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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Northern_Plains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 In the Northern Plains </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Northern_Plains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enemies_and_allies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enemies_and_allies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Enemies and allies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enemies_and_allies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_subgroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_subgroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Historical subgroups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_subgroups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gradual_displacement_from_tribal_lands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gradual_displacement_from_tribal_lands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Gradual displacement from tribal lands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gradual_displacement_from_tribal_lands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crow_Tribe_history:_a_chronological_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crow_Tribe_history:_a_chronological_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Crow Tribe history: a chronological record </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crow_Tribe_history:_a_chronological_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1600–1699" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1600–1699"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 1600–1699 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1600–1699-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1700–1799" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1700–1799"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 1700–1799 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1700–1799-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1800–1824" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1800–1824"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 1800–1824 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1800–1824-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1825–1849" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1825–1849"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.4 1825–1849 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1825–1849-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1850–1874" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1850–1874"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.5 1850–1874 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1850–1874-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1875–1899" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1875–1899"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.6 1875–1899 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1875–1899-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subsistence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsistence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Subsistence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsistence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitation_and_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitation_and_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Habitation and transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habitation_and_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Attire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_and_kinship_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_and_kinship_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Gender and kinship system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_and_kinship_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_Century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_Century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 21st Century </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-21st_Century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 21st Century subsection </button> <ul id="toc-21st_Century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Geography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitution_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Constitution controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Crow_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Crow_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notable Crow people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Crow_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 General references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Crow people</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" > 37 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Кроу – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Кроу" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88" title="شعب الكرو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعب الكرو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow" title="Crow – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Crow" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aps%C3%A1alooke" title="Apsáalooke – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Apsáalooke" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Кроу (народ) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кроу (народ)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crows" title="Crows – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Crows" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow" title="Crow – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Crow" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absarokee" title="Absarokee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Absarokee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1agii_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9" title="Gáagii Dineʼé – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Gáagii Dineʼé" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow" title="Crow – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crow" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow_herria" title="Crow herria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Crow herria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crows" title="Crows – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crows" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krie%C3%ABn_(folk)" title="Krieën (folk) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Krieën (folk)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_crow" title="Pobo crow – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo crow" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow_Indijanci" title="Crow Indijanci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crow Indijanci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow" title="Crow – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crow" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83_(%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B)" title="Кроу (халық) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кроу (халық)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsaroki" title="Apsaroki – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Apsaroki" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krou" title="Krou – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Krou" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absar%C3%B4ka" title="Absarôka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Absarôka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B_(%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95)_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ക്രോ (അബ്സരോക്ക) ഇന്ത്യൻസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രോ (അബ്സരോക്ക) ഇന്ത്യൻസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crows" title="Crows – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Crows" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A6%E6%97%8F" title="クロウ族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クロウ族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A5keindianere" title="Kråkeindianere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kråkeindianere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absarokee" title="Absarokee – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Absarokee" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrony_(Indianie)" title="Wrony (Indianie) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wrony (Indianie)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crows" title="Crows – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crows" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow_(popor)" title="Crow (popor) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Crow (popor)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Кроу (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кроу (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow_Nation" title="Crow Nation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Crow Nation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow_Indijanci" title="Crow Indijanci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crow Indijanci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow%E2%80%99t" title="Crow’t – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Crow’t" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%A5kfolk" title="Kråkfolk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kråkfolk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93oetaneo%27o" title="Óoetaneo'o – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Óoetaneo'o" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apsalokeler" title="Apsalokeler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Apsalokeler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_Nation&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Nation">Crow Nation</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indigenous ethnic group in North America</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Crow Tribe of Montana</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>Apsáalooke</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Crow_Tribe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_the_Crow_Tribe.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Crow_Tribe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_the_Crow_Tribe.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Crow_Tribe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_the_Crow_Tribe.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Crow_Tribe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="420" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Tribal Flag</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Pauline_Small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pauline_Small.jpg/280px-Pauline_Small.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pauline_Small.jpg/420px-Pauline_Small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Pauline_Small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Small" title="Pauline Small">Pauline Small</a> on horseback. She carries the flag of the Crow Tribe of Montana. As a tribal official, she is entitled to carry the flag during the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Fair" title="Crow Fair">Crow Fair</a> parade.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">12,000 enrolled members</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Crow_language" title="Crow language">Crow</a>, English, <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow Way</a>, Tobacco Society</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Hidatsa" title="Hidatsa">Hidatsa</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Apsáalooke "children of the raven"</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data">Apsáalooke</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Crow_language" title="Crow language">Apsáalooke aliláau</a> <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Apsáalooke iiéhkuua</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Apsáalooke Issawua</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crow_Indians_by_David_F_Barry,_1878-1883.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Crow_Indians_by_David_F_Barry%2C_1878-1883.jpg/280px-Crow_Indians_by_David_F_Barry%2C_1878-1883.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Crow_Indians_by_David_F_Barry%2C_1878-1883.jpg/420px-Crow_Indians_by_David_F_Barry%2C_1878-1883.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Crow_Indians_by_David_F_Barry%2C_1878-1883.jpg/560px-Crow_Indians_by_David_F_Barry%2C_1878-1883.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Crow Indians, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1878–1883</figcaption></figure> The Crow, whose <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">autonym</a> is Apsáalooke (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ə̀ˈpsáːɾòːɡè]</a>), also spelled Absaroka, are <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> living primarily in southern Montana. Today, the Crow people have a <a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the United States">federally recognized tribe</a>, the Crow Tribe of Montana,<a href="#cite_note-NILL-1">[1]</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Indian_Reservation" title="Crow Indian Reservation">Crow Indian Reservation</a>, located in the south-central part of the state.<a href="#cite_note-NILL-1">[1]</a> Crow Indians are a <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains tribe</a>, who speak the <a href="/wiki/Crow_language" title="Crow language">Crow language</a>, part of the Missouri River Valley branch of <a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan languages</a>. Of the 14,000 enrolled tribal members, an estimated 3,000 spoke the Crow language in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-omni-2">[2]</a> During the expansion into the West, the Crow people were allied with the United States against its neighbors and rivals, the <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a>. In historical times, the Crow lived in the <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_River" title="Yellowstone River">Yellowstone River</a> valley, which extends from present-day <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> and into <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, where it joins the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>. Since the 19th century, Crow people have been concentrated on their reservation established south of <a href="/wiki/Billings,_Montana" title="Billings, Montana">Billings, Montana</a>. Today, they also live in several major, mainly western, cities. Tribal headquarters are located at <a href="/wiki/Crow_Agency,_Montana" title="Crow Agency, Montana">Crow Agency, Montana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nation-3">[3]</a> The tribe operates the <a href="/wiki/Little_Big_Horn_College" title="Little Big Horn College">Little Big Horn College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-omni-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> The autonym of the tribe, Apsáalooké or Absaroka,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> means "children of the large-beaked bird"<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and was given to them by the <a href="/wiki/Hidatsa" title="Hidatsa">Hidatsa</a>, a neighboring and related Siouan-speaking tribe. French interpreters translated the name as gens du corbeau ("people of the crow"), and they became known in English as the Crow. Other tribes also refer to the Apsáalooke as "crow" or "raven" in their own languages.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The identity of the bird this name was meant to refer to originally is lost to time, but many Apsáalooké people believe it references the mythical <a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Northern_Plains">In the Northern Plains</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the Northern Plains">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crow_Reservation_25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Crow_Reservation_25.jpg/220px-Crow_Reservation_25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Crow_Reservation_25.jpg/330px-Crow_Reservation_25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Crow_Reservation_25.jpg/440px-Crow_Reservation_25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Landscape on the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Indian_Reservation" title="Crow Indian Reservation">Crow Indian Reservation</a>, Montana</figcaption></figure> The early home of the Crow Hidatsa ancestral tribe was near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a> in what is now Ohio. Driven from there by better armed, aggressive neighbors, they briefly settled south of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Winnipeg" title="Lake Winnipeg">Lake Winnipeg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Later the people moved to the <a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Lake_(North_Dakota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Devil's Lake (North Dakota)">Devil's Lake</a> region of <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> before the Crow split from the <a href="/wiki/Hidatsa" title="Hidatsa">Hidatsa</a> and moved westward. The Crow were largely pushed westward due to intrusion and influx of the Cheyenne and subsequently the <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a>, also known as the Lakota. To acquire control of their new territory, the Crow warred against <a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a> bands, such as the Bikkaashe, or "People of the Grass Lodges",<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and drove them westward. The Crow allied with local <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Plains Apache</a> bands.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-friendslittlebighorn.com-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-google.com-13">[13]</a> The Kiowa and Plains Apache bands later migrated southward, and the Crow remained dominant in their established area through the 18th and 19th centuries, the era of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">fur trade</a>. Their historical territory stretched from what is now <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> and the headwaters of the Yellowstone River (E-chee-dick-karsh-ah-shay in Crow, translating to "Elk River") to the west, north to the <a href="/wiki/Musselshell_River" title="Musselshell River">Musselshell River</a>, then northeast to the Yellowstone's mouth at the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>, then southeast to the confluence of the Yellowstone and <a href="/wiki/Powder_River_(Montana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Powder River (Montana)">Powder</a> rivers (Bilap Chashee, or "Powder River" or "Ash River"), south along the South Fork of the Powder River, confined in the SE by the Rattlesnake Mountains and westwards in the SW by the <a href="/wiki/Wind_River_Range" title="Wind River Range">Wind River Range</a>. Their tribal area included the river valleys of the <a href="/wiki/Judith_River" title="Judith River">Judith River</a> (Buluhpa'ashe, or "Plum River"), Powder River, <a href="/wiki/Tongue_River_(Montana)" title="Tongue River (Montana)">Tongue River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Big_Horn_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Horn River">Big Horn River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_River_(Wyoming)" title="Wind River (Wyoming)">Wind River</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Bighorn_Mountains" title="Bighorn Mountains">Bighorn Mountains</a> (Iisiaxpúatachee Isawaxaawúua), <a href="/wiki/Pryor_Mountains" title="Pryor Mountains">Pryor Mountains</a> (Baahpuuo Isawaxaawúua), <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Mountains" title="Wolf Mountains">Wolf Mountains</a> (Cheetiish, or "Wolf Teeth Mountains") and <a href="/wiki/Absaroka_Range" title="Absaroka Range">Absaroka Range</a> (also called Absalaga Mountains).<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Once established in the <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_River" title="Yellowstone River">Valley of the Yellowstone River</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> and its tributaries on the Northern Plains in <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, the Crow divided into four groups: the Mountain Crow, River Crow, Kicked in the Bellies, and Beaver Dries its Fur. Formerly semi-nomad hunters and farmers in the northeastern woodland, they adapted to the <a href="/wiki/Nomadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic">nomadic</a> lifestyle of the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a> as hunters and gatherers, and hunted <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a>. Before 1700, they were using <a href="/wiki/Travois" title="Travois">dog travois</a> for carrying goods.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enemies_and_allies">Enemies and allies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Enemies and allies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crow_warriors_and_Cheyenne_warriors_making_peace-_Ledger_drawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Crow_warriors_and_Cheyenne_warriors_making_peace-_Ledger_drawing.jpg/260px-Crow_warriors_and_Cheyenne_warriors_making_peace-_Ledger_drawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Crow_warriors_and_Cheyenne_warriors_making_peace-_Ledger_drawing.jpg/390px-Crow_warriors_and_Cheyenne_warriors_making_peace-_Ledger_drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Crow_warriors_and_Cheyenne_warriors_making_peace-_Ledger_drawing.jpg/520px-Crow_warriors_and_Cheyenne_warriors_making_peace-_Ledger_drawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ledger_drawing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ledger drawing">Ledger drawing</a> of a Cheyenne war chief and warriors (left) coming to a truce with a Crow war chief and warriors (right)</figcaption></figure> From about 1730, the Plains tribes rapidly adopted the horse, which allowed them to move out on to the Plains and hunt buffalo more effectively. However, the severe winters in the North kept their herds smaller than those of Plains tribes in the South. The Crow, Hidatsa, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shoshone" title="Eastern Shoshone">Eastern Shoshone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Shoshone" title="Northern Shoshone">Northern Shoshone</a> soon became noted as horse breeders and dealers and developed relatively large horse herds. At the time, other eastern and northern tribes were also moving on to the Plains, in search of game for the fur trade, bison, and more horses. The Crow were subject to raids and horse thefts by horse-poor tribes, including the powerful <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gros_Ventre" title="Gros Ventre">Gros Ventre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine" title="Assiniboine">Assiniboine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Later they had to face the <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> and their allies, the <a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a>, who also stole horses from their enemies. Their greatest enemies became the tribes of the Blackfoot Confederacy and the Lakota-Cheyenne-Arapaho alliance. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Scout_in_Winter,_Crow,_1908,_Edward_S._Curtis_(restored_II).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_Scout_in_Winter%2C_Crow%2C_1908%2C_Edward_S._Curtis_%28restored_II%29.jpg/170px-The_Scout_in_Winter%2C_Crow%2C_1908%2C_Edward_S._Curtis_%28restored_II%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_Scout_in_Winter%2C_Crow%2C_1908%2C_Edward_S._Curtis_%28restored_II%29.jpg/255px-The_Scout_in_Winter%2C_Crow%2C_1908%2C_Edward_S._Curtis_%28restored_II%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_Scout_in_Winter%2C_Crow%2C_1908%2C_Edward_S._Curtis_%28restored_II%29.jpg/340px-The_Scout_in_Winter%2C_Crow%2C_1908%2C_Edward_S._Curtis_%28restored_II%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2732" data-file-height="3657" /></a><figcaption>A scout on a horse, 1908 by Edward S. Curtis</figcaption></figure> In the 18th century, pressured by the <a href="/wiki/Saulteaux" title="Saulteaux">Saulteaux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> peoples (the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Confederacy" title="Iron Confederacy">Iron Confederacy</a>), who had earlier and better access to guns through the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a>, the Crow had migrated to this area from the Ohio Eastern Woodland area of present-day Ohio, settling south of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Winnipeg" title="Lake Winnipeg">Lake Winnipeg</a>. From there, they were pushed to the west by the Cheyenne. Both the Crow and the Cheyenne were pushed farther west by the Lakota, who took over the territory west of the Missouri River, reaching past the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a> of South Dakota to the <a href="/wiki/Big_Horn_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Horn Mountains">Big Horn Mountains</a> of Wyoming and Montana. The Cheyenne eventually became allies of the Lakota, as they sought to expel European Americans from the area. The Crow remained bitter enemies of both the Sioux and Cheyenne. They managed to retain a large <a href="/wiki/Crow_Indian_Reservation" title="Crow Indian Reservation">reservation</a> of more than 9300 km2 despite territorial losses, due in part to their cooperation with the federal government against their traditional enemies, the Sioux and Blackfoot. Many other tribes were forced onto much smaller reservations far from their traditional lands. The Crow were generally friendly with the northern Plains tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Confederated_Salish_and_Kootenai_Tribes_of_the_Flathead_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation">Flathead</a> (although sometimes they had conflicts); <a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce" title="Nez Perce">Nez Perce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kutenai" title="Kutenai">Kutenai</a>, Shoshone, <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Plains Apache</a>. The powerful Iron Confederacy (Nehiyaw-Pwat), an alliance of northern plains Indian nations based around the fur trade, developed as enemies of the Crow. It was named after the dominating Plains Cree and Assiniboine peoples, and later included the <a href="/wiki/Nakoda_people" title="Nakoda people">Stoney</a>, Saulteaux, and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_subgroups">Historical subgroups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historical subgroups">edit</a>]</div> By the early 19th century, the Apsáalooke fell into three independent groupings, who came together only for common defense:<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <ul><li>Ashalaho ('Many Lodges', today called Mountain Crow), Awaxaawaxammilaxpáake ('Mountain People'), or Ashkúale ('The Center Camp'). The Ashalaho or Mountain Crow, the largest Crow group, split from the Awatixa Hidatsa and were the first to travel west. (McCleary 1997: 2–3)., (Bowers 1992: 21) Their leader No Intestines had received a <a href="/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)" title="Vision (spirituality)">vision</a> and led his band on a long <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migratory</a> search for <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tobacco" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred tobacco">sacred tobacco</a>, finally settling in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>. They lived in the Rocky Mountains and foothills along the Upper Yellowstone River, on the present-day Wyoming-Montana border, in the Big Horn and Absaroka Range (also Absalaga Mountains); the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a> comprised the eastern edge of their territory.</li> <li>Binnéessiippeele ('Those Who Live Amongst the River Banks'), today called River Crow or Ashshipíte ('The Black Lodges') The Binnéessiippeele, or River Crow, split from the Hidatsa proper, according to tradition because of a dispute over a bison stomach. As a result, the Hidatsa called the Crow Gixáa-iccá—"Those Who Pout Over Tripe".<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> They lived along the Yellowstone and Musselshell rivers south of the Missouri River and in the river valleys of the Big Horn, Powder and Wind rivers. This area was historically known as the <a href="/wiki/Powder_River_Country" title="Powder River Country">Powder River Country</a>. They sometimes traveled north up to the <a href="/wiki/Milk_River_(Alberta%E2%80%93Montana)" title="Milk River (Alberta–Montana)">Milk River</a>.</li> <li>Eelalapito (Kicked in the Bellies) or Ammitaalasshé (Home Away From The center, that is, away from the Ashkúale – "Mountain Crow").<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> They claimed the area known as the <a href="/wiki/Bighorn_Basin" title="Bighorn Basin">Bighorn Basin</a>, from the Bighorn Mountains in the east to the Absaroka Range to the west, and south to the Wind River Range in northern Wyoming. Sometimes they settled in the <a href="/wiki/Owl_Creek_Mountains" title="Owl Creek Mountains">Owl Creek Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridger_Mountains_(Montana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridger Mountains (Montana)">Bridger Mountains</a> and along the <a href="/wiki/Sweetwater_River_(Wyoming)" title="Sweetwater River (Wyoming)">Sweetwater River</a> in the south.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></li></ul> Apsaalooke <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral history</a> describes a fourth group, the Bilapiluutche ("Beaver Dries its Fur"), who may have merged with the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a> in the second half of the 17th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gradual_displacement_from_tribal_lands">Gradual displacement from tribal lands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gradual displacement from tribal lands">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crow_Indian_territory_(area_517,_619_and_635)_as_described_in_Fort_Laramie_treaty_(1851),_present_Montana_and_Wyoming.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Crow_Indian_territory_%28area_517%2C_619_and_635%29_as_described_in_Fort_Laramie_treaty_%281851%29%2C_present_Montana_and_Wyoming.png/220px-Crow_Indian_territory_%28area_517%2C_619_and_635%29_as_described_in_Fort_Laramie_treaty_%281851%29%2C_present_Montana_and_Wyoming.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Crow_Indian_territory_%28area_517%2C_619_and_635%29_as_described_in_Fort_Laramie_treaty_%281851%29%2C_present_Montana_and_Wyoming.png/330px-Crow_Indian_territory_%28area_517%2C_619_and_635%29_as_described_in_Fort_Laramie_treaty_%281851%29%2C_present_Montana_and_Wyoming.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Crow_Indian_territory_%28area_517%2C_619_and_635%29_as_described_in_Fort_Laramie_treaty_%281851%29%2C_present_Montana_and_Wyoming.png/440px-Crow_Indian_territory_%28area_517%2C_619_and_635%29_as_described_in_Fort_Laramie_treaty_%281851%29%2C_present_Montana_and_Wyoming.png 2x" data-file-width="1470" data-file-height="1802" /></a><figcaption>Crow Indian territory (areas 517, 619 and 635) as described in Fort Laramie treaty (1851), present Montana and Wyoming</figcaption></figure> When European Americans arrived in numbers, the Crows were resisting pressure from enemies who greatly outnumbered them. In the 1850s, a vision by <a href="/wiki/Plenty_Coups" title="Plenty Coups">Plenty Coups</a>, then a boy, but who later became their greatest chief, was interpreted by tribal elders as meaning that the whites would become dominant over the entire country, and that the Crow, if they were to retain any of their land, would need to remain on good terms with the whites.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> By 1851, the more numerous Lakota and Cheyenne were established just to the south and east of Crow territory in Montana.<a href="#cite_note-brown-27">[27]</a> These enemy tribes coveted the hunting lands of the Crow and warred against them. By <a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">right of conquest</a>, they took over the eastern hunting lands of the Crow, including the Powder and Tongue River valleys, and pushed the less numerous Crow to the west and northwest upriver on the <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_River" title="Yellowstone River">Yellowstone</a>. After about 1860, the Lakota Sioux claimed all the former Crow lands from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a> of South Dakota to the <a href="/wiki/Big_Horn_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Horn Mountains">Big Horn Mountains</a> of Montana. They demanded that the Americans deal with them regarding any intrusion into these areas. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1851)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)">Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1851</a> with the United States confirmed as Crow lands a large area centered on the Big Horn Mountains: the area ran from the <a href="/wiki/Big_Horn_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Horn Basin">Big Horn Basin</a> on the west, to the <a href="/wiki/Musselshell_River" title="Musselshell River">Musselshell River</a> on the north, and east to the <a href="/wiki/Powder_River_(Montana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Powder River (Montana)">Powder River</a>; it included the Tongue River <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">basin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> But for two centuries the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a> and many bands of <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota Sioux</a> had been steadily migrating westward across the plains, and were still pressing hard on the Crows. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eight_Crow_prisoners_under_guard_at_Crow_agency,_Montana,_1887_-_NARA_-_531126.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Eight_Crow_prisoners_under_guard_at_Crow_agency%2C_Montana%2C_1887_-_NARA_-_531126.jpg/220px-Eight_Crow_prisoners_under_guard_at_Crow_agency%2C_Montana%2C_1887_-_NARA_-_531126.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Eight_Crow_prisoners_under_guard_at_Crow_agency%2C_Montana%2C_1887_-_NARA_-_531126.jpg/330px-Eight_Crow_prisoners_under_guard_at_Crow_agency%2C_Montana%2C_1887_-_NARA_-_531126.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Eight_Crow_prisoners_under_guard_at_Crow_agency%2C_Montana%2C_1887_-_NARA_-_531126.jpg/440px-Eight_Crow_prisoners_under_guard_at_Crow_agency%2C_Montana%2C_1887_-_NARA_-_531126.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2399" /></a><figcaption>"Eight Crow prisoners under guard at Crow agency, Montana, 1887"</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud%27s_War" title="Red Cloud's War">Red Cloud's War</a> (1866–1868) was a challenge by the Lakota Sioux to the United States military presence on the <a href="/wiki/Bozeman_Trail" title="Bozeman Trail">Bozeman Trail</a>, a route along the eastern edge of the Big Horn Mountains to the Montana gold fields. Red Cloud's War ended with victory for the Lakota. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)">Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1868</a> with the United States confirmed the Lakota control over all the high plains from the Black Hills of the Dakotas westward across the <a href="/wiki/Powder_River_Basin" title="Powder River Basin">Powder River Basin</a> to the crest of the Big Horn Mountains.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Thereafter bands of Lakota Sioux led by <a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gall" title="Gall">Gall</a>, and others, along with their <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Cheyenne">Northern Cheyenne</a> allies, hunted and raided throughout the length and breadth of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Montana" title="Eastern Montana">eastern Montana</a> and northeastern <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, which had been for a time ancestral Crow territory. On 25 June 1876, the Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne achieved a major victory over army forces under Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Big_Horn" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Little Big Horn">Battle of the Little Big Horn</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Indian_Reservation" title="Crow Indian Reservation">Crow Indian Reservation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> but the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Sioux War">Great Sioux War</a> (1876–1877) ended in the defeat of the Sioux and their Cheyenne allies. Crow warriors enlisted with the U.S. Army for this war. The Sioux and allies were forced from eastern Montana and Wyoming: some bands fled to Canada, while others suffered forced removal to distant reservations, primarily in present-day Montana and Nebraska west of the Missouri River. In 1918, the Crow organized a gathering to display their culture, and they invited members of other tribes. The <a href="/wiki/Crow_Fair" title="Crow Fair">Crow Fair</a> is now celebrated yearly on the third weekend of August, with wide participation from other tribes.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crow_Tribe_history:_a_chronological_record">Crow Tribe history: a chronological record</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Crow Tribe history: a chronological record">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1600–1699">1600–1699</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1600–1699">edit</a>]</div> A group of Crow went west after leaving the Hidatsa villages of earth lodges in the Knife River and Heart River area (present North Dakota) around 1675–1700. They selected a site for a single earth lodge on the lower Yellowstone River. Most families lived in tipis or other perishable kinds of homes at the new place. These Indians had left the Hidatsa villages and adjacent cornfields for good, but they had yet to become "real" buffalo hunting Crow following the herds on the open plains.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Archaeologists know this "proto-Crow" site in present Montana as the Hagen site.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1700–1799">1700–1799</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1700–1799">edit</a>]</div> Some time before 1765, the Crow held a Sun Dance, attended by a poor Arapaho. A Crow with power gave him a medicine doll, and he quickly earned status and owned horses as no one else. During the next Sun Dance, some Crow stole back the figure to keep it in the tribe. Eventually the Arapaho made a duplicate. Later in life, he married a Kiowa woman and brought the doll with him. The Kiowas use it during the Sun Dance and recognize it as one of the most powerful tribal medicines. They still credit the Crow tribe for the origin of their sacred Tai-may figure.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1800–1824">1800–1824</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1800–1824">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_with_trading_posts_built_for_trade_with_the_Crows,_1807-1867.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Map_with_trading_posts_built_for_trade_with_the_Crows%2C_1807-1867.png/440px-Map_with_trading_posts_built_for_trade_with_the_Crows%2C_1807-1867.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Map_with_trading_posts_built_for_trade_with_the_Crows%2C_1807-1867.png/660px-Map_with_trading_posts_built_for_trade_with_the_Crows%2C_1807-1867.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Map_with_trading_posts_built_for_trade_with_the_Crows%2C_1807-1867.png/880px-Map_with_trading_posts_built_for_trade_with_the_Crows%2C_1807-1867.png 2x" data-file-width="1331" data-file-height="826" /></a><figcaption>The trading posts built for trade with the Crows</figcaption></figure> The enmity between the Crow and the Lakota was reassured right from the start of the 19th century. The Crow killed a minimum of thirty Lakota in 1800–1801 according to two Lakota <a href="/wiki/Winter_count" title="Winter count">winter counts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The next year, the Lakota and their Cheyenne allies killed all the men in a Crow camp with thirty tipis.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In the summer of 1805, a Crow camp traded at the Hidatsa villages on Knife River in present North Dakota. Chiefs Red Calf and Spotted Crow allowed the fur trader Francois-Antoine Larocque to join it on its way across the plains to the Yellowstone area. He traveled with it to a point west of the place where <a href="/wiki/Billings,_Montana" title="Billings, Montana">Billings, Montana</a>, is today. The camp crossed Little Missouri River and Bighorn River on the way.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The next year, some Crow discovered a group of whites with horses on the Yellowstone River. By stealth, they captured the mounts before morning. The <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a> did not see the Crow.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The first trading post in Crow country was constructed in 1807, known as both <a href="/wiki/Fort_Raymond" title="Fort Raymond">Fort Raymond</a> and Fort Lisa (1807–ca. 1813). Like the succeeding forts, Fort Benton (ca. 1821–1824) and Fort Cass (1832–1838), it was built near the confluence of the Yellowstone and the Bighorn.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The Blood Blackfoot Bad Head's winter count tells about the early and persistent hostility between the Crow and the Blackfoot. In 1813, a force of Blood warriors set off for a raid on the Crow in the Bighorn area. Next year, Crows near Little Bighorn River killed Blackfoot Top Knot.<a href="#cite_note-Dempsey1965-40">[40]</a>: 6  A Crow camp neutralized thirty Cheyenne bent on capturing horses in 1819.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The Cheyenne and warriors from a Lakota camp destroyed a whole <a href="/wiki/Tongue_River_Indian_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongue River Indian Massacre">Crow camp at Tongue River</a> the following year.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> This was likely the most severe attack on a Crow camp in historic time.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1825–1849">1825–1849</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1825–1849">edit</a>]</div> The Crows put up 300 tipis near a Mandan village on the Missouri in 1825.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The representatives of the US government waited for them. Mountain Crow chief Long Hair (Red Plume at Forehead) and fifteen other Crows signed the first treaty of friendship and trade between the Crows and the United States on 4 August.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> With the signing of the document, the Crows also recognized the supremacy of the United States, if they actually understood the word. River Crow chief Arapooish had left the treaty area in disgust. By help of the thunderbird he had to send a farewell shower down on the whites and the Mountain Crows.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In 1829, seven Crow warriors were neutralized by Blood Blackfoot Indians led by Spotted Bear, who captured a pipe-hatchet during the fight just west of <a href="/wiki/Chinook,_Montana" title="Chinook, Montana">Chinook, Montana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dempsey1965-40">[40]</a>: 8  In the summer of 1834, the Crow (maybe led by chief Arapooish) tried to shut down Fort McKenzie at the Missouri in Blackfeet country. The apparent motive was to stop the trading post's sale to their Indian enemies. Although later described as a month long siege of the fort,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> it lasted only two days.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The opponents exchanged a few shots and the men in the fort fired a cannon, but no real harm came to anyone. The Crows left four days before the arrival of a Blackfeet band. The episode seems to be the worst armed conflict between the Crows and a group of whites until the <a href="/wiki/Crow_War" title="Crow War">Sword Bearer uprising</a> in 1887. The death of chief Arapooish was recorded on 17 September 1834. The news reached <a href="/wiki/Fort_Clark_Trading_Post_State_Historic_Site" title="Fort Clark Trading Post State Historic Site">Fort Clark</a> at the Mandan village Mitutanka. Manager F.A. Chardon wrote he "was Killed by Black feet".<a href="#cite_note-Char1997-50">[50]</a> The smallpox epidemic of 1837 spread along the Missouri and "had little impact" on the tribe according to one source.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The River Crows grew in number, when a group of Hidatsas joined them permanently to escape the scourge sweeping through the Hidatsa villages.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Fort Van Buren was a short-lived trading post in existence from 1839 to 1842.<a href="#cite_note-Hox1995-53">[53]</a>: 68  It was built on the bank of the Yellowstone near the mouth of Tongue River.<a href="#cite_note-Char1997-50">[50]</a>: 315, note 469  In the summer of 1840, a Crow camp in the Bighorn valley greeted the Jesuit missionary Pierre-Jean De Smet.<a href="#cite_note-Smet1905-54">[54]</a>: 35  From 1842 to around 1852,<a href="#cite_note-Kurz1937-55">[55]</a>: 235  the Crow traded in Fort Alexander opposite the mouth of the Rosebud.<a href="#cite_note-Hox1995-53">[53]</a>: 68  The River Crows charged a moving Blackfeet camp near <a href="/wiki/Judith_Gap,_Montana" title="Judith Gap, Montana">Judith Gap</a> in 1845. Father <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Jean_De_Smet" title="Pierre-Jean De Smet">Pierre-Jean De Smet</a> mourned the destructive attack on the "petite Robe" band.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The Blackfeet chief Small Robe had been mortally wounded and many killed. De Smet worked out the number of women and children taken captive to 160. By and by and with a fur trader as an intermediary, the Crows agreed to let 50 women return to their tribe.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1850–1874">1850–1874</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1850–1874">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Smet_map_of_the_1851_Fort_Laramie_Indian_territories_(the_light_area)._PNG.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/De_Smet_map_of_the_1851_Fort_Laramie_Indian_territories_%28the_light_area%29._PNG.png/290px-De_Smet_map_of_the_1851_Fort_Laramie_Indian_territories_%28the_light_area%29._PNG.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/De_Smet_map_of_the_1851_Fort_Laramie_Indian_territories_%28the_light_area%29._PNG.png/435px-De_Smet_map_of_the_1851_Fort_Laramie_Indian_territories_%28the_light_area%29._PNG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/De_Smet_map_of_the_1851_Fort_Laramie_Indian_territories_%28the_light_area%29._PNG.png/580px-De_Smet_map_of_the_1851_Fort_Laramie_Indian_territories_%28the_light_area%29._PNG.png 2x" data-file-width="4255" data-file-height="2849" /></a><figcaption>De Smet map of the 1851 Fort Laramie Indian territories (the light area). Jesuit missionary De Smet drew this map with the tribal borders agreed upon at Fort Laramie in 1851. Although the map itself is wrong in certain ways, it has the Crow territory west of the Sioux territory as written in the treaty, and the Bighorn area as the heart of the Crow country.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crow_Indian_chief_Big_Shadow_(Big_Robber),_signer_of_the_Fort_Laramie_treaty_(1851)._Painting_by_Jesuit_missionary_De_Smet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Crow_Indian_chief_Big_Shadow_%28Big_Robber%29%2C_signer_of_the_Fort_Laramie_treaty_%281851%29._Painting_by_Jesuit_missionary_De_Smet.jpg/220px-Crow_Indian_chief_Big_Shadow_%28Big_Robber%29%2C_signer_of_the_Fort_Laramie_treaty_%281851%29._Painting_by_Jesuit_missionary_De_Smet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Crow_Indian_chief_Big_Shadow_%28Big_Robber%29%2C_signer_of_the_Fort_Laramie_treaty_%281851%29._Painting_by_Jesuit_missionary_De_Smet.jpg/330px-Crow_Indian_chief_Big_Shadow_%28Big_Robber%29%2C_signer_of_the_Fort_Laramie_treaty_%281851%29._Painting_by_Jesuit_missionary_De_Smet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Crow_Indian_chief_Big_Shadow_%28Big_Robber%29%2C_signer_of_the_Fort_Laramie_treaty_%281851%29._Painting_by_Jesuit_missionary_De_Smet.jpg/440px-Crow_Indian_chief_Big_Shadow_%28Big_Robber%29%2C_signer_of_the_Fort_Laramie_treaty_%281851%29._Painting_by_Jesuit_missionary_De_Smet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Crow Indian <a href="/wiki/Chief_Big_Shadow" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Big Shadow">Chief Big Shadow</a> (Big Robber), signer of the Fort Laramie treaty (1851). Painting by Jesuit missionary De Smet.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lone_Dog%27s_Sioux_winter_count,_1870._Thirty_Crows_killed_in_battle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Lone_Dog%27s_Sioux_winter_count%2C_1870._Thirty_Crows_killed_in_battle.jpg/220px-Lone_Dog%27s_Sioux_winter_count%2C_1870._Thirty_Crows_killed_in_battle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Lone_Dog%27s_Sioux_winter_count%2C_1870._Thirty_Crows_killed_in_battle.jpg/330px-Lone_Dog%27s_Sioux_winter_count%2C_1870._Thirty_Crows_killed_in_battle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Lone_Dog%27s_Sioux_winter_count%2C_1870._Thirty_Crows_killed_in_battle.jpg/440px-Lone_Dog%27s_Sioux_winter_count%2C_1870._Thirty_Crows_killed_in_battle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>Lone Dog's Sioux winter count, 1870. Thirty Crows killed in battle.</figcaption></figure> Fort Sarpy (I) near Rosebud River carried out trade with the Crow after the closing of Fort Alexander.<a href="#cite_note-Hox1995-53">[53]</a>: 67  River Crow went some times to the bigger <a href="/wiki/Fort_Union_Trading_Post_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site">Fort Union</a> at the confluence of the Yellowstone and the Missouri. Both the "famous Absaroka <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">amazon</a>" Woman Chief<a href="#cite_note-Kurz1937-55">[55]</a>: 213  and River Crow chief Twines His Tail (Rotten Tail) visited the fort in 1851.<a href="#cite_note-Kurz1937-55">[55]</a>: 211  In 1851, the Crow, the Sioux, and six other Indian nations signed the Fort Laramie treaty along with the U.S. It should ensure peace forever between all nine partakers. Further, the treaty described the different tribal territories. The U.S. was allowed to construct roads and forts.<a href="#cite_note-Kapp1904-58">[58]</a>: 594–595  A weak point in the treaty was the absence of rules to uphold the tribal borders.<a href="#cite_note-Hox1995-53">[53]</a>: 87  The Crow and various bands of Sioux attacked each other again from the mid-1850s.<a href="#cite_note-Greene2015-59">[59]</a>: 226, 228 <a href="#cite_note-Stirling1938-60">[60]</a>: 9–12 <a href="#cite_note-Paul1997-61">[61]</a>: 119–124 <a href="#cite_note-Beckwith1930-62">[62]</a>: 362 <a href="#cite_note-McGinnis1990-63">[63]</a>: 103  Soon, the Sioux took no notice of the 1851 borders<a href="#cite_note-White1978-64">[64]</a>: 340  and expanded into Crow territory west of the Powder.<a href="#cite_note-Calloway1982-65">[65]</a>: 46 <a href="#cite_note-Ewers1975-66">[66]</a>: 407–408 <a href="#cite_note-MedCrow1992-67">[67]</a>: 14  The Crows engaged in "… large-scale battles with invading Sioux …" near present-day <a href="/wiki/Wyola,_Montana" title="Wyola, Montana">Wyola, Montana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MedCrow1992-67">[67]</a>: 84  Around 1860, the western Powder area was lost.<a href="#cite_note-White1978-64">[64]</a>: 339 <a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> From 1857 to 1860, many Crow traded their surplus robes and skin at Fort Sarpy (II) near the mouth of the Bighorn River.<a href="#cite_note-Hox1995-53">[53]</a>: 67–68  During the mid-1860s, the Sioux resented the emigrant route <a href="/wiki/Bozeman_Trail" title="Bozeman Trail">Bozeman Trail</a> through the Powder River bison habitat, although it mainly "crossed land guaranteed to the Crows".<a href="#cite_note-Hox1995-53">[53]</a>: 89 <a href="#cite_note-Utley2003-69">[69]</a>: 20 <a href="#cite_note-SIT1972-70">[70]</a>: 170, note 13  When the Army built forts to protect the trail, the Crow cooperated with the garrisons.<a href="#cite_note-Hox1995-53">[53]</a>: 89 and 91 <a href="#cite_note-Dunlay1982-71">[71]</a>: 38–39  On 21 December 1866, the Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho defeated Captain <a href="/wiki/William_J._Fetterman" title="William J. Fetterman">William J. Fetterman</a> and his men from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Phil_Kearny" title="Fort Phil Kearny">Fort Phil Kearny</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hox1995-53">[53]</a>: 89  Evidently, the U.S. could not enforce respect for the treaty borders agreed upon 15 years before.<a href="#cite_note-Hox1995-53">[53]</a>: 87  The River Crow north of the Yellowstone developed a friendship with their former Gros Ventre enemies in the 1860s.<a href="#cite_note-Hox1995-53">[53]</a>: 93 <a href="#cite_note-McGinnis1990-63">[63]</a>: 105  A joint large-scale attack on a large Blackfoot camp at the <a href="/wiki/Cypress_Hills_(Canada)" title="Cypress Hills (Canada)">Cypress Hills</a> in 1866 resulted in a chaotic withdrawal of the Gros Ventres and Crow. The Blackfoot pursued the warriors for hours and killed allegedly more than 300.<a href="#cite_note-McGinnis1990-63">[63]</a>: 106 <a href="#cite_note-Grinnell1911-72">[72]</a>: 140  In 1868, a new Fort Laramie treaty between the Sioux and the U.S. turned 1851 Crow Powder River area into "unceded Indian territory" of the Sioux.<a href="#cite_note-Kapp1904-58">[58]</a>: 1002  "The Government had in effect betrayed the Crows…".<a href="#cite_note-Dunlay1982-71">[71]</a>: 40  On 7 May, the same year, the Crow ceded vast ranges to the US due to pressure from white settlements north of Upper Yellowstone River and loss of eastern territories to the Sioux. They accepted a smaller <a href="/wiki/Crow_Indian_Reservation" title="Crow Indian Reservation">reservation</a> south of the Yellowstone.<a href="#cite_note-Kapp1904-58">[58]</a>: 1008–1011  The Sioux and their Indian allies, now formally at peace with the U.S., focused on intertribal wars at once.<a href="#cite_note-Deloria1975-73">[73]</a>: 175  Raids against the Crows were "frequent, both by the Northern Cheyennes and by the Arapahos, as well as the Sioux, and by parties made up from all three tribes".<a href="#cite_note-Hyde1987-74">[74]</a>: 347  Crow chief Plenty Coups recalled, "The three worst enemies our people had were combined against us …".<a href="#cite_note-Lin1962-75">[75]</a>: 127 and 107, 135, 153  In April 1870, the Sioux overpowered a barricaded war group of 30 Crow in the Big Dry area.<a href="#cite_note-Stirling1938-60">[60]</a>: 33  The Crow were killed to either last or last but one man. Later, mourning Crow with "their hair cut off, their fingers and faces cut" brought the dead bodies back to camp.<a href="#cite_note-Koch1929-76">[76]</a>: 153  The drawing from the Sioux winter count of Lone Dog shows the Crow in the circle (the breastwork), while the Sioux close in on them. The many lines indicates flying bullets. The Sioux lost 14 warriors.<a href="#cite_note-Mall1896-77">[77]</a>: 126  Sioux chief Sitting Bull took part in this battle.<a href="#cite_note-Stirling1938-60">[60]</a>: 33 <a href="#cite_note-Vestal1932-78">[78]</a>: 115–119  In the summer of 1870, some Sioux attacked a Crow reservation camp in the Bighorn/Little Bighorn area.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The Crows reported Sioux Indians in the same area again in 1871.<a href="#cite_note-Lubetkin2002-80">[80]</a>: 43  During the next years, this eastern part of the Crow reservation was taken over by the Sioux in search of buffalo.<a href="#cite_note-Bradley1896-81">[81]</a>: 182  In August 1873, visiting Nez Percé and a Crow reservation camp at Pryor Creek further west faced a force of Sioux warriors in a long confrontation.<a href="#cite_note-Hox1995-53">[53]</a>: 107  Crow chief Blackfoot objected to this incursion and called for resolute U.S. military actions against the Indian trespassers.<a href="#cite_note-Hox1995-53">[53]</a>: 106  Due to Sioux attacks on both civilians and soldiers north of the Yellowstone in newly established U.S. territory (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pease_Bottom" title="Battle of Pease Bottom">Battle of Pease Bottom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Honsinger_Bluff" title="Battle of Honsinger Bluff">Battle of Honsinger Bluff</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Commissioner of Indian Affairs</a> advocated the use of troops to force the Sioux back to South Dakota in his 1873 report.<a href="#cite_note-Kvasnicka1979-82">[82]</a>: 145  Nothing happened. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1875–1899">1875–1899</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1875–1899">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crooks_army_before_battle_of_the_Rosebud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Crooks_army_before_battle_of_the_Rosebud.jpg/220px-Crooks_army_before_battle_of_the_Rosebud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Crooks_army_before_battle_of_the_Rosebud.jpg/330px-Crooks_army_before_battle_of_the_Rosebud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Crooks_army_before_battle_of_the_Rosebud.jpg/440px-Crooks_army_before_battle_of_the_Rosebud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>Crooks army before battle of the Rosebud. The Crow and Shoshone scouts and the Army are crossing Goose River on the way to the Rosebud in 1876. The equestrian woman may be either the Crow <a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">berdache</a> Finds-them-and-kills-them or the Crow amazon The-other-magpie.<a href="#cite_note-Lin1974-83">[83]</a>: 228 </figcaption></figure> Two years later, in early July 1875,<a href="#cite_note-Webb1939-84">[84]</a>: 75  Crow chief Long Horse was killed in a suicidal attack on some Sioux,<a href="#cite_note-Lin1962-75">[75]</a>: 277–284  who previously had killed three soldiers from Camp Lewis on the upper Judith River (near Lewistown).<a href="#cite_note-Grinnell1985-85">[85]</a>: 114  <a href="/wiki/George_Bird_Grinnell" title="George Bird Grinnell">George Bird Grinnell</a> was a member of the exploring party in the <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> that year, and he saw the bringing in of the dead chief. A mule carried the body, which was wrapped in a green blanket. The chief was placed in a tipi "not far from the Crow camp, reclining on his bed covered with robes, his face handsomely painted".<a href="#cite_note-Grinnell1985-85">[85]</a>: 116  Crow woman Pretty Shield remembered the sadness in camp. "We fasted, nearly starved in our sorrow for the loss of Long-Horse."<a href="#cite_note-Lin1974-83">[83]</a>: 38  Exposed to Sioux attacks, the Crows sided with the U.S. during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Great Sioux War</a> in 1876–1877.<a href="#cite_note-White1978-64">[64]</a>: 342  On 10 April 1876, 23 Crow enlisted as <a href="/wiki/Crow_scouts" title="Crow scouts">Army scouts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradley1896-81">[81]</a>: 163  They enlisted against a traditional Indian enemy, "... who were now in the old Crow country, menacing and often raiding the Crows in their reservation camps."<a href="#cite_note-MedCrow1939-86">[86]</a>: X  <a href="/wiki/Charles_Varnum" title="Charles Varnum">Charles Varnum</a>, leader of Custer's scouts, understood how valuable the enrolment of scouts from the local Indian tribe was. "These Crows were in their own country and knew it thoroughly."<a href="#cite_note-Varnum1987-87">[87]</a>: 60  Notable Crows like Medicine Crow<a href="#cite_note-Porter1986-88">[88]</a>: 48  and Plenty Coups participated in the Rosebud Battle along with more than 160 other Crows.<a href="#cite_note-MedCrow1992-67">[67]</a>: 47 <a href="#cite_note-Lin1962-75">[75]</a>: 154–172 <a href="#cite_note-Dunlay1982-71">[71]</a>: 116  The Battle of the Little Bighorn stood on the Crow reservation.<a href="#cite_note-Dunlay1982-71">[71]</a>: 113  As most battles between the US and the Sioux in the 1860s and 1870s, "It was a clash of two expanding empires, with the most dramatic battles occurring on lands only recently taken by the Sioux from other tribes."<a href="#cite_note-Calloway1982-65">[65]</a>: 42 <a href="#cite_note-Ewers1975-66">[66]</a>: 408 <a href="#cite_note-White1978-64">[64]</a>: 342  When the Crow camp with Pretty Shield learned about the defeat of George A. Custer, it cried for the assumed dead Crow scouts "… and for Son-of-the-morning-star [Custer] and his blue soldiers …".<a href="#cite_note-Lin1974-83">[83]</a>: 243  On 8 January 1877, three Crow participated in the last battle of the Great Sioux War in the Wolf Mountains.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson2001-89">[89]</a>: 60  In the spring of 1878, 700 Crow tipis were pitched at the confluence of Bighorn River and Yellowstone River. Together with Colonel <a href="/wiki/Nelson_A._Miles" title="Nelson A. Miles">Nelson A. Miles</a>, an Army leader in the Great Sioux War, the large camp celebrated the victory over the Sioux.<a href="#cite_note-Hox1995-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miles1897-90">[90]</a>: 283–285  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsistence">Subsistence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Subsistence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffalo_jump.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Buffalo_jump.jpg/220px-Buffalo_jump.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Buffalo_jump.jpg/330px-Buffalo_jump.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Buffalo_jump.jpg/440px-Buffalo_jump.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of a buffalo jump</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crow_Indians_offering_food_-Edward_S._Curtis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Crow_Indians_offering_food_-Edward_S._Curtis.jpg/170px-Crow_Indians_offering_food_-Edward_S._Curtis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Crow_Indians_offering_food_-Edward_S._Curtis.jpg/255px-Crow_Indians_offering_food_-Edward_S._Curtis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Crow_Indians_offering_food_-Edward_S._Curtis.jpg/340px-Crow_Indians_offering_food_-Edward_S._Curtis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1239" /></a><figcaption>The Oath Apsaroke by <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Curtis" title="Edward S. Curtis">Edward S. Curtis</a> depicting Crow men giving a symbolic oath with a bison meat offering on an arrow</figcaption></figure> The main food source for the Crow was the <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a> which was hunted in a variety of ways. Before the use of horses the bison were hunted on foot and required hunters to stalk close to the bison, often with a wolf-pelt disguise, then pursue the animals quickly on foot before killing them with arrows or lances. The horse allowed the Crow to hunt bison more easily as well as hunt more at one time. Riders would panic the herd into a stampede and shoot the targeted animals with arrows or bullets from horseback or lance them through the heart. In addition to bison the Crow also hunted <a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">bighorn sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_goats" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain goats">mountain goats</a>, deer, <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a>, bear, and other game. Buffalo meat was often roasted or boiled in a stew with <a href="/wiki/Prairie_turnip" class="mw-redirect" title="Prairie turnip">prairie turnips</a>. The rump, tongue, liver, heart, and kidneys all were considered delicacies. Dried bison meat was ground with fat and berries to make <a href="/wiki/Pemmican" title="Pemmican">pemmican</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In addition to meat, wild edibles were gathered and eaten such as <a href="/wiki/Sambucus" title="Sambucus">elderberries</a>, wild turnip, and <a href="/wiki/Amelanchier_alnifolia" title="Amelanchier alnifolia">Saskatoon berries</a>. The Crow often hunted bison by utilizing <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">buffalo jumps</a>. "Where Buffaloes are Driven Over Cliffs at Long Ridge" was a favorite spot for meat procurement by the Crow Indians for over a century, from 1700 to around 1870 when modern weapons were introduced.<a href="#cite_note-Plains_Anthropologist-92">[92]</a> The Crow used this place annually in the autumn, a place of multiple cliffs along a ridge that eventually sloped to the creek. Early in the morning the day of the jump a medicine man would stand on the edge of the upper cliff, facing up the ridge. He would take a pair of bison hindquarters and pointing the feet along the lines of stones he would sing his sacred songs and call upon the Great Spirit to make the operation a success.<a href="#cite_note-Plains_Anthropologist-92">[92]</a> After this invocation the medicine man would give the two head drivers a pouch of incense.<a href="#cite_note-Plains_Anthropologist-92">[92]</a> As the two head drivers and their helpers headed up the ridge and the long line of stones they would stop and burn incense on the ground repeating this process four times.<a href="#cite_note-Plains_Anthropologist-92">[92]</a> The ritual was intended to make the animals come to the line where the incense was burned, then bolt back to the ridge area.<a href="#cite_note-Plains_Anthropologist-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habitation_and_transportation">Habitation and transportation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Habitation and transportation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crow_Tipi_or_Lodge-_George_Catlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Crow_Tipi_or_Lodge-_George_Catlin.jpg/220px-Crow_Tipi_or_Lodge-_George_Catlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Crow_Tipi_or_Lodge-_George_Catlin.jpg/330px-Crow_Tipi_or_Lodge-_George_Catlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Crow_Tipi_or_Lodge-_George_Catlin.jpg/440px-Crow_Tipi_or_Lodge-_George_Catlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>Crow Lodge of Twenty-five Buffalo Skins, 1832–33 by <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crow_men_trading_on_horseback-_Edward_S._Curtis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Crow_men_trading_on_horseback-_Edward_S._Curtis.jpg/220px-Crow_men_trading_on_horseback-_Edward_S._Curtis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Crow_men_trading_on_horseback-_Edward_S._Curtis.jpg/330px-Crow_men_trading_on_horseback-_Edward_S._Curtis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Crow_men_trading_on_horseback-_Edward_S._Curtis.jpg/440px-Crow_men_trading_on_horseback-_Edward_S._Curtis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="847" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>Crow men trading on horseback</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Crow_horsemen-_Edward_S._Curtis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Three_Crow_horsemen-_Edward_S._Curtis.jpg/220px-Three_Crow_horsemen-_Edward_S._Curtis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Three_Crow_horsemen-_Edward_S._Curtis.jpg/330px-Three_Crow_horsemen-_Edward_S._Curtis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Three_Crow_horsemen-_Edward_S._Curtis.jpg/440px-Three_Crow_horsemen-_Edward_S._Curtis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1875" /></a><figcaption>Three Crow men on their horses, <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Curtis" title="Edward S. Curtis">Edward S. Curtis</a>, 1908</figcaption></figure> The traditional Crow shelter is the <a href="/wiki/Tipi" title="Tipi">tipi or skin lodge</a> made with <a href="/wiki/American_Bison" class="mw-redirect" title="American Bison">bison</a> hides stretched over wooden poles. The Crow are historically known to construct some of the largest tipis. Tipi poles were harvested from the <a href="/wiki/Lodgepole_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodgepole pine">lodgepole pine</a> which acquired its name from its use as support for tipis.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Inside the tipi, mattresses and buffalo-hide seats were arranged around the edge, with a fireplace in the center. The smoke from the fire escaped through a hole or smoke-flap in the top of the tipi. At least one entrance hole with collapsible flap allowed entry into the tipi. Often hide paintings adorned the outside and inside of tipis with specific meanings attached to the images. Often specific tipi designs were unique to the individual owner, family, or society that resided in the tipi. Tipis are easily raised and collapsed and are lightweight, which is ideal for nomadic people like the Crow who move frequently and quickly. Once collapsed, the tipi poles are used to create a <a href="/wiki/Travois" title="Travois">travois</a>. Travois are a horse-pulled frame structure used by plains Indians to carry and pull belongings as well as small children. Many Crow families still own and use the tipi, especially when traveling. The annual Crow Fair has been described as the largest gathering of tipis in the world. The most widely used form of transportation used by the Crow was the <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a>. Horses were acquired through raiding and trading with other Plains nations. People of the northern plains like the Crow mostly got their horses from people from the southern plains such as the Comanche and Kiowa who originally got their horses from the Spanish and southwestern Indians such as the various Pueblo people. The Crow had large horse herds which were among the largest owned by <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Plains Indian">Plains Indians</a>; in 1914 they had approximately thirty to forty thousand head. By 1921 the number of mounts had dwindled to just one thousand. Like other plains people the horse was central to the Crow economy and were a highly valuable trade item and were frequently stolen from other tribes to gain wealth and prestige as a warrior. The horse allowed the Crow to become powerful and skilled mounted warriors, being able to perform daring maneuvers during battle including hanging underneath a galloping horse and shooting arrows by holding onto its mane. They also had many dogs; one source counted five to six hundred. Dogs were used as guards and pack animals to carry belongings and pull travois. The introduction of horses into Crow society allowed them to pull heavier loads faster, greatly reducing the number of dogs used as pack animals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attire">Attire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Attire">edit</a>]</div> The Crow wore clothing distinguished by gender. Women wore dresses made of <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">buffalo</a> hide, decorated with <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a> teeth or shells. They covered their legs with leggings during winter and their feet with <a href="/wiki/Moccasin" title="Moccasin">moccasins</a>. Crow women wore their hair in two braids. Male clothing usually consisted of a shirt, trimmed leggings with a belt, a long <a href="/wiki/Breechcloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Breechcloth">breechcloth</a>, and moccasins. Robes made from the furred hide of a bison were often worn in winter. Leggings were either made of animal hide which the Crow made for themselves or made of wool which were highly valued trade items made specifically for Indians in Europe. Their hair was worn long, in some cases reaching the ground.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The Crow are famous for often wearing their hair in a <a href="/wiki/Pompadour_(hairstyle)" title="Pompadour (hairstyle)">pompadour</a> which was often colored with white paint. Crow men were notable for wearing two hair pipes made from beads on both sides of their hair. Men often wore their hair in two braids wrapped in the fur of beavers or otters. Bear grease was used to give shine to hair. Stuffed birds were often worn in the hair of warriors and medicine men. Like other plains Indians the Crow wore feathers from eagles, crows, owls, and other birds in their hair for symbolic reasons. The Crow wore a variety of headdresses including the famous <a href="/wiki/War_bonnet" title="War bonnet">eagle feather headdress</a>, bison scalp headdress with horns and beaded rim, and split horn headdress. The split horn headdress is made from a single bison horn split in half and polished into two nearly identical horns which were attached to a leather cap and decorated with feathers and beadwork. Traditional clothing worn by the Crow is still worn today with varying degrees of regularity. The Crow are well known for their intercut beadwork. They adorned basically every aspect of their lives with these beads, giving special attention to ceremonial and ornamental items. Their clothing, horses, cradles, ornamental and ceremonial gear, in addition to leather cases of all shapes, sizes and uses were decorated in beadwork.<a href="#cite_note-To_Honor_the_Crow_People-95">[95]</a> They gave reverence to the animals they ate by using as much of it as they could. The leather for their clothing, robes and pouches were created from the skin of buffalo, deer and elk. The work was done by the tribeswomen, with some being considered experts and were often sought by the younger, less experienced women for design and symbolic advice.<a href="#cite_note-Crow_Indian_Art-96">[96]</a> The Crow are an innovative people and are credited with developing their own style of stitch-work for adhering beads. This stitch, which is now called the overlay, is still also known as the "Crow Stitch".<a href="#cite_note-To_Honor_the_Crow_People-95">[95]</a> In their beadwork, geometric shapes were primarily used with triangles, diamonds and hour-glass structures being the most prevalent. A wide range of colors were utilized by the Crow, but blues and various shades of pink were the most dominantly used. To intensify or to draw out a certain color or shape, they would surround that figure or color in a white outline.<a href="#cite_note-To_Honor_the_Crow_People-95">[95]</a> The colors chosen were not just merely used to be aesthetically pleasing, but rather had a deeper symbolic meaning. Pinks represented the various shades of the rising sun with yellow being the East the origin of the sun's arrival.<a href="#cite_note-To_Honor_the_Crow_People-95">[95]</a> Blues are symbolic of the sky; red represented the setting sun or the West; green symbolizing mother earth, black the slaying of an enemy<a href="#cite_note-Crow_Indian_Art-96">[96]</a> and white representing clouds, rain or sleet.<a href="#cite_note-To_Honor_the_Crow_People-95">[95]</a> Although most colors had a common symbolism, each piece's symbolic significance was fairly subjective to its creator, especially when in reference to the individual shapes. One person's triangle might symbolize a teepee, a spear head to a different individual or a range of mountains to yet another. Regardless of the individual significance of each piece, the Crow People give reverence to the land and sky with the symbolic references found in the various colors and shapes found on their ornamental gear and even clothing.<a href="#cite_note-To_Honor_the_Crow_People-95">[95]</a> Some of the clothing that the Crow decorated with beads included robes, vests, pants, shirts, moccasins and various forms of celebratory and ceremonial gear. In addition to creating a connection with the land, from which they are a part, the various shapes and colors reflected one's standing and achievements. For example, if a warrior were to slay, wound or disarm an enemy, he would return with a blackened face.<a href="#cite_note-Crow_Indian_Art-96">[96]</a> The black color would then be incorporated in the clothing of that man, most likely in his war attire. A beaded robe, which was often given to a bride to be, could take over a year to produce and was usually created by the bride's mother-in-law or another female relative-in-law. These robes were often characterized by a series of parallel horizontal lines, usually consisting of light blue. The lines represented the young women's new role as a wife and mother; also the new bride was encouraged to wear the robe at the next ceremonial gathering to symbolize her addition and welcoming to a new family.<a href="#cite_note-To_Honor_the_Crow_People-95">[95]</a> In modern times, the Crow still often decorate their clothing with intricate bead designs for powwow and everyday clothing. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Holds_The_Enemy-_Crow_Indian-E.A_Burbank.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting of Holds The Enemy, a Crow warrior with split horn headdress and beaded wool leggings by E. A. Burbank"><img alt="Painting of Holds The Enemy, a Crow warrior with split horn headdress and beaded wool leggings by E. A. Burbank" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Holds_The_Enemy-_Crow_Indian-E.A_Burbank.jpg/120px-Holds_The_Enemy-_Crow_Indian-E.A_Burbank.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Holds_The_Enemy-_Crow_Indian-E.A_Burbank.jpg/180px-Holds_The_Enemy-_Crow_Indian-E.A_Burbank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Holds_The_Enemy-_Crow_Indian-E.A_Burbank.jpg/240px-Holds_The_Enemy-_Crow_Indian-E.A_Burbank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painting of Holds The Enemy, a Crow warrior with split horn headdress and beaded wool leggings by <a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Ayer_Burbank" title="Elbridge Ayer Burbank">E. A. Burbank</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%B3-ra-t%C3%B3-a,_a_Brave.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hó-ra-tó-a, a Crow warrior with headdress, bison robe, and hair reaching the ground. Painted by George Catlin, Fort Union 1832."><img alt="Hó-ra-tó-a, a Crow warrior with headdress, bison robe, and hair reaching the ground. Painted by George Catlin, Fort Union 1832." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/H%C3%B3-ra-t%C3%B3-a%2C_a_Brave.jpg/150px-H%C3%B3-ra-t%C3%B3-a%2C_a_Brave.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/H%C3%B3-ra-t%C3%B3-a%2C_a_Brave.jpg/225px-H%C3%B3-ra-t%C3%B3-a%2C_a_Brave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/H%C3%B3-ra-t%C3%B3-a%2C_a_Brave.jpg/300px-H%C3%B3-ra-t%C3%B3-a%2C_a_Brave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="1350" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hó-ra-tó-a, a Crow warrior with headdress, bison robe, and hair reaching the ground. Painted by <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Union_Trading_Post_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site">Fort Union</a> 1832.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Crow_moccasins_white_with_beadwork_of_red_flowers.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Crow moccasins"><img alt="Crow moccasins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Crow_moccasins_white_with_beadwork_of_red_flowers.JPG/150px-Crow_moccasins_white_with_beadwork_of_red_flowers.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Crow_moccasins_white_with_beadwork_of_red_flowers.JPG/225px-Crow_moccasins_white_with_beadwork_of_red_flowers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Crow_moccasins_white_with_beadwork_of_red_flowers.JPG/300px-Crow_moccasins_white_with_beadwork_of_red_flowers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crow <a href="/wiki/Moccasins" class="mw-redirect" title="Moccasins">moccasins</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Crow_beaded_moccasins_from_around_1940.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Crow moccasins, c. 1940"><img alt="Crow moccasins, c. 1940" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Crow_beaded_moccasins_from_around_1940.JPG/150px-Crow_beaded_moccasins_from_around_1940.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Crow_beaded_moccasins_from_around_1940.JPG/225px-Crow_beaded_moccasins_from_around_1940.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Crow_beaded_moccasins_from_around_1940.JPG/300px-Crow_beaded_moccasins_from_around_1940.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crow <a href="/wiki/Moccasins" class="mw-redirect" title="Moccasins">moccasins</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1940</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_and_kinship_system">Gender and kinship system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gender and kinship system">edit</a>]</div> The Crow had a <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> system. After marriage, the couple was <a href="/wiki/Matrilocal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilocal">matrilocal</a> (the husband moved to the wife's mother's house upon marriage). Women hold a significant role within the tribe. <a href="/wiki/Crow_kinship" title="Crow kinship">Crow kinship</a> is a system used to describe and define family members. Identified by <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Henry_Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Henry Morgan">Lewis Henry Morgan</a> in his 1871 work Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family, the Crow system is one of the six major types which he described: <a href="/wiki/Eskimo_kinship" title="Eskimo kinship">Eskimo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_kinship" title="Hawaiian kinship">Hawaiian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_kinship" title="Iroquois kinship">Iroquois</a>, Crow, <a href="/wiki/Omaha_kinship" title="Omaha kinship">Omaha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_kinship" title="Sudanese kinship">Sudanese</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Crow historically had a status for male-bodied <a href="/wiki/Two-spirit" title="Two-spirit">two-spirits</a>, termed baté/badé,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Osh-Tisch" title="Osh-Tisch">Osh-Tisch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roscoe-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_Century">21st Century</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 21st Century">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography">Geography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Crow_Indian_Reservation" title="Crow Indian Reservation">Crow Indian Reservation</a> in south-central Montana is a large reservation covering approximately 2,300,000 acres (3,600 sq mi; 9,300 km2) of land area, the fifth-largest <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> in the United States. The reservation is primarily in <a href="/wiki/Big_Horn_County,_Montana" title="Big Horn County, Montana">Big Horn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_County,_Montana" title="Yellowstone County, Montana">Yellowstone</a> counties with ceded lands in <a href="/wiki/Rosebud_County,_Montana" title="Rosebud County, Montana">Rosebud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_County,_Montana" title="Carbon County, Montana">Carbon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treasure_County,_Montana" title="Treasure County, Montana">Treasure</a> counties. The Crow Indian Reservation's eastern border is the <a href="/wiki/107th_meridian_west" title="107th meridian west">107th meridian</a> line, except along the border line of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cheyenne_Indian_Reservation" title="Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation">Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation</a>. The southern border is from the 107th meridian line west to the east bank of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Horn_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Horn River">Big Horn River</a>. The line travels downstream to <a href="/wiki/Bighorn_Canyon_National_Recreation_Area" title="Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area">Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area</a> and west to the <a href="/wiki/Pryor_Mountains" title="Pryor Mountains">Pryor Mountains</a> and north-easterly to Billings. The northern border travels east and through <a href="/wiki/Hardin,_Montana" title="Hardin, Montana">Hardin, Montana</a>, to the 107th meridian line. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census, 2000">2000 census</a> reported a total population of 6,894 on reservation lands. Its largest community is Crow Agency. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crow_Nation_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Crow_Nation_flag.jpg/220px-Crow_Nation_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Crow_Nation_flag.jpg/330px-Crow_Nation_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Crow_Nation_flag.jpg/440px-Crow_Nation_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Crow flag seen from Interstate 90 at the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Indian_Reservation" title="Crow Indian Reservation">Crow Indian Reservation</a>, Big Horn County, Montana</figcaption></figure> Prior to the 2001 Constitution, the Crow Tribe of Montana was governed by its 1948 constitution. The former constitution organized the tribe as a general council (<a href="/wiki/Tribal_council" title="Tribal council">tribal council</a>). The general council held the executive, legislative, and judicial powers of the government and included all enrolled, adult members of the Crow Tribe, provided that women were 18 years or older and men were 21 or older. The general council was a <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, comparable to that the <a href="/wiki/Haudenosaunee_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Haudenosaunee Confederacy">Haudenosaunee Confederacy</a>. The Crow Tribe of Montana established a three-branch government at a 2001 council meeting with its 2001 constitution. The general council remains the governing body of the tribe; however, the powers were distributed to three separate branches within the government. In theory, the general council is still the governing body of the Crow Tribe, yet in reality the general council has not convened since the establishment of the 2001 constitution. The executive branch has four officials. These officials are known as the chairperson, Vice-chairperson, <a href="/wiki/Secretary" title="Secretary">Secretary</a>, and Vice-Secretary. The Executive Branch officials are also the officials within the Crow Tribal General Council, which has not met since 15 July 2001. The current administration of the Crow Tribe Executive Branch is as follows: <ul><li>Chairman: Frank White Clay</li> <li>Vice-chairman: Lawrence DeCrane</li> <li>Secretary: Levi Black Eagle</li> <li>Vice-Secretary: Channis Whiteman<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></li></ul> The Legislative Branch consists of three members from each district on the Crow Indian Reservation. The Crow Indian Reservation is divided into six districts known as The Valley of the Chiefs, Reno, Black Lodge, Mighty Few, Big Horn, and Pryor Districts. The Valley of the Chiefs District is the largest district by population. The Judicial Branch consists of all courts established by the Crow Law and Order Code and in accordance with the 2001 Constitution. The Judicial Branch has jurisdiction over all matters defined in the Crow Law and Order Code. The Judicial Branch attempts to be a separate and distinct branch of government from the Legislative and Executive Branches of Crow Tribal Government. The Judicial Branch consists of an elected Chief Judge and two Associate Judges. The Crow Court of Appeals, similar to State Court of Appeals, receives all appeals from the lower courts. The Chief Judge of the Crow Tribe is Julie Yarlott. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constitution_controversy">Constitution controversy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Constitution controversy">edit</a>]</div> According to the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a>, Resolution 63-01 (Please note: in a letter of communication from Phileo Nash, then Commissioner of Indian Affairs, to the B.I.A. Area Director, as stated in the letter and confirmed that 63-01 is an Ordinance in said letter) all constitutional amendments must be voted on by secret ballot or referendum vote. In 2001, major actions were taken by the former Chairperson Birdinground without complying with those requirements. The quarterly council meeting on 15 July 2001 passed all resolutions by voice vote, including the measure to repeal the current constitution and approve a new constitution. Critics contend the new constitution is contrary to the spirit of the Crow Tribe, as it provides authority for the US <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> (BIA) to approve Crow legislation and decisions. The Crow people have guarded their sovereignty and Treaty Rights. The alleged New Constitution was not voted on to add it to the agenda of the Tribal Council. The former constitution mandated that constitutional changes be conducted by referendum vote, using the secret ballot election method and criteria. In addition, a constitutional change can only be conducted in a specially called election, which was never approved by council action for the 2001 Constitution. The agenda was not voted on or accepted at the council. The only vote taken at the council was whether to conduct the voting by voice vote or walking through the line. Critics say the chairman ignored and suppressed attempts to discuss the Constitution. This council and constitutional change was never ratified by any subsequent council action. The Tribal Secretary, who was removed from office by the Birdinground Administration, was the leader of the opposition. All activity occurred without his signature. When the opposition challenged, citing the violation of the Constitutional Process and the Right to Vote, the Birdinground Administration sought the approval of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a> (USDOI), <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> (BIA). The latter stated it could not interfere in an internal tribal affair The federal court also ruled that the constitutional change was an internal tribal matter.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership">Leadership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Leadership">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Crow_Tribal_Administration" title="Crow Tribal Administration">Crow Tribal Administration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CarlVenneANDBarackObama-May19-2008.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/CarlVenneANDBarackObama-May19-2008.JPG" decoding="async" width="159" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="159" data-file-height="172" /></a><figcaption>Crow Tribal Chairperson Carl Venne and Barack Obama on the Crow Indian Reservation in <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> on 19 May 2008. Obama was the first presidential candidate to visit the Crow Tribe.</figcaption></figure> The seat of government and capital of the <a href="/wiki/Crow_Indian_Reservation" title="Crow Indian Reservation">Crow Indian Reservation</a> is Crow Agency, <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>. The Crow Tribe historically elected a chairperson of tribal council biennially; however, in 2001, the term of office was extended to four years. The previous chairperson was <a href="/wiki/Carl_Venne" title="Carl Venne">Carl Venne</a>. The chairperson serves as chief executive officer, speaker of the council, and majority leader of the Crow Tribal Council. The constitutional changes of 2001 created a three-branch government. The chairperson serves as the head of the executive branch, which includes the offices of vice-chairperson, secretary, vice-secretary, and the tribal offices and departments of the Crow Tribal Administration. Notable chairs include <a href="/wiki/Clara_Nomee" title="Clara Nomee">Clara Nomee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edison_Real_Bird_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Edison Real Bird Administration">Edison Real Bird</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Yellowtail" title="Robert Yellowtail">Robert "Robie" Yellowtail</a>. On 19 May 2008, Hartford and Mary Black Eagle of the Crow Tribe adopted U.S. Senator (later President) <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> into the tribe on the date of the first visit of a U.S. presidential candidate to the nation.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Crow representatives also took part in President Obama's inaugural parade. In 2009, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Joe_Medicine_Crow" title="Joe Medicine Crow">Joseph Medicine Crow</a> was one of 16 people awarded the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_government_shutdown_of_2013" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal government shutdown of 2013">United States federal government shutdown of 2013</a>, the Crow Tribe furloughed 316 employees and suspended programs providing health care, bus services and improvements to irrigation.<a href="#cite_note-indian-102">[102]</a> In 2020, the Tribal Chairman AJ Not Afraid Jr. endorsed <a href="/wiki/List_of_Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign_political_endorsements" title="List of Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign political endorsements">President Donald Trump's reelection</a>, along with endorsing Republicans <a href="/wiki/Steve_Daines" title="Steve Daines">Steve Daines</a> <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Senate_election_in_Montana" title="2020 United States Senate election in Montana">for the Senate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greg_Gianforte" title="Greg Gianforte">Greg Gianforte</a> <a href="/wiki/2020_Montana_gubernatorial_election" title="2020 Montana gubernatorial election">for Governor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matt_Rosendale" title="Matt Rosendale">Matt Rosendale</a> <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Montana" title="2020 United States House of Representatives election in Montana">for the U.S. House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Crow_people">Notable Crow people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notable Crow people">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delegation_of_Crow_Chiefs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Delegation_of_Crow_Chiefs.jpg/220px-Delegation_of_Crow_Chiefs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Delegation_of_Crow_Chiefs.jpg/330px-Delegation_of_Crow_Chiefs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Delegation_of_Crow_Chiefs.jpg/440px-Delegation_of_Crow_Chiefs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Delegation of important Crow chiefs, 1880. From left to right: Old Crow, Medicine Crow, Long Elk, <a href="/wiki/Plenty_Coups" title="Plenty Coups">Plenty Coups</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pretty_Eagle" title="Pretty Eagle">Pretty Eagle</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eldena_Bear_Don%27t_Walk" title="Eldena Bear Don't Walk">Eldena Bear Don't Walk</a> (Crow/Salish/Kutenai, b. c. 1973), lawyer, judge, politician, first woman to serve as the Chief Justice of the Crow Tribe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Big_Man" title="Max Big Man">Max Big Man</a>, educator, artist, and honorary chief who created educational programming with CBS Radio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Biss" title="Earl Biss">Earl Biss</a> (1947–1998), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Chief" title="Bull Chief">Bull Chief</a> (c. 1825 – unknown), war chief (pipe carrier), who fought against Lakota, Nez Percé, Shoshone, and Piegan Blackfoot warriors, he also resisted white settlement of Crow territory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curly_(scout)" title="Curly (scout)">Curly (or Curley)</a> (also known as Ashishishe/Shishi'esh, c. 1856 – 1923), Indian Scout and warrior</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goes_Ahead" title="Goes Ahead">Goes Ahead</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ba%27suck%27osh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'suck'osh">Ba'suck'osh</a> (also <a href="/wiki/Walks_Among_the_Stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Walks Among the Stars">Walks Among the Stars</a>, 1851–1919), Indian Scout and warrior, husband of Pretty Shield</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy_Moccasin" title="Hairy Moccasin">Hairy Moccasin</a> or Esh-sup-pee-me-shish (c. 1854 – 1922), Crow Indian Scout and warrior</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_Yellow_Face" title="Half Yellow Face">Half Yellow Face</a> or Ischu Shi Dish (c. 1830 – c. 1879), Crow Indian Scout and warrior, war leader (pipe carrier) and leader of the six <a href="/wiki/Crow_Scouts" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Scouts">Crow Scouts</a> who assisted General George A. Custer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issaatxal%C3%BAash" class="mw-redirect" title="Issaatxalúash">Issaatxalúash</a>, also <a href="/wiki/Two_Leggings" title="Two Leggings">Two Leggings</a> (mid-1840s – 1923); bacheeítche (local group leader) of River Crow, war leader (pipe carrier), during the first years of the reservation era</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Laverdure" title="Donald Laverdure">Donald Laverdure</a>, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Indian Affairs at the U.S. Department of the Interior</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Medicine_Crow" title="Joe Medicine Crow">Joe Medicine Crow</a>, also <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9dhit%C5%A1h%C3%8E-wahp%C3%A1%C5%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="PédhitšhÎ-wahpášh">PédhitšhÎ-wahpášh</a> (1913–2016), the last war chief (pipe carrier) of the Crow Tribe, educator, historian, author, and official anthropologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Not_Afraid" title="Elias Not Afraid">Elias Not Afraid</a>; (born 1990) Apsáalooke (Crow/Absaroke)[2] artist known for his traditional and non-traditional beadwork</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janine_Pease" title="Janine Pease">Janine Pease</a>, an American Indian educator and advocate and the first woman of Crow lineage to earn a doctorate degree</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Red_Star" title="Wendy Red Star">Wendy Red Star</a>, visual artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenty_Coups" title="Plenty Coups">Plenty Coups</a>, Crow chief who cooperated with the government against other more hostile tribes, ensuring the Crow kept much of their traditional lands.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretty_Eagle" title="Pretty Eagle">Pretty Eagle</a>, fellow war chief of Plenty Coups, who worked with him to ensure the tribe's cooperation with the federal government.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretty_Shield" title="Pretty Shield">Pretty Shield</a> (c. 1856 – 1944), <a href="/wiki/Medicine_woman" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine woman">medicine woman</a>, wife of Goes Ahead, a scout at the Battle of the Little Bighorn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shows_as_He_Goes" class="mw-redirect" title="Shows as He Goes">Shows as He Goes</a>, war chief</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Small" title="Pauline Small">Pauline Small</a> or <a href="/wiki/Strikes_Twice_In_One_Summer" class="mw-redirect" title="Strikes Twice In One Summer">Strikes Twice In One Summer</a> (1924–2005), first woman to serve in Crow Tribal Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Shively" title="Frank Shively">Frank Shively</a> (c. 1877 – unknown), football coach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supaman" title="Supaman">Supaman</a>, also <a href="/wiki/Christian_Parrish_Takes_the_Gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Parrish Takes the Gun">Christian Parrish Takes the Gun</a>, rapper and fancy dancer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Watts" title="Noah Watts">Noah Watts</a>, also <a href="/wiki/Bulaagawish" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulaagawish">Bulaagawish</a> (Old Bull), actor and musician, best known for his role as Ratonhnhaké:ton, the main character of Assassin's Creed III</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethany_Yellowtail" title="Bethany Yellowtail">Bethany Yellowtail</a> (Crow/Northern Cheyenne), fashion designer based in Los Angeles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Yellowtail" title="Robert Yellowtail">Robert Yellowtail</a> (1889–1988), leader of Crow Tribe, first Native American to hold position of Agency Superintendent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Yellowtail" title="Thomas Yellowtail">Thomas Yellowtail</a> (1903–1993), a medicine man and Sun Dance Chief of the Crow Tribe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Man_Runs_Him" title="White Man Runs Him">White Man Runs Him</a> (c. 1858 – 1929); Crow Indian Scout and warrior, step-grandfather of Joe Medicine Crow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Swan" title="White Swan">White Swan</a>, also <a href="/wiki/Mee-nah-tsee-us" class="mw-redirect" title="Mee-nah-tsee-us">Mee-nah-tsee-us</a> (White Goose, c. 1850 – 1904), Indian Scout and warrior, cousin of Curly.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absaroka_(proposed_state)" title="Absaroka (proposed state)">Absaroka</a>, a proposed state located in parts of Montana, South Dakota, and Wyoming.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Beckwourth" title="James Beckwourth">James Beckwourth</a>, a Black chief of the Crow tribe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Leaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine Leaf">Pine Leaf</a>, a female chief of the Crow tribe</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NILL-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NILL_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NILL_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.narf.org/nill/tribes/crow_montana.html">"Crow Tribe of Montana"</a>. National Indian Law Library. Retrieved 23 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Indian+Law+Library&rft.atitle=Crow+Tribe+of+Montana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.narf.org%2Fnill%2Ftribes%2Fcrow_montana.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrow+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-omni-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-omni_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-omni_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omniglot.com/writing/crow.htm">"Crow (Apsáalooke)"</a>. Omniglot. Retrieved 14 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Omniglot&rft.atitle=Crow+%28Aps%C3%A1alooke%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fcrow.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrow+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nation-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Nation_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crow-nsn.gov">"Crow Tribe of Indians"</a>. Crow Tribe. Retrieved 14 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crow+Tribe+of+Indians&rft.pub=Crow+Tribe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crow-nsn.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrow+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-clark-4"><a href="#cite_ref-clark_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2009" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Patricia Roberts (21 October 2009). Tribal Names of the Americas: Spelling Variants and Alternative Forms, Cross-Referenced. McFarland. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5169-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5169-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-5169-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tribal+Names+of+the+Americas%3A+Spelling+Variants+and+Alternative+Forms%2C+Cross-Referenced&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2009-10-21&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5169-2&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Roberts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrow+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Or Absahrokee, Absaraka, Absarako, Ab-sar-o-ka, Absaroke, Absaroki, Absoroka.<a href="#cite_note-clark-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2008" class="citation cs2">Johnson, Kirk (24 July 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/24/us/24wpa.html">"A State That Never Was in Wyoming"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+State+That+Never+Was+in+Wyoming&rft.date=2008-07-24&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F07%2F24%2Fus%2F24wpa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrow+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> William C. Sturtevant, Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest (1979, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0160504007" title="Special:BookSources/0160504007">0160504007</a>), page 714: "Among other tribes the Crow are most commonly designated as 'crow' or 'raven'." </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ywhc.org/exhibit/expressions/crow-expressions/">"Crow Expressions"</a>. Western Heritage Center. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Western+Heritage+Center&rft.atitle=Crow+Expressions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ywhc.org%2Fexhibit%2Fexpressions%2Fcrow-expressions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrow+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Barry M. Pritzker: A Native American Encyclopedia </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Phenocia Bauerle, The Way of the Warrior: Stories of the Crow People, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6230-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6230-0">978-0-8032-6230-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Peter Nabokof and Lawrence L. Lowendorf, Restoring a History, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3589-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3589-1">0-8061-3589-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3589-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3589-2">978-0-8061-3589-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-friendslittlebighorn.com-12"><a href="#cite_ref-friendslittlebighorn.com_12-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friendslittlebighorn.com/Roadtolittlebighorn.htm">John Doerner, "Timeline of historic events from 1400 to 2003"</a>, Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument </li> <li id="cite_note-google.com-13"><a href="#cite_ref-google.com_13-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fourdir.com/crow.htm">Timeline and citations</a>, Four Directions Institute </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Rodney Frey: The World of the Crow Indians: As Driftwood Lodges, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2560-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2560-2">978-0-8061-2560-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131257/http://crow.bz/main/people.htm">"The Crow Society"</a>. crow.bz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crow.bz/main/people.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=crow.bz&rft.atitle=The+Crow+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrow.bz%2Fmain%2Fpeople.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrow+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.womenofthefurtrade.com/wst_page16.html">Dog travois</a>, Women of the Fur Trade </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/helena/learning/history-culture/?cid=stelprdb5373555">"Forest Prehistory"</a>, with pictures of dog travois, Helena National Forest Website </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Osborn, Alan J. "Ecological Aspects of Equestrian Adaptation in Aboriginal North America", American Anthropologist 85, nos l. and 3 (Sept 1983), 566 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Hamalainen, 10–15 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amertribes.proboards.com/index.cgi?board=siouan&action=display&thread=764">Crow names</a>, American Tribes </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Bowers 1992: 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Lowie 1993: 272–275 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Timothy P. McCleary: The Stars We Know: Crow Indian Astronomy and Lifeways, Waveland Press Inclusive, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88133-924-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88133-924-6">978-0-88133-924-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Lowie 1912: 183–184 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turtleislandstorytellers.net/tis_montana/transcript_b_old_coyote.htm">Barney Old Coyote</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112151548/http://www.turtleislandstorytellers.net/tis_montana/transcript_b_old_coyote.htm">Archived</a> 12 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Turtle Island Storyteller </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B6oMQY0pS2oC&dq=%22Plenty+Coups%22+little+person&pg=PA31">Plenty Coups and Linderman, Plenty-Coups, Chief of the Crows, 2002, p. 31-42.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-brown-27"><a href="#cite_ref-brown_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="brown" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Mark H (1959). The Plainsmen of the Yellowstone. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 128–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-5026-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-5026-0"><bdi>978-0-8032-5026-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Plainsmen+of+the+Yellowstone&rft.pages=128-129&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-5026-0&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Mark+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrow+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812163225/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm#mn10">"Text of the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851, see Article 5 relating to the Crow lands"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0594.htm#mn10">the original</a> on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 24 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text+of+the+Fort+Laramie+Treaty+of+1851%2C+see+Article+5+relating+to+the+Crow+lands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fsio0594.htm%23mn10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrow+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111126131814/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0998.htm#mn5">"Text of Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, See Article 16, creating unceded Indian Territory east of the summit of the Big Horn Mountains and north of the North Platte River"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/sio0998.htm#mn5">the original</a> on 26 November 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text+of+Fort+Laramie+Treaty+of+1868%2C+See+Article+16%2C+creating+unceded+Indian+Territory+east+of+the+summit+of+the+Big+Horn+Mountains+and+north+of+the+North+Platte+River&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fkappler%2FVol2%2Ftreaties%2Fsio0998.htm%23mn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrow+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Kappler, Charles J.: Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2, Washington 1904, pp. 1008–1011. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> 93rd Annual Crow Fair. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crow-nsn.gov">Welcome from Cedric Black Eagle, Chairman of the Crow Tribe</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Wood, Raymond W. and A.S. Downer (1977): Notes on the Crow-Hidatsa Schism. Plains Anthropologist, Vol. 22, pp. 83–100, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Wood, Raymond W. and A.S, Downer (1977): Notes on the Crow-Hidatsa Schism. Plains Anthropologist, Vol. 22, pp. 83–100, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Boyd, Maurice (1981): Kiowa Voices. Ceremonial Dance, Ritual and Song. Vol. 1. Fort Worth. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Mallory, Gerrick (1886): The Dakota Winter Counts. 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Retrieved 13 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scribd&rft.atitle=Crow+Indian+Recipes+and+Herbal+Medicine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F129364322%2FCrow-Indian-Recipes-and-Herbal-Medicine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrow+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plains_Anthropologist-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plains_Anthropologist_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plains_Anthropologist_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plains_Anthropologist_92-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plains_Anthropologist_92-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plains_Anthropologist_92-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyser1985" class="citation journal cs1">Keyser, James (1985). "The Plains Anthropologist". Plains Anthropologist. 30 (108). Anthropology News: 85–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F2052546.1985.11909269">10.1080/2052546.1985.11909269</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25668522">25668522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plains+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+Plains+Anthropologist&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=108&rft.pages=85-102&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F2052546.1985.11909269&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25668522%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Keyser&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrow+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_J._Wishart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David J. Wishart (page does not exist)">Wishart, David J.</a> Encyclopedia of the Great Plains Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xmission.com/~drudy/mtman/html/catlin/letter8.html">Letter No. 8</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a> "...most of them were over six feet high and very many of these have cultivated their natural hair to such an almost incredible length, that it sweeps the ground as they walk; there are frequent instances of this kind among them, and in some cases, a foot or more it will drag on the grass as they walk, giving exceeding grace and beauty their movements. They usually oil their Hair with a profusion of <a href="/wiki/Bear%27s_grease" title="Bear's grease">bear grease</a> every morning" </li> <li id="cite_note-To_Honor_the_Crow_People-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-To_Honor_the_Crow_People_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-To_Honor_the_Crow_People_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-To_Honor_the_Crow_People_95-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-To_Honor_the_Crow_People_95-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-To_Honor_the_Crow_People_95-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-To_Honor_the_Crow_People_95-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-To_Honor_the_Crow_People_95-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1988" class="citation book cs1">Powell, P (1988). To Honor the Crow People. Chicago: Foundation for the Preservation of American Indian Art and Culture, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Honor+the+Crow+People&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Foundation+for+the+Preservation+of+American+Indian+Art+and+Culture%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrow+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crow_Indian_Art-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crow_Indian_Art_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crow_Indian_Art_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crow_Indian_Art_96-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowie1922" class="citation book cs1">Lowie, R (1922). Crow Indian Art. New York: Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crow+Indian+Art&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Anthropological+Papers+of+the+American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Lowie&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrow+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowie" title="Robert Lowie">Robert Harry Lowie</a>, Social Life of the Crow Indians (1912), page 226 </li> <li id="cite_note-Roscoe-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Roscoe_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWill_Roscoe2000" class="citation book cs1">Will Roscoe (2000). Changing Ones: Third and Fourth Genders in Native North America. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-22479-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-22479-0"><bdi>978-0-312-22479-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Ones%3A+Third+and+Fourth+Genders+in+Native+North+America&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-312-22479-0&rft.au=Will+Roscoe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrow+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Scott Lauria Morgensen, Spaces Between Us: Queer Settler Colonialism and Indigenous Decolonization (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1452932727" title="Special:BookSources/1452932727">1452932727</a>, 2011), pages 39-40, quotes Crow historian <a href="/wiki/Joe_Medicine_Crow" title="Joe Medicine Crow">Joe Medicine Crow</a> speaking about the treatment of badés and Osh-Tisch by a US government agent. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crow-nsn.gov/">"Crow Tribe Executive Branch"</a>. Crow Tribe of Indians. Retrieved 14 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Crow+Tribe+of+Indians&rft.atitle=Crow+Tribe+Executive+Branch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crow-nsn.gov%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrow+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704194411/http://blog.washingtonpost.com/the-trail/2008/05/19/obama_adopted_into_crow_nation.html">"Obama Adopted into Crow Nation"</a>. The Washington Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.washingtonpost.com/the-trail/2008/05/19/obama_adopted_into_crow_nation.html">the original</a> on 4 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Obama+Adopted+into+Crow+Nation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.washingtonpost.com%2Fthe-trail%2F2008%2F05%2F19%2Fobama_adopted_into_crow_nation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrow+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-indian-102"><a href="#cite_ref-indian_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2013" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Matthew (2 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004221051/http://www.startribune.com/politics/national/226131551.html?page=1&c=y">"Shutdown hits vulnerable Indian tribes as basics such as foster care, nutrition threatened"</a>. Minnesota Star-Tribune. AP. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.startribune.com/politics/national/226131551.html?page=1&c=y">the original</a> on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+Star-Tribune&rft.atitle=Shutdown+hits+vulnerable+Indian+tribes+as+basics+such+as+foster+care%2C+nutrition+threatened&rft.date=2013-10-02&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fpolitics%2Fnational%2F226131551.html%3Fpage%3D1%26c%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrow+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiancountrytoday.com/news/crow-tribal-chairman-endorses-trump-campaign-0XWBbrkBP0KzVwQnkjQo3A">"Crow Tribal Chairman endorses Trump campaign"</a>. Indian Country Today. 15 September 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Country+Today&rft.atitle=Crow+Tribal+Chairman+endorses+Trump+campaign&rft.date=2020-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiancountrytoday.com%2Fnews%2Fcrow-tribal-chairman-endorses-trump-campaign-0XWBbrkBP0KzVwQnkjQo3A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrow+people" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_references">General references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: General references">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Leforge" title="Thomas Leforge">Thomas H. Leforge</a>, Memoirs of a White Crow Indian, The Century Co., 1928, hardcover, ASIN B00086PAP6</li> <li>Alma Hogan Snell, Grandmother's Grandchild: My Crow Indian Life, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2000, hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-4277-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-4277-8">0-8032-4277-8</a></li> <li>Charles Bradley, The Handsome People: A History of the Crow Indians and the Whites, Council for Indian Education, 1991, paperback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89992-130-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89992-130-2">0-89992-130-2</a></li> <li>Frank B. Linderman, Plenty-Coups: Chief of the Crows, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1962, paperback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-5121-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-5121-1">0-8032-5121-1</a></li> <li>Frank B. Linderman, Pretty-shield: Medicine Woman of the Crows, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1974, paperback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-8025-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-8025-4">0-8032-8025-4</a></li> <li>Fred W. Voget and Mary K. Mee, They Call Me Agnes: A Crow Narrative Based on the Life of Agnes Yellowtail Deernose, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1995, hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-2695-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-2695-7">0-8061-2695-7</a></li> <li>Frederick E. Hoxie, Parading through History: The Making of the Crow Nation in America 1805–1935, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1995, hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-48057-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-48057-4">0-521-48057-4</a></li> <li>Helene Smith and Lloyd G. Mickey Old Coyote, Apsaalooka: The Crow Nation Then and Now, MacDonald/Swãrd Publishing Company, Greensburg, Pennsylvania, 1992, paperback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-945437-11-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-945437-11-0">0-945437-11-0</a></li> <li>Henry Old Coyote and Barney Old Coyote, The Way of the Warrior: Stories of the Crow People, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-3572-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-3572-0">0-8032-3572-0</a></li> <li>Jonathan Lear, Radical Hope: Ethics in the Face of Cultural Devastation, Harvard University Press, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-02329-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-02329-3">0-674-02329-3</a></li> <li>Joseph Medicine Crow, From the Heart of the Crow Country: The Crow Indians' Own Stories, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2000, paperback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-8263-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-8263-X">0-8032-8263-X</a></li> <li>Keith Algier, The Crow and the Eagle: A Tribal History from Lewis & Clark to Custer, Caxton Printers, Caldwell, Idaho, 1993, paperback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87004-357-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87004-357-9">0-87004-357-9</a></li> <li>Michael Oren Fitzgerald, Yellowtail, Crow Medicine Man and Sun Dance Chief: An Autobiography, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1991, hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-2602-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-2602-7">0-8061-2602-7</a></li> <li>Peter Nabokov, Two Leggings: The Making of a Crow Warrior, Crowell Publishing Co., 1967, hardcover, ASIN B0007EN16O</li> <li>Robert H. Lowie, The Crow Indians, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1983, paperback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-7909-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-7909-4">0-8032-7909-4</a></li> <li>Robert H. Lowie, Crow Indian Art, The Trustees, 1922, ASIN B00086D6RK</li> <li>Robert H. Lowie, Material Culture of the Crow Indians, The Trustees, 1922, hardcover, ASIN B00085WH80</li> <li>Robert H. Lowie, Minor Ceremonies of the Crow Indians, American Museum Press, 1924, hardcover, ASIN B00086D3NC</li> <li>Robert H. Lowie, Myths and Traditions of the Crow Indians, AMS Press, 1980, hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-404-11872-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-404-11872-0">0-404-11872-0</a></li> <li>Robert H. Lowie, Religion of the Crow Indians, The Trustees, 1922, hardcover, ASIN B00086IFQM</li> <li>Robert H. Lowie, Social Life of the Crow Indians, AMS Press, 1912, hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-404-11875-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-404-11875-5">0-404-11875-5</a></li> <li>Robert H. Lowie, The Crow Language, University of California Press, 1941, hardcover, ASIN B0007EKBDU</li> <li>Robert H.Lowie, The Tobacco Society of the Crow Indians, The Trustees, 1919, hardcover, ASIN B00086IFRG</li> <li>Robert H. Lowie, 1914, The Crow Sun Dance, hardcover, ASIN B0008CBIOW</li> <li>Rodney Frey (ed.), Stories That Make the World: Oral Literature of the Indian Peoples of the Inland Northwest. As Told by Lawrence Aripa, Tom Yellowtail and Other Elders. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3131-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3131-4">0-8061-3131-4</a></li> <li>Rodney Frey, The World of the Crow Indians: As Driftwood Lodges, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-2076-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-2076-2">0-8061-2076-2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Crow_people&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Crow_tribe" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Crow tribe">Crow tribe</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Crow_Indians" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Crow Indians">Crow Indians</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crow-nsn.gov/">Crow Tribe of Montana, Apsaalooké</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/lakota_sioux_and_comanche_indians/13474554943/sizes/o/in/photostream/">Crow Indians – Their Lands, Allies and Enemies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050812083701/http://lib.lbhc.cc.mt.us/">Little Big Horn College Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siris-libraries.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?uri=full=3100001~!840743!0">Smithsonian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203213509/http://lib.lbhc.cc.mt.us/about/government/2000.php">2001 Constitution</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051113202811/http://lib.lbhc.cc.mt.us/about/government/1948.htm">1948 Constitution</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060808000942/http://www.untoldlondon.org.uk/news/ART38408.html">Photo exhibition on Crow Indians, with short account of 21st century lifestyle</a>, Untold London</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061016215516/http://www.picture-history.com/crow-index-001.htm">Collection of historical Crow photographs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060502174609/http://lib.lbhc.cc.mt.us/about/history/crowchiefs.htm">List of Crow Chiefs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Big_Horn_College" title="Little Big Horn College">Little Big Horn College</a> Library.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/129364322/Crow-Indian-Recipes-and-Herbal-Medicine">Crow Indian Recipes and Herbal Medicine</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Pretty_Shield" title="Pretty Shield">Pretty Shield</a>'s granddaughter, <a href="/wiki/Alma_Hogan_Snell" title="Alma Hogan Snell">Alma Hogan Snell</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_Americans_in_the_Black_Hills" title="Template:Native Americans in the Black Hills"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_Americans_in_the_Black_Hills" title="Template talk:Native Americans in the Black Hills"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_Americans_in_the_Black_Hills" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native Americans in the Black Hills"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Native_Americans_in_the_Black_Hills_of_South_Dakota_and_Wyoming" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Historic and present tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikara" title="Arikara">Arikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Crow Nation">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arapaho</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Bear_(chief)" title="Black Bear (chief)">Black Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Coolidge" title="Sherman Coolidge">Sherman Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friday_(Arapaho_chief)" title="Friday (Arapaho chief)">Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Owl_(Arapaho_chief)" title="Little Owl (Arapaho chief)">Little Owl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Poisal" title="Margaret Poisal">Margaret Poisal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakota</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Elk" title="Black Elk">Black Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Horn" title="Lone Horn">Lone Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_Tail" title="Spotted Tail">Spotted Tail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spiritual places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Butte" title="Bear Butte">Bear Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Elk_Peak" title="Black Elk Peak">Black Elk Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devils_Tower#Native_American_folklore" title="Devils Tower">Devils Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inyan_Kara_Mountain" title="Inyan Kara Mountain">Inyan Kara Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore#History" title="Mount Rushmore">Six Grandfathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional narratives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Race_(Native_American_legend)" title="Great Race (Native American legend)">Great Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills#History" title="Black Hills">History of the Black Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1851)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)">Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Laramie_(1868)" title="Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)">Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_War_of_1876" title="Great Sioux War of 1876">Black Hills War (Great Sioux War of 1876)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sioux_Reservation" title="Great Sioux Reservation">Great Sioux Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull_Crystal_Cavern_Dance_Pavilion" title="Sitting Bull Crystal Cavern Dance Pavilion">Sitting Bull Crystal Cavern Dance Pavilion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern events and places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seizure_of_the_Black_Hills" title="Seizure of the Black Hills">Seizure of the Black Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse_Memorial" title="Crazy Horse Memorial">Crazy Horse Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Journey_Museum_and_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journey Museum and Gardens">The Journey Museum and Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Sioux_Nation_of_Indians" title="United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians">United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_Nation_Invitational" title="Lakota Nation Invitational">Lakota Nation Invitational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lakotah_proposal" title="Republic of Lakotah proposal">Republic of Lakotah proposal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Black_Elk" title="Charlotte Black Elk">Charlotte Black Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JoAnn_Tall" title="JoAnn Tall">JoAnn Tall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmaine_White_Face" title="Charmaine White Face">Charmaine White Face</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>For more information, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">History of Native Americans in the United States</a>. Nearby modern <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservations</a> are <a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosebud_Indian_Reservation" title="Rosebud Indian Reservation">Rosebud</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331789#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331789#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331789#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4070148-7">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85034326">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533412405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639680">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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