimble">Trimble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Walker" title="James A. Walker">J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Lindsay_Walker" title="Reuben Lindsay Walker">R. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmus_M._Wilcox" title="Cadmus M. Wilcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Wofford" title="William T. Wofford">Wofford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_R._Wright" title="Ambrose R. Wright">Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_Ames" title="Adelbert Ames">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeyn_B._Ayres" title="Romeyn B. Ayres">Ayres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_C._Barlow" title="Francis C. Barlow">Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barnes_(general)" title="James Barnes (general)">Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baxter" title="Henry Baxter">Baxter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapman_Biddle" title="Chapman Biddle">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Birney" title="David B. Birney">Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Buford" title="John Buford">Buford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Caldwell" title="John C. Caldwell">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Candy" title="Charles Candy">Candy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henry_Carpenter" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Henry Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradford_Carr" title="Joseph Bradford Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Chamberlain" title="Joshua Chamberlain">J. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_W._Claflin" title="Ira W. Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Cross" title="Edward E. Cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg_Curtin" title="Andrew Gregg Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Cushing" title="Alonzo Cushing">Cushing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Cutler" title="Lysander Cutler">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._Crawford" title="Samuel W. Crawford">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Doubleday" title="Abner Doubleday">Doubleday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_J._Farnsworth" title="Elon J. Farnsworth">Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Geary" title="John W. Geary">Geary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gibbon" title="John Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Gilsa" title="Leopold von Gilsa">Gilsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Graham" title="Charles K. Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Greene" title="George S. Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McMurtrie_Gregg" title="David McMurtrie Gregg">Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harrow" title="William Harrow">Harrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hays" title="Alexander Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Otis_Howard" title="Oliver Otis Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_A._Humphreys" title="Andrew A. Humphreys">Humphreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judson_Kilpatrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Judson Kilpatrick">Kilpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Krzy%C5%BCanowski" title="Włodzimierz Krzyżanowski">Krzyżanowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Meredith" title="Solomon Meredith">Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Merritt" title="Wesley Merritt">Merritt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Newton_(engineer)" title="John Newton (engineer)">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_M._Nolan" title="Nicholas M. Nolan">Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Rene_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Rene Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Pleasonton" title="Alfred Pleasonton">Pleasonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Reynolds" title="John F. Reynolds">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clay_Rice" title="James Clay Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Robinson" title="John C. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Algeo_Rowley" title="Thomas Algeo Rowley">Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Ruger" title="Thomas H. Ruger">Ruger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Schimmelfennig" title="Alexander Schimmelfennig">Schimmelfennig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Schurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sedgwick" title="John Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sickles" title="Daniel Sickles">Sickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Warner_Slocum" title="Henry Warner Slocum">Slocum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Stannard" title="George J. Stannard">Stannard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Starr" title="Samuel H. Starr">Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_von_Steinwehr" title="Adolph von Steinwehr">Steinwehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sykes" title="George Sykes">Sykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Tilton" title="William S. Tilton">Tilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Tyler" title="Robert O. Tyler">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_Vincent" title="Strong Vincent">Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Wadsworth" title="James S. Wadsworth">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._H._Hobart_Ward" title="J. H. Hobart Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_K._Warren" title="Gouverneur K. Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_H._Weed" title="Stephen H. Weed">Weed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_S._Webb" title="Alexander S. Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_L._Willard" title="George L. Willard">Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_S._Williams" title="Alpheus S. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_K._Zook" title="Samuel K. Zook">Zook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other notable<br />military personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Alger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_E._Avery" title="Isaac E. Avery">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_S._Baker" title="Laurence S. Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Horatio_Belo" title="Alfred Horatio Belo">Belo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Berdan" title="Hiram Berdan">Berdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Biddle" title="Alexander Biddle">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Brooke" title="John R. Brooke">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Brown" title="Stephen F. Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goode_Bryan" title="Goode Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_K._Burgwyn" title="Henry K. Burgwyn">Burgwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Burling" title="George C. Burling">Burling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Carroll" title="Samuel S. Carroll">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Carter_(Civil_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Henry Carter (Civil War)">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chamberlain_(soldier)" title="Thomas Chamberlain (soldier)">T. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Colvill" title="William J. Colvill">Colvill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Corby" title="William Corby">Corby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coster" title="Charles Coster">Coster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dearing" title="James Dearing">Dearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Devin" title="Thomas Devin">Devin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_van_Horne_Ellis" title="Augustus van Horne Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Enderlin" title="Richard Enderlin">Enderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Fremantle" title="Arthur Lyon Fremantle">Lyon Fremantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkett_D._Fry" title="Birkett D. Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gamble_(general)" title="William Gamble (general)">Gamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenner_Garrard" title="Kenner Garrard">Garrard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_C._Godwin" title="Archibald C. Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Goree" title="T. J. Goree">Goree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Irvin_Gregg" title="John Irvin Gregg">Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Grimes" title="Bryan Grimes">Grimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gwyn" title="James Gwyn">Gwyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_J._Hall" title="Norman J. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Harrison" title="Henry Thomas Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_A._Haskell" title="Frank A. Haskell">Haskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Hazlett" title="Charles E. Hazlett">Hazlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Stockton_Howell" title="Horatio Stockton Howell">Howell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Humiston" title="Amos Humiston">Humiston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Jeffords" title="Harrison Jeffords">Jeffords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Jones" title="Marcellus Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kelly_(Civil_War)" title="Patrick Kelly (Civil War)">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Keogh" title="Myles Keogh">Keogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lang_(Civil_War)" title="David Lang (Civil War)">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Latimer" title="Joseph W. Latimer">Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Lewis" title="William G. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McCandless" title="William McCandless">McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_L._McDougall" title="Archibald L. McDougall">McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._McFarland" title="George F. McFarland">McFarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baillie_McIntosh" title="John Baillie McIntosh">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Murphy_Mayo" title="Robert Murphy Mayo">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holman_S._Melcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Holman S. Melcher">Melcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Goodale_Morrill" title="Walter Goodale Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Muhlenberg" title="Edward D. Muhlenberg">Muhlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_O%27Rorke" title="Patrick O'Rorke">O'Rorke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ario_Pardee,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Ario Pardee, Jr.">Pardee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ransom_Johnson_Pegram" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ransom Johnson Pegram">Pegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Monroe_Perrin" title="Abner Monroe Perrin">Perrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Poague" title="William T. Poague">Poague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Salomon" title="Edward S. Salomon">Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orland_Smith" title="Orland Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxley_Sorrel" title="Moxley Sorrel">Sorrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Spear" title="Ellis Spear">Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Stone_(general)" title="Roy Stone (general)">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Taylor" title="Walter H. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gis_de_Trobriand" title="Régis de Trobriand">Trobriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Wainwright" title="Charles S. Wainwright">Wainwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hull_Ward" title="George Hull Ward">Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Local civilians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Broadhead" title="Sarah Broadhead">Broadhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Bryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Burns" title="John L. Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_McClean" title="Moses McClean">McClean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McConaughy" title="David McConaughy">McConaughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_McPherson" title="Edward McPherson">McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnie_Wade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginnie Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wills_(Gettysburg)" title="David Wills (Gettysburg)">Wills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Black_Hills_of_South_Dakota_and_Wyoming" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Black_Hills,_South_Dakota" title="Template:Black Hills, South Dakota"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Black_Hills,_South_Dakota" title="Template talk:Black Hills, South Dakota"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Black_Hills,_South_Dakota" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Black Hills, South Dakota"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Black_Hills_of_South_Dakota_and_Wyoming" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Butte" title="Bear Butte">Bear Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Country_USA" title="Bear Country USA">Bear Country USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Elk_Wilderness" title="Black Elk Wilderness">Black Elk Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Central_Railroad" title="Black Hills Central Railroad">Black Hills Central Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_National_Forest" title="Black Hills National Forest">Black Hills National Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Elk_Peak" title="Black Elk Peak">Black Elk Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Playhouse" title="Black Hills Playhouse">Black Hills Playhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_in_the_Hills" title="Chapel in the Hills">Chapel in the Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse_Memorial" title="Crazy Horse Memorial">Crazy Horse Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custer_State_Park" title="Custer State Park">Custer State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devils_Tower" title="Devils Tower">Devils Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Park" title="Dinosaur Park">Dinosaur Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_City_(South_Dakota)" title="Bedrock City (South Dakota)">Flintstones Bedrock City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Stockade" title="Gordon Stockade">Gordon Stockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestake_Mine_(South_Dakota)" title="Homestake Mine (South Dakota)">Homestake Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewel_Cave_National_Monument" title="Jewel Cave National Monument">Jewel Cave National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mammoth_Site" title="The Mammoth Site">The Mammoth Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuteman_Missile_National_Historic_Site" title="Minuteman Missile National Historic Site">Minuteman Missile National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Theodore_Roosevelt_Monument" title="Mount Theodore Roosevelt Monument">Mount Theodore Roosevelt Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Miner_Ski_Resort" title="Mystic Miner Ski Resort">Mystic Miner Ski Resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needles_(Black_Hills)" title="Needles (Black Hills)">Needles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pactola_Lake" title="Pactola Lake">Pactola Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptile_Gardens" title="Reptile Gardens">Reptile Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushmore_Cave" title="Rushmore Cave">Rushmore Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Lake_(South_Dakota)" title="Sheridan Lake (South Dakota)">Sheridan Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull_Crystal_Caverns" title="Sitting Bull Crystal Caverns">Sitting Bull Crystal Caverns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgis_Motorcycle_Rally" title="Sturgis Motorcycle Rally">Sturgis Motorcycle Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvan_Lake_(South_Dakota)" title="Sylvan Lake (South Dakota)">Sylvan Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Peak" title="Terry Peak">Terry Peak ski area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_Cave_National_Park" title="Wind Cave National Park">Wind Cave National Park</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wind_Cave_bison_herd" title="Wind Cave bison herd">bison herd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scenic routes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Norbeck_Scenic_Byway" title="Peter Norbeck Scenic Byway">Norbeck Scenic Byway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_16A" title="U.S. Route 16A">Iron Mountain Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needles_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Needles Highway">Needles Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfish_Canyon" title="Spearfish Canyon">Spearfish Canyon Scenic Byway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trails</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Hills_Centennial_Trail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Hills Centennial Trail (page does not exist)">Black Hills Centennial Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Mickelson_Trail" title="George S. Mickelson Trail">George S. Mickelson Trail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Populated<br />places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Fourche,_South_Dakota" title="Belle Fourche, South Dakota">Belle Fourche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_City,_South_Dakota" title="Central City, South Dakota">Central City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custer,_South_Dakota" title="Custer, South Dakota">Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadwood,_South_Dakota" title="Deadwood, South Dakota">Deadwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgemont,_South_Dakota" title="Edgemont, South Dakota">Edgemont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Springs,_South_Dakota" title="Hot Springs, South Dakota">Hot Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_City,_South_Dakota" title="Hill City, South Dakota">Hill City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead,_South_Dakota" title="Lead, South Dakota">Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle,_Wyoming" title="Newcastle, Wyoming">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota" title="Rapid City, South Dakota">Rapid City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfish,_South_Dakota" title="Spearfish, South Dakota">Spearfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgis,_South_Dakota" title="Sturgis, South Dakota">Sturgis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewood,_South_Dakota" title="Whitewood, South Dakota">Whitewood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Gap,_South_Dakota" title="Buffalo Gap, South Dakota">Buffalo Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairburn,_South_Dakota" title="Fairburn, South Dakota">Fairburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermosa,_South_Dakota" title="Hermosa, South Dakota">Hermosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone,_South_Dakota" title="Keystone, South Dakota">Keystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pringle,_South_Dakota" title="Pringle, South Dakota">Pringle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundance,_Wyoming" title="Sundance, Wyoming">Sundance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unincorporated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dewey,_South_Dakota" title="Dewey, South Dakota">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mile,_South_Dakota" title="Four Mile, South Dakota">Four Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galena,_South_Dakota" title="Galena, South Dakota">Galena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna,_South_Dakota" title="Hanna, South Dakota">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Siding,_South_Dakota" title="Johnson Siding, South Dakota">Johnson Siding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemo,_South_Dakota" title="Nemo, South Dakota">Nemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochford,_South_Dakota" title="Rochford, South Dakota">Rochford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockerville,_South_Dakota" title="Rockerville, South Dakota">Rockerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_City,_South_Dakota" title="Silver City, South Dakota">Silver City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forks,_South_Dakota" title="Three Forks, South Dakota">Three Forks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History<br />and people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)">Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_Reservation" title="Great Sioux Reservation">Great Sioux Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Black Hills War, or Great Sioux War (1876)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Elk" title="Black Elk">Black Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Horn" title="Lone Horn">Lone Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_Tail" title="Spotted Tail">Spotted Tail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">Old West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory (1861–1889)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Expedition" title="Black Hills Expedition">Black Hills Expedition (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_gold_rush" title="Black Hills gold rush">Black Hills gold rush (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton%E2%80%93Jenney_Party" title="Newton–Jenney Party">Newton–Jenney Party (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne%E2%80%93Black_Hills_Stage_Route_and_Rawhide_Buttes_and_Running_Water_Stage_Stations" title="Cheyenne–Black Hills Stage Route and Rawhide Buttes and Running Water Stage Stations">Cheyenne-Black Hills Stage Route (1876–1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney-Black_Hills_Trail" title="Sidney-Black Hills Trail">Sidney-Black Hills Stage Road (1876–1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_Black_Hills_and_Western_Railroad" title="Rapid City, Black Hills and Western Railroad">Rapid City, Black Hills and Western Railroad (1893–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Bullock" title="Seth Bullock">Seth Bullock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martha_Bullock" title="Martha Bullock">Martha Bullock</a></li> <li>General <a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Armstrong Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_DuFran" title="Dora DuFran">Dora DuFran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Bill_Hickok" title="Wild Bill Hickok">Wild Bill Hickok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamity_Jane" title="Calamity Jane">Calamity Jane</a></li> <li>Historian <a href="/wiki/Doane_Robinson" title="Doane Robinson">Doane Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Star" title="Sol Star">Sol Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Swearengen" title="Al Swearengen">Al Swearengen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Utter" title="Charlie Utter">Charlie Utter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ghost towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addie_Camp,_South_Dakota" title="Addie Camp, South Dakota">Addie Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth,_South_Dakota" title="Bismuth, South Dakota">Bismuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacktail,_South_Dakota" title="Blacktail, South Dakota">Blacktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdock,_South_Dakota" title="Burdock, South Dakota">Burdock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambria,_Wyoming" title="Cambria, Wyoming">Cambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate,_South_Dakota" title="Carbonate, South Dakota">Carbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etta,_South_Dakota" title="Etta, South Dakota">Etta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatiron,_South_Dakota" title="Flatiron, South Dakota">Flatiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwood,_Lawrence_County,_South_Dakota" title="Greenwood, Lawrence County, South Dakota">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitland,_South_Dakota" title="Maitland, South Dakota">Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myers_City,_South_Dakota" title="Myers City, South Dakota">Myers City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic,_South_Dakota" title="Mystic, South Dakota">Mystic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahant,_South_Dakota" title="Nahant, South Dakota">Nahant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novak,_South_Dakota" title="Novak, South Dakota">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pactola,_South_Dakota" title="Pactola, South Dakota">Pactola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan,_South_Dakota" title="Sheridan, South Dakota">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane,_South_Dakota" title="Spokane, South Dakota">Spokane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraville,_South_Dakota" title="Terraville, South Dakota">Terraville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigerville,_South_Dakota" title="Tigerville, South Dakota">Tigerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinton,_South_Dakota" title="Tinton, South Dakota">Tinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan,_South_Dakota" title="Trojan, South Dakota">Trojan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Cycad_National_Monument" title="Fossil Cycad National Monument">Fossil Cycad National Monument (1922–1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratobowl" title="Stratobowl">Stratobowl (1934–1959)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Black_Hills_flood" title="1972 Black Hills flood">Black Hills flood (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Jasper_Fire" title="2000 Jasper Fire">2000 Jasper Fire</a></li> <li>Sculptors <a href="/wiki/Gutzon_Borglum" title="Gutzon Borglum">Gutzon Borglum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Borglum" title="Lincoln Borglum">Lincoln Borglum</a></li> <li>Author <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bottum_(author)" title="Joseph Bottum (author)">Joseph Bottum</a></li> <li>Politician <a href="/wiki/Francis_Case" title="Francis Case">Francis Case</a></li> <li>Poet <a href="/wiki/Charles_Badger_Clark" title="Charles Badger Clark">Charles Badger Clark</a></li> <li>Historian <a href="/wiki/Watson_Parker" title="Watson Parker">Watson Parker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_City_Rapid_Ride" title="Rapid City Rapid Ride">Rapid City Rapid Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Lines" title="Jefferson Lines">Jefferson Lines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road junctions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_Crossing,_South_Dakota" title="Cheyenne Crossing, South Dakota">Cheyenne Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Corners,_Wyoming" title="Four Corners, Wyoming">Four Corners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mile,_South_Dakota" title="Four Mile, South Dakota">Four Mile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keystone_Wye" title="Keystone Wye">Keystone Wye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maverick_Junction,_South_Dakota" title="Maverick Junction, South Dakota">Maverick Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule_Creek_Junction,_Wyoming" title="Mule Creek Junction, Wyoming">Mule Creek Junction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_in_popular_culture" title="Mount Rushmore in popular culture">Mount Rushmore in popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188205#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188205#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188205#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121178703">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2478930">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1716947/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgxmR9d76Mw4xTXbCgtKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118523082">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79041742">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119543209">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119543209">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0037664&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX900213">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070417911">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90118703">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000190678&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/dbqt0lkx396l276">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810619401605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260093505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14240955">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/03f2cce6-b66f-4be5-8e33-3647d976de0e">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6x45mg6">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&oldid=1259294346">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Armstrong_Custer&oldid=1259294346</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:George_Armstrong_Custer" title="Category:George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1839_births" title="Category:1839 births">1839 births</a></li><li><a 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