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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Task_force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Task_force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Task force </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Task_force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Events </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Events subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Landings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Landings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Savo_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Savo_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Battle of Savo Island </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Savo_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_ground_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_ground_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Initial ground operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_ground_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goettge_patrol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goettge_patrol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Goettge patrol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goettge_patrol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Tenaru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Tenaru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Battle of the Tenaru </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Tenaru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Eastern_Solomons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Eastern_Solomons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Battle of the Eastern Solomons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Eastern_Solomons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport_Division_12" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport_Division_12"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Transport Division 12 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport_Division_12-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_battles_over_Henderson_Field_and_strengthening_of_the_Lunga_defenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_battles_over_Henderson_Field_and_strengthening_of_the_Lunga_defenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Air battles over Henderson Field and strengthening of the Lunga defenses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_battles_over_Henderson_Field_and_strengthening_of_the_Lunga_defenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tokyo_Express" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tokyo_Express"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Tokyo Express </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tokyo_Express-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Edson's_Ridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Edson's_Ridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Battle of Edson's Ridge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Edson's_Ridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allied_reinforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_reinforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Allied reinforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_reinforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Actions_along_the_Matanikau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actions_along_the_Matanikau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 Actions along the Matanikau </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actions_along_the_Matanikau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Cape_Esperance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Cape_Esperance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13 Battle of Cape Esperance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Cape_Esperance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Henderson_Field" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Henderson_Field"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14 Henderson Field </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Henderson_Field-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battleship_bombardment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battleship_bombardment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14.1 Battleship bombardment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battleship_bombardment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_for_Henderson_Field" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_for_Henderson_Field"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14.2 Battle for Henderson Field </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_for_Henderson_Field-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Santa_Cruz_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Santa_Cruz_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.15 Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Santa_Cruz_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-November_land_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#November_land_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.16 November land actions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-November_land_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_Battle_of_Guadalcanal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_Battle_of_Guadalcanal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.17 Naval Battle of Guadalcanal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_Battle_of_Guadalcanal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Tassafaronga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Tassafaronga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.18 Battle of Tassafaronga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Tassafaronga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_decision_to_withdraw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_decision_to_withdraw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.19 Japanese decision to withdraw </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_decision_to_withdraw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Mount_Austen,_the_Galloping_Horse,_and_the_Sea_Horse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Mount_Austen,_the_Galloping_Horse,_and_the_Sea_Horse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.20 Battle of Mount Austen, the Galloping Horse, and the Sea Horse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Mount_Austen,_the_Galloping_Horse,_and_the_Sea_Horse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ke_evacuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ke_evacuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.21 Ke evacuation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ke_evacuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Aftermath </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aftermath subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medal_of_Honor_recipients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medal_of_Honor_recipients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Medal of Honor recipients </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medal_of_Honor_recipients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Significance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Significance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Strategy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vilu_War_Museum_and_Guadalcanal_American_Memorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vilu_War_Museum_and_Guadalcanal_American_Memorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Vilu War Museum and Guadalcanal American Memorial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vilu_War_Museum_and_Guadalcanal_American_Memorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remaining_ordnance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remaining_ordnance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Remaining ordnance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remaining_ordnance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News_reporting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News_reporting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 News reporting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News_reporting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Web </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Web </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio/visual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio/visual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Audio/visual </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio/visual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Guadalcanal campaign</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" > 44 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_van_Guadalcanal" title="Slag van Guadalcanal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Slag van Guadalcanal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84" title="حملة غوادالكانال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حملة غوادالكانال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campa%C3%B1a_de_Guadalcanal" title="Campaña de Guadalcanal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Campaña de Guadalcanal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadalkanal_d%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC" title="Quadalkanal döyüşü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Quadalkanal döyüşü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="قوادالکانال ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوادالکانال ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гуадалканалска кампания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гуадалканалска кампания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampagn_Guadalcanal" title="Kampagn Guadalcanal – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kampagn Guadalcanal" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanya_de_Guadalcanal" title="Campanya de Guadalcanal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Campanya de Guadalcanal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_o_Guadalcanal" title="Bitva o Guadalcanal – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva o Guadalcanal" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Guadalcanal" title="Slaget om Guadalcanal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaget om Guadalcanal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_um_Guadalcanal" title="Schlacht um Guadalcanal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht um Guadalcanal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campa%C3%B1a_de_Guadalcanal" title="Campaña de Guadalcanal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Campaña de Guadalcanal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalo_de_Guadalcanal" title="Batalo de Guadalcanal – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalo de Guadalcanal" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanalgo_Kanpaina" title="Guadalcanalgo Kanpaina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Guadalcanalgo Kanpaina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84" title="کارزار گوادال‌کانال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارزار گوادال‌کانال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Guadalcanal" title="Bataille de Guadalcanal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Guadalcanal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%BC%EB%8B%AC%EC%B9%B4%EB%82%A0_%EC%A0%84%EC%97%AD" title="과달카날 전역 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="과달카날 전역" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_za_Guadalcanal" title="Bitka za Guadalcanal – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitka za Guadalcanal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalio_di_Guadalcanal" title="Batalio di Guadalcanal – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Batalio di Guadalcanal" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampanye_Guadalcanal" title="Kampanye Guadalcanal – Indonesian" lang="id" 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data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_om_Guadalcanal" title="Slaget om Guadalcanal – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget om Guadalcanal" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Guadalcanal" title="Batalha de Guadalcanal – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Batalha de Guadalcanal" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walki_o_Guadalcanal" title="Walki o Guadalcanal – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Walki o Guadalcanal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Guadalcanal" title="Batalha de Guadalcanal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Guadalcanal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania_din_Guadalcanal" title="Campania din Guadalcanal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Campania din Guadalcanal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">U.S. military campaign in World War II</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Guadalcanal campaign</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific Theater</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg/300px-Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg/450px-Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg/600px-Marines_rest_in_the_field_on_Guadalcanal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="600" /></a> United States Marines rest in the field during the Guadalcanal campaign.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>7 August 1942 – 9 February 1943 (6 months and 2 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal" title="Guadalcanal">Guadalcanal</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">British Solomon Islands</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Guadalcanal_campaign&params=9_26_44_S_160_01_13_E_region:SB_type:event">9°26′44″S 160°01′13″E / 9.44556°S 160.02028°E / -9.44556; 160.02028</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Allied victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>  • <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands_%281906%E2%80%931947%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands_%281906%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands_%281906%E2%80%931947%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands_%281906%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands_%281906%E2%80%931947%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands_%281906%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands#World_War_II" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>  • <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Fiji_%281924%E2%80%931970%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji_%281924%E2%80%931970%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Fiji_%281924%E2%80%931970%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji_%281924%E2%80%931970%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Fiji_%281924%E2%80%931970%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji_%281924%E2%80%931970%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Fiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Fiji">Fiji</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>  • <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tonga_(1900%E2%80%931970)" title="Kingdom of Tonga (1900–1970)">Tonga</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> U.S. Navy: <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Ghormley" title="Robert L. Ghormley">Robert L. Ghormley</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Halsey_Jr." title="William Halsey Jr.">William F. Halsey Jr.</a> <a href="/wiki/Richmond_K._Turner" title="Richmond K. Turner">Richmond K. Turner</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Jack_Fletcher" title="Frank Jack Fletcher">Frank J. Fletcher</a> U.S. Marine Corps: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vandegrift" title="Alexander Vandegrift">Alexander A. Vandegrift</a> <a href="/wiki/William_H._Rupertus" title="William H. Rupertus">William H. Rupertus</a> <a href="/wiki/Merritt_A._Edson" title="Merritt A. Edson">Merritt A. Edson</a> U.S. Army: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Patch" title="Alexander Patch">Alexander M. Patch</a> U.S. Coast Guard: <a href="/wiki/Russell_R._Waesche" title="Russell R. Waesche">Russell R. Waesche</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Navy: <a href="/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto" title="Isoroku Yamamoto">Isoroku Yamamoto</a> <a href="/wiki/Hiroaki_Abe" title="Hiroaki Abe">Hiroaki Abe</a> <a href="/wiki/Nobutake_Kond%C5%8D" title="Nobutake Kondō">Nobutake Kondō</a> <a href="/wiki/Nishiz%C5%8D_Tsukahara" title="Nishizō Tsukahara">Nishizo Tsukahara</a> <a href="/wiki/Takeo_Kurita" title="Takeo Kurita">Takeo Kurita</a> <a href="/wiki/Jinichi_Kusaka" title="Jinichi Kusaka">Jinichi Kusaka</a> <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dji_Nishimura" title="Shōji Nishimura">Shōji Nishimura</a> <a href="/wiki/Gunichi_Mikawa" title="Gunichi Mikawa">Gunichi Mikawa</a> <a href="/wiki/Raiz%C5%8D_Tanaka" title="Raizō Tanaka">Raizō Tanaka</a> Army: <a href="/wiki/Hitoshi_Imamura" title="Hitoshi Imamura">Hitoshi Imamura</a> <a href="/wiki/Harukichi_Hyakutake" title="Harukichi Hyakutake">Harukichi Hyakutake</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalcanal_order_of_battle#United_States" title="Battle of Guadalcanal order of battle">See order of battle</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalcanal_order_of_battle#Japanese" title="Battle of Guadalcanal order of battle">See order of battle</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 60,000+ men (ground forces)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 36,200 men (ground forces)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 7,100 dead<a href="#cite_note-Tucker_p._213-6">[6]</a> 7,789+ wounded<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> 4 captured 29 ships lost including 2 fleet carriers, 6 heavy cruisers, 2 light cruisers and 17 destroyers. 615 aircraft lost<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Army: 19,200 dead, of whom 8,500 were killed in combat<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> 1,000 captured 38 ships lost including 1 light carrier, 2 battleships, 3 heavy cruisers, 1 light cruiser and 11 destroyers. 683 aircraft lost<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> 10,652 evacuated</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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selflink">Guadalcanal campaign</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Land</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tulagi_and_Gavutu%E2%80%93Tanambogo" title="Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu–Tanambogo">Tulagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tenaru" title="Battle of the Tenaru">Tenaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Goettge" title="Frank Goettge">Goettge Patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edson%27s_Ridge" title="Battle of Edson's Ridge">Edson's Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actions_along_the_Matanikau" title="Actions along the Matanikau">Matanikau Actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Henderson_Field" title="Battle for Henderson Field">Henderson Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matanikau_Offensive" title="Matanikau Offensive">Matanikau Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koli_Point_action" title="Koli Point action">Koli Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlson%27s_patrol" title="Carlson's patrol">Carlson's patrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Austen,_the_Galloping_Horse,_and_the_Sea_Horse" title="Battle of Mount Austen, the Galloping Horse, and the Sea Horse">Mt. Austen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savo_Island" title="Battle of Savo Island">Savo Is.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eastern_Solomons" title="Battle of the Eastern Solomons">Eastern Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Esperance" title="Battle of Cape Esperance">Cape Esperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Santa_Cruz_Islands" title="Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands">Santa Cruz Is.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Guadalcanal" title="Naval Battle of Guadalcanal">Naval Guadalcanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tassafaronga" title="Battle of Tassafaronga">Tassafaronga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ke" title="Operation Ke">Ke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rennell_Island" title="Battle of Rennell Island">Rennell Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solomon_Islands_campaign" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Solomons" title="Template:Campaignbox Solomons"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Solomons" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Solomons"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Solomons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Solomons"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solomon_Islands_campaign" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign"> Solomon Islands campaign </a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Southern Solomons</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Tulagi_(May_1942)" title="Invasion of Tulagi (May 1942)">Tulagi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guadalcanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_I-Go" title="Operation I-Go">I-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vengeance" title="Operation Vengeance">Vengeance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_SO_and_SE" title="Operation SO and SE">SO and SE</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Central Solomons</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Georgia_campaign" title="New Georgia campaign">New Georgia Islands</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Northern Solomons</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Treasury_Islands" title="Battle of the Treasury Islands">Treasury Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Choiseul" title="Raid on Choiseul">Choiseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_campaign" title="Bougainville campaign">Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Green_Islands" title="Battle of the Green Islands">Green Islands</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Neutralisation_of_Rabaul" title="Neutralisation of Rabaul">Neutralisation of Rabaul</a></dt></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_South_West_Pacific_theatre" title="Template:Campaignbox South West Pacific theatre"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_South_West_Pacific_theatre" title="Template talk:Campaignbox South West Pacific theatre"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_South_West_Pacific_theatre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox South West Pacific theatre"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South West Pacific theatre of World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines campaign (1941–1942)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Lamon_Bay" title="Japanese invasion of Lamon Bay">Lamon Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan" title="Battle of Bataan">1st Bataan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corregidor" title="Battle of Corregidor">1st Corregidor</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">1st Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_(1942)" title="Battle of Tarakan (1942)">1st Tarakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_(1942)" title="Battle of Balikpapan (1942)">1st Balikpapan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manado" title="Battle of Manado">Manado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ambon" title="Battle of Ambon">Ambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Sumatra" title="Invasion of Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badung_Strait" title="Battle of Badung Strait">Badung Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Java_(1942)" title="Battle of Java (1942)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">2nd Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_(1945)" title="Battle of Tarakan (1945)">2nd Tarakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_(1945)" title="Battle of Balikpapan (1945)">2nd Balikpapan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guadalcanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Georgia_campaign" title="New Georgia campaign">New Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Treasury_Islands" title="Battle of the Treasury Islands">Treasury Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_campaign" title="Bougainville campaign">Bougainville</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buna%E2%80%93Gona" title="Battle of Buna–Gona">Buna–Gona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bismarck_Sea" title="Battle of the Bismarck Sea">Bismarck Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Nassau_Bay" title="Landing at Nassau Bay">Nassau Bay Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamaua%E2%80%93Lae_campaign" title="Salamaua–Lae campaign">Salamaua-Lae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huon_Peninsula_campaign" title="Huon Peninsula campaign">Huon Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands_campaign" title="Admiralty Islands campaign">Admiralty Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aitape%E2%80%93Wewak_campaign" title="Aitape–Wewak campaign">Aitape-Wewak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hollandia" title="Battle of Hollandia">Recklesss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Aitape" title="Landing at Aitape">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Biak" title="Battle of Biak">Biak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Noemfoor" title="Battle of Noemfoor">Noemfoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morotai" title="Battle of Morotai">Morotai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_campaign" title="New Britain campaign">New Britain campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cartwheel" title="Operation Cartwheel">Operation Cartwheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arawe" title="Battle of Arawe">Arawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Gloucester" title="Battle of Cape Gloucester">Cape Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutralisation_of_Rabaul" title="Neutralisation of Rabaul">Neutralisation of Rabaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talasea" title="Battle of Talasea">Talasea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Jacquinot_Bay" title="Landing at Jacquinot Bay">Jacquinot Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wide_Bay%E2%80%93Open_Bay" title="Battle of Wide Bay–Open Bay">Wide Bay–Open Bay</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines campaign (1944–1945)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulf" title="Invasion of Lingayen Gulf">Lingayen Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luzon" title="Battle of Luzon">Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corregidor_(1945)" title="Battle of Corregidor (1945)">2nd Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Visayas" title="Battle of Visayas">Visayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mindanao" title="Battle of Mindanao">Mindanao</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Agas" title="Operation Agas">Agas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Semut" title="Operation Semut">Semut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_(1945)" title="Battle of Tarakan (1945)">Tarakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Labuan" title="Battle of Labuan">Labuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaufort_(1945)" title="Battle of Beaufort (1945)">Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_(1945)" title="Battle of Balikpapan (1945)">Balikpapan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> The Guadalcanal campaign, also known as the Battle of Guadalcanal and codenamed Operation Watchtower by American forces, was a military campaign fought between 7 August 1942 and 9 February 1943 on and around the island of <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal" title="Guadalcanal">Guadalcanal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific theater</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. It was the first major land offensive by <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> forces against the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>. On 7 August 1942, Allied forces, predominantly <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marines</a>, landed on Guadalcanal, <a href="/wiki/Tulagi" title="Tulagi">Tulagi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Florida_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Island">Florida Island</a> in the southern <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, with the objective of using Guadalcanal and Tulagi as bases in supporting a campaign to eventually capture or neutralize the major Japanese base at <a href="/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a> on <a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a>. The Japanese defenders, who had occupied those islands since May 1942, were outnumbered and overwhelmed by the Allies, who captured Tulagi and Florida, as well as the airfield—later named <a href="/wiki/Henderson_Field_(Guadalcanal)" title="Henderson Field (Guadalcanal)">Henderson Field</a>—that was under construction on Guadalcanal. Surprised by the Allied offensive, the Japanese made several attempts between August and November to retake Henderson Field. Three major land battles, seven large naval battles (five nighttime surface actions and two carrier battles), and almost daily aerial battles culminated in the decisive <a href="/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Guadalcanal" title="Naval Battle of Guadalcanal">Naval Battle of Guadalcanal</a> in early November, with the defeat of the last Japanese attempt to bombard Henderson Field from the sea and to land enough troops on the island to retake it. In December, the Japanese abandoned their efforts to retake Guadalcanal and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ke" title="Operation Ke">evacuated their remaining forces</a> by 7 February 1943, in the face of an offensive by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a>'s <a href="/wiki/XIV_Corps_(United_States)" title="XIV Corps (United States)">XIV Corps</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rennell_Island" title="Battle of Rennell Island">Battle of Rennell Island</a>, the last major naval engagement of the campaign, served to secure sufficient protection for much of the remaining Japanese force, by now significantly degraded by disease, starvation and combat casualties, to evacuate safely. The campaign followed the successful Allied defensive actions at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a> in May and June 1942. Along with the battles at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Milne_Bay" title="Battle of Milne Bay">Milne Bay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buna%E2%80%93Gona" title="Battle of Buna–Gona">Buna–Gona</a>, the Guadalcanal campaign marked the Allies' transition from defensive operations to offensive ones, and effectively allowed them to seize the strategic initiative in the Pacific theater from the Japanese. The campaign was followed by other Allied offensives in the Pacific, most notably: the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea campaign</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau Islands campaign</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines campaign (1944–1945)</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Volcano_and_Ryukyu_Islands_campaign" title="Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign">Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign</a> prior to the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a> in August, 1945. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategic_considerations">Strategic considerations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Strategic considerations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_Theater_Areas;map1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pacific_Theater_Areas%3Bmap1.JPG/330px-Pacific_Theater_Areas%3Bmap1.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pacific_Theater_Areas%3Bmap1.JPG/495px-Pacific_Theater_Areas%3Bmap1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pacific_Theater_Areas%3Bmap1.JPG/660px-Pacific_Theater_Areas%3Bmap1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption>Japanese control of the western Pacific area between May and August 1942. Guadalcanal is located in the lower right center of the map.</figcaption></figure> On 7 December 1941, <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Japanese forces attacked</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">United States Pacific Fleet</a> at <a href="/wiki/Naval_Station_Pearl_Harbor" title="Naval Station Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Hawaii</a>. The attack killed almost 2,500 people and crippled much of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a> fleet, precipitating formal declarations of war between the two nations the next day. The initial goals of the Japanese leadership were to neutralize the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a>, seize territories rich in natural resources, and establish strategic military bases with which to defend Japan's empire in the Pacific Ocean and Asia. Initially, Japanese forces captured the Philippines, Thailand, <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>, Singapore, Burma, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Islands" title="Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>. The U.S. was joined in the war against Japan by several of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied powers</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_government-in-exile" title="Dutch government-in-exile">Dutch government-in-exile</a>, both of which had also been attacked by Japan.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The Japanese made two attempts to continue their offensive and extend their outer defensive perimeter in the south and central Pacific to a point at which they could threaten Australia, Hawaii, and the U.S. west coast. The first offensive was thwarted in the naval <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a>, which was a tactical stalemate but a strategic Allied victory in retrospect. It was the Allies' first major victory against the Japanese and significantly reduced the offensive capability of Japan's carrier forces. However, the battle did not temper Japan's audacious offensive military posture for several crucial months, with Japanese forces attempting a failed attack on <a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda track</a>. The second major Japanese offensive was stopped at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a>. Both sides suffered significant losses in carrier aircraft and aircrew during these engagements. Crucially, while the Americans were able to reconstitute their naval air strength in relatively short order, the Japanese ultimately proved unable to do so.<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> These strategic victories allowed the Allies to transition to a more offensive stance in the Pacific theater, and attempt to seize the strategic initiative from Japan.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The Allies chose the Solomon Islands (a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> of the United Kingdom), specifically the southern islands of <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal" title="Guadalcanal">Guadalcanal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tulagi" title="Tulagi">Tulagi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florida_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Island">Florida Island</a>, as their first target, designated Task One (codename Pestilence), with the initial objectives of<a href="#cite_note-auto-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> occupying the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Islands" title="Santa Cruz Islands">Santa Cruz Islands</a> (codename Huddle), Tulagi (codename Watchtower), and "adjacent positions".<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Guadalcanal (codename Cactus), which eventually became the focus of the operation, was not even mentioned in the early directive, and only later took on the operation name Watchtower.<a href="#cite_note-auto-15">[15]</a> Tulagi, although small, had a large natural harbor that was ideal for a float-plane base; Florida Island also had to be taken, as it dominated Tulagi. Guadalcanal, much larger than the other two islands and located to the south across the soon-to-be-named <a href="/wiki/Iron_Bottom_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Bottom Sound">Ironbottom Sound</a>, was added when it was discovered the Japanese were constructing an airbase there.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> (IJN) had <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Tulagi_(May_1942)" title="Invasion of Tulagi (May 1942)">occupied Tulagi</a> in May 1942 and had constructed a seaplane base nearby. Allied concern grew when, in early July, the IJN began constructing a large airfield at <a href="/wiki/Lunga_Point" title="Lunga Point">Lunga Point</a> on nearby Guadalcanal. From such a base, Japanese long-range bombers could threaten the sea lines of communication and maritime trade & transportation routes from the west coast of the Americas to the populous east coast of Australia. By August, the Japanese had about 900 naval troops on Tulagi and nearby islands, and 2,800 personnel (including 2,200 <a href="/wiki/Korean_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean people">Korean</a> forced laborers and trustees, as well as Japanese construction specialists) on Guadalcanal. These bases were meant to protect Japan's major naval base at <a href="/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a>, threaten Allied supply and communication lines, and establish a staging area for a planned offensive against <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_FS" title="Operation FS">Operation FS</a>). The Japanese planned to deploy 45 <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighters</a> and 60 <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bombers</a> to Guadalcanal. In the overall strategy for 1942, these aircraft would provide ground-based air cover for Japanese naval forces advancing farther into the South Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The Allied plan to <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">invade the southern Solomons</a> was conceived by U.S. <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_J._King" title="Ernest J. King">Ernest King</a>, Commander in Chief, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fleet" title="United States Fleet">United States Fleet</a>. He proposed the offensive in order to deny the use of the islands to the Japanese as bases from which the <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">supply</a> routes between the United States and Australia could be threatened, and to use them as starting points for further Allied offensives in the South Pacific. With U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s tacit consent, King also advocated for an invasion of Guadalcanal. Due to the Roosevelt administration's support for Great Britain's proposal that priority be given to <a href="/wiki/Europe_first" title="Europe first">defeating Germany before Japan</a>, Allied commanders in Pacific theater had to compete for personnel and resources with the <a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">European theater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> An early obstacle was the desire of both the U.S. Army and the Roosevelt administration to initiate offensive action in Europe prior to a large-scale operation in the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In addition, it was initially unclear who would command the campaign: Tulagi lay in the area under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, whereas the Santa Cruz Islands lay in Admiral <a href="/wiki/Chester_W._Nimitz" title="Chester W. Nimitz">Chester W. Nimitz</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_Areas" title="Pacific Ocean Areas">Pacific Ocean Area</a>, which would also supply almost all Allied offensive forces that would be staged, supplied and covered from that area.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-22">[22]</a> Both problems were overcome, and the Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army, General <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a>, gave the operation his full support, despite MacArthur's command being unable to directly assist in the operation and the U.S. Navy taking full operational responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bowen-24">[24]</a> As a result, and in order to preserve the unity of command, the boundary between MacArthur's <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_Area_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="South West Pacific Area (command)">South West Pacific Area</a> and Nimitz's Pacific Ocean Area was shifted 60 miles (97 km) to 360 miles (580 km) to the west, effective from 1 August 1942.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief</a> <a href="/wiki/William_D._Leahy" title="William D. Leahy">William D. Leahy</a> established two goals for 1942–1943: first, that Guadalcanal would be taken, in conjunction with an <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">Allied offensive in New Guinea</a> under MacArthur; and second, that the <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands" title="Admiralty Islands">Admiralty Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a>, including the major Japanese base at Rabaul, would be captured as well. The directive held that the eventual goal was the American reconquest of the Philippines, from which American forces had been evicted in early 1942.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> created the South Pacific theater, with Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Ghormley" title="Robert L. Ghormley">Robert L. Ghormley</a> taking command on 19 June, to direct the offensive in the Solomons. Nimitz, based at Pearl Harbor, was designated as overall Allied commander-in-chief for Allied forces in the Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Task_force">Task force</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Task force">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalcanal_order_of_battle" title="Battle of Guadalcanal order of battle">Battle of Guadalcanal order of battle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_naval_order_of_battle" title="Guadalcanal naval order of battle">Guadalcanal naval order of battle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_airfield_on_Guadalcanal_under_construction,_in_July_1942.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Japanese_airfield_on_Guadalcanal_under_construction%2C_in_July_1942.gif/290px-Japanese_airfield_on_Guadalcanal_under_construction%2C_in_July_1942.gif" decoding="async" width="290" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Japanese_airfield_on_Guadalcanal_under_construction%2C_in_July_1942.gif/435px-Japanese_airfield_on_Guadalcanal_under_construction%2C_in_July_1942.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Japanese_airfield_on_Guadalcanal_under_construction%2C_in_July_1942.gif/580px-Japanese_airfield_on_Guadalcanal_under_construction%2C_in_July_1942.gif 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>The airfield at <a href="/wiki/Lunga_Point" title="Lunga Point">Lunga Point</a> on Guadalcanal under construction by Japanese and conscripted Korean laborers in July 1942</figcaption></figure> In preparation for the offensive in the Pacific in May 1942, U.S. Marine <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vandegrift" title="Alexander Vandegrift">Alexander Vandegrift</a> was ordered to move his <a href="/wiki/1st_Marine_Division" title="1st Marine Division">1st Marine Division</a> from the United States to New Zealand. Other Allied land, naval and air units were sent to establish or reinforce bases in Fiji, Samoa, <a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a> and New Caledonia.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The island of <a href="/wiki/Espiritu_Santo" title="Espiritu Santo">Espiritu Santo</a>, in the New Hebrides, was selected as the headquarters and primary staging ground for the offensive, codenamed Operation Watchtower, with the commencement date set for 7 August. At first, only the seizure of Tulagi and the Santa Cruz Islands was planned, omitting a landing on Guadalcanal. After Allied reconnaissance discovered Japanese airfield construction efforts on Guadalcanal, its capture was added to the plan, and planned landings on the Santa Cruz islands were (eventually) abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The Japanese were aware, via <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">signals intelligence</a>, of the large-scale movement of Allied forces in the South Pacific Area, but concluded that the Allies were reinforcing either Australia or Port Moresby on the southern coast of New Guinea.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The Watchtower force, numbering 75 warships and transports (including vessels from the U.S. and Australia), assembled near Fiji on 26 July and conducted a single rehearsal landing prior to leaving for Guadalcanal on 31 July.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The commander of the Allied expeditionary force was U.S. <a href="/wiki/Vice_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral">Vice Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Jack_Fletcher" title="Frank Jack Fletcher">Frank Fletcher</a>, Commander of <a href="/wiki/Task_Force_61" title="Task Force 61">Task Force 61</a> (whose flag was on the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Saratoga_(CV-3)" title="USS Saratoga (CV-3)">USS Saratoga</a>). Commanding the amphibious forces was U.S. <a href="/wiki/Rear_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear Admiral">Rear Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Richmond_K._Turner" title="Richmond K. Turner">Richmond K. Turner</a>. Vandegrift led the 16,000 Allied (primarily U.S. Marine) infantry earmarked for the amphibious landings.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The troops sent to Guadalcanal were fresh from military training, armed with legacy bolt-action <a href="/wiki/M1903_Springfield" title="M1903 Springfield">M1903 Springfield</a> rifles and a meager 10-day supply of ammunition. Because of the need to get the troops into battle quickly, the Allied planners had reduced their supplies from 90 days to only 60. The men of the 1st Marine Division began referring to the coming battle as "Operation Shoestring".<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Events">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landings">Landings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Landings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tulagi_and_Gavutu%E2%80%93Tanambogo" title="Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu–Tanambogo">Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu–Tanambogo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guadalcanal_Aug_7_landings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Guadalcanal_Aug_7_landings.svg/220px-Guadalcanal_Aug_7_landings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Guadalcanal_Aug_7_landings.svg/330px-Guadalcanal_Aug_7_landings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Guadalcanal_Aug_7_landings.svg/440px-Guadalcanal_Aug_7_landings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Routes of Allied amphibious forces for landings on Guadalcanal and Tulagi, 7 August 1942</figcaption></figure> Bad weather allowed the Allied expeditionary force to arrive unseen by the Japanese on the night of 6 August and morning of 7 August, taking the defenders by surprise. This is occasionally referred to the "Midnight Raid on Guadalcanal".<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> A Japanese patrol aircraft from Tulagi had searched the general area that the Allied invasion fleet was moving through, but was unable to spot the Allied fleet due to severe storms and heavy clouds.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The landing force split into two groups, with one group assaulting Guadalcanal and the other Tulagi, Florida, and other nearby islands.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Allied warships bombarded the invasion beaches, while U.S. carrier aircraft bombed Japanese positions on the target islands and destroyed 15 Japanese <a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">seaplanes</a> at their base near Tulagi.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Tulagi and two nearby small islands, <a href="/wiki/Gavutu" title="Gavutu">Gavutu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanambogo" title="Tanambogo">Tanambogo</a>, were assaulted by 3,000 U.S. Marines under the command of <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Rupertus" class="mw-redirect" title="William Rupertus">William Rupertus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The 886 IJN personnel manning the naval and seaplane bases on the three islands fiercely resisted the Marine landings.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> With some difficulty, the Marines secured all three islands: Tulagi on 8 August, and Gavutu and Tanambogo by 9 August.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The Japanese defenders were killed almost to the last man,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> and the Marines suffered 248 casualties.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Marines_storm_ashore_on_Guadalcanal,_7_August_1942_(80-CF-112-5-3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/U.S._Marines_storm_ashore_on_Guadalcanal%2C_7_August_1942_%2880-CF-112-5-3%29.jpg/170px-U.S._Marines_storm_ashore_on_Guadalcanal%2C_7_August_1942_%2880-CF-112-5-3%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/U.S._Marines_storm_ashore_on_Guadalcanal%2C_7_August_1942_%2880-CF-112-5-3%29.jpg/255px-U.S._Marines_storm_ashore_on_Guadalcanal%2C_7_August_1942_%2880-CF-112-5-3%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/U.S._Marines_storm_ashore_on_Guadalcanal%2C_7_August_1942_%2880-CF-112-5-3%29.jpg/340px-U.S._Marines_storm_ashore_on_Guadalcanal%2C_7_August_1942_%2880-CF-112-5-3%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Marines debark from <a href="/wiki/LCPL" title="LCPL">LCP(L)s</a> onto Guadalcanal on 7 August 1942.</figcaption></figure> In contrast to Tulagi, Gavutu, and Tanambogo, the landings on Guadalcanal encountered much less resistance. At 09:10 on 7 August, Vandegrift and 11,000 U.S. Marines came ashore on Guadalcanal between Koli Point and Lunga Point. Advancing towards Lunga Point, they encountered scant Japanese resistance and secured the airfield by 16:00 on 8 August. The Japanese naval construction units and combat troops, under the command of Captain Kanae Monzen, had panicked after coming under naval bombardment and aerial bombing, and had abandoned the airfield and fled about 3 miles (5 km) west to the <a href="/wiki/Matanikau_River" title="Matanikau River">Matanikau River</a> and Point Cruz area. Japanese troops left behind food, supplies, intact construction equipment and vehicles, and 13 dead at the airfield and surrounding area.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> During the landing operations on 7 and 8 August, Rabaul-based Japanese naval aircraft under the command of <a href="/wiki/Yamada_Sadayoshi" title="Yamada Sadayoshi">Yamada Sadayoshi</a> attacked the Allied amphibious forces several times, setting fire the transport <a href="/wiki/USS_George_F._Elliott_(AP-13)" title="USS George F. Elliott (AP-13)">USS George F. Elliott</a> (which sank two days later) and heavily damaging the destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Jarvis_(DD-393)" title="USS Jarvis (DD-393)">USS Jarvis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Over the course of two days of air attacks, Japanese air units lost 36 aircraft, while the U.S. lost 19 (including 14 carrier aircraft), both in combat and to accidents.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> After these aerial clashes, Fletcher became concerned about the unexpectedly high losses to his carrier fighter aircraft strength, anxious about the threat to his carriers from further Japanese air attacks, and worried about his ships' remaining fuel supply. Fletcher withdrew from the Solomon Islands area with his carrier task force on the evening of 8 August.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> As a result of the loss of carrier-based air cover, Turner decided to withdraw his ships from Guadalcanal, even though less than half of the supplies and heavy equipment needed by the troops ashore had been unloaded.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Turner planned to unload as many supplies as possible on Guadalcanal and Tulagi throughout the night of 8 August, and then depart with his ships early on 9 August.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Savo_Island">Battle of Savo Island</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle of Savo Island">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savo_Island" title="Battle of Savo Island">Battle of Savo Island</a></div> As the transports continued to unload on the night of 8–9 August, two groups of screening Allied cruisers and destroyers, under the command of British Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Victor_Crutchley" title="Victor Crutchley">Victor Crutchley</a>, were surprised and defeated by a Japanese force of seven cruisers and one destroyer from the <a href="/wiki/8th_Fleet_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)" title="8th Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)">8th Fleet</a> based at Rabaul and <a href="/wiki/Kavieng" title="Kavieng">Kavieng</a>, commanded by Japanese Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Gunichi_Mikawa" title="Gunichi Mikawa">Gunichi Mikawa</a>. The 8th fleet had been sighted at least 5 times over the course of the previous days, both by Allied submarines and aerial reconnaissance, but a combination of misidentification of ships and the Allied leadership's dismissal of Japanese night fighting capability contributed to an air of complacence and ignorance among the Allied surface fleet that proved disastrous. Japanese submarine activity and air attack continued to be the main source of concern to Turner and his staff, not the threat of Japanese surface action. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_cruiser_Yubari_shines_searchlights_during_the_Battle_of_Savo_Island_on_9_August_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Japanese_cruiser_Yubari_shines_searchlights_during_the_Battle_of_Savo_Island_on_9_August_1942.jpg/220px-Japanese_cruiser_Yubari_shines_searchlights_during_the_Battle_of_Savo_Island_on_9_August_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Japanese_cruiser_Yubari_shines_searchlights_during_the_Battle_of_Savo_Island_on_9_August_1942.jpg/330px-Japanese_cruiser_Yubari_shines_searchlights_during_the_Battle_of_Savo_Island_on_9_August_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Japanese_cruiser_Yubari_shines_searchlights_during_the_Battle_of_Savo_Island_on_9_August_1942.jpg/440px-Japanese_cruiser_Yubari_shines_searchlights_during_the_Battle_of_Savo_Island_on_9_August_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>Japanese cruiser <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Y%C5%ABbari" title="Japanese cruiser Yūbari">Yūbari</a> shines searchlights towards the northern force during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savo_Island" title="Battle of Savo Island">night battle around Savo Island</a> on 9 August 1942. In the course of this action 4 allied cruisers were sunk and one was heavily damaged for almost no loss to the Japanese, and the transport fleet was left exposed to further attack.</figcaption></figure> As a result, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savo_Island" title="Battle of Savo Island">Battle of Savo Island</a> on the night of 9 August, Mikawa's force was able to surprise and sink one Australian and three American cruisers, as well as damage another American cruiser and two destroyers. The Japanese suffered only moderate damage to one cruiser.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Despite this success, Mikawa was unaware that Fletcher was preparing to withdraw with the U.S. aircraft carriers, and immediately retired to Rabaul without attempting to attack the (now defensless) Allied transports, fearing daytime air attacks on his vessels once the cover of darkness had been lost. Bereft of his carrier air cover and concerned about Japanese submarine & surface attacks against his degraded fleet, Turner decided to withdraw his badly mauled naval forces from the area on evening of 9 August. This left the Marines ashore understrength (as some transports in the Allied fleet had retreated without disemarking all of their troops), and without much of their heavy equipment and provisions. Mikawa's decision not to attempt to destroy the Allied transport ships when he had the opportunity proved to be a crucial strategic mistake.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_ground_operations">Initial ground operations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Initial ground operations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuadInitialLungaPerimeter.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/GuadInitialLungaPerimeter.gif/220px-GuadInitialLungaPerimeter.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/GuadInitialLungaPerimeter.gif/330px-GuadInitialLungaPerimeter.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/GuadInitialLungaPerimeter.gif/440px-GuadInitialLungaPerimeter.gif 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Initial U.S. Marine defenses around the airstrip at Lunga Point, Guadalcanal, 12 August 1942</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuadMatanikauAug19.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/GuadMatanikauAug19.gif/220px-GuadMatanikauAug19.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/GuadMatanikauAug19.gif/330px-GuadMatanikauAug19.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/GuadMatanikauAug19.gif/440px-GuadMatanikauAug19.gif 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the U.S. Marine attacks west of the Matanikau River on 19 August</figcaption></figure> The 11,000 Marines on Guadalcanal initially concentrated on forming a loose defensive perimeter centered around Lunga Point and the airfield, moving what supplies had been brought ashore within the perimeter, and completing the construction of the airfield. Over four days of intense effort, the supplies were moved from the landing beaches to dispersed dumps within the defensive perimeter. Work began on the airfield immediately, mainly using captured Japanese equipment. On 12 August the airfield was named <a href="/wiki/Henderson_Field_(Guadalcanal)" title="Henderson Field (Guadalcanal)">Henderson Field</a> after <a href="/wiki/Lofton_R._Henderson" title="Lofton R. Henderson">Lofton R. Henderson</a>, a Marine aviator who was killed during the Battle of Midway. By 18 August the airfield was ready for operation.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Five days' worth of food had been landed from the transports, which, along with captured Japanese provisions, gave the Marines a total of 14 days' supply of food.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> To conserve supplies, the troops were limited to two meals per day.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Allied troops encountered a severe strain of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> soon after the landings, with one in five Marines afflicted by mid-August.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Although some of the Korean construction workers surrendered to the Marines, most of the remaining Japanese and Korean personnel gathered just west of the Lunga perimeter on the west bank of the Matanikau River and subsisted mainly on coconuts. A Japanese naval outpost was also located at Taivu Point, about 35 kilometers (22 mi) east of the Lunga perimeter. On 8 August, a Japanese destroyer from Rabaul delivered 113 naval reinforcement troops to the Matanikau position.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goettge_patrol">Goettge patrol</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Goettge patrol">edit</a>]</div> On the evening of 12 August, a 25-man U.S. Marine patrol, led by Division D-2 Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Frank_Goettge" title="Frank Goettge">Frank Goettge</a> and primarily consisting of <a href="/wiki/Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">intelligence</a> personnel, landed by boat west of the U.S. Marine Lunga perimeter, east of Point Cruz and west of the Japanese perimeter at Matanikau River, on a reconnaissance mission with a secondary objective of contacting a group of Japanese troops that U.S. forces believed might be willing to surrender. Soon after the patrol landed, a nearby <a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">platoon</a> of Japanese naval troops attacked it and almost completely wiped it out.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In response, on 19 August, Vandegrift sent three companies of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/5th_Marine_Regiment" title="5th Marine Regiment">5th Marine Regiment</a> to attack the Japanese troop concentration west of the Matanikau. One company attacked across the sandbar at the mouth of the Matanikau River while another crossed the river 1,000 meters (1,100 yd) inland and attacked the Japanese forces located in Matanikau village. The third landed by boat further west and attacked Kokumbuna village. After briefly occupying the two villages, the three Marine companies returned to the Lunga perimeter, having killed about 65 Japanese soldiers while losing four Marines. This action, sometimes referred to as the "First Battle of the Matanikau", was the first of several major <a href="/wiki/Actions_along_the_Matanikau" title="Actions along the Matanikau">actions around the Matanikau River</a> during the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> On 20 August, the <a href="/wiki/Escort_carrier" title="Escort carrier">escort carrier</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Long_Island_(CVE-1)" title="USS Long Island (CVE-1)">USS Long Island</a> delivered a squadron of 19 <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F4F_Wildcat" title="Grumman F4F Wildcat">Grumman F4F Wildcats</a> and a squadron of 12 <a href="/wiki/Douglas_SBD_Dauntless" title="Douglas SBD Dauntless">Douglas SBD Dauntlesses</a> to Henderson Field. The airfield's rudimentary nature meant that carrier aircraft, designed for rough landings on flight decks at sea, were more suited for use on Henderson Field than ground-based planes. The aircraft based at Henderson became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Cactus_Air_Force" title="Cactus Air Force">Cactus Air Force</a>", after the Allied codename for Guadalcanal, Cactus. The Marine fighters went into action the next day, which also saw the first of what would become almost-daily Japanese bomber air raids on the airfield. On 22 August five <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Bell_P-39_Airacobra" title="Bell P-39 Airacobra">Bell P-400 Airacobras</a> and their pilots arrived at Henderson Field.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_the_Tenaru">Battle of the Tenaru</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Battle of the Tenaru">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tenaru" title="Battle of the Tenaru">Battle of the Tenaru</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deceased_Japanese_soldiers_after_Battle_of_the_Tenaru,_Guadalcanal,_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Deceased_Japanese_soldiers_after_Battle_of_the_Tenaru%2C_Guadalcanal%2C_1942.jpg/220px-Deceased_Japanese_soldiers_after_Battle_of_the_Tenaru%2C_Guadalcanal%2C_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Deceased_Japanese_soldiers_after_Battle_of_the_Tenaru%2C_Guadalcanal%2C_1942.jpg/330px-Deceased_Japanese_soldiers_after_Battle_of_the_Tenaru%2C_Guadalcanal%2C_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Deceased_Japanese_soldiers_after_Battle_of_the_Tenaru%2C_Guadalcanal%2C_1942.jpg/440px-Deceased_Japanese_soldiers_after_Battle_of_the_Tenaru%2C_Guadalcanal%2C_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2827" data-file-height="2226" /></a><figcaption>Dead Japanese soldiers on the sandbar at the mouth of Alligator Creek, Guadalcanal after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tenaru" title="Battle of the Tenaru">Battle of the Tenaru</a></figcaption></figure> In response to the Allied landings, the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> assigned the task of retaking Guadalcanal to the Imperial Japanese Army's (IJA) <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Army_(Japan)" title="Seventeenth Army (Japan)">17th Army</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">corps</a>-sized command based at Rabaul under the command of Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Harukichi_Hyakutake" title="Harukichi Hyakutake">Harukichi Hyakutake</a>. The army was to be supported by Japanese naval units, including the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Fleet" title="Combined Fleet">Combined Fleet</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto" title="Isoroku Yamamoto">Isoroku Yamamoto</a>, which was headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Chuuk_Lagoon" title="Chuuk Lagoon">Truk</a>. The 17th Army, at that time heavily involved in the Japanese <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">campaign in New Guinea</a>, had only a few units available to allocate to Guadalcanal. Of these, the <a href="/wiki/Kawaguchi_Detachment" title="Kawaguchi Detachment">35th Infantry Brigade</a> under Major General <a href="/wiki/Kiyotake_Kawaguchi" title="Kiyotake Kawaguchi">Kiyotake Kawaguchi</a> was at <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aoba_Detachment_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="Aoba Detachment (Imperial Japanese Army)">4th (Aoba) Infantry Regiment</a> under Major General <a href="/wiki/Yumio_Nasu" title="Yumio Nasu">Yumio Nasu</a> was in the Philippines and the 28th (Ichiki) Infantry Regiment, under the command of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Kiyonao_Ichiki" title="Kiyonao Ichiki">Kiyonao Ichiki</a>, was berthed on transport ships near <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>. These units began to move towards Guadalcanal via Truk and Rabaul immediately, but Ichiki's regiment, being the closest, arrived in the area first. A "First Element" of Ichiki's unit, consisting of about 917 soldiers, was landed by IJN destroyers at Taivu Point, east of the Lunga perimeter, after midnight on 19 August, then conducted a 9-mile (14 km) night march west toward the Marine perimeter.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Underestimating the strength of Allied forces on Guadalcanal, Ichiki's unit conducted a nighttime frontal assault on Marine positions at Alligator Creek (often called the "Ilu River" on U.S. Marine maps) on the east side of the Lunga perimeter in the early morning hours of 21 August. <a href="/wiki/Jacob_C._Vouza" title="Jacob C. Vouza">Jacob Vouza</a>, a Solomon Islands <a href="/wiki/Coastwatchers" title="Coastwatchers">Coastwatcher</a> scout, warned the Americans of the impending attack minutes before Ichiki's assault, which was subsequently defeated with heavy losses to the Japanese. After daybreak, the Marine units counterattacked Ichiki's surviving troops, killing many more of them. The dead included Ichiki, though it has been claimed that he committed <a href="/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku">seppuku</a> after realizing the magnitude of his defeat, rather than dying in combat.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In total, 789 of the original 917 members of the Ichiki Regiment's First Element were killed in the battle. About 30 survived the battle and joined Ichiki's rear guard of about 100, and these 128 Japanese returned to Taivu Point, notified 17th Army headquarters of their defeat and awaited further reinforcements and orders from Rabaul.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_the_Eastern_Solomons">Battle of the Eastern Solomons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Battle of the Eastern Solomons">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eastern_Solomons" title="Battle of the Eastern Solomons">Battle of the Eastern Solomons</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)_under_attack_and_burning_during_the_Battle_of_the_Eastern_Solomons_on_24_August_1942_(NH_97778).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/USS_Enterprise_%28CV-6%29_under_attack_and_burning_during_the_Battle_of_the_Eastern_Solomons_on_24_August_1942_%28NH_97778%29.jpg/220px-USS_Enterprise_%28CV-6%29_under_attack_and_burning_during_the_Battle_of_the_Eastern_Solomons_on_24_August_1942_%28NH_97778%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/USS_Enterprise_%28CV-6%29_under_attack_and_burning_during_the_Battle_of_the_Eastern_Solomons_on_24_August_1942_%28NH_97778%29.jpg/330px-USS_Enterprise_%28CV-6%29_under_attack_and_burning_during_the_Battle_of_the_Eastern_Solomons_on_24_August_1942_%28NH_97778%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/USS_Enterprise_%28CV-6%29_under_attack_and_burning_during_the_Battle_of_the_Eastern_Solomons_on_24_August_1942_%28NH_97778%29.jpg/440px-USS_Enterprise_%28CV-6%29_under_attack_and_burning_during_the_Battle_of_the_Eastern_Solomons_on_24_August_1942_%28NH_97778%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="2051" /></a><figcaption>The carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)">USS Enterprise</a> under aerial attack during the Battle of the Eastern Solomons</figcaption></figure> As the Tenaru battle was ending, more Japanese reinforcements were already on their way to Guadalcanal. Yamamoto had organized an extremely powerful naval expeditionary force, with goal of destroying any American fleet units in the Solomons, and subsequently eliminating Allied ground forces at Henderson Field. This force sortied from Truk on 23 August. Several other IJN units carrying reinforcements and supplies, as well as ships tasked with naval bombardment of the island, sortied from both Truk and Rabaul.<a href="#cite_note-ww2db.com-62">[62]</a> Three slow transport ships departed from Truk on 16 August, carrying the remaining 1,400 soldiers from Ichiki's (28th) Infantry Regiment plus 500 naval marines from the 5th Yokosuka <a href="/wiki/Special_Naval_Landing_Forces" title="Special Naval Landing Forces">Special Naval Landing Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The transports were guarded by 13 warships commanded by Japanese Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Raiz%C5%8D_Tanaka" title="Raizō Tanaka">Raizō Tanaka</a>, who planned to land the troops on Guadalcanal on 24 August.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> To cover the landing of these troops and provide support for the operation to retake Henderson Field from Allied forces, Yamamoto directed <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABichi_Nagumo" title="Chūichi Nagumo">Chūichi Nagumo</a> to sortie with a carrier force from Truk on 21 August and sail toward the southern Solomon Islands. Nagumo's force included three carriers and 30 other warships.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Yamamoto would send the light carrier <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Ry%C5%ABj%C5%8D" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūjō">Ryūjō</a> to act as bait, ahead of the rest of the Japanese fleet, in order to draw the attention of American pilots. The aircraft from the two fleet carriers would then attack the American fleet while it lacked air cover.<a href="#cite_note-ww2db.com-62">[62]</a> Simultaneously, the U.S. carrier task force under Fletcher approached Guadalcanal to counter the Japanese offensive efforts.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> On 24 August, the two carrier forces located and launched strikes against the other. The Japanese had two fleet carriers, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Sh%C5%8Dkaku" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Shōkaku">Shōkaku</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Zuikaku" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Zuikaku">Zuikaku</a>, as well as the light carrier Ryūjō,<a href="#cite_note-ww2db.com-62">[62]</a> with a total of 177 carrier-based aircraft. The American forces had two carriers, the Saratoga and <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)">Enterprise</a>, and their 176 aircraft. The Japanese light carrier Ryūjō, offered as bait to Allied naval aircraft, was hit by several 1,000-pound (450 kg) bombs and an aerial torpedo; she was abandoned by her crew and sank that night.<a href="#cite_note-ww2db.com-62">[62]</a> The two Japanese fleet carriers were not attacked, but Japanese aircraft successfully attacked Enterprise, badly damaging her flight deck. Both fleets subsequently retreated from the area. The Japanese lost the Ryūjō, along with dozens of carrier aircraft and most of their aircrew; meanwhile, the Americans lost a handful of planes and Enterprise was damaged, requiring two months to repair in Hawaii.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Unable to safely land on Enterprise's ruined flight deck, much of her remaining aircraft instead flew to Guadalcanal and reinforced the beleaguered American air units at Henderson Field. Concurrently to the carrier air battle, on 25 August, Tanaka's convoy (headed by the flagship <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Jints%C5%AB" title="Japanese cruiser Jintsū">Jintsū</a>) was attacked near Taivu Point<a href="#cite_note-ww2db.com-62">[62]</a> by Cactus Air Force aircraft based at Henderson Field. After suffering heavy damage during the battle, including the sinking of one of the transports, the convoy was forced to divert to the <a href="/wiki/Shortland_Islands" title="Shortland Islands">Shortland Islands</a> in the northern Solomons in order to transfer the surviving troops to destroyers for later delivery to Guadalcanal.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> A Japanese transport was sunk, and the older destroyer Mutsuki was so badly damaged that she had to be scuttled. Several other Japanese warships were damaged, including Tanaka's flagship Jintsū. At this point, Tanaka withdrew and rescheduled the supply run for the night of 28 August, to be carried out by the remaining destroyers. Japanese air raids against the Allied positions on Guadalcanal continued largely unabated during this time. On 25 August, the American carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Wasp_(CV-7)" title="USS Wasp (CV-7)">Wasp</a>, after refueling, positioned herself east of Guadalcanal, expecting Japanese movement to the area. No Japanese forces made any movement towards the area, however, and the Wasp was left idle.<a href="#cite_note-ww2db.com-62">[62]</a> The Americans had won a modest tactical victory with the destruction of the Ryūjō, destroying some 75 Japanese aircraft while losing 25 of their own. The forced withdrawal of Tanaka's troop convoy also bought valuable breathing room for the embattled Allied troops on Guadalcanal. While the Enterprise was taken out of action for repair for several months, she would return to sea later in the campaign. Regardless, the temporary loss of the Enterprise was offset by the timely arrival of the carrier Hornet. Additionally, the reinforcement of Henderson Field by Enterprise's orphaned carrier aircraft served bolstered flagging ground-based Allied air strength in the region; meanwhile, ground-based Japanese pilots based at Rabaul were forced to undertake a grueling day-long round trip flight in order to make their attacks. Combined, this rendered daylight supply runs to Guadalcanal impossible for the Japanese. Only weeks before this, the Japanese had total control of the sea in this particular region; now they were forced to make supply runs only under the cover of darkness.<a href="#cite_note-ww2db.com-62">[62]</a> Japanese naval commanders began to recognize the reality that their ships could not safely operate in the Solomons in the daytime without first suppressing Allied airpower at Henderson Field. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport_Division_12">Transport Division 12</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Transport Division 12">edit</a>]</div> For six weeks, from early August to the end of September, the U.S. Navy largely avoided the waters off Tulagi and Guadalcanal, and was ordered not to resupply the Marines or provide escort duty for slow transport ships, as American naval commanders feared a repeat of the disastrous defeat at Savo Island suffered by Australian and American surface vessels on 9 August. Transport Division 12 (Trans Div 12), consisting of six obsolete World War I-era <a href="/wiki/Wickes-class_destroyer" title="Wickes-class destroyer">Wickes-class destroyers</a> converted to <a href="/wiki/High-speed_transport#"Flush-deck"_conversions" title="High-speed transport">high-speed transports</a>, were the most heavily armed U.S. surface ships operating in Ironbottom Sound during this time. Their torpedo tubes were retrofitted to hold <a href="/wiki/LCPL" title="LCPL">landing craft boats</a>, enough to carry over 100 extra Marines for rapid transportation. They landed the first Marines onto Tulagi and later on Guadalcanal, conducted special operations missions with <a href="/wiki/Marine_Raiders" title="Marine Raiders">Marine Raiders</a>, participated in anti-submarine warfare, and provided covering fire for the Marines on Guadalcanal. They also directly delivered crucial supplies to the Marines that helped to construct Henderson Field and to maintain the aircraft stationed there.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> On 30 August <a href="/wiki/USS_Colhoun_(DD-85)" title="USS Colhoun (DD-85)">USS Colhoun (APD-2)</a> was bombed by Japanese high-altitude horizontal bombers and sank with the loss of 51 men. On 4–5 September, <a href="/wiki/USS_Little_(DD-79)" title="USS Little (DD-79)">USS Little (APD-4)</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Gregory_(DD-82)" title="USS Gregory (DD-82)">USS Gregory (APD-3)</a> had finished landing a complement of Marine Raiders back onto Guadalcanal and proceeded to patrol the area for submarines, which had been surfacing and shelling the Marines nightly. Three Japanese destroyers, who did not know that enemy surface ships were patrolling the area, positioned themselves to attack Henderson Field. These ships were spotted by two American destroyer-transports, who believed at first that they were a submarine. A U.S. patrol plane also misidentified the destroyers as an enemy submarine and dropped flares over the area, accidentally silhouetting Little and Gregory in the nighttime conditions. The Japanese destroyers immediately fired on and sunk the overmatched American ships. 65 men from Little were killed and 24 men from Gregory were killed, including the commanding officer of Transport Division 12 and the commanding officers of both ships.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_battles_over_Henderson_Field_and_strengthening_of_the_Lunga_defenses">Air battles over Henderson Field and strengthening of the Lunga defenses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Air battles over Henderson Field and strengthening of the Lunga defenses">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cactus_Air_Force" title="Cactus Air Force">Cactus Air Force</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HendersonF4FIntercept.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/HendersonF4FIntercept.gif/220px-HendersonF4FIntercept.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/HendersonF4FIntercept.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Marine <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F4F_Wildcat" title="Grumman F4F Wildcat">Grumman F4F Wildcats</a> from Henderson Field preparing to attack incoming Japanese aircraft in late August or early September 1942</figcaption></figure> Throughout August, small numbers of American aircraft and their crews continued to arrive at Guadalcanal. By the end of August, 64 planes of various types were stationed at Henderson Field.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> On 3 September, the commander of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Marine_Aircraft_Wing" title="1st Marine Aircraft Wing">1st Marine Aircraft Wing</a>, U.S. Marine Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Roy_Geiger" title="Roy Geiger">Roy Geiger</a>, arrived with his staff and took command of all air operations at Henderson Field.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Air battles between the Allied aircraft at Henderson and Japanese bombers and fighters from Rabaul continued almost daily. Between 26 August and 5 September, the U.S. lost about 15 aircraft to the Japanese's approximately 19. More than half of the U.S. aircrews shot down were rescued, while most of the Japanese aircrews were not recovered. The eight-hour round-trip flight from Rabaul to Guadalcanal, about 1,120 miles (1,800 km), seriously hampered Japanese efforts to establish air superiority over Henderson Field. Throughout the campaign, Rabaul-based Japanese aircrew were forced to fly almost 600 miles before engaging in combat with Allied pilots operating in the immediate area of Henderson Field. This, combined with the fact that the Japanese navy did not systematically rotate their veteran pilots out of combat zones, steadily exhausted & depleted Japanese airpower in the region. From a strategic standpoint, the overall quality of Japanese aviation in the Solomons deteriorated as worn-out veteran pilots were replaced by inexperienced aircrew with minimal combat experience. Australian coastwatchers on <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Island" title="Bougainville Island">Bougainville</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Georgia" title="New Georgia">New Georgia</a> islands were often able to provide Allied forces on Guadalcanal with advance notice of inbound Japanese air strikes, allowing the U.S. fighters time to take off and position themselves to attack the Japanese aircraft as they approached the island. The Japanese air forces were slowly losing a <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">war of attrition</a> in the skies above Guadalcanal.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> During this time, Vandegrift continued to direct efforts to strengthen and improve the defenses of the Lunga perimeter. Between 21 August and 3 September, he relocated three Marine battalions, including the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Raiders" title="Marine Raiders">1st Raider Battalion</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Merritt_A._Edson" title="Merritt A. Edson">Merritt A. Edson</a> (Edson's Raiders), and the <a href="/wiki/Paramarines" title="Paramarines">1st Parachute</a> Battalion from Tulagi and Gavutu to Guadalcanal. These units added about 1,500 troops to Vandegrift's original 11,000 men defending Henderson Field.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The 1st Parachute Battalion, which had suffered heavy casualties in the Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu–Tanambogo in August, was placed under Edson's command.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The other relocated battalion, the <a href="/wiki/1st_Battalion,_5th_Marines" title="1st Battalion, 5th Marines">1st Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment</a>, was landed by boat west of the Matanikau near Kokumbuna village on 27 August with the mission of attacking Japanese units in the area, much as in the first Matanikau action of 19 August. The Marines were impeded by difficult terrain, hot sun, and well-emplaced Japanese defenses. The next morning, the Marines found that the Japanese defenders had departed during the night, so the Marines returned to the Lunga perimeter by boat.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> These actions resulted in the loss of 20 Japanese and 3 Marines.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Small Allied naval convoys arrived at Guadalcanal on 23 and 29 August, and 1 and 8 September to provide the Marines at Lunga with more food, ammunition, aircraft fuel, aircraft technicians, and other supplies. The convoy on 1 September also brought 392 <a href="/wiki/Seabees" class="mw-redirect" title="Seabees">Seabees</a> to maintain and improve Henderson Field.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In addition, on 3 September, <a href="/wiki/Marine_Aircraft_Group_25" title="Marine Aircraft Group 25">Marine Aircraft Group 25</a> began airlifting high-priority cargo, including personnel, aviation gasoline, munitions, and other supplies, to Henderson Field.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tokyo_Express">Tokyo Express</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tokyo Express">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Express" title="Tokyo Express">Tokyo Express</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guadalcanal_Japanese_reinforcements.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Guadalcanal_Japanese_reinforcements.jpg/220px-Guadalcanal_Japanese_reinforcements.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Guadalcanal_Japanese_reinforcements.jpg/330px-Guadalcanal_Japanese_reinforcements.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Guadalcanal_Japanese_reinforcements.jpg/440px-Guadalcanal_Japanese_reinforcements.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="984" /></a><figcaption>Japanese reinforcements arriving on Guadalcanal, circa early September 1942; note Savo Island in background</figcaption></figure> By 23 August, Kawaguchi's 35th Infantry Brigade reached Truk and was loaded onto slow transport ships for the rest of the trip to Guadalcanal. The damage done to Tanaka's convoy during the Battle of the Eastern Solomons caused the Japanese to reconsider trying to deliver more troops to Guadalcanal via slow transport. Instead, the ships carrying Kawaguchi's soldiers were rerouted to Rabaul. From there, the Japanese planned to deliver Kawaguchi's unit to Guadalcanal using fast-moving destroyers at night, staging through a Japanese naval base in the Shortland Islands. The Japanese destroyers were usually able to make round trips down "The Slot" (<a href="/wiki/New_Georgia_Sound" title="New Georgia Sound">New Georgia Sound</a>) to Guadalcanal and back in a single night throughout the campaign, which minimized their exposure to daytime Allied air attack. These runs became known as the "Tokyo Express" to Allied forces, and were labeled "rat transportation" by the Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> While troops could be transported in this manner, most of the heavy equipment and supplies, such as heavy artillery, vehicles, food and ammunition, could not. In addition, this activity tied up destroyers that the IJN desperately needed to escort <a href="/wiki/Convoy" title="Convoy">convoys</a> elsewhere in the Pacific. The Byzantine nature of the Japanese navy's command setup in the region exacerbated these logistical problems; Tanaka was receiving contradictory orders from both the Combined Fleet headquarters as well as two rival subordinate naval commands at Rabaul, the Eleventh Air Fleet and the Eighth Fleet.<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> Regardless, Tanaka's persistent destroyer operations gradually increased the strength of the forces available to Kawaguchi on the island. A combination of inability and unwillingness prevented Allied naval commanders from frequently challenging Japanese naval forces at night, so the Japanese effectively controlled the seas around the Solomon Islands after sunset. Conversely, the growing Allied airpower at Henderson Field (which was further reinforced on September 11-12 by 24 Wildcats that had been made homeless by the torpedoing of the carrier Saratoga in early September by IJN submarine I-26) meant that any Japanese vessel within range (200 miles or 320 kilometres) of Guadalcanal in daylight was at great risk from air attack. This tactical situation, wherein Japanese naval forces operated freely at night and Allied aircraft enjoyed local air superiority during the day, persisted for the next several months of the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Between 29 August and 4 September, Japanese light cruisers, destroyers, and <a href="/wiki/Patrol_boat" title="Patrol boat">patrol boats</a> were able to land almost 5,000 troops at Taivu Point, including most of the 35th Infantry Brigade, much of the Aoba (4th) Regiment, and the rest of Ichiki's regiment. General Kawaguchi, who landed at Taivu Point on 31 August, was placed in command of all Japanese forces on Guadalcanal.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> A barge convoy took another 1,000 soldiers of Kawaguchi's brigade, under the command of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Akinosuke_Oka" title="Akinosuke Oka">Akinosuke Oka</a>, to Kamimbo, west of the Lunga perimeter.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Edson's_Ridge">Battle of Edson's Ridge</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Battle of Edson's Ridge">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edson%27s_Ridge" title="Battle of Edson's Ridge">Battle of Edson's Ridge</a></div> On 7 September, Kawaguchi issued his attack plan to "rout and annihilate the enemy in the vicinity of the Guadalcanal Island airfield". Kawaguchi's plan called for the forces under his command, split into three divisions, to approach the Lunga perimeter inland, culminating with a surprise night attack. Oka's forces would attack the perimeter from the west, while Ichiki's Second Echelon, renamed the Kuma Battalion, would attack from the east. The main attack would be conducted from the jungle south of the Lunga perimeter by Kawaguchi's "Center Body", numbering 3,000 men in three battalions.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> By 7 September, most of Kawaguchi's troops had departed Taivu to begin marching towards Lunga Point along the coastline. About 250 Japanese troops remained behind to guard the brigade's supply base at Taivu.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EdsonMikeRed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/EdsonMikeRed.jpg/170px-EdsonMikeRed.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/EdsonMikeRed.jpg/255px-EdsonMikeRed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/EdsonMikeRed.jpg/340px-EdsonMikeRed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Marine Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Merritt_A._Edson" title="Merritt A. Edson">Merritt A. Edson</a> (here photographed as a major general) led Marine forces in the Battle of Edson's Ridge</figcaption></figure> Meanwhile, native scouts under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Clemens" title="Martin Clemens">Martin Clemens</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Coastwatchers" title="Coastwatchers">coastwatcher</a> officer in the <a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands_Protectorate_Defence_Force" title="British Solomon Islands Protectorate Defence Force">British Solomon Islands Protectorate Defence Force</a> and the British district officer for Guadalcanal, brought reports to the U.S. Marines of Japanese troops at Taivu near the village of Tasimboko. Edson subsequently planned a raid on the Japanese troop concentration at Taivu.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> On 8 September, after being dropped off near Taivu by boat, Edson's men captured Tasimboko and forced the Japanese defenders to retreat into the jungle.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In Tasimboko, Edson's troops discovered Kawaguchi's main supply depot, including large stockpiles of food, ammunition, medical supplies, and a powerful <a href="/wiki/Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">shortwave</a> radio. After destroying everything in sight, aside from some documents and equipment that were carried back with them, the Marines returned to the Lunga perimeter. Intelligence gathered from the captured documents indicated that at least 3,000 Japanese troops were on the island, planning to initiate a large-scale ground assault on the airfield in short order.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Edson, along with Colonel <a href="/wiki/Gerald_C._Thomas" title="Gerald C. Thomas">Gerald C. Thomas</a>, Vandegrift's operations officer, correctly anticipated that the main Japanese attack would fall upon Lunga Ridge, a narrow, grassy, 1,000-yard-long (900 m) coral ridge that ran parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Lunga_River_(Solomon_Islands)" title="Lunga River (Solomon Islands)">Lunga River</a>, just south of Henderson Field. The ridge offered a natural avenue of approach to the airfield, commanded the surrounding area, and was almost undefended. On 11 September, the 840 men of Edson's battalion were deployed onto and around the ridge and began digging in.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuadBloodyRidgeSep12-14.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/GuadBloodyRidgeSep12-14.gif/220px-GuadBloodyRidgeSep12-14.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/GuadBloodyRidgeSep12-14.gif/330px-GuadBloodyRidgeSep12-14.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/GuadBloodyRidgeSep12-14.gif/440px-GuadBloodyRidgeSep12-14.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Lunga perimeter on Guadalcanal showing the approach routes of the Japanese forces and the locations of the Japanese attacks during the battle. Oka's attacks were in the west (left), the Kuma Battalion attacked from the east (right) and the center body attacked "Edson's Ridge" (Lunga Ridge) in the lower center of the map.</figcaption></figure> On the night of 12 September, Kawaguchi's 1st Battalion attacked the Raiders between the Lunga River and ridge, forcing one Marine company to fall back to the ridge before the Japanese halted their attack for the night. The next night Kawaguchi faced Edson's 840 Raiders with 3,000 troops of his brigade, reinforced by an assortment of light artillery. The Japanese began their attack just after nightfall, with Kawaguchi's 1st Battalion assaulting Edson's right flank just to the west of the ridge. After breaking through the Marine lines, the battalion's assault was eventually stopped by Marine units occupying the northern section of the ridge.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Two companies from Kawaguchi's 2nd Battalion charged up the southern edge of the ridge and pushed Edson's troops back to Hill 123, in the center section of the ridge. Throughout the night the Marines at this position, supported by a battery of howizers brought up from Lunga Point, turned back wave after wave of frontal Japanese infantry attacks, several of which devolved into hand-to-hand combat. The weight of these repeated assaults eventually pressed the Marines back to within a quarter mile of the airfield. At this stage, as the intensity of the battle reached its apex, small groups of Japanese soldiers managed to break through Edson's lines, with some reaching the edge of the airfield itself. Several Japanese soldiers were killed as they attempted to climb onto and destroy parked aircraft, and General Vandegrift's command post even came under direct attack at dawn, with several Japanese infiltrators killed within sight of the general.<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> Nonetheless, Kawaguchi's units were spent, and the main Japanese attack on Edson's positions ground to a halt. The supporting attacks by the Kuma Battalion and Oka's unit at other locations on the Lunga perimeter were likewise defeated. On 14 September, Kawaguchi led the survivors of his shattered brigade on a five-day march west to the Matanikau Valley to join with Oka's unit.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In total Kawaguchi's forces lost about 850 killed, with the Marines suffering 104.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> On 15 September at Rabaul, Hyakutake learned of Kawaguchi's defeat and forwarded the news to <a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> in Japan. In an emergency meeting, the senior Japanese IJA and IJN command staffs concluded that "Guadalcanal might develop into the decisive battle of the war". The results of the battle now began to exert significant strategic impact on Japanese operations in other areas of the Pacific. Hyakutake realized that he could not send sufficient men and <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a> to defeat the Allied forces on Guadalcanal while simultaneously supporting the major ongoing Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">offensive on the Kokoda Track</a> in New Guinea. Hyakutake, with the concurrence of General Headquarters, ordered his troops on New Guinea, who were within 30 miles (50 km) of their objective of Port Moresby, to withdraw until the "Guadalcanal matter" was resolved. Hyakutake prepared to send more troops to Guadalcanal for another attempt to recapture Henderson Field.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied_reinforcement">Allied reinforcement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Allied reinforcement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Wasp_(CV-7)_burning_on_15_September_1942_(80-G-16331).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/USS_Wasp_%28CV-7%29_burning_on_15_September_1942_%2880-G-16331%29.jpg/220px-USS_Wasp_%28CV-7%29_burning_on_15_September_1942_%2880-G-16331%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/USS_Wasp_%28CV-7%29_burning_on_15_September_1942_%2880-G-16331%29.jpg/330px-USS_Wasp_%28CV-7%29_burning_on_15_September_1942_%2880-G-16331%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/USS_Wasp_%28CV-7%29_burning_on_15_September_1942_%2880-G-16331%29.jpg/440px-USS_Wasp_%28CV-7%29_burning_on_15_September_1942_%2880-G-16331%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5694" data-file-height="4296" /></a><figcaption>The U.S. carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Wasp_(CV-7)" title="USS Wasp (CV-7)">Wasp</a> burns after being hit by Japanese submarine torpedoes on 15 September.</figcaption></figure> As the Japanese regrouped west of the Matanikau, the U.S. forces concentrated on shoring up and strengthening their Lunga defenses. On 14 September Vandegrift moved another battalion (<a href="/wiki/3rd_Battalion,_2nd_Marines" title="3rd Battalion, 2nd Marines">3rd Battalion, 2nd Marine Regiment</a>) from Tulagi to Guadalcanal. On 18 September, an Allied naval convoy delivered 4,157 men from the 3rd Provisional Marine Brigade (the <a href="/wiki/7th_Marine_Regiment" title="7th Marine Regiment">7th Marine Regiment</a> plus a battalion from the <a href="/wiki/11th_Marine_Regiment" title="11th Marine Regiment">11th Marine Regiment</a> and some additional support units), 137 vehicles, tents, aviation fuel, ammunition, rations, and engineering equipment to Guadalcanal. These crucial reinforcements allowed Vandegrift, beginning on 19 September, to establish an unbroken line of defense around the Lunga perimeter. While covering this convoy, the aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Wasp_(CV-7)" title="USS Wasp (CV-7)">USS Wasp</a> was <a href="/wiki/Scuttling" title="Scuttling">scuttled</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> after being struck by torpedoes from the Japanese submarine <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-19" title="Japanese submarine I-19">I-19</a> southeast of Guadalcanal. This stretched Allied naval airpower thin, with only one aircraft carrier (<a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_(CV-8)" title="USS Hornet (CV-8)">USS Hornet</a>) remaining in operation in the entire South Pacific Area.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Vandegrift also made some changes in the senior leadership of his combat units, transferring several officers who did not meet his performance standards off the island and promoting junior officers who had proven themselves to take their place. One of these was the recently promoted Colonel Merritt Edson, who was placed in command of the 5th Marine Regiment.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> A lull occurred in the air war over Guadalcanal, with no Japanese air raids between 14 and 27 September because of bad weather, during which both sides reinforced their respective air units. The Japanese delivered 85 fighters and bombers to their air units at Rabaul, while the U.S. sent a further 23 fighters and attack aircraft to Henderson Field. By 20 September the Japanese had 117 total aircraft at Rabaul, while the Allies tallied 71 aircraft at Henderson Field.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The air war resumed with a Japanese air raid on Guadalcanal on 27 September, which was contested by U.S. Navy and Marine fighters from Henderson Field.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The Japanese immediately began to prepare for their next attempt to recapture Henderson Field. The 3rd Battalion, 4th (Aoba) Infantry Regiment had landed at Kamimbo Bay on the western end of Guadalcanal on 11 September - too late to join Kawaguchi's attack, but in time to join Oka's forces near the Matanikau. Tokyo Express runs by IJN destroyers on 14, 20, 21 and 24 September brought food and ammunition as well as 280 men from the 1st Battalion, Aoba Regiment, to Kamimbo Bay. Meanwhile, the Japanese <a href="/wiki/2nd_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="2nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">2nd</a> and <a href="/wiki/38th_Infantry_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="38th Infantry Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">38th Infantry</a> Divisions were transported from the Dutch East Indies to Rabaul, beginning on 13 September. The Japanese planned to transport a total of 17,500 troops from these two divisions to Guadalcanal to take part in the next major attack on the Lunga perimeter by late October.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Actions_along_the_Matanikau">Actions along the Matanikau</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Actions along the Matanikau">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Actions_along_the_Matanikau" title="Actions along the Matanikau">Actions along the Matanikau</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuadMatanikauMarineRaft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/GuadMatanikauMarineRaft.jpg/220px-GuadMatanikauMarineRaft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/GuadMatanikauMarineRaft.jpg/330px-GuadMatanikauMarineRaft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/GuadMatanikauMarineRaft.jpg/440px-GuadMatanikauMarineRaft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2238" data-file-height="1374" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Marines cross the <a href="/wiki/Matanikau_River" title="Matanikau River">Matanikau River</a> on Guadalcanal on a raft ferry in November, 1942.</figcaption></figure> Vandegrift and his staff were aware that Kawaguchi's troops had retreated to the area west of the Matanikau, and that numerous groups of Japanese stragglers were scattered throughout the area between the Lunga perimeter and the Matanikau River. Vandegrift therefore decided to conduct another series of small unit operations around the Matanikau Valley. Their purpose was to mop up scattered groups of Japanese troops east of the Matanikau and to keep the main body of Japanese soldiers off-balance, preventing them from consolidating positions so close to the main Marine defenses at Lunga Point.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> An attack on Japanese forces west of the Matanikau was conducted between 23 and 27 September by elements of three U.S. Marine battalions. The attack was repulsed by Kawaguchi's troops under Akinosuke Oka's local command. During the action three Marine companies were surrounded by Japanese forces near Point Cruz west of the Matanikau, took heavy losses, and only escaped due to assistance from the destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Monssen_(DD-436)" title="USS Monssen (DD-436)">USS Monssen</a> and landing craft crewed by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">U.S. Coast Guard</a> personnel. One of those was piloted by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Albert_Munro" title="Douglas Albert Munro">Douglas Munro</a>, who was killed as he maneuvered his craft to protect the escaping Marines and became the only Coast Guardsman to be awarded the Medal of Honor.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Between 6 and 9 October a larger force of Marines successfully crossed the Matanikau River, attacked newly landed Japanese forces from the 2nd Infantry Division under the command of Generals <a href="/wiki/Masao_Maruyama_(Japanese_Army_officer)" title="Masao Maruyama (Japanese Army officer)">Masao Maruyama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yumio_Nasu" title="Yumio Nasu">Yumio Nasu</a>, and inflicted heavy losses on the Japanese <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Regiment_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="4th Infantry Regiment (Imperial Japanese Army)">4th Infantry Regiment</a>. This action forced the Japanese to retreat from their positions east of the Matanikau and hindered Japanese preparations for their planned major offensive on the U.S. Lunga defenses.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Between 9 and 11 October the U.S. <a href="/wiki/1st_Battalion,_2nd_Marines" title="1st Battalion, 2nd Marines">1st Battalion, 2nd Marines</a> raided two small Japanese outposts about 30 miles (48 km) east of the Lunga perimeter at Gurabusu and Koilotumaria near Aola Bay. These raids killed 35 Japanese at a cost of 17 Marines and 3 U.S. Navy personnel killed.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Cape_Esperance">Battle of Cape Esperance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Battle of Cape Esperance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Esperance" title="Battle of Cape Esperance">Battle of Cape Esperance</a></div> Throughout the last week of September and the first week of October, Tokyo Express runs continually delivered troops from the Japanese 2nd Infantry Division to Guadalcanal. The Japanese Navy promised to support the IJA's planned offensive by delivering the necessary troops, equipment, and supplies to the island, and also by stepping up air attacks on Henderson Field and sending warships to bombard the airfield.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Helena_(CL-50)_at_a_South_Pacific_base,_circa_in_1943_(NH_95814).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/USS_Helena_%28CL-50%29_at_a_South_Pacific_base%2C_circa_in_1943_%28NH_95814%29.jpg/220px-USS_Helena_%28CL-50%29_at_a_South_Pacific_base%2C_circa_in_1943_%28NH_95814%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/USS_Helena_%28CL-50%29_at_a_South_Pacific_base%2C_circa_in_1943_%28NH_95814%29.jpg/330px-USS_Helena_%28CL-50%29_at_a_South_Pacific_base%2C_circa_in_1943_%28NH_95814%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/USS_Helena_%28CL-50%29_at_a_South_Pacific_base%2C_circa_in_1943_%28NH_95814%29.jpg/440px-USS_Helena_%28CL-50%29_at_a_South_Pacific_base%2C_circa_in_1943_%28NH_95814%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5722" data-file-height="3990" /></a><figcaption>U.S. cruiser <a href="/wiki/USS_Helena_(CL-50)" title="USS Helena (CL-50)">Helena</a>, part of Task Force 64 under Norman Scott</figcaption></figure> In the meantime, <a href="/wiki/Millard_Harmon" title="Millard Harmon">Millard F. Harmon</a>, commander of U.S. Army forces in the South Pacific, convinced Ghormley that U.S. Marine forces on Guadalcanal needed to be reinforced immediately if the Allies were to successfully defend the island from the next expected Japanese offensive. Thus, on 8 October, the 2,837 men of the <a href="/wiki/164th_Regiment_(United_States)" title="164th Regiment (United States)">164th Infantry Regiment</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Americal_Division" title="Americal Division">Americal Division</a> boarded ships at <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> for the trip to Guadalcanal with a projected arrival date of 13 October. To protect the transports carrying the 164th to Guadalcanal, Ghormley ordered Task Force 64, consisting of four cruisers and five destroyers under U.S. Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Norman_Scott_(admiral)" title="Norman Scott (admiral)">Norman Scott</a>, to intercept and combat any Japanese ships that approached Guadalcanal and threatened the arrival of the transport convoy.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Mikawa's 8th Fleet staff scheduled a substantial Express run for the night of 11 October. Two <a href="/wiki/Seaplane_tender" title="Seaplane tender">seaplane tenders</a> and six destroyers were ordered to put 728 soldiers, along with artillery and ammunition, ashore on Guadalcanal. At the same time, in a separate operation, three heavy cruisers and two destroyers under the command of Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Aritomo_Got%C5%8D" title="Aritomo Gotō">Aritomo Gotō</a> were to bombard Henderson Field with special explosive shells with the objective of destroying the Cactus Air Force and the airfield's facilities. Because U.S. Navy warships had not yet attempted to interdict any Tokyo Express missions to Guadalcanal, the Japanese were not expecting any opposition from Allied naval surface forces that night.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Just before midnight, Scott's warships detected Gotō's force on radar near the entrance to the strait between Savo Island and Guadalcanal. Scott's force was in a position to <a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_T" title="Crossing the T">cross the T</a> on Gotō's unsuspecting formation. Opening fire, Scott's warships sank a cruiser and a destroyer, heavily damaged another cruiser, mortally wounded Gotō, and forced the rest of Gotō's warships to abandon their bombardment mission and retreat. During the exchange of gunfire, one of Scott's destroyers was sunk, and one cruiser and another destroyer were heavily damaged. In the meantime, the Japanese supply convoy successfully completed unloading at Guadalcanal and began its return journey without being discovered by Scott's force.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Later on the morning of 12 October, four Japanese destroyers from the supply convoy turned back to assist Gotō's retreating, damaged warships. Air attacks by CAF aircraft from Henderson Field sank two of these destroyers later that day. Meanwhile, the convoy of U.S. Army troops reached Guadalcanal as scheduled on 13 October, successfully delivering its cargo and passengers to the island.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Henderson_Field">Henderson Field</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Henderson Field">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Henderson_Field" title="Battle for Henderson Field">Battle for Henderson Field</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battleship_bombardment">Battleship bombardment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Battleship bombardment">edit</a>]</div> Despite the U.S. victory off Cape Esperance, the Japanese continued with plans and preparations for their large offensive scheduled for later in October. The Japanese decided to risk a rare departure from their usual practice of only using fast warships to deliver men and materiel to the island. On 13 October, a convoy comprising six cargo ships escorted by eight screening destroyers departed the Shortland Islands for Guadalcanal. The convoy carried 4,500 troops from the 16th and 230th Infantry Regiments, some naval marines, two batteries of heavy artillery, and one company of tanks.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haruna_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Haruna_1934.jpg/220px-Haruna_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Haruna_1934.jpg/330px-Haruna_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Haruna_1934.jpg/440px-Haruna_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="2012" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Haruna" title="Japanese battleship Haruna">Japanese battleship Haruna</a></figcaption></figure> To protect the approaching convoy from attack by CAF aircraft, Yamamoto sent the 3rd Battleship Division from Truk to bombard Henderson Field, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Takeo_Kurita" title="Takeo Kurita">Takeo Kurita</a>. At 01:33 on 14 October, IJN battleships <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Kong%C5%8D" title="Japanese battleship Kongō">Kongō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Haruna" title="Japanese battleship Haruna">Haruna</a>, escorted by one light cruiser and nine destroyers, reached Guadalcanal and opened fire on Henderson Field from a distance of 16,000 meters (17,500 yd). At this range, over ten miles (16 km), Allied shore batteries had no prospect of returning effective fire. Over the next one hour and 23 minutes, the two battleships fired 973 14-inch (356 mm) shells into the Lunga perimeter, most of which fell in and around the 2,200 m2 (24,000 sq ft) area of the airfield. Many of the shells were <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(weaponry)" title="Fragmentation (weaponry)">fragmentation</a> shells, specifically designed to destroy land targets. The bombardment heavily damaged both runways, burned almost all of the available aviation fuel, and destroyed 48 of the CAF's 90 aircraft. 41 men were killed, including six CAF pilots. Few CAF aircraft survived entirely unscathed, and only about a dozen remained in flyable condition the next day. Wrecked and damaged planes were lined up wingtip to wingtip, in the hopes of diverting Japanese attention from the few surviving aircraft. After exhausting their ammunition around 3 a.m., the Japanese battleship force immediately returned to Truk.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Allied troops stationed at Henderson Field colloquially referred to this bombardment, the heaviest they had endured thus far in the campaign, as "The Night".<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> Despite the heavy damage, Henderson personnel were able to restore one of the runways to operational condition within a few hours. Seventeen <a href="/wiki/Douglas_SBD_Dauntless" title="Douglas SBD Dauntless">SBD-3 Dauntless</a> <a href="/wiki/Dive_bomber" title="Dive bomber">dive bombers</a> and 20 <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F4F_Wildcat" title="Grumman F4F Wildcat">F4F Wildcats</a> at Espiritu Santo were quickly flown to Henderson, and U.S. Army and Marine transport aircraft shuttled aviation gasoline from Espiritu Santo to Guadalcanal. Aware of the approach of the large Japanese reinforcement convoy, the U.S. desperately sought a way to interdict the convoy before it could reach Guadalcanal. Using fuel drained from destroyed aircraft and from a cache in the nearby jungle, the CAF attacked the convoy twice on 14 October but caused no damage.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_transport_Kinugawa_Maru_beached_on_Guadalcanal,_circa_in_1943.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Japanese_transport_Kinugawa_Maru_beached_on_Guadalcanal%2C_circa_in_1943.png/220px-Japanese_transport_Kinugawa_Maru_beached_on_Guadalcanal%2C_circa_in_1943.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Japanese_transport_Kinugawa_Maru_beached_on_Guadalcanal%2C_circa_in_1943.png/330px-Japanese_transport_Kinugawa_Maru_beached_on_Guadalcanal%2C_circa_in_1943.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Japanese_transport_Kinugawa_Maru_beached_on_Guadalcanal%2C_circa_in_1943.png/440px-Japanese_transport_Kinugawa_Maru_beached_on_Guadalcanal%2C_circa_in_1943.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Japanese cargo ship Kinugawa Maru destroyed at <a href="/wiki/Tassafaronga" class="mw-redirect" title="Tassafaronga">Tassafaronga</a> by CAF aircraft on 15 October.</figcaption></figure> The Japanese convoy reached <a href="/wiki/Tassafaronga_Point" title="Tassafaronga Point">Tassafaronga Point</a> at midnight on 14 October and began unloading. Throughout the day of 15 October, a string of CAF aircraft from Henderson bombed and strafed the unloading convoy, destroying three of the cargo ships. The remainder of the convoy departed that night, having unloaded all of the troops and about two-thirds of the supplies and equipment. Several Japanese heavy cruisers also bombarded Henderson on the nights of 14 and 15 October, destroying a few additional CAF aircraft but failing to inflict further significant damage to the airfield.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_for_Henderson_Field">Battle for Henderson Field</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Battle for Henderson Field">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clifton_B._Cates_and_battalion_commanders,_1st_Marine_Regiment_on_Guadalcanal,_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Clifton_B._Cates_and_battalion_commanders%2C_1st_Marine_Regiment_on_Guadalcanal%2C_1942.jpg/220px-Clifton_B._Cates_and_battalion_commanders%2C_1st_Marine_Regiment_on_Guadalcanal%2C_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Clifton_B._Cates_and_battalion_commanders%2C_1st_Marine_Regiment_on_Guadalcanal%2C_1942.jpg/330px-Clifton_B._Cates_and_battalion_commanders%2C_1st_Marine_Regiment_on_Guadalcanal%2C_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Clifton_B._Cates_and_battalion_commanders%2C_1st_Marine_Regiment_on_Guadalcanal%2C_1942.jpg/440px-Clifton_B._Cates_and_battalion_commanders%2C_1st_Marine_Regiment_on_Guadalcanal%2C_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2797" data-file-height="2085" /></a><figcaption>From left to right: Lieutenant Colonel Leonard B. Cresswell (1st Battalion), Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Edwin_A._Pollock" title="Edwin A. Pollock">Edwin A. Pollock</a> (Executive Officer 1st Marines), Colonel <a href="/wiki/Clifton_B._Cates" title="Clifton B. Cates">Clifton B. Cates</a> (Commanding Officer 1st Marines), Lieutenant Colonel William N. McKelvy (3rd Battalion) and Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_W._Stickney_(USMC)" title="William W. Stickney (USMC)">William W. Stickney</a> (2nd Battalion) on Guadalcanal, October 1942</figcaption></figure> Between 1 and 17 October, the Japanese delivered 15,000 troops to Guadalcanal, giving Hyakutake 20,000 total troops to employ for his planned offensive. Because of the loss of their positions on the east side of the Matanikau, the Japanese decided that an attack on the U.S. defenses along the coast would be prohibitively difficult. Therefore, Hyakutake decided that the main thrust of his planned attack would be from south of Henderson Field. His 2nd Division (augmented by troops from the 38th Division), under Maruyama and comprising 7,000 soldiers in three infantry regiments of three battalions each was ordered to march through the jungle and attack the American defenses from the south, near the east bank of the Lunga River.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The date of the attack was set for 22 October, then changed to 23 October. To distract the Americans from the planned attack from the south, Hyakutake's heavy artillery plus five battalions of infantry (about 2,900 men) under Major General <a href="/wiki/Tadashi_Sumiyoshi" title="Tadashi Sumiyoshi">Tadashi Sumiyoshi</a> were to attack the American defenses from the west along the coastal corridor. The Japanese estimated that there were 10,000 American troops on the island, when in fact there were about 23,000.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Despite this, American commanders were pessimistic about their ability to repulse another concerted Japanese attack on the airfield. Units were given orders to fight as guerrillas should they be overrun by the Japanese, and the 1st Marine Division's intelligence staff began burning their classified records. Speaking to reporters in Washington, D.C., <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a> Frank Knox refused to publicly guarantee that Guadalcanal could be held. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuadBattleOct20-25.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/GuadBattleOct20-25.gif/220px-GuadBattleOct20-25.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/GuadBattleOct20-25.gif/330px-GuadBattleOct20-25.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/GuadBattleOct20-25.gif/440px-GuadBattleOct20-25.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Map of the battle, 23–26 October. Sumiyoshi's forces attack in the west at the Matanikau (left) while Maruyama's 2nd division attacks the Lunga perimeter from the south (right).</figcaption></figure> On 12 October, a company of Japanese engineers began to break a trail, called the "Maruyama Road", from the Matanikau towards the southern portion of the U.S. Lunga perimeter. The 15-mile-long (24 km) trail traversed some of the most difficult terrain on Guadalcanal, including numerous rivers and streams, deep, muddy ravines, steep ridges, and dense jungle. Between 16 and 18 October, the 2nd Division began their march along the Maruyama Road.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> By 23 October, Maruyama's forces were still struggling through the jungle to reach the American lines. That evening, after learning that his forces had yet to reach their attack positions, Hyakutake postponed the attack to 19:00 on 24 October. The Americans remained unaware of the approach of Maruyama's forces.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PackHowitzer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PackHowitzer.jpg/220px-PackHowitzer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PackHowitzer.jpg/330px-PackHowitzer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/PackHowitzer.jpg/440px-PackHowitzer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="1032" /></a><figcaption>A U.S. 11th Marines <a href="/wiki/M116_howitzer" title="M116 howitzer">75mm pack howitzer</a> and crew</figcaption></figure> Sumiyoshi was informed by Hyakutake's staff of the postponement of the offensive to 24 October, but he was unable to contact his troops to inform them of the delay. Thus, at dusk on 23 October, two battalions of the 4th Infantry Regiment and the nine tanks of the 1st Independent Tank Company launched attacks on the U.S. Marine defenses at the mouth of the Matanikau. U.S. Marine artillery, cannon, and small arms fire repulsed the attacks, destroying all the tanks and killing many of the Japanese soldiers while suffering only light casualties.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Finally, late on 24 October, Maruyama's forces reached the Lunga perimeter. Over two consecutive nights Maruyama's forces conducted numerous frontal assaults on positions defended by troops of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Battalion,_7th_Marines" title="1st Battalion, 7th Marines">1st Battalion, 7th Marines</a> under Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Chesty_Puller" title="Chesty Puller">Chesty Puller</a> and the U.S. Army's 3rd Battalion, 164th Infantry Regiment, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hall_(National_Guard_officer)" title="Robert Hall (National Guard officer)">Robert Hall</a>. U.S. Marine and Army units armed with rifles, machine guns, mortars, and artillery, including direct <a href="/wiki/Canister_shot" title="Canister shot">canister</a> fire from <a href="/wiki/37_mm_gun_M3" title="37 mm gun M3">37 mm anti-tank guns</a>, "wrought terrible carnage" on the Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> A few small groups of Japanese broke through the American defenses, but were hunted down and killed over the next several days. More than 1,500 of Maruyama's troops were killed in the attacks, while the Americans lost about 60 killed. Over the same two days American aircraft from Henderson Field defended against attacks by Japanese aircraft and warships, destroying 14 aircraft and sinking a light cruiser.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Further Japanese attacks near the Matanikau on 26 October were also repulsed with heavy losses for the Japanese. As a result, by 08:00 on 26 October, Hyakutake called off any further attacks and ordered his forces to retreat. About half of Maruyama's survivors were ordered to retreat back to the upper Matanikau Valley while the 230th Infantry Regiment under Colonel <a href="/wiki/Toshinari_Sh%C5%8Dji" title="Toshinari Shōji">Toshinari Shōji</a> was told to head for Koli Point, east of the Lunga perimeter. Leading elements of the 2nd Division reached the 17th Army headquarters area at Kokumbona, west of the Matanikau on 4 November. The same day, Shōji's unit reached Koli Point and made camp. Decimated by combat losses, malnutrition, and tropical diseases, the 2nd Division was incapable of further offensive action and fought as a defensive force along the coast for the rest of the campaign. In total, the Japanese lost 2,200–3,000 troops in the battle while the Americans lost around 80 killed.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_the_Santa_Cruz_Islands">Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Santa_Cruz_Islands" title="Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands">Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands</a></div> At the same time that Hyakutake's troops were attacking the Lunga perimeter, a large Japanese naval force consisting of two fleet carriers (Shokaku and Zuikaku), two other light carriers, four battleships and various supporting vessels moved into a position near the southern Solomon Islands. Under the overall command of Yamamoto, this fleet was the largest that the Japanese had assembled since the Battle of Midway. Yamamoto's goal was to draw the bulk of Allied naval strength in the region, specifically the American aircraft carriers, into a decisive sea battle at the same time that Japanese troops on Guadalcanal were attacking the airfield in force. Allied naval carrier forces in the area, under the overall command of <a href="/wiki/William_Halsey_Jr." title="William Halsey Jr.">William Halsey Jr.</a>, also hoped to meet the Japanese naval forces in battle. Nimitz had replaced Ghormley with Admiral Halsey on 18 October after concluding that Ghormley had become too pessimistic and myopic to effectively continue leading Allied forces in the South Pacific Area.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Due to faulty reports from Hyakutake that his ground forces had seized the airfield over the night of October 25, Yamamoto ordered his task force to sail south and seek out the American fleet. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Nakajima_B5N_drops_torpedo_on_USS_Hornet_(CV-8)_on_26_October_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Japanese_Nakajima_B5N_drops_torpedo_on_USS_Hornet_%28CV-8%29_on_26_October_1942.jpg/220px-Japanese_Nakajima_B5N_drops_torpedo_on_USS_Hornet_%28CV-8%29_on_26_October_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Japanese_Nakajima_B5N_drops_torpedo_on_USS_Hornet_%28CV-8%29_on_26_October_1942.jpg/330px-Japanese_Nakajima_B5N_drops_torpedo_on_USS_Hornet_%28CV-8%29_on_26_October_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Japanese_Nakajima_B5N_drops_torpedo_on_USS_Hornet_%28CV-8%29_on_26_October_1942.jpg/440px-Japanese_Nakajima_B5N_drops_torpedo_on_USS_Hornet_%28CV-8%29_on_26_October_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_(CV-8)" title="USS Hornet (CV-8)">USS Hornet</a> is torpedoed and fatally damaged by a Japanese carrier aircraft on 26 October.</figcaption></figure> The two opposing carrier forces confronted each other on the morning of 26 October, in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Santa_Cruz_Islands" title="Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands">Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands</a>, the last carrier battle of the war in the Pacific until the Battle of the Philippine Sea nearly two years later. After an exchange of carrier air attacks, Allied surface ships were forced to retreat from the battle area with the loss of one carrier sunk (Hornet) and another (<a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)">Enterprise</a>) heavily damaged. The participating Japanese carrier forces, however, also retired because of high aircraft and aircrew losses and significant damage to two carriers. Although the Japanese had apparently secured a tactical victory in terms of ships sunk and damaged, their loss of almost 150 veteran carrier pilots provided a long-term strategic advantage for the Allies, whose aircrew losses in the battle were relatively low. Throughout the Guadalcanal campaign, Allied forces were far more successful in recovering downed pilots (both ground-based and carrier-based) than the Japanese. Japanese carriers would play no further significant role in the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="November_land_actions">November land actions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: November land actions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Matanikau_Offensive" title="Matanikau Offensive">Matanikau Offensive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koli_Point_action" title="Koli Point action">Koli Point action</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carlson%27s_patrol" title="Carlson's patrol">Carlson's patrol</a></div> In order to exploit the victory in the Battle for Henderson Field, Vandegrift sent six Marine battalions, later joined by one Army battalion, on an offensive west of the Matanikau. The operation was commanded by Merritt Edson and its goal was to capture Kokumbona, headquarters of the 17th Army, west of Point Cruz. Defending the Point Cruz area were Japanese army troops from the 4th Infantry Regiment commanded by <a href="/wiki/Nomasu_Nakaguma" title="Nomasu Nakaguma">Nomasu Nakaguma</a>. The 4th Infantry was severely understrength because of battle damage, tropical disease, and malnutrition.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuadPointCruzJapaneseCasualties.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/GuadPointCruzJapaneseCasualties.jpg/220px-GuadPointCruzJapaneseCasualties.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/GuadPointCruzJapaneseCasualties.jpg/330px-GuadPointCruzJapaneseCasualties.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/GuadPointCruzJapaneseCasualties.jpg/440px-GuadPointCruzJapaneseCasualties.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2265" data-file-height="1506" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Marines drag the corpses of Japanese soldiers from their bunker in the Point Cruz area after the battle in early November.</figcaption></figure> The American offensive began on 1 November and, after some difficulty, succeeded in destroying Japanese forces defending the Point Cruz area by 3 November, including rear echelon troops sent to reinforce Nakaguma's battered regiment. The Americans appeared to be on the verge of breaking through the Japanese defenses and capturing Kokumbona. At this time, however, other American forces discovered and engaged newly landed Japanese troops near Koli Point on the eastern side of the Lunga perimeter. To counter this new threat, Vandegrift temporarily halted the Matanikau offensive on 4 November. The Americans suffered 71 killed and the Japanese around 400 killed in the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> At Koli Point early in the morning 3 November, five Japanese destroyers delivered 300 army troops to support Shōji and his troops who were en route to Koli Point after the Battle for Henderson Field. Having learned of the planned landing, Vandegrift sent a battalion of Marines under <a href="/wiki/Herman_H._Hanneken" title="Herman H. Hanneken">Herman H. Hanneken</a> to intercept the Japanese at Koli. Soon after landing, the Japanese soldiers encountered and drove Hanneken's battalion back towards the Lunga perimeter. In response, Vandegrift ordered Puller's Marine battalion plus two of the 164th infantry battalions, along with Hanneken's battalion, to move towards Koli Point to attack the Japanese forces there.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuadCarlsonAolaLanding.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/GuadCarlsonAolaLanding.gif/220px-GuadCarlsonAolaLanding.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/GuadCarlsonAolaLanding.gif/330px-GuadCarlsonAolaLanding.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/GuadCarlsonAolaLanding.gif/440px-GuadCarlsonAolaLanding.gif 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Carlson's raiders coming ashore at Aola Bay on 4 November</figcaption></figure> As the American troops began to move, Shōji and his soldiers began to arrive at Koli Point. Beginning on 8 November, the American troops attempted to encircle Shōji's forces at Gavaga Creek near Koli Point. Meanwhile, Hyakutake ordered Shōji to abandon his positions at Koli and rejoin Japanese forces at Kokumbona in the Matanikau area. A gap existed by way of a swampy creek in the southern side of the American lines. Between 9 and 11 November, Shōji and between 2,000 and 3,000 of his men escaped into the jungle to the south. On 12 November, the Americans completely overran and killed all the remaining Japanese soldiers left in the pocket. The Americans counted the bodies of 450–475 Japanese dead in the Koli Point area and captured most of Shōji's heavy weapons and provisions. The American forces suffered 40 killed and 120 wounded in the operation.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Meanwhile, on 4 November, two companies from the 2nd Marine Raider Battalion, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Evans_Carlson" title="Evans Carlson">Evans Carlson</a> landed by boat at Aola Bay, 40 miles (64 km) east of Lunga Point. Carlson's raiders, along with troops from the Army's <a href="/wiki/147th_Regiment_(United_States)" title="147th Regiment (United States)">147th Infantry Regiment</a>, were to provide security for 500 Seabees as they attempted to construct an airfield at that location. Halsey, acting on a recommendation by Turner, had approved the Aola Bay airfield construction effort; however it was abandoned at the end of November because of unsuitable terrain.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> On 5 November, Vandegrift ordered Carlson and his raiders to march overland from Aola and attack any of Shōji's forces that had escaped from Koli Point. With the rest of the companies from his battalion, which arrived a few days later, Carlson and his troops set off on a 29-day patrol from Aola to the Lunga perimeter. During the patrol, the raiders fought several battles with Shōji's retreating forces, killing almost 500 of them, while suffering 16 killed. Tropical diseases and a lack of food felled many more of Shōji's men. By the time Shōji's forces reached the Lunga River in mid-November, about halfway to the Matanikau, only 1,300 men remained with the main body. When Shōji reached the 17th Army positions west of the Matanikau, only 700 to 800 survivors were still with him. Most of the survivors from Shōji's force joined other Japanese units defending the Mount Austen and upper Matanikau River area.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Tokyo Express runs on 5, 7, and 9 November delivered additional troops from the Japanese 38th Infantry Division, including most of the 228th Infantry Regiment. These fresh troops were quickly placed in the Point Cruz and Matanikau area and helped successfully resist further attacks by American forces on 10 and 18 November. The Americans and Japanese remained facing each other along a line just west of Point Cruz for the next six weeks.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naval_Battle_of_Guadalcanal">Naval Battle of Guadalcanal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Naval Battle of Guadalcanal">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Naval_Battle_of_Guadalcanal" title="Naval Battle of Guadalcanal">Naval Battle of Guadalcanal</a></div> After the defeat in the Battle for Henderson Field, the IJA planned to try again to retake the airfield in November 1942, but further reinforcements were needed before the operation could proceed. The IJA requested assistance from Yamamoto to deliver the needed reinforcements to the island and to support the next offensive. Yamamoto provided 11 large transport ships to carry the remaining 7,000 troops from the 38th Infantry Division, their ammunition, food, and heavy equipment from Rabaul to Guadalcanal. He also provided a warship support force that included two battleships, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Hiei" title="Japanese battleship Hiei">Hiei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Kirishima" title="Japanese battleship Kirishima">Kirishima</a>, equipped with special fragmentation shells, which were to bombard Henderson Field on the night of 12–13 November. The goal of the bombardment was to destroy the airfield and the aircraft stationed there, to allow the slow transports to reach Guadalcanal and unload safely the next day.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The warship force was commanded from Hiei by recently promoted Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Hiroaki_Abe" title="Hiroaki Abe">Hiroaki Abe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Callaghan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Callaghan.jpg/220px-Callaghan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Callaghan.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Callaghan" title="Daniel J. Callaghan">Daniel J. Callaghan</a> (pictured here as a captain)</figcaption></figure> In early November, Allied intelligence learned that the Japanese were preparing again to try to retake Henderson Field.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In response, on 11 November the U.S. sent Turner's Task Force 67 to Guadalcanal, carrying Marine replacements, two U.S. Army infantry battalions, ammunition and food. The supply ships were protected by two <a href="/wiki/Task_force" title="Task force">task groups</a>, commanded by Rear Admirals <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Callaghan" title="Daniel J. Callaghan">Daniel J. Callaghan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Scott_(admiral)" title="Norman Scott (admiral)">Norman Scott</a>, as well as by aircraft from Henderson Field.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> The ships were attacked several times on 11 and 12 November by Japanese aircraft from Rabaul staging through an air base at <a href="/wiki/Buin_Airport" title="Buin Airport">Buin</a>, Bougainville, but most unloaded their cargo without serious damage.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> U.S. <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> aircraft spotted the approach of Abe's bombardment force and passed a warning to Allied commanders.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Thus warned, Turner detached all usable combat ships under Callaghan to protect the troops ashore from the expected Japanese naval attack and troop landing, and ordered the supply ships at Guadalcanal to depart by early evening 12 November.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Callaghan's force comprised two heavy cruisers, three light cruisers, and eight destroyers.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Around 01:30 on 13 November, Callaghan's force intercepted Abe's bombardment group between Guadalcanal and Savo Island. In addition to the two battleships, Abe's force included one light cruiser and 11 destroyers. In the pitch darkness<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> the two warship forces became intermingled before opening fire at unusually close range. In the resulting mêlée, Abe's warships sank or severely damaged all but one cruiser and one destroyer in Callaghan's force; both Callaghan and Scott were killed. Two Japanese destroyers were sunk, and another destroyer and the battleship Hiei were heavily damaged. Despite his defeat of Callaghan's force, Abe ordered his warships to retire without bombarding Henderson Field. The Hiei sank later that day after repeated air attacks by aircraft from Henderson Field and the carrier Enterprise. Because of Abe's failure to neutralize Henderson Field, Yamamoto ordered Tanaka's troop transport convoy, located near the Shortland Islands, to wait an additional day before heading towards Guadalcanal. Yamamoto ordered <a href="/wiki/Nobutake_Kond%C5%8D" title="Nobutake Kondō">Nobutake Kondō</a> to assemble another bombardment force using warships from Truk and Abe's force to attack Henderson Field on 15 November.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> In the meantime, around 02:00 on 14 November, a cruiser and destroyer force under Gunichi Mikawa from Rabaul conducted an unopposed bombardment of Henderson Field. The bombardment caused some damage, but failed to put the airfield or most of its aircraft out of operation. As Mikawa's force retired towards Rabaul, Tanaka's transport convoy, trusting that Henderson Field was destroyed or heavily damaged, began its run down "the Slot" towards Guadalcanal. Throughout the day of 14 November, aircraft from Henderson Field and the Enterprise attacked Mikawa and Tanaka's ships, sinking one heavy cruiser and seven of the transports. Most of the troops were rescued from the transports by Tanaka's escorting destroyers and returned to the Shortlands. After dark, Tanaka and the remaining four transports continued towards Guadalcanal as Kondō's force approached to bombard Henderson Field.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In order to intercept Kondō's force, Halsey, who was low on undamaged ships, detached two battleships, the <a href="/wiki/USS_Washington_(BB-56)" title="USS Washington (BB-56)">Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_South_Dakota_(BB-57)" title="USS South Dakota (BB-57)">South Dakota</a>, and four destroyers from the Enterprise task force. This force, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Willis_Augustus_Lee" title="Willis Augustus Lee">Willis A. Lee</a> aboard the Washington, reached Guadalcanal and Savo Island just before midnight on 14 November, shortly before Kondō's bombardment force arrived. Kondō's force consisted of the battleship Kirishima, two heavy cruisers, two light cruisers, and nine destroyers. After the two forces made contact, Kondō's force quickly sank three of the U.S. destroyers and heavily damaged the fourth. The Japanese warships then sighted, opened fire, and damaged the South Dakota. As Kondō's warships concentrated on the South Dakota, the Washington approached the Japanese ships unobserved and opened fire on the Kirishima, inflicting severe damage upon the Japanese battleship. After fruitlessly chasing the Washington towards the <a href="/wiki/Russell_Islands" title="Russell Islands">Russell Islands</a>, Kondō ordered his warships to retire without bombarding Henderson Field. One of Kondō's destroyers was also sunk during the engagement.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_transport_Kinugawa_Maru_beached_and_sunk_on_the_Guadalcanal_shore,_in_November_1943_(80-G-K-1467-A).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Japanese_transport_Kinugawa_Maru_beached_and_sunk_on_the_Guadalcanal_shore%2C_in_November_1943_%2880-G-K-1467-A%29.jpg/220px-Japanese_transport_Kinugawa_Maru_beached_and_sunk_on_the_Guadalcanal_shore%2C_in_November_1943_%2880-G-K-1467-A%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Japanese_transport_Kinugawa_Maru_beached_and_sunk_on_the_Guadalcanal_shore%2C_in_November_1943_%2880-G-K-1467-A%29.jpg/330px-Japanese_transport_Kinugawa_Maru_beached_and_sunk_on_the_Guadalcanal_shore%2C_in_November_1943_%2880-G-K-1467-A%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Japanese_transport_Kinugawa_Maru_beached_and_sunk_on_the_Guadalcanal_shore%2C_in_November_1943_%2880-G-K-1467-A%29.jpg/440px-Japanese_transport_Kinugawa_Maru_beached_and_sunk_on_the_Guadalcanal_shore%2C_in_November_1943_%2880-G-K-1467-A%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Transport Kinugawa Maru beached at Guadalcanal in November 1942.</figcaption></figure> As Kondō's ships retired, the four Japanese transports beached near Tassafaronga Point on Guadalcanal at 04:00. At 05:55, U.S. aircraft and artillery began attacking the beached transports, destroying all four, along with most of the supplies that they carried. Only 2,000–3,000 of the IJA troops reached the shore. Because of the failure to deliver most of the troops and supplies, the Japanese were forced to cancel their planned November offensive on Henderson Field, making the battle a significant strategic victory for the Allies and marking the beginning of the end of Japanese attempts to retake Henderson Field.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> On 26 November, Japanese Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Hitoshi_Imamura" title="Hitoshi Imamura">Hitoshi Imamura</a> took command of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Eighth_Area_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Eighth Area Army">Eighth Area Army</a> at Rabaul. The new command encompassed both Hyakutake's 17th Army and the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Army_(Japan)" title="Eighteenth Army (Japan)">18th Army</a> in New Guinea. One of Imamura's first priorities upon assuming command was the continuation of the attempts to retake Henderson Field and Guadalcanal. The Allied <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buna%E2%80%93Gona" title="Battle of Buna–Gona">offensive at Buna</a> in New Guinea, however, changed Imamura's priorities. Because the Allied attempt to take Buna was considered a more severe threat to Rabaul, Imamura postponed further major reinforcement efforts to Guadalcanal, in order to concentrate on the situation in New Guinea.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Tassafaronga">Battle of Tassafaronga</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Battle of Tassafaronga">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tassafaronga" title="Battle of Tassafaronga">Battle of Tassafaronga</a></div> By this stage of the campaign, the Japanese were experiencing severe difficulty delivering sufficient supplies to sustain their troops on Guadalcanal. Attempts to use submarines for resupply runs in the last two weeks in November failed to provide sufficient food for Hyakutake's forces. A separate attempt to establish bases in the central Solomon Islands, which could faciliate barge convoys to Guadalcanal, also failed because of destructive and frequent Allied air attacks. On 26 November, the 17th Army notified Imamura that it faced an acute food crisis. Some front-line units had not been resupplied for six days, and even the rear-area troops were on one-third rations. The situation forced the Japanese to return to using destroyers to deliver supplies, which were unable to handle the scale of reinforcement required by the beleaugered IJA troops on Guadalcanal.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RaizoTanaka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/RaizoTanaka.jpg/170px-RaizoTanaka.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/RaizoTanaka.jpg/255px-RaizoTanaka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/RaizoTanaka.jpg/340px-RaizoTanaka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Raizo Tanaka</figcaption></figure> The staff of the IJN Eighth Fleet devised a plan to help reduce the exposure of destroyers delivering supplies to Guadalcanal. Large oil or gas drums were cleaned and filled with medical supplies and food, with enough air space to provide buoyancy, and strung together with rope. When the destroyers arrived at Guadalcanal they would make a sharp turn and the drums would be cut loose, after which a swimmer or boat from shore was meant to pick up the buoyed end of a rope attached to the drums and return it to the beach, where the soldiers could haul in the supplies.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> The Eighth Fleet's Guadalcanal Reinforcement Unit (the Tokyo Express), commanded by Tanaka, was tasked by Mikawa with making the first of five scheduled runs to Tassafaronga using the drum method on the night of 30 November. Tanaka's unit was centered on eight destroyers, with six destroyers assigned to carry between 200 and 240 drums of supplies apiece.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Notified by intelligence sources of the Japanese supply attempt, Halsey ordered the newly formed Task Force 67, comprising four cruisers and four destroyers under the command of Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Carleton_H._Wright" title="Carleton H. Wright">Carleton H. Wright</a>, to intercept Tanaka's force off Guadalcanal. Two additional destroyers joined Wright's force en route to Guadalcanal from Espiritu Santo during the day of 30 November.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> At 22:40 on 30 November, Tanaka's force arrived off Guadalcanal and prepared to unload the supply barrels. Meanwhile, Wright's warships were approaching through <a href="/wiki/Ironbottom_Sound" title="Ironbottom Sound">Ironbottom Sound</a> from the opposite direction. Wright's destroyers detected Tanaka's force on radar, and the destroyer commander requested permission to attack with torpedoes. Wright waited four minutes before giving permission, allowing Tanaka's force to escape from an optimum firing setup. All of the American torpedoes missed their targets. At the same time, Wright's cruisers opened fire, hitting and destroying one of the Japanese guard destroyers. The rest of Tanaka's warships abandoned the supply mission, increased speed, turned, and launched a total of 44 torpedoes in the direction of Wright's cruisers.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The Japanese torpedoes hit and sank the U.S. cruiser <a href="/wiki/USS_Northampton_(CA-26)" title="USS Northampton (CA-26)">Northampton</a> and heavily damaged the cruisers <a href="/wiki/USS_Minneapolis_(CA-36)" title="USS Minneapolis (CA-36)">Minneapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_New_Orleans_(CA-32)" title="USS New Orleans (CA-32)">New Orleans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Pensacola_(CA-24)" title="USS Pensacola (CA-24)">Pensacola</a>. The rest of Tanaka's destroyers escaped without damage but failed to deliver any of the provisions to Guadalcanal.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> By 7 December 1942, Hyakutake's forces were losing about 50 men each day from malnutrition, disease, and Allied ground or air attacks.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Further attempts by Tanaka's destroyer forces to deliver provisions on 3, 7 and 11 December failed to alleviate the crisis, and one of Tanaka's destroyers was sunk by a U.S. <a href="/wiki/PT_boat" title="PT boat">PT boat</a> torpedo.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Tanaka privately informed Admiral Mikawa that the Japanese forces on Guadalcanal could no longer be supplied by sea, and advised that they be withdrawn from the island. Tanaka was subsequently transferred to an administrative post in Singapore. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_decision_to_withdraw">Japanese decision to withdraw</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Japanese decision to withdraw">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ke" title="Operation Ke">Operation Ke</a></div> On 12 December, the Japanese Navy proposed that Guadalcanal be abandoned. At the same time, several army staff officers at the Imperial General Headquarters (IGH) also suggested that further efforts to retake Guadalcanal would be impossible. A delegation led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Joichiro_Sanada" title="Joichiro Sanada">Joichiro Sanada</a>, chief of the IGH's operations section, visited Rabaul on 19 December and consulted Imamura and his staff. Upon the delegation's return to Tokyo, Sanada recommended that Guadalcanal be abandoned. The IGH's top leaders agreed with Sanada's recommendation on 26 December and ordered their staffs to begin drafting plans for a withdrawal from Guadalcanal, establishment of a new defense line in the central Solomons, and shifting priorities and resources to the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">campaign in New Guinea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> On 28 December, General <a href="/wiki/Hajime_Sugiyama" title="Hajime Sugiyama">Hajime Sugiyama</a> and Admiral <a href="/wiki/Osami_Nagano" title="Osami Nagano">Osami Nagano</a> personally informed <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> of the decision to withdraw from Guadalcanal. On 31 December, Hirohito formally endorsed the decision. The Japanese secretly began to prepare for the evacuation, called Operation Ke, scheduled to begin during the latter part of January 1943.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> By now, mainly due to malnutrition and disease, Japanese forces on the island had dwindled to fewer than 15,000 men. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Mount_Austen,_the_Galloping_Horse,_and_the_Sea_Horse">Battle of Mount Austen, the Galloping Horse, and the Sea Horse</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Battle of Mount Austen, the Galloping Horse, and the Sea Horse">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Austen,_the_Galloping_Horse,_and_the_Sea_Horse" title="Battle of Mount Austen, the Galloping Horse, and the Sea Horse">Battle of Mount Austen, the Galloping Horse, and the Sea Horse</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuadCoCDec1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/GuadCoCDec1942.jpg/220px-GuadCoCDec1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/GuadCoCDec1942.jpg/330px-GuadCoCDec1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/GuadCoCDec1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Left to right, unnamed soldier, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Jeschke" title="Richard H. Jeschke">Richard H. Jeschke</a>, Commander of the <a href="/wiki/8th_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="8th Marine Regiment (United States)">8th Marines</a>, U.S. Army Major General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Patch" title="Alexander Patch">Alexander Patch</a>, who succeeded <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vandegrift" title="Alexander Vandegrift">Vandegrift</a> on 9 December 1942</figcaption></figure> By December, the weary 1st Marine Division was withdrawn for recuperation, and over the course of the next month the <a href="/wiki/XIV_Corps_(United_States)" title="XIV Corps (United States)">U.S. XIV Corps</a> took over operations on the island. This corps consisted of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Marine_Division" title="2nd Marine Division">2nd Marine Division</a> and the U.S. Army's <a href="/wiki/25th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="25th Infantry Division (United States)">25th Infantry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Americal_Division" title="Americal Division">23rd "Americal" Divisions</a>. U.S. Army Major General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Patch" title="Alexander Patch">Alexander Patch</a> replaced Vandegrift as commander of Allied forces on Guadalcanal, which by January totaled just over 50,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> On 18 December, Allied (mainly U.S. Army) forces began attacking Japanese positions on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Austen" title="Mount Austen">Mount Austen</a>. A strong Japanese fortified position, called the Gifu, stymied the attacks and the Americans were forced to temporarily halt their offensive on 4 January.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> The Allies renewed the offensive on 10 January, attacking the Japanese on Mount Austen as well as on two nearby ridges called the Sea Horse and the Galloping Horse. After some difficulty, the Allies captured all three by 23 January. At the same time, U.S. Marines advanced along the north coast of the island, making significant gains. The Americans lost about 250 killed in the operation while the Japanese suffered around 3,000 killed, about 12 to 1 in the Americans' favor.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ke_evacuation">Ke evacuation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ke evacuation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rennell_Island" title="Battle of Rennell Island">Battle of Rennell Island</a></div> On 14 January, a Tokyo Express run delivered a battalion of troops to act as a rear guard for the Ke evacuation. A staff officer from Rabaul accompanied the troops to notify Hyakutake of the decision to withdraw. At the same time, Japanese warships and aircraft moved into position around the Rabaul and Bougainville areas in preparation to execute the withdrawal operation. Allied intelligence detected the Japanese movements but misinterpreted them as preparations for another attempt to retake Henderson Field and Guadalcanal.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torpedoed_cruiser_USS_Chicago_(CA-29)_low_in_the_water_on_30_January_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Torpedoed_cruiser_USS_Chicago_%28CA-29%29_low_in_the_water_on_30_January_1943.jpg/220px-Torpedoed_cruiser_USS_Chicago_%28CA-29%29_low_in_the_water_on_30_January_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Torpedoed_cruiser_USS_Chicago_%28CA-29%29_low_in_the_water_on_30_January_1943.jpg/330px-Torpedoed_cruiser_USS_Chicago_%28CA-29%29_low_in_the_water_on_30_January_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Torpedoed_cruiser_USS_Chicago_%28CA-29%29_low_in_the_water_on_30_January_1943.jpg/440px-Torpedoed_cruiser_USS_Chicago_%28CA-29%29_low_in_the_water_on_30_January_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5151" data-file-height="3806" /></a><figcaption>USS Chicago sinking on 30 January during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rennell_Island" title="Battle of Rennell Island">Battle of Rennell Island</a></figcaption></figure> Patch, wary of what he thought to be an imminent Japanese offensive, committed only a relatively small portion of his troops to continue a slow-moving offensive against Hyakutake's forces. On 29 January, Halsey, acting on the same intelligence, sent a resupply convoy to Guadalcanal screened by a cruiser task force. Sighting the cruisers, Japanese naval torpedo bombers attacked that same evening and heavily damaged the cruiser <a href="/wiki/USS_Chicago_(CA-29)" title="USS Chicago (CA-29)">Chicago</a>. The next day, more torpedo aircraft attacked and sank Chicago. Halsey ordered the remainder of the task force to return to base and directed the rest of his naval forces to take station in the <a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a>, south of Guadalcanal, to be ready to counter a Japanese offensive.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> In the meantime, the Japanese 17th Army withdrew to the west coast of Guadalcanal while rear guard units checked the American offensive. On the night of 1 February, a force of 20 destroyers from Mikawa's 8th Fleet under <a href="/wiki/Shintar%C5%8D_Hashimoto" title="Shintarō Hashimoto">Shintarō Hashimoto</a> successfully extracted 4,935 soldiers, mainly from the 38th Division, from the island. The Japanese and Americans each lost a destroyer from an air and naval attack related to the evacuation mission.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> On the nights of 4 and 7 February, Hashimoto and his destroyers evacuated the remaining Japanese forces from Guadalcanal. Apart from some air attacks, Allied forces were still anticipating a large Japanese offensive and did not attempt to interdict Hashimoto's evacuation runs. In total, the Japanese successfully evacuated 10,652 men from Guadalcanal. Their last troops left the island on the evening of 7 February, six months to the day from when the U.S. forces first landed.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Two days later, on 9 February, Patch realized that the Japanese were gone and declared Guadalcanal secure.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_High_Command_Assembled_on_Guadalcanal_in_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_High_Command_Assembled_on_Guadalcanal_in_1943.jpg/220px-The_High_Command_Assembled_on_Guadalcanal_in_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_High_Command_Assembled_on_Guadalcanal_in_1943.jpg/330px-The_High_Command_Assembled_on_Guadalcanal_in_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/The_High_Command_Assembled_on_Guadalcanal_in_1943.jpg/440px-The_High_Command_Assembled_on_Guadalcanal_in_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Allied commanders assemble on Guadalcanal in August 1943 to plan the next Allied offensive against the Japanese in the Solomons as part of Operation Cartwheel.</figcaption></figure> After the Japanese withdrawal, Guadalcanal and Tulagi were developed into major bases supporting the Allied advance further up the Solomon Islands chain. Besides Henderson Field, two additional fighter runways were constructed at <a href="/wiki/Kukum_Field" title="Kukum Field">Lunga Point</a>, and a bomber airfield was built at <a href="/wiki/Carney_Airfield" title="Carney Airfield">Koli Point</a>. Extensive naval port and logistics facilities were established at Guadalcanal, Tulagi, and Florida. The anchorage around Tulagi became an important forward base for Allied warships and transport ships supporting the Solomon Islands campaign. Major ground units were staged through large encampments and barracks on Guadalcanal before deployment further up the Solomons.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> After Guadalcanal the Japanese were clearly on the defensive in the Pacific. The constant pressure to reinforce Guadalcanal had weakened Japanese efforts in other theaters, contributing to a successful Australian and American counteroffensive in New Guinea which culminated in the capture of the key bases of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buna%E2%80%93Gona" title="Battle of Buna–Gona">Buna and Gona</a> in early 1943. The Allies had gained a strategic initiative which they never relinquished. In June, the Allies launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cartwheel" title="Operation Cartwheel">Operation Cartwheel</a> which, after modification in August 1943, formalized the strategy of isolating Rabaul and cutting its <a href="/wiki/Sea_lines_of_communication" title="Sea lines of communication">sea lines of communication</a>. The subsequent successful neutralization of Rabaul and the forces centered there facilitated the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South West Pacific</a> campaign under MacArthur and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Central Pacific</a> <a href="/wiki/Leapfrogging_(strategy)" title="Leapfrogging (strategy)">island-hopping</a> campaign under Nimitz, with both efforts successfully advancing toward Japan. The remaining Japanese defenses in the South Pacific Area were then either destroyed or bypassed by Allied forces as the war progressed.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medal_of_Honor_recipients">Medal of Honor recipients</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Medal of Honor recipients">edit</a>]</div> Marine Corps <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_D._Bailey" title="Kenneth D. Bailey">Kenneth D. Bailey</a>, Major – 12-13 September 1942 (posth.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merritt_A._Edson" title="Merritt A. Edson">Merritt A. Edson</a>, Colonel – 13-14 September 1942</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Basilone" title="John Basilone">John Basilone</a>, Sergeant – 24-25 October 1942</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Paige" title="Mitchell Paige">Mitchell Paige</a>, Platoon Sergeant – 26 October 1942</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_J._Foss" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph J. Foss">Joseph J. Foss</a>, Captain (pilot) – 9 October - 19 November 1942, Jan 1943</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_A._Vandegrift" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander A. Vandegrift">Alexander A. Vandegrift</a>, Major General – 7 Augustus - 9 December 1942</li></ul> Army <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Fournier" title="William G. Fournier">William G. Fournier</a>, Sergeant – 10 January 1943 (posth.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hall_(soldier)" title="Lewis Hall (soldier)">Lewis Hall</a>, Technician 5th Grade – 10 January 1943 (posth.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Davis" title="Charles W. Davis">Charles W. Davis</a>, Captain – 12 January 1943</li></ul> Navy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Callaghan" title="Daniel J. Callaghan">Daniel J. Callaghan</a>, Rear Admiral – 12-13 September 1942 (posth.)</li></ul> Coast Guard <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A._Munro" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas A. Munro">Douglas A. Munro</a>, Signalman First class – 27 September 1942 (posth.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Significance">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resources">Resources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Resources">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guadalcanal_cemetery_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Guadalcanal_cemetery_1945.jpg/220px-Guadalcanal_cemetery_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Guadalcanal_cemetery_1945.jpg/330px-Guadalcanal_cemetery_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Guadalcanal_cemetery_1945.jpg/440px-Guadalcanal_cemetery_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption>Military cemetery on Guadalcanal, 1945</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henderson1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Henderson1944.jpg/220px-Henderson1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Henderson1944.jpg/330px-Henderson1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Henderson1944.jpg/440px-Henderson1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Henderson Field in August 1944</figcaption></figure> The Battle of Guadalcanal was one of the first prolonged campaigns in the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II. It strained logistical capabilities of the combatant nations. For the U.S., this need prompted the development of effective combat air transport for the first time. A failure to achieve <a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">air supremacy</a> forced Japan to rely on reinforcement by barges, destroyers, and submarines, with very uneven results. Early in the campaign, the Americans were hindered by a lack of resources, as they suffered heavy losses in cruisers and carriers, with replacements from ramped-up shipbuilding programs still months away from materializing.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> The U.S. Navy suffered such high personnel losses during the campaign that it refused to publicly release total casualty figures for years. However, as the campaign continued, and the American public became more and more aware of the plight and perceived heroism of the American forces on Guadalcanal, more forces were dispatched to the area. This spelled trouble for Japan as its <a href="/wiki/Military-industrial_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Military-industrial complex">military-industrial complex</a> was unable to match the output of American industry and manpower. Thus, as the campaign wore on the Japanese were losing irreplaceable units while the Americans were rapidly replacing and even augmenting their forces.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> The Guadalcanal campaign was costly to Japan strategically and in material losses and manpower. Roughly 30,000 personnel, including 25,000 experienced ground troops, died during the campaign. As many as three-quarters of the deaths were from non-combat causes such as starvation and various tropical diseases.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> The drain on resources directly contributed to Japan's failure to achieve its objectives in the New Guinea campaign. Japan also lost control of the southern Solomons and the ability to interdict Allied shipping to Australia. Japan's major base at Rabaul became further directly threatened by Allied air power. Most importantly, scarce Japanese land, air, and naval forces had disappeared forever into the Guadalcanal jungle and surrounding sea. The Japanese could not replace the aircraft destroyed and ships sunk in this campaign, as well as their highly trained and veteran crews, especially the naval aircrews, nearly as quickly as the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategy">Strategy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Strategy">edit</a>]</div> While the Battle of Midway is viewed as a turning point in the Pacific War, Japan remained on the offensive, as shown by its advances down the Solomon Islands. Only after the Allied victories in Guadalcanal and New Guinea (at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Milne_Bay" title="Battle of Milne Bay">Milne Bay</a> and Buna–Gona)<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> were these large-scale Japanese offensive actions stopped. Strategic initiative passed to the Allies, as it proved, permanently. The Guadalcanal campaign ended all Japanese expansion attempts in the Pacific and placed the Allies in a position of clear supremacy.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> The Allied victory at Guadalcanal was the first step in a long string of successes that eventually led <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">to the surrender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">occupation of Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The "<a href="/wiki/Europe_first" title="Europe first">Europe first</a>" policy agreed to by the Allies had initially only allowed for defensive actions against Japanese expansion in order to focus resources on defeating Germany. However, Admiral King's argument for the Guadalcanal invasion, as well as its successful implementation, convinced Roosevelt that the Pacific Theater could be pursued offensively as well.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> By the end of 1942, it was clear that Japan had lost the Guadalcanal campaign, a serious blow to Japan's strategic plans for the defense of their empire and an unanticipated defeat at the hands of the Americans.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Perhaps as important as the military victory for the Allies was the psychological victory. On a level playing field, the Allies had beaten Japan's best land, air, and naval forces. After Guadalcanal, Allied personnel regarded the Japanese military with much less fear and awe than previously. In addition, the Allies viewed the eventual outcome of the Pacific War with greatly increased optimism.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <blockquote>Tokyo Express no longer has terminus on Guadalcanal. <dl><dd>—Major General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Patch" title="Alexander Patch">Alexander Patch</a>, USA, Commander, U.S. Forces on Guadalcanal </dd></dl></blockquote> <blockquote>Guadalcanal is no longer merely a name of an island in Japanese military history. It is the name of the graveyard of the Japanese army. <dl><dd>— Major General <a href="/wiki/Kiyotake_Kawaguchi" title="Kiyotake Kawaguchi">Kiyotake Kawaguchi</a>, IJA, Commander, 35th Infantry Brigade at Guadalcanal<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a></dd></dl></blockquote> Beyond Kawaguchi, several Japanese political and military leaders, including <a href="/wiki/Naoki_Hoshino" title="Naoki Hoshino">Naoki Hoshino</a>, Nagano, and <a href="/wiki/Torashir%C5%8D_Kawabe" title="Torashirō Kawabe">Torashirō Kawabe</a>, stated shortly after the war that Guadalcanal was the decisive turning point in the conflict. Said Kawabe, "As for the turning point [of the war], when the positive action ceased or even became negative, it was, I feel, at Guadalcanal."<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vilu_War_Museum_and_Guadalcanal_American_Memorial">Vilu War Museum and Guadalcanal American Memorial</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Vilu War Museum and Guadalcanal American Memorial">edit</a>]</div> The Vilu War Museum is on Guadalcanal, about 25 kilometres (16 mi) west of <a href="/wiki/Honiara" title="Honiara">Honiara</a>, the capital of the Solomon Islands. The remains of military equipment and of several aircraft can be seen in the open-air museum. Several memorials for the American, Australian, Fijian, New Zealand and Japanese soldiers who died are erected there.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vilu_War_Museum_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance of Vilu War Museum"><img alt="Entrance of Vilu War Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vilu_War_Museum_1.jpg/200px-Vilu_War_Museum_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vilu_War_Museum_1.jpg/300px-Vilu_War_Museum_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vilu_War_Museum_1.jpg/400px-Vilu_War_Museum_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entrance of Vilu War Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vilu_War_Museum_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Memorials in Vilu War Museum"><img alt="Memorials in Vilu War Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Vilu_War_Museum_2.jpg/200px-Vilu_War_Museum_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Vilu_War_Museum_2.jpg/300px-Vilu_War_Museum_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Vilu_War_Museum_2.jpg/400px-Vilu_War_Museum_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Memorials in Vilu War Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vilu_War_Museum_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aircraft in Vilu War Museum"><img alt="Aircraft in Vilu War Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Vilu_War_Museum_3.jpg/200px-Vilu_War_Museum_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Vilu_War_Museum_3.jpg/300px-Vilu_War_Museum_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Vilu_War_Museum_3.jpg/400px-Vilu_War_Museum_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aircraft in Vilu War Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vilu_War_Museum_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aircraft in Vilu War Museum"><img alt="Aircraft in Vilu War Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Vilu_War_Museum_4.jpg/200px-Vilu_War_Museum_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Vilu_War_Museum_4.jpg/300px-Vilu_War_Museum_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Vilu_War_Museum_4.jpg/400px-Vilu_War_Museum_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3061" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aircraft in Vilu War Museum</div> </li> </ul> To mark the 50th anniversary of the Red Beach landings, the <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_American_Memorial" title="Guadalcanal American Memorial">Guadalcanal American Memorial</a> was dedicated in Honiara on 7 August 1992.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Remaining_ordnance">Remaining ordnance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Remaining ordnance">edit</a>]</div> An unknown amount of unexploded bombs from the battle remain on the island, and residents of the island have been killed or severely injured by unexpected explosions from hidden explosives. The threat to people's lives from unexploded bombs remain high.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-183">[183]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Solomon_Islands_Police_Force" title="Royal Solomon Islands Police Force">Solomon Islands police force</a> has disposed most of the discovered bombs; however, clearance work is expensive, and the island does not have sufficient resources to clear the remaining explosives. The Solomon Islands have urged both the U.S. and Japanese governments to clear the remaining bombs from the island.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-183">[183]</a> In 2012, 18 years after the U.S. ended its aid program in the South Pacific, the U.S. provided funds to assist efforts to find and remove unexploded bombs. Australia and Norway also established programs to help the Solomon Islands remove unexploded bombs.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="News_reporting">News reporting</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: News reporting">edit</a>]</div> The Guadalcanal campaign was the subject of a large amount of high-quality reporting. News agencies sent some of their most talented writers, as it was the first major American offensive combat operation of the war.<a href="#cite_note-toll120-184">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Tregaskis" title="Richard Tregaskis">Richard Tregaskis</a>, who wrote for <a href="/wiki/International_News_Service" title="International News Service">International News Service</a>, gained fame with the publication of his bestselling <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_Diary_(book)" title="Guadalcanal Diary (book)">Guadalcanal Diary</a> in 1943.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hanson_Baldwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanson Baldwin">Hanson Baldwin</a>, a Navy correspondent, filed stories for <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> and won a <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> for his coverage of the early days of World War II.<a href="#cite_note-toll120-184">[184]</a> Tom Yarbrough wrote for the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, Bob Miller for the <a href="/wiki/United_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="United Press">United Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hersey" title="John Hersey">John Hersey</a> for <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> and <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ira_Wolfert" title="Ira Wolfert">Ira Wolfert</a> for the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Newspaper_Alliance" title="North American Newspaper Alliance">North American Newspaper Alliance</a> (his series of articles about the November 1942 Naval Battle of Guadalcanal won him a Pulitzer Prize), Sergeant James Hurlbut for the Marine Corps, and Mack Morriss for <a href="/wiki/Yank_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yank magazine">Yank</a> magazine.<a href="#cite_note-toll120-184">[184]</a> Commander Vandegrift placed few restrictions on the reporters who were generally allowed to go wherever they wanted and write what they wanted.<a href="#cite_note-toll120-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Zimmerman documents the participation by native Solomon Islanders in the campaign at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/Guadalcanal/USMC-M-Guadalcanal-C.html">pp. 173–175</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Jersey, pp. 356–358. Assisting the Americans in the latter stages of campaign were Fijian <a href="/wiki/Fiji_Guerrillas" title="Fiji Guerrillas">commandos</a> led by officers and <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">non-commissioned officers</a> from the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Expeditionary_Force" title="New Zealand Expeditionary Force">New Zealand Expeditionary Force</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGaramone,_Jim2010" class="citation web cs1">Garamone, Jim (9 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161023011502/http://www.cpf.navy.mil/news.aspx/000101">"Mullen Thanks Tonga for Steadfast Support"</a>. U.S. Navy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpf.navy.mil/news.aspx/000101">the original</a> on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mullen+Thanks+Tonga+for+Steadfast+Support&rft.pub=U.S.+Navy&rft.date=2010-11-09&rft.au=Garamone%2C+Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpf.navy.mil%2Fnews.aspx%2F000101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Frank, pp. 57, 619–621; Rottman, p. 64. Approximately 20,000 U.S. Marines and 40,000 U.S. Army troops were deployed on Guadalcanal at different times during the campaign. Figures for other the Allies are not included. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Rottman, p. 65. 31,400 <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> troops and 4,800 men of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> were deployed to Guadalcanal during the campaign. Jersey states that 50,000 Japanese army and navy troops were sent to Guadalcanal and that most of the original naval garrison of 1,000–2,000 men was successfully evacuated in November and December 1942 by <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Express" title="Tokyo Express">Tokyo Express</a> warships (Jersey, pp. 348–350). </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker_p._213-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker_p._213_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTucker2014">Tucker 2014</a>, p. 213 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> The USMC History Division states that the US ground forces (Army and Marine Corps) suffered 4,709 total wounded. Marine air units add another 127 to this figure. Frank notes that the Bureau of Personnel, World War II Casualty List, Books 2 and 3, Naval Historical Center, Washington, D.C. lists US Navy wounded over the course of the campaign as 2,953, (Frank, p. 644) but this number appears to be an understatement. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Frank, pp. 598–618; and Lundstrom, p. 456. 85 Australians were killed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savo_Island" title="Battle of Savo Island">Battle of Savo Island</a>. Total Solomon Islander deaths are unknown. Most of the rest, if not all, of those killed were American. Numbers include personnel killed by all causes including combat, disease, and accidents. Losses include 1,768 dead (ground), 4,911 dead (naval), and 420 dead (aircrew). Four U.S. aircrew were captured by the Japanese during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Santa_Cruz_Islands" title="Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands">Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands</a> and survived their captivity. An unknown number of other U.S. ground, naval, and aircrew personnel were, according to Japanese records, captured by Japanese forces during the campaign but did not survive their captivity and the dates and manners of most of their deaths are unknown (Jersey, pp. 346, 449). Captured Japanese documents revealed that two captured Marine scouts had been tied to trees and then <a href="/wiki/Vivisect" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivisect">vivisected</a> while still alive and conscious by an army surgeon as a medical demonstration (Clemens, p. 295). Ships sunk includes both warships and "large" auxiliaries. Aircraft destroyed includes both combat and operational losses. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Cowdrey (1994) p. 71: "Of the 19,200 dead, only 8,500 were 'killed in actual combat,' the majority perishing by malnutrition, malaria, diarrhea, and beriberi." Naval personnel deaths both on land and at sea are not included. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.combinedfleet.com/turningp.htm">"Title"</a>. www.combinedfleet.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.combinedfleet.com&rft.atitle=Title&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.combinedfleet.com%2Fturningp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Frank, pp. 598–618; Shaw, p. 52; and Rottman, p. 65. Numbers include personnel killed by all causes including combat, disease, and accidents. Losses include 24,600–25,600 dead (ground), 3,543 dead (naval), and 2,300 dead (aircrew). Most of the captured personnel were Korean slave laborers assigned to Japanese naval construction units. Ships sunk includes warships and "large" auxiliaries. Aircraft destroyed includes both combat and operational losses. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Murray pp. 169–195 </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToll2015" class="citation book cs1">Toll, Ian (2015). The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942-1944 (1st ed.). United States of America: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-35320-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-35320-4"><bdi>978-0-393-35320-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conquering+Tide%3A+War+in+the+Pacific+Islands%2C+1942-1944&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=138&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-393-35320-4&rft.aulast=Toll&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Murray p. 196 </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_15-1">b</a> Dyer v. 1, p. 261 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Loxton, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Dyer, v. 1, p. 261 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Guadalcanal">"Battle of Guadalcanal World War II"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. Retrieved 23 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Guadalcanal+World+War+II&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FBattle-of-Guadalcanal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Alexander, p. 72; Frank, pp. 23–31, 129, 628; Smith, p. 5; Bullard, p. 119; Lundstrom, p. 39. The Japanese aircraft assigned to Guadalcanal were to come from the 26th Air Flotilla, then located at bases in the Central Pacific (Bullard, p. 127) </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> See Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier pp. 3–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Dyer v. 1, p. 259 </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_22-1">b</a> Dyer v. 1, pp. 259–260 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Dyer v. 1, p. 260 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowen-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Bowen_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen" class="citation web cs1">Bowen, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101127103404/http://www.pacificwar.org.au/GermanyFirst/GermanyFirst.html">"Despite Pearl Harbor, America adopts a 'Germany First' strategy"</a>. America Fights Back. The Pacific War from Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal. Pacific War Historical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificwar.org.au/GermanyFirst/GermanyFirst.html">the original</a> on 27 November 2010. Retrieved 10 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=America+Fights+Back&rft.atitle=Despite+Pearl+Harbor%2C+America+adopts+a+%27Germany+First%27+strategy&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificwar.org.au%2FGermanyFirst%2FGermanyFirst.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal p. 12; Frank, pp. 15–16; Miller, Cartwheel, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Murray, pp. 199–200; Jersey, p. 85; and Lundstrom, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Loxton, p. 5; Miller, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Frank pp. 35–37, 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Bullard p. 122 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal p. 15; McGee, pp. 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Frank pp. 57, 619–621 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Ken Burns: <a href="/wiki/The_War_(miniseries)" title="The War (miniseries)">The War</a>, Episode 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> McGee, p. 21, Bullard, pp. 125–126 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Bullard; Masaichiro Miyagawa, a Japanese soldier on Tanambogo who was captured by American forces (one of only four of the 3,000 Japanese to survive the battle), wrote that every day four Japanese patrol planes were sent out from Florida Island in fan shape pattern, flying northeast, east, southeast and south of Florida Island to look for enemy activity. Because of poor weather conditions, he said the invading fleet escaped detection, and that if the invasion fleet had been spotted a day or two prior to 7 August, the Allied convoy, with its slow moving transports, probably would have been destroyed. Guadalcanal Echoes, Volume 21, No. 1 Winter 2009/2010 Edition, p. 8 (Publication of the Guadalcanal Campaign Veterans, [American veterans group]) </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Frank, p. 60; Jersey, p. 95. The landing force, designated Task Force 62, included six heavy cruisers, two light cruisers, 15 destroyers, 13 transports, six cargo ships, four destroyer transports, and five minesweepers. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Hammel, Carrier Clash, pp. 46–47; Lundstrom, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Frank p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Frank, p. 50. The IJN personnel included Japanese and Korean construction specialists as well as trained combat troops. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Shaw, pp. 8–9; McGee, pp. 32–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Frank, p. 79. Approximately 80 Japanese personnel escaped to Florida Island, where they were found and killed by Marine patrols over the next two months. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Combat_Narrative" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/dam/nhhc/browse-by-topic/Solomons%20I.pdf">"Combat Narratives Solomon Islands Campaign: I The Landing in the Solomons"</a> (PDF). Naval History and Heritage Command. p. 77. Retrieved 4 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naval+History+and+Heritage+Command&rft.atitle=Combat+Narratives+Solomon+Islands+Campaign%3A+I+The+Landing+in+the+Solomons&rft.pages=77&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fnhhc%2Fbrowse-by-topic%2FSolomons%2520I.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Jersey, pp. 113–115, 190, 350; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal p. 15; and Frank, pp. 61–62, 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Loxton pp. 90–103 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Frank p. 80 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Hammel, Carrier Clash, pp. 99–100; Loxton, pp. 104–105. Loxton, Frank p. 94; and Morison (The Struggle for Guadalcanal p. 28) contend Fletcher's fuel situation was not at all critical, but Fletcher implied it was in order to provide further justification for his withdrawal from the battle area. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Hammel, Carrier Clash, p. 100 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Morison The Struggle for Guadalcanal p. 31 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Hornfischer pp. 44–92 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Morison The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 19–59 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Smith, pp. 14–15. At this time there were exactly 10,819 Marines on Guadalcanal (Frank, pp. 125–127). </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Smith pp. 16–17 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Shaw p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Smith p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Smith pp. 20, 35–36 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Zimmerman, pp. 58–60; Smith, p. 35; and Jersey, pp. 196–199. Goettge was one of the first killed. Only three made it back to the Lunga Point perimeter. Seven Japanese were killed in the skirmish. More details of the event are at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificwrecks.com/people/veterans/clark.html#patrol">Clark, Jack, "Goettge Patrol"</a>, Pacific Wreck Database and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070927084505/http://www.franklinfavorite.com/articles/stories/200211/07/guadalcanal11-7-02_features.html">Broderson, Ben, "Franklin native recalls key WWII battle"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150414034941/http://www.pacificwrecks.com/people/veterans/clark.html#patrol">Archived</a> 14 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Frank, pp. 132–133; Jersey, p. 203; and Smith, pp. 36–42. The 500 Japanese involved were from the 84th Guard Unit, 11th and 13th Construction Units, and the recently arrived 1st Camp Relief Unit. After this engagement the Japanese naval personnel relocated deeper into the hills in the interior of the island. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Shaw p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Frank p. 147 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Smith, p. 88; Evans, p. 158; and Frank, pp. 141–143. The Ichiki regiment was named after its commanding officer and was part of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="7th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">7th Division</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a>. The Aoba regiment, from the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="2nd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">2nd Division</a>, took its name from Aoba Castle in <a href="/wiki/Sendai" title="Sendai">Sendai</a>, because most of the soldiers in the regiment were from <a href="/wiki/Miyagi_Prefecture" title="Miyagi Prefecture">Miyagi Prefecture</a> (Rottman, Japanese Army, p. 52). Ichiki's regiment had been assigned to invade and occupy <a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway</a>, but were on their way back to Japan after the invasion was cancelled following the Japanese defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a>. Although some histories state that Ichiki's regiment was at Truk, <a href="/wiki/Raiz%C5%8D_Tanaka" title="Raizō Tanaka">Raizō Tanaka</a>, in Evans' book, states that he dropped off Ichiki's regiment at Guam after the Battle of Midway. Ichiki's regiment was subsequently loaded on ships for transport elsewhere but were rerouted to Truk after the Allied landings on Guadalcanal. Robert Leckie, who was at Guadalcanal, remembers the events of the Battle of the Tenaru in his book Helmet for My Pillow: "Everyone had forgotten the fight and was watching the carnage, when shouting swept up the line. A group of Japanese dashed along the opposite river edge, racing in our direction. Their appearance so surprised everyone that there were no shots." Leckie, pp. 82–83 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Steinberg, Rafael (1978). Island Fighting. Time Life Books. p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Frank, pp. 156–158, 681; and Smith, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-ww2db.com-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ww2db.com_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ww2db.com_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ww2db.com_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ww2db.com_62-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ww2db.com_62-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ww2db.com_62-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ww2db.com_62-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen,_C._Peter" class="citation web cs1">Chen, C. Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=8">"Solomon Islands Campaign: 23 August 1942 – 25 December 1943"</a>. World War II Database. Retrieved 10 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+War+II+Database&rft.atitle=Solomon+Islands+Campaign%3A+23+August+1942+%E2%80%93+25+December+1943&rft.au=Chen%2C+C.+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww2db.com%2Fbattle_spec.php%3Fbattle_id%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Smith pp. 33–34 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Zimmerman, p. 70; Frank, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Hammel, Carrier Clash, pp. 124–125, 157 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Hammel, Carrier Clash, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Frank, pp. 166–174; Lundstrom, p. 106 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Hara, pp. 118–119; and Hough, p. 293. Though the exact number of the 5th Yokosuka troops killed in the sinking of their transport ship is unknown, the losses were considered to be substantial. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernhardtHalley1945" class="citation web cs1">Bernhardt, John W.; Halley, Foster (February 1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/1945/february/saga-unsung-destroyer-transports">"Saga of the Unsung—The Destroyer Transports"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_(magazine)" title="Proceedings (magazine)">Proceedings</a>. U.S. Naval Institute. Retrieved 21 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Proceedings&rft.atitle=Saga+of+the+Unsung%E2%80%94The+Destroyer+Transports&rft.date=1945-02&rft.aulast=Bernhardt&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft.au=Halley%2C+Foster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fmagazines%2Fproceedings%2F1945%2Ffebruary%2Fsaga-unsung-destroyer-transports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuck2019" class="citation web cs1">Schuck, Eric (November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/proceedings/2019/november/shoestring-logistics-lessons-guadalcanal">"Shoestring Logistics Lessons from Guadalcanal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_(magazine)" title="Proceedings (magazine)">Proceedings</a>. U.S. Naval Institute. Retrieved 21 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Proceedings&rft.atitle=Shoestring+Logistics+Lessons+from+Guadalcanal&rft.date=2019-11&rft.aulast=Schuck&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fmagazines%2Fproceedings%2F2019%2Fnovember%2Fshoestring-logistics-lessons-guadalcanal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/us_navy_pages/destroyers/pages/alpha_pages/c/colhoun_dd85_roll_of_honor.htm">"MaritimeQuest - USS Colhoun APD-2 Roll of Honor"</a>. www.maritimequest.com. Retrieved 1 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.maritimequest.com&rft.atitle=MaritimeQuest+-+USS+Colhoun+APD-2+Roll+of+Honor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maritimequest.com%2Fwarship_directory%2Fus_navy_pages%2Fdestroyers%2Fpages%2Falpha_pages%2Fc%2Fcolhoun_dd85_roll_of_honor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/us_navy_pages/destroyers/pages/alpha_pages/l/little_dd79_roll_of_honor.htm">"MaritimeQuest - USS Little APD-4 Roll of Honor"</a>. www.maritimequest.com. Retrieved 1 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.maritimequest.com&rft.atitle=MaritimeQuest+-+USS+Little+APD-4+Roll+of+Honor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maritimequest.com%2Fwarship_directory%2Fus_navy_pages%2Fdestroyers%2Fpages%2Falpha_pages%2Fl%2Flittle_dd79_roll_of_honor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/us_navy_pages/destroyers/pages/alpha_pages/g/uss_gregory_dd_82_roll_of_honor.htm">"MaritimeQuest - USS Gregory APD-3 Roll of Honor"</a>. www.maritimequest.com. Retrieved 1 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.maritimequest.com&rft.atitle=MaritimeQuest+-+USS+Gregory+APD-3+Roll+of+Honor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maritimequest.com%2Fwarship_directory%2Fus_navy_pages%2Fdestroyers%2Fpages%2Falpha_pages%2Fg%2Fuss_gregory_dd_82_roll_of_honor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/about-us/leadership/director/directors-corner/h-grams/h-gram-010/h-010-1.html">"H-010-1 Operation Shoestring"</a>. NHHC. Retrieved 1 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NHHC&rft.atitle=H-010-1+Operation+Shoestring&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fcontent%2Fhistory%2Fnhhc%2Fabout-us%2Fleadership%2Fdirector%2Fdirectors-corner%2Fh-grams%2Fh-gram-010%2Fh-010-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Zimmerman p. 74 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Hough p. 297 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Frank, pp. 194–213; and Lundstrom, p. 45. In comparison to the 560 miles (900 km) separating Lunga Point from Rabaul, Berlin was about 460 miles (740 km) from Allied air bases in eastern England. Later United States Admiral of the Fleet, William F. Halsey, paid tribute to Australian Coastwatchers: "The Coastwatchers saved Guadalcanal, and Guadalcanal saved the South Pacific." </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrl.org/news/behind-enemy-lines-an-amateur-radio-operator-rsquo-s-amazing-tale-of-bravery">"Behind Enemy Lines: An Amateur Radio Operator's Amazing Tale of Bravery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Radio+Relay+League&rft.atitle=Behind+Enemy+Lines%3A+An+Amateur+Radio+Operator%27s+Amazing+Tale+of+Bravery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arrl.org%2Fnews%2Fbehind-enemy-lines-an-amateur-radio-operator-rsquo-s-amazing-tale-of-bravery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal p. 15; and Hough, p. 298. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Smith, p. 103; Hough, p. 298. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Zimmerman, pp. 78–79 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 197. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Smith, pp. 79, 91–92, 94–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Armstrong, Marine Air Group 25 and SCAT, pp. 23–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Griffith, p. 113; Frank, pp. 198–199, 205, 266. The term "rat transportation" was used because, like a rat, the Japanese ships were active only at night. The 35th Infantry Brigade, from the <a href="/wiki/18th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="18th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">18th Division</a>, contained 3,880 troops and was centered on the 124th Infantry Regiment with various attached supporting units (Alexander, p. 139). </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Morison The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 113–114 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Frank, pp. 201–203; Griffith, pp. 116–124; and Smith, pp. 87–112. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Frank pp. 218–219 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Frank, pp. 219–220; and Smith, pp. 113–115, 243. Most of the men in Ichiki's second echelon were from <a href="/wiki/Asahikawa,_Hokkaid%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Asahikawa, Hokkaidō">Asahikawa, Hokkaidō</a>. "Kuma" refers to the <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bears</a> that lived in that area. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Frank, p. 220; Smith, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Zimmerman, p. 80; Griffith, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Hough, pp. 298–299; Frank, pp. 221–222; Smith, p. 129; Griffith, pp. 129–130. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Griffith, pp. 130–132; Frank, pp. 221–222; and Smith, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Frank, pp. 223, 225–226; Griffith, pp. 132, 134–135; and Smith, pp. 130–131, 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Smith, pp. 161–167. The Marine defenders that finally defeated Kokusho's charge were most likely from the <a href="/wiki/11th_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="11th Marine Regiment (United States)">11th Marines</a> with assistance from the 1st Pioneer Battalion (Smith, p. 167; and Frank, p. 235). </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Smith, pp. 162–193; Frank, pp. 237–246; and Griffith, pp. 141–147. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Griffith, p. 144; and Smith, pp. 184–194. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Smith pp. 197–198 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Evans, Japanese Navy, pp. 179–180; Hammel, Carrier Strike, pp. 24–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Evans, pp. 179–180; Frank, pp. 247–252; Griffith, p. 156; and Smith, pp. 198–200. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Frank p. 263 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Frank pp. 264–265 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Frank p. 272 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Griffith, pp. 152; Frank, pp. 224, 251–254, 266; Jersey, pp. 248–249; and Smith, pp. 132, 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Smith, p. 204; and Frank, p. 270. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Smith, pp. 204–215; Frank, pp. 269–274; Zimmerman, pp. 96–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Griffith, pp. 169–176; Frank, pp. 282–290; and Hough, pp. 318–322. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Frank, pp. 290–291. 15 of the Marines and the three U.S. Navy sailors were killed when the Higgins boat carrying them from Tulagi to Aola Bay on Guadalcanal was lost. One of the Japanese killed in the raid was "Ishimoto", a Japanese intelligence agent and interpreter who had worked in the Solomon Islands area prior to the war and was alleged to have participated in the murder of two Catholic priests and two nuns at Tasimboko on 3 September 1942. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacificwrecks.com/people/veterans/ishimoto/index.html">The Mysterious Mr. Moto on Guadalcanal</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Rottman, p. 61; Griffith, p. 152; Frank, pp. 224, 251–254, 266–268, 289–290; Dull, pp. 225–226; and Smith, pp. 132, 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Frank, pp. 293–297; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 147–149; and Dull, p. 225. Since not all of the Task Force 64 warships were available, Scott's force was designated as Task Group 64.2. The U.S. destroyers were from Squadron 12, commanded by Captain Robert G. Tobin in Farenholt. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Frank, pp. 295–296; Hackett, IJN Aoba: Tabular Record of Movement; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 149–151; D'Albas, p. 183; and Dull, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Hornfischer, p. 157–188 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Frank, pp. 299–324; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 154–171; and Dull, pp. 226–230. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Frank, pp. 313–315. The 16th was from the 2nd Division and the 230th from the 38th Division. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Evans, pp. 181–182; Frank, pp. 315–320; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 171–175. <a href="/wiki/Raizo_Tanaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Raizo Tanaka">Raizo Tanaka</a> commanded Destroyer Squadron 2 which was part of the battleship's screen. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Frank pp. 319–321 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Frank, pp. 321–326; Hough, pp. 327–328. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Shaw, p. 34; and Rottman, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Rottman, p. 61; Frank, pp. 289–340; Hough, pp. 322–330; Griffith, pp. 186–187; Dull, pp. 226–230; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 149–171. The Japanese troops delivered to Guadalcanal during this time comprised the entire 2nd (Sendai) Infantry Division, two battalions from the 38th Infantry Division, and various artillery, tank, engineer, and other support units. Kawaguchi's forces also included what remained of the 3rd Battalion, 124th Infantry Regiment, which was originally part of the 35th Infantry Brigade commanded by Kawaguchi during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edson%27s_Ridge" title="Battle of Edson's Ridge">Battle of Edson's Ridge</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Miller, p. 155; Frank, pp. 339–341; Hough, p. 330; Rottman, p. 62; Griffith, pp. 187–188. Hyakutake sent Colonel <a href="/wiki/Masanobu_Tsuji" title="Masanobu Tsuji">Masanobu Tsuji</a>, a member of his staff, to monitor the 2nd Division's progress along the trail and to report to him on whether the attack could begin on 22 October as scheduled. Masanobu Tsuji has been identified by some historians as the most likely culprit behind the <a href="/wiki/Bataan_death_march" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataan death march">Bataan death march</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Griffith, p. 193; Frank, pp. 346–348; Rottman, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Hough, pp. 332–333; Frank, pp. 349–350; Rottman, pp. 62–63; Griffith, pp. 195–196; Miller, pp. 157–158. The Marines lost 2 killed in the action. Japanese infantry losses are not recorded but were, according to Frank, "unquestionably severe." Griffith says that 600 Japanese soldiers were killed. Only 17 of the 44 members of the 1st Independent Tank Company survived the battle. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Frank pp. 361–362 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Hough, p. 336; Frank, pp. 353–362; Griffith, pp. 197–204; Miller, pp. 147–151, 160–162; Lundstrom, pp. 343–352. The 164th became the first Army unit to engage in combat in the war and was later awarded the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_(United_States)" title="Presidential Unit Citation (United States)">Presidential Unit Citation</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Frank, pp. 63–406, 418, 424, and 553; Zimmerman, pp. 122–123; Griffith, p. 204; Hough, p. 337; Rottman, p. 63. <a href="/wiki/Silver_Star" title="Silver Star">Silver Star</a> medals were awarded to Sgt. Norman Greber of Ohio, Pvt. Don Reno of Texas, Pvt. Jack Bando of Oregon, Pvt. Stan Ralph of New York, and Cpl. Michael Randall of New York for their actions during the battle. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 199–207; Frank, pp. 368–378; Dull, pp. 235–237. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Dull, pp. 237–244; Frank, pp. 379–403; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 207–224. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Hough, p. 343; Hammel, Carrier Clash p. 135; Griffith, pp. 214–215; Frank, p. 411; Anderson; Shaw, pp. 40–41; Zimmerman, pp. 130–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Shaw, pp. 40–41; Griffith, pp. 215–218; Hough, pp. 344–345; Zimmerman, pp. 131–133; Frank, pp. 412–420; Hammel, Carrier Clash pp. 138–139. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Zimmerman, pp. 133–138; Griffith, pp. 217–219; Hough, pp. 347–348; Frank, pp. 414–418; Miller, pp. 195–197; Hammel, Carrier Clash p. 141; Shaw, pp. 41–42; Jersey, p. 297. Jersey states that the troops landed were from the 2nd Company, 230th Infantry commanded by 1st Lt Tamotsu Shinno plus the 6th Battery, 28th Mountain Artillery Regiment with the two guns. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Zimmerman, pp. 133–141; Griffith, pp. 217–23; Hough, pp. 347–350; Frank, pp. 414–423; Miller, pp. 195–200; Hammel, Carrier Clash pp. 141–44; Shaw, pp. 41–42; Jersey, pp. 297–305. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Peatross, pp. 132–133; Frank, pp. 420–421; Hoffman. The two 2nd Raider companies sent to Aola were Companies C and E. The Aola construction units moved to Koli Point where they successfully built an auxiliary airfield beginning on 3 December 1942. (Miller, p. 174.) </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Hough, pp. 348–350; Shaw, pp. 42–43; Frank, pp. 420–424; Griffith, p. 246; Miller, pp. 197–200; Zimmerman, pp. 136–145, Jersey, p. 361. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Frank, pp. 420–421, 424–25, 493–497; Anderson; Hough, pp. 350–358; Zimmerman, pp. 150–152. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Hammel, Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea, 41–46 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Hammel, Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea, p. 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Hammel, Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Hammel, Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea, pp. 38–39; Frank, pp. 429–430. The American reinforcements totaled 5,500 men and included the 1st Marine Aviation Engineer Battalion, replacements for ground and air units, the 4th Marine Replacement Battalion, two battalions of the U.S. Army's 182nd Infantry Regiment, and ammunition and supplies. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Frank, p. 432; Hammel, Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea, pp. 50–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Hara p. 137 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Hammel, Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea, p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Hammel, Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea, pp. 99–107 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> New moon 8 November 1942 15:19 hours: <a href="/wiki/Fred_Espenak" title="Fred Espenak">Fred Espenak</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astropixels.com/ephemeris/phasescat/phases1901.html">Phases of the Moon: 1901 to 2000</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Frank, pp. 428–461; Hammel, Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea, pp. 103–401; Hara, pp. 137–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Frank, pp. 465–474; Hammel, Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea, pp. 298–345. The American air sorties were possible due to a supply of 488 55-gallon drums of 100-octane gas that was hidden in a secluded area under the jungle canopy by <a href="/wiki/Cub-1" title="Cub-1">Cub-1</a> sailor, August Martello. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Hammel, Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea, pp. 349–395; Frank, pp. 469–486. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Frank, pp. 484–488, 527; Hammel, Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea, pp. 391–395. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Dull, p. 261, Frank, pp. 497–499. On 24 December, the 8th Fleet, 11th Air Fleet, and all other Japanese naval units in the New Guinea and Solomon Islands areas were combined under one command, designated the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Area_Fleet" title="Southeast Area Fleet">Southeast Area Fleet</a> with <a href="/wiki/Jinichi_Kusaka" title="Jinichi Kusaka">Jinichi Kusaka</a> in command. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Evans, pp. 197–198, Crenshaw, p. 136, Frank, pp. 499–502. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Hara, pp. 160–161; Roscoe, p. 206; Dull, p. 262; Evans, pp. 197–198; Crenshaw, p. 137; Toland, p. 419; Frank, p. 502; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal p. 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Dull, pp. 262–263; Evans, pp. 198–199; Crenshaw, p. 137; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal p. 297; Frank, pp. 502–504. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Brown, pp. 124–125; USSBS, p. 139; Roscoe, p. 206; Dull; p. 262; Crenshaw, pp. 26–33; Kilpatrick, pp. 139–142; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 294–296; Frank, p. 504. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Hara, pp. 161–164; Dull, p. 265; Evans, pp. 199–202; Crenshaw, pp. 34, 63, 139–151; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 297–305; Frank, pp. 507–510. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Dull, p. 265; Crenshaw, pp. 56–66; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 303–312; Frank, pp. 510–515. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Frank, Guadalcanal, p. 527. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Dull, pp. 266–267; Evans, pp. 203–205; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 318–319; Frank, pp. 518–521. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Jersey, p. 384; Frank, pp. 536–538; Griffith, p. 268; Hayashi, pp. 62–64; Toland, p. 426. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Hayashi, pp. 62–64; Griffith, p. 268; Frank, pp. 534–539; Toland, pp. 424–426; Dull, p. 261; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 318–321. During the conference with Sugiyama and Nagano, the Emperor asked Nagano, "Why was it that it took the Americans just a few days to build an air base and the Japanese more than a month or so?" (The IJN originally occupied Guadalcanal and began constructing the airfield). Nagano apologized and replied that the Americans had used machines while the Japanese had to rely on manpower. (Toland, p. 426). </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Frank, pp. 247–252, 293, 417–420, 430–431, 521–522, 529; Griffith, pp. 156, 257–259, 270; Miller, pp. 143, 173–177, 183, 189, 213–219; Jersey, pp. 304–305, 345–346, 363, 365; Hough, pp. 360–362; Shaw, pp. 46–47; Zimmerman, pp. 156–157, 164. The Americal Division infantry regiments were <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a> units. The 164th was from <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, the 182nd from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, and the 132nd from <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>. The 147th had previously been part of the <a href="/wiki/37th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="37th Infantry Division (United States)">37th Infantry Division</a>. During its time on Guadalcanal, the 1st Marine Division suffered 650 killed, 31 missing, 1,278 injured, and 8,580 who contracted some type of disease, mainly <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2nd_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Marine Regiment (United States)">2nd Marine Regiment</a> had arrived at Guadalcanal with most of the 1st Marine Division, but remained behind to rejoin its parent unit, the 2nd Marine Division. The U.S. Army's 25th Infantry Division's 35th Regiment arrived at Guadalcanal on 17 December, the 27th Regiment on 1 January, and the 161st Regiment on 4 January. The 2nd Marine Division's headquarters units, the 6th Marine Regiment, and various Marine weapons and support units also arrived on 4 and 6 January. U.S. Major General <a href="/wiki/John_Marston_(USMC)" title="John Marston (USMC)">John Marston</a>, commander of the 2nd Marine Division, remained in New Zealand because he was superior in time in rank to Patch. Instead, Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_DeCarre" title="Alphonse DeCarre">Alphonse DeCarre</a> commanded the 2nd Marine Division on Guadalcanal. The total number of Marines on Guadalcanal and Tulagi on 6 January 1943 was 18,383. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Frank, pp. 529–534; Miller, pp. 231–237, 244, 249–252; Jersey, pp. 350–351; Anderson, Hough, pp. 363–364; Griffith, pp. 263–265. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Frank, pp. 563–567; Miller, pp. 290–305; Jersey, pp. 367–371. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Miller, p. 338; Frank, pp. 540–560; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 333–339; Rottman, p. 64; Griffith, pp. 269–279; Jersey, pp. 384–388; Hayashi, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Hough, pp. 367–368; Frank, pp. 568–576; Miller, pp. 319–342; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 342–350. After unloading their cargo, the U.S. transports evacuated the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Marine_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Marine Regiment (United States)">2nd Marine Regiment</a> from the island, which had been on Guadalcanal since the beginning of the campaign. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Frank, pp. 582–588, 757–758; Jersey, pp. 376–378; Morison, The Struggle for Guadalcanal pp. 364–368; Miller, pp. 343–345; Zimmerman, p. 162; Dull, p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Jersey, pp. 397–400. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Frank, pp. 589–597; Jersey, pp. 378–383, 383, 400–401; Miller pp. 342–348. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> U.S. Navy, Building the Navy's Bases in World War II, pp. 246–256. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Hough, p. 374; Zimmerman, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Murray, p. 215; Hough, p. 372. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Murray, p. 215, Hough, p. 372 </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuwahara2015" class="citation news cs1">Kuwahara, Masatoshi (26 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150529011349/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/05/26/national/history/ex-soldier-recalls-guadalcanal-island-death">"Ex-soldier recalls Guadalcanal as 'island of death'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Japan_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Times">Japan Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/05/26/national/history/ex-soldier-recalls-guadalcanal-island-death">the original</a> on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Ex-soldier+recalls+Guadalcanal+as+%27island+of+death%27&rft.date=2015-05-26&rft.aulast=Kuwahara&rft.aufirst=Masatoshi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2015%2F05%2F26%2Fnational%2Fhistory%2Fex-soldier-recalls-guadalcanal-island-death&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Hough p. 350 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Dean 2013, p. 236; Keogh 1965, p. 249; James 2012, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Willmott, Barrier and the Javelin, pp. 522–523; Parshall and Tully, Shattered Sword, pp. 416–430. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Hough, p. 350 </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Hough, p. 372; Miller, p. 350; Zimmerman, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Hornfischer, Neptune's Inferno, pp. 11–15 </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillmottCrossMessenger2006" class="citation book cs1">Willmott, H. P.; Cross, Robin; Messenger, Charles (2006) [2004]. "American Offensives in the Pacific". In Cowe, Dennis (ed.). World War II. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4053-1262-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4053-1262-9"><bdi>1-4053-1262-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=American+Offensives+in+the+Pacific&rft.btitle=World+War+II&rft.place=London&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4053-1262-9&rft.aulast=Willmott&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rft.au=Cross%2C+Robin&rft.au=Messenger%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988">; Miller, p. 350; Shaw, p. 52; Alexander, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Murray p. 215 </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Quoted in Leckie (1999) p. 9 and others </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Zimmerman p. 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Michael Brillat: Südsee, p. 40. Munich 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_183-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_183-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKekea2021" class="citation web cs1">Kekea, Gina (18 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/long-ago-battle-solomon-islands-keeps-claiming-lives">"Long-ago battle in Solomon Islands keeps claiming lives"</a>. The Interpreter. <a href="/wiki/Lowy_Institute" title="Lowy Institute">Lowy Institute</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Interpreter&rft.atitle=Long-ago+battle+in+Solomon+Islands+keeps+claiming+lives&rft.date=2021-05-18&rft.aulast=Kekea&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lowyinstitute.org%2Fthe-interpreter%2Flong-ago-battle-solomon-islands-keeps-claiming-lives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-toll120-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-toll120_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-toll120_184-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-toll120_184-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-toll120_184-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToll2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_W._Toll" title="Ian W. Toll">Toll, Ian W.</a> (2015). "Four". The Conquering Tide. W. W. Norton. pp. 120–121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Four&rft.btitle=The+Conquering+Tide&rft.pages=120-121&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Toll&rft.aufirst=Ian+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Tregaskis" title="Richard Tregaskis">Tregaskis, Richard</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_Diary_(book)" title="Guadalcanal Diary (book)">Guadalcanal Diary</a>. New York: Modern Library, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-64023-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-64023-1">0-679-64023-1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43109810">43109810</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Alexander, Joseph H. Edson's Raiders: The 1st Marine Raider Battalion in World War II. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-020-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-020-7">1-55750-020-7</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44764056">44764056</a></li> <li>Armstrong, William M. Marine Air Group 25 and SCAT (Images of Aviation). Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1467127434" title="Special:BookSources/1467127434">1467127434</a>.</li> <li>Bergerud, Eric M. Touched with Fire: The Land War in the South Pacific. New York: Penguin Books, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-024696-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-024696-7">0-14-024696-7</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37137722">37137722</a></li> <li>Clemens, Martin. Alone on Guadalcanal: A Coastwatcher's Story. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-124-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-59114-124-9">1-59114-124-9</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54687505">54687505</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowdrey1994" class="citation book cs1">Cowdrey, Albert (1994). Fighting for Life: American Military Medicine in World War II. New York: The Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-86379-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-86379-0"><bdi>0-684-86379-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+for+Life%3A+American+Military+Medicine+in+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-684-86379-0&rft.aulast=Cowdrey&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Crenshaw, Russell Sydnor. South Pacific Destroyer: The Battle for the Solomons from Savo Island to Vella Gulf. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-136-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-136-X">1-55750-136-X</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38527912">38527912</a></li> <li>D'Albas, Andrieu. Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II. New York: Devin-Adair Co., 1957. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/464407286">464407286</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2013" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Peter (2013). "Anzacs and Yanks: US and Australian Operations at the Beachhead Battles". In Dean, Peter (ed.). Australia 1942: In the Shadow of War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03227-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03227-9"><bdi>978-1-107-03227-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anzacs+and+Yanks%3A+US+and+Australian+Operations+at+the+Beachhead+Battles&rft.btitle=Australia+1942%3A+In+the+Shadow+of+War&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=217-239&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-03227-9&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dull, Paul S. A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1978. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-097-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-097-1">0-87021-097-1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3773679">3773679</a></li> <li>Evans, David C. The Japanese Navy in World War II: In the Words of Former Japanese Naval Officers. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-316-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-316-4">0-87021-316-4</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13560220">13560220</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyer1972" class="citation book cs1">Dyer, George Carroll (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/FMFRP%2012-109-I%20%20The%20Amphibians%20Came%20to%20Conquer%20-%20Vol%20I.pdf">The Amphibians Came to Conquer: The Story of Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner</a> (PDF). Fleet Marine Force Reference Publication (FMFRP 12-109-11). Vol. 1. Washington, DC: Department of the Navy. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/71603853">71603853</a>. Retrieved 18 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Amphibians+Came+to+Conquer%3A+The+Story+of+Admiral+Richmond+Kelly+Turner&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=Fleet+Marine+Force+Reference+Publication+%28FMFRP+12-109-11%29&rft.pub=Department+of+the+Navy&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F71603853&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=George+Carroll&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marines.mil%2FPortals%2F59%2FPublications%2FFMFRP%252012-109-I%2520%2520The%2520Amphibians%2520Came%2520to%2520Conquer%2520-%2520Vol%2520I.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Frank, Richard. Guadalcanal: The Definitive Account of the Landmark Battle. New York: Random House, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-58875-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-58875-4">0-394-58875-4</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21229351">21229351</a></li> <li>Gilbert, Oscar E. Marine Tank Battles of the Pacific. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Pub., 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58097-050-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-58097-050-8">1-58097-050-8</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45917262">45917262</a></li> <li>Griffith, Samuel B. The Battle for Guadalcanal. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06891-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06891-2">0-252-06891-2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43555161">43555161</a></li> <li>Hadden, Robert Lee. 2007. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA472656">The Geology of Guadalcanal: a Selected Bibliography of the Geology, Natural History, and the History of Guadalcanal</a>." Alexandria, VA: Topographic Engineering Center. 360 pages. Lists sources of information regarding the bodies of the US Marines of the Lt Col. Frank B. Goettge Reconnaissance patrol that was ambushed in August 1942.</li> <li>Hammel, Eric. Carrier Clash: The Invasion of Guadalcanal & The Battle of the Eastern Solomons August 1942. St. Paul, MN: Zenith Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-2052-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-2052-7">0-7603-2052-7</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56642994">56642994</a></li> <li>Hammel, Eric. Carrier Strike: The Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands, October 1942. Pacifica, CA: Pacifica Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-935553-37-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-935553-37-1">0-935553-37-1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42812897">42812897</a></li> <li>Hammel, Eric. Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea: The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, November 13–15, 1942. New York: Crown, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-56952-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-56952-3">0-517-56952-3</a>.</li> <li>Hara, Tameichi. Japanese Destroyer Captain. New York: Ballantine Books, 1961. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1070440">1070440</a></li> <li>Hayashi, Saburo. Kogun: The Japanese Army in the Pacific War. Quantico: Marine Corps Association, 1959. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/464063302">464063302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Hornfischer" title="James D. Hornfischer">Hornfischer, James D.</a> Neptune's Inferno: The U.S. Navy at Guadalcanal. New York: Bantam Books, 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-80670-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-553-80670-X">0-553-80670-X</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/613432356">613432356</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2013" class="citation book cs1">James, Karl (2013). "On Australia's Doorstep: Kokoda and Milne Bay". In Dean, Peter (ed.). Australia 1942: In the Shadow of War. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. pp. 199–215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-10703-227-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-10703-227-9"><bdi>978-1-10703-227-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Australia%27s+Doorstep%3A+Kokoda+and+Milne+Bay&rft.btitle=Australia+1942%3A+In+the+Shadow+of+War&rft.place=Port+Melbourne%2C+Victoria&rft.pages=199-215&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-10703-227-9&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Jersey, Stanley Coleman. Hell's Islands: The Untold Story of Guadalcanal. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58544-616-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58544-616-5">1-58544-616-5</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/122526828">122526828</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeogh1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Graham_Keogh" title="Eustace Graham Keogh">Keogh, Eustace</a> (1965). South West Pacific 1941–45. Melbourne: Grayflower Publications. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7185705">7185705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+West+Pacific+1941%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Grayflower+Publications&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7185705&rft.aulast=Keogh&rft.aufirst=Eustace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kilpatrick, C. W. Naval Night Battles of the Solomons. Pompano Beach, FL: Exposition Press of Florida, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-682-40333-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-682-40333-4">0-682-40333-4</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/16874430">16874430</a></li> <li>Leckie, Robert. Helmet for my Pillow. [S.l.]: Ibooks, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59687-092-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-59687-092-3">1-59687-092-3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/173166880">173166880</a></li> <li>Loxton, Bruce and Chris Coulthard-Clark. The Shame of Savo: Anatomy of a Naval Disaster. St. Leonards, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86448-286-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-86448-286-9">1-86448-286-9</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38759272">38759272</a></li> <li>Lundstrom, John B. The First Team and the Guadalcanal Campaign: Naval Fighter Combat from August to November 1942. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-61251-165-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-61251-165-1">1-61251-165-1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/847527705">847527705</a></li> <li>Manchester, William. Goodbye, Darkness A Memoir of the Pacific. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-54501-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-54501-5">0-316-54501-5</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6421928">6421928</a></li> <li>McGee, William L. The Solomons Campaigns, 1942–1943: From Guadalcanal to Bougainville – Pacific War Turning Point, Volume 2. Santa Barbara, CA: BMC Publications, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9701678-7-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9701678-7-3">0-9701678-7-3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49317834">49317834</a></li> <li>Miller, Thomas G. The Cactus Air Force. Fredericksburg, TX: Admiral Nimitz Foundation, 1969. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31392623">31392623</a></li> <li>Morison, Samuel Eliot The Struggle for Guadalcanal, August 1942 – February 1943, vol. V of <a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_Naval_Operations_in_World_War_II" title="History of United States Naval Operations in World War II">History of United States Naval Operations in World War II</a>. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1969. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/861242021">861242021</a></li> <li>Morison, Samuel Eliot, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, 22 July 1942 – 1 May 1944, vol. VI of History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Boston: Little, Brown and Company 1950. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/459673052">459673052</a></li> <li>Murray, Williamson and Allan R. Millett A War To Be Won: Fighting the Second World War. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00680-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00680-1">0-674-00680-1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43109827">43109827</a></li> <li>Peatross, Oscar F. Bless 'em All: The Raider Marines of World War II. Irvine, CA: ReView Publications, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9652325-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9652325-0-6">0-9652325-0-6</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35363398">35363398</a></li> <li>Rottman, Gordon L. Japanese Army in World War II: The South Pacific and New Guinea, 1942–43. Oxford: Osprey, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-870-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-870-7">1-84176-870-7</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61879308">61879308</a></li> <li>Smith, Michael T. Bloody Ridge: The Battle That Saved Guadalcanal. Novato, CA: Pocket Books, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7434-6321-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7434-6321-8">0-7434-6321-8</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51645288">51645288</a></li> <li>Toland, John The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945. New York: Modern Library, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-6858-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-6858-1">0-8129-6858-1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52441692">52441692</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Tucker, Spencer C.</a> (2014). Battles That Changed American History: 100 of the Greatest Victories and Defeats. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440828621" title="Special:BookSources/9781440828621"><bdi>9781440828621</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+That+Changed+American+History%3A+100+of+the+Greatest+Victories+and+Defeats&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781440828621&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web">Web</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Web">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1993" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Charles R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071220212009/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/72-8/72-8.htm">Guadalcanal</a>. The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/72-8/72-8.htm">the original</a> on 20 December 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guadalcanal&rft.series=The+U.S.+Army+Campaigns+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbrochures%2F72-8%2F72-8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullard2007" class="citation book cs1">Bullard, Steven (translator) (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/ajrp2.nsf/088031725e4569e4ca256f4f00126373/1fcb61d633972daaca257291000abf44?OpenDocument">Japanese army operations in the South Pacific Area New Britain and Papua campaigns, 1942–43</a>. <a href="/wiki/Senshi_S%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Senshi Sōshō">Senshi Sōshō</a> (translated excerpts). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9751904-8-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9751904-8-7"><bdi>978-0-9751904-8-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+army+operations+in+the+South+Pacific+Area+New+Britain+and+Papua+campaigns%2C+1942%E2%80%9343&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Senshi+S%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D+%28translated+excerpts%29&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9751904-8-7&rft.aulast=Bullard&rft.aufirst=Steven+%28translator%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajrp.awm.gov.au%2Fajrp%2Fajrp2.nsf%2F088031725e4569e4ca256f4f00126373%2F1fcb61d633972daaca257291000abf44%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoughLudwig,_Verle_E.Shaw,_Henry_I._Jr.n.d." class="citation web cs1">Hough, Frank O.; Ludwig, Verle E.; Shaw, Henry I. Jr. (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/I/index.html">"Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal"</a>. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Retrieved 16 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+U.S.+Marine+Corps+Operations+in+World+War+II&rft.atitle=Pearl+Harbor+to+Guadalcanal&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=Frank+O.&rft.au=Ludwig%2C+Verle+E.&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Henry+I.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSMC%2FI%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1959" class="citation web cs1">Miller, John Jr. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Rabaul/index.html">"Cartwheel: The Reduction of Rabaul"</a>. United States Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific. Office of the Chief of Military History, U.S. Department of the Army. p. 418. Retrieved 20 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Army+in+World+War+II%3A+The+War+in+the+Pacific&rft.atitle=Cartwheel%3A+The+Reduction+of+Rabaul&rft.pages=418&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSA%2FUSA-P-Rabaul%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1995" class="citation book cs1">Miller, John Jr. (1995) [1949]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225214108/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/GuadC/GC-fm.htm">Guadalcanal: The First Offensive</a>. United States Army in World War II. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-001908-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-001908-7"><bdi>0-16-001908-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52642465">52642465</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/GuadC/GC-fm.htm">the original</a> on 25 December 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guadalcanal%3A+The+First+Offensive&rft.series=United+States+Army+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52642465&rft.isbn=0-16-001908-7&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2FGuadC%2FGC-fm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParshallBob_HackettSander_KingseppAllyn_Nevitt" class="citation web cs1">Parshall, Jon; Bob Hackett; Sander Kingsepp; Allyn Nevitt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.combinedfleet.com/kaigun.htm">"Imperial Japanese Navy Page (Combinedfleet.com)"</a>. Retrieved 14 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imperial+Japanese+Navy+Page+%28Combinedfleet.com%29&rft.aulast=Parshall&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Bob+Hackett&rft.au=Sander+Kingsepp&rft.au=Allyn+Nevitt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.combinedfleet.com%2Fkaigun.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1992" class="citation web cs1">Shaw, Henry I. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-C-Guadalcanal/index.html">"First Offensive: The Marine Campaign for Guadalcanal"</a>. Marines in World War II Commemorative Series. Retrieved 25 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marines+in+World+War+II+Commemorative+Series&rft.atitle=First+Offensive%3A+The+Marine+Campaign+for+Guadalcanal&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Henry+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSMC%2FUSMC-C-Guadalcanal%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Navy" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Navy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/Building_Bases/bases-25.html">"Chapter XXV: Campaign in the Solomons"</a>. Building the Navy's Bases in World War II: History of the Bureau of Yards and Docks and the Civil Engineer Corps, 1940–1946. U.S. Department of the Navy, Bureau of Yards and Docks. Retrieved 8 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Building+the+Navy%27s+Bases+in+World+War+II%3A+History+of+the+Bureau+of+Yards+and+Docks+and+the+Civil+Engineer+Corps%2C+1940%E2%80%931946&rft.atitle=Chapter+XXV%3A+Campaign+in+the+Solomons&rft.au=U.S.+Navy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSN%2FBuilding_Bases%2Fbases-25.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman1949" class="citation web cs1">Zimmerman, John L. (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-M-Guadalcanal.html">"The Guadalcanal Campaign"</a>. Marines in World War II Historical Monograph. Retrieved 4 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marines+in+World+War+II+Historical+Monograph&rft.atitle=The+Guadalcanal+Campaign&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSMC%2FUSMC-M-Guadalcanal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_2">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartsch2014" class="citation book cs1">Bartsch, William H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SThwBQAAQBAJ">Victory fever on Guadalcanal: Japan's first land defeat of World War II</a>. Williams-Ford Texas A&M University military history series. College Station, Tex: Texas Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62349-184-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62349-184-0"><bdi>978-1-62349-184-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory+fever+on+Guadalcanal%3A+Japan%27s+first+land+defeat+of+World+War+II&rft.place=College+Station%2C+Tex&rft.series=Williams-Ford+Texas+A%26M+University+military+history+series&rft.pub=Texas+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62349-184-0&rft.aulast=Bartsch&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSThwBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraun1969" class="citation book cs1">Braun, Saul M. (1969). The struggle for Guadalcanal. New York: Putnam. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27157">27157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+struggle+for+Guadalcanal&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Putnam&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27157&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Saul+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrist2007" class="citation book cs1">Christ, James F. (2007). Battalion of the damned: the 1st Marine paratroopers at Gavutu and Bloody Ridge, 1942. Annapolis, Md: <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-114-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-114-3"><bdi>978-1-59114-114-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71946979">71946979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battalion+of+the+damned%3A+the+1st+Marine+paratroopers+at+Gavutu+and+Bloody+Ridge%2C+1942&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Md&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71946979&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-114-3&rft.aulast=Christ&rft.aufirst=James+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoggins1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Coggins" title="Jack Coggins">Coggins, Jack</a> (1972). The campaign for Guadalcanal: a battle that made history. Garden City, N.Y: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-04354-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-04354-0"><bdi>978-0-385-04354-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/483439">483439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+campaign+for+Guadalcanal%3A+a+battle+that+made+history&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+N.Y&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F483439&rft.isbn=978-0-385-04354-0&rft.aulast=Coggins&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Crawford_(author)" title="John Crawford (author)">Crawford, John</a> (1992). New Zealand's Pacific frontline: Guadalcanal-Solomon Islands Campaign, 1942-45. New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Defence_Force" title="New Zealand Defence Force">New Zealand Defence Force</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-473-01537-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-473-01537-4"><bdi>978-0-473-01537-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27363777">27363777</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Zealand%27s+Pacific+frontline%3A+Guadalcanal-Solomon+Islands+Campaign%2C+1942-45&rft.place=New+Zealand&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Defence+Force&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27363777&rft.isbn=978-0-473-01537-4&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeBlanc2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_J._DeBlanc" title="Jefferson J. DeBlanc">DeBlanc, Jefferson J.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8JopfCSFRw4C">The Guadalcanal air war: Col. Jefferson DeBlanc's story</a>. Gretna, La: <a href="/wiki/Pelican_Publishing_Company" title="Pelican Publishing Company">Pelican</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58980-587-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58980-587-3"><bdi>978-1-58980-587-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185031258">185031258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guadalcanal+air+war%3A+Col.+Jefferson+DeBlanc%27s+story&rft.place=Gretna%2C+La&rft.pub=Pelican&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185031258&rft.isbn=978-1-58980-587-3&rft.aulast=DeBlanc&rft.aufirst=Jefferson+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8JopfCSFRw4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrington1995" class="citation book cs1">Farrington, Arthur C. (1995). The leatherneck boys: a PFC at the battle for Guadalcanal. Manhattan, Kan., USA: Sunflower University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89745-180-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89745-180-2"><bdi>978-0-89745-180-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32349291">32349291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+leatherneck+boys%3A+a+PFC+at+the+battle+for+Guadalcanal&rft.place=Manhattan%2C+Kan.%2C+USA&rft.pub=Sunflower+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32349291&rft.isbn=978-0-89745-180-2&rft.aulast=Farrington&rft.aufirst=Arthur+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldt1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Feldt" title="Eric Feldt">Feldt, Eric Augustus</a> (1991). The Coast Watchers. Ringwood, Vic.: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-140-14926-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-140-14926-5"><bdi>978-0-140-14926-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27488029">27488029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coast+Watchers&rft.place=Ringwood%2C+Vic.&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27488029&rft.isbn=978-0-140-14926-5&rft.aulast=Feldt&rft.aufirst=Eric+Augustus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersey1943" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Hersey" title="John Hersey">Hersey, John</a> (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3AG1OPnFm3gC">Into the valley: Marines at Guadalcanal</a> (2002 printing ed.). Lincoln: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7328-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-7328-3"><bdi>978-0-8032-7328-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48941819">48941819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Into+the+valley%3A+Marines+at+Guadalcanal&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.edition=2002+printing&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1943&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48941819&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-7328-3&rft.aulast=Hersey&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3AG1OPnFm3gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyt1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Palmer_Hoyt" title="Edwin Palmer Hoyt">Hoyt, Edwin Palmer</a> (1988). Guadalcanal. New York: Military Heritage Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-880-29184-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-880-29184-2"><bdi>978-0-880-29184-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19293942">19293942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guadalcanal&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Military+Heritage+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19293942&rft.isbn=978-0-880-29184-2&rft.aulast=Hoyt&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Palmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHublerDeChant1944" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hubler" title="Richard G. Hubler">Hubler, Richard Gibson</a>; DeChant, John A. (1944). Flying leathernecks. Garden City, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday,_Doran_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Doubleday, Doran & Co.">Doubleday, Doran & Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/494189806">494189806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flying+leathernecks&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Doran+%26+Co.&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F494189806&rft.aulast=Hubler&rft.aufirst=Richard+Gibson&rft.au=DeChant%2C+John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwai2017" class="citation book cs1">Kwai, Anna Annie (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hXVLDwAAQBAJ">Solomon islanders in World War II: an indigenous perspective</a>. State, society and governance in Melanesia series. Acton, ACT, Australia: <a href="/wiki/ANU_Press" title="ANU Press">ANU Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76046-165-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76046-165-2"><bdi>978-1-76046-165-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Solomon+islanders+in+World+War+II%3A+an+indigenous+perspective&rft.place=Acton%2C+ACT%2C+Australia&rft.series=State%2C+society+and+governance+in+Melanesia+series&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-76046-165-2&rft.aulast=Kwai&rft.aufirst=Anna+Annie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhXVLDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeckie1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Leckie_(author)" title="Robert Leckie (author)">Leckie, Robert</a> (1999). Challenge for the Pacific: the bloody six-month Battle of Guadalcanal. New York, NY: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80911-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80911-8"><bdi>978-0-306-80911-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40126887">40126887</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Challenge+for+the+Pacific%3A+the+bloody+six-month+Battle+of+Guadalcanal&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40126887&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80911-8&rft.aulast=Leckie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLetourneauLetourneau2012" class="citation book cs1">Letourneau, Roger; Letourneau, Dennis (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PUgZLnPZcl8C">Operation KE: the Cactus Air Force and the Japanese withdrawal from Guadalcanal</a>. Annapolis, MD: <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-446-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-446-5"><bdi>978-1-59114-446-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/817871003">817871003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+KE%3A+the+Cactus+Air+Force+and+the+Japanese+withdrawal+from+Guadalcanal&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F817871003&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-446-5&rft.aulast=Letourneau&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Letourneau%2C+Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPUgZLnPZcl8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLord2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lord" title="Walter Lord">Lord, Walter</a> (2006). Lonely vigil: coastwatchers of the Solomons. Bluejacket books. Annapolis, Md: <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-466-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-466-3"><bdi>978-1-59114-466-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70045788">70045788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lonely+vigil%3A+coastwatchers+of+the+Solomons&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Md&rft.series=Bluejacket+books&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70045788&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-466-3&rft.aulast=Lord&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundstrom2006" class="citation book cs1">Lundstrom, John B. (2006). Black shoe carrier admiral: Frank Jack Fletcher at Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. Annapolis, Md: <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-475-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-475-5"><bdi>978-1-59114-475-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62782215">62782215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+shoe+carrier+admiral%3A+Frank+Jack+Fletcher+at+Coral+Sea%2C+Midway%2C+and+Guadalcanal&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Md&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62782215&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-475-5&rft.aulast=Lundstrom&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarionCuddihyCuddihy2004" class="citation book cs1">Marion, Ore J.; Cuddihy, Thomas; Cuddihy, Edward (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rB-hOp_AtBYC">On the Canal: the Marines of L-3-5 on Guadalcanal, 1942</a>. Stackpole Military history series. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3149-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3149-2"><bdi>978-0-8117-3149-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53374983">53374983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Canal%3A+the+Marines+of+L-3-5+on+Guadalcanal%2C+1942&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+PA&rft.series=Stackpole+Military+history+series&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53374983&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3149-2&rft.aulast=Marion&rft.aufirst=Ore+J.&rft.au=Cuddihy%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Cuddihy%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrB-hOp_AtBYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerillat2003" class="citation book cs1">Merillat, H. C. L. (2003). Guadalcanal remembered. Tuscaloosa: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alabama_Press" title="University of Alabama Press">University of Alabama Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1290-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1290-9"><bdi>978-0-8173-1290-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50559909">50559909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guadalcanal+remembered&rft.place=Tuscaloosa&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50559909&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-1290-9&rft.aulast=Merillat&rft.aufirst=H.+C.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerillat1944" class="citation book cs1">Merillat, H. C. L. (1944). The Island: A History of the First Marine Division on Guadalcanal, August 7-December 9, 1942. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton-Mifflin_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton-Mifflin Company">Houghton-Mifflin Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/487310466">487310466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Island%3A+A+History+of+the+First+Marine+Division+on+Guadalcanal%2C+August+7-December+9%2C+1942&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton-Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F487310466&rft.aulast=Merillat&rft.aufirst=H.+C.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMueller1992" class="citation book cs1">Mueller, Joseph N. (1992). Guadalcanal 1942: the marines strike back. Osprey military Campaign. London: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-253-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85532-253-0"><bdi>978-1-85532-253-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28111740">28111740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guadalcanal+1942%3A+the+marines+strike+back&rft.place=London&rft.series=Osprey+military+Campaign&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28111740&rft.isbn=978-1-85532-253-0&rft.aulast=Mueller&rft.aufirst=Joseph+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkin2001" class="citation book cs1">Parkin, Robert Sinclair (2001). Blood on the sea: American destroyers lost in World War II. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81069-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81069-5"><bdi>978-0-306-81069-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48497788">48497788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+on+the+sea%3A+American+destroyers+lost+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48497788&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81069-5&rft.aulast=Parkin&rft.aufirst=Robert+Sinclair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoorMustinJameson1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Varnum_Poor_(Yale_dean)" title="Henry Varnum Poor (Yale dean)">Poor, Henry V.</a>; Mustin, Henry A.; Jameson, Colin G. (1994). The battles of Cape Esperance, 11 October 1942 and Santa Cruz Islands, 26 October 1942. Washington: <a href="/wiki/Naval_Historical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Historical Center">Naval Historical Center</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-945274-21-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-945274-21-6"><bdi>978-0-945274-21-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29031302">29031302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+battles+of+Cape+Esperance%2C+11+October+1942+and+Santa+Cruz+Islands%2C+26+October+1942&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Naval+Historical+Center&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29031302&rft.isbn=978-0-945274-21-6&rft.aulast=Poor&rft.aufirst=Henry+V.&rft.au=Mustin%2C+Henry+A.&rft.au=Jameson%2C+Colin+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadike2007" class="citation book cs1">Radike, Floyd W. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-CUtrZfuB9MC">Across the Dark Islands: The War in the Pacific</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-891-41852-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-891-41852-8"><bdi>978-0-891-41852-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/812906145">812906145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Across+the+Dark+Islands%3A+The+War+in+the+Pacific&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F812906145&rft.isbn=978-0-891-41852-8&rft.aulast=Radike&rft.aufirst=Floyd+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-CUtrZfuB9MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichter1992" class="citation book cs1">Richter, Don (1992). Where the sun stood still: the untold story of Sir Jacob Vouza and the Guadalcanal Campaign. Calabasas, Calif. : Agoura, Calif: Toucan Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9611696-3-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9611696-3-3"><bdi>978-0-9611696-3-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27771674">27771674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+the+sun+stood+still%3A+the+untold+story+of+Sir+Jacob+Vouza+and+the+Guadalcanal+Campaign&rft.place=Calabasas%2C+Calif.+%3A+Agoura%2C+Calif&rft.pub=Toucan+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27771674&rft.isbn=978-0-9611696-3-3&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2002" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Lisle Abbott (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=taeSaPXO5k8C">The Ship that Held the Line: The USS Hornet and the First Year of the Pacific War</a>. Annapolis, Md.: <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-557-50008-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-557-50008-3"><bdi>978-1-557-50008-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48507810">48507810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ship+that+Held+the+Line%3A+The+USS+Hornet+and+the+First+Year+of+the+Pacific+War&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Md.&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48507810&rft.isbn=978-1-557-50008-3&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Lisle+Abbott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtaeSaPXO5k8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRottmanAnderson2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_L._Rottman" title="Gordon L. Rottman">Rottman, Gordon</a>; Anderson, Duncan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LiwVDAAAQBAJ">U.S. Marine Corps Pacific theater of operations</a>. Vol. 1: 1941-43. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-841-76518-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-841-76518-1"><bdi>978-1-841-76518-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53459823">53459823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Marine+Corps+Pacific+theater+of+operations&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53459823&rft.isbn=978-1-841-76518-1&rft.aulast=Rottman&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLiwVDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2003" class="citation book cs1">Smith, George W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=quhqTbZ-TCcC">The do-or-die men: the 1st Marine Raider Battalion at Guadalcanal</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Pocket_Books" title="Pocket Books">Pocket Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7434-7005-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7434-7005-6"><bdi>978-0-7434-7005-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53009145">53009145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+do-or-die+men%3A+the+1st+Marine+Raider+Battalion+at+Guadalcanal&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pocket+Books&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53009145&rft.isbn=978-0-7434-7005-6&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DquhqTbZ-TCcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStafford2002" class="citation book cs1">Stafford, Edward Peary (2002). The Big E: the story of the USS Enterprise. Classics of naval literature. Annapolis, Md: <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-998-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-998-7"><bdi>978-1-55750-998-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48493709">48493709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+E%3A+the+story+of+the+USS+Enterprise&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Md&rft.series=Classics+of+naval+literature&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48493709&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-998-7&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=Edward+Peary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToll2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_W._Toll" title="Ian W. Toll">Toll, Ian W.</a> (2016). <a href="/wiki/The_Conquering_Tide" title="The Conquering Tide">The conquering tide: war in the Pacific Islands, 1942-1944</a>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. Norton & Company">W. W. Norton & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08064-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08064-3"><bdi>978-0-393-08064-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1031380189">1031380189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+conquering+tide%3A+war+in+the+Pacific+Islands%2C+1942-1944&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1031380189&rft.isbn=978-0-393-08064-3&rft.aulast=Toll&rft.aufirst=Ian+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwining1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merrill_B._Twining" title="Merrill B. Twining">Twining, Merrill B.</a> (1996). Carey, Neil G. (ed.). No bended knee: the battle for Guadalcanal. Novato, Calif: <a href="/wiki/Presidio_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidio Press">Presidio Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89141-549-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89141-549-7"><bdi>978-0-89141-549-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/503599358">503599358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+bended+knee%3A+the+battle+for+Guadalcanal&rft.place=Novato%2C+Calif&rft.pub=Presidio+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F503599358&rft.isbn=978-0-89141-549-7&rft.aulast=Twining&rft.aufirst=Merrill+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlbrichNeimeyer2011" class="citation book cs1">Ulbrich, David J.; Neimeyer, Charles P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zKmr26HPRU4C">Preparing for Victory: Thomas Holcomb and the Making of the Modern Marine Corps, 1936-1943</a>. Annapolis, Md: <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-903-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-903-3"><bdi>978-1-59114-903-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/670481778">670481778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preparing+for+Victory%3A+Thomas+Holcomb+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+Marine+Corps%2C+1936-1943&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Md&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F670481778&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-903-3&rft.aulast=Ulbrich&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft.au=Neimeyer%2C+Charles+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzKmr26HPRU4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2004" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Charles H. (2004). Combat officer: a memoir of the war in the South Pacific. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Presidio_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidio Press">Presidio Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-46385-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-46385-2"><bdi>978-0-345-46385-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56656650">56656650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Combat+officer%3A+a+memoir+of+the+war+in+the+South+Pacific&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Presidio+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56656650&rft.isbn=978-0-345-46385-2&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerstein1963" class="citation book cs1">Werstein, Irving (1963). Guadalcanal. New York: <a href="/wiki/Crowell-Collier_Publishing_Company" title="Crowell-Collier Publishing Company">Crowell</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1370693">1370693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guadalcanal&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crowell&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1370693&rft.aulast=Werstein&rft.aufirst=Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_2">Web</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Web">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustralian_War_Memorialn.d." class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a> (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/ajrp2.nsf/Web-DocSecondary/flat?OpenDocument">"Secondary Bibliography by Author"</a> (bibliography of Japanese-language sources). Australia-Japan Research Project. Retrieved 6 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australia-Japan+Research+Project&rft.atitle=Secondary+Bibliography+by+Author&rft.au=Australian+War+Memorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajrp.awm.gov.au%2Fajrp%2Fajrp2.nsf%2FWeb-DocSecondary%2Fflat%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurbeck2008" class="citation web cs1">Burbeck, James (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wtj.com/articles/guadalcanal/">"The Guadalcanal Campaign"</a>. Flash animated combat map series at The War Times Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Guadalcanal+Campaign&rft.pub=Flash+animated+combat+map+series+at+The+War+Times+Journal&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Burbeck&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wtj.com%2Farticles%2Fguadalcanal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCagney" class="citation web cs1">Cagney, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319032658/http://www.historyanimated.com/Guadalcanal.html">"An Animated Map History of the Battle for Guadalcanal"</a>. HistoryAnimated.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyanimated.com/Guadalcanal.html">the original</a> on 19 March 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Animated+Map+History+of+the+Battle+for+Guadalcanal&rft.pub=HistoryAnimated.com&rft.aulast=Cagney&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyanimated.com%2FGuadalcanal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCravenJames_Lea_Cate" class="citation web cs1">Craven, Wesley Frank; James Lea Cate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/IV/index.html">"Vol. IV, The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan, August 1942 to July 1944"</a>. The Army Air Forces in World War II. U.S. Office of Air Force History. Retrieved 20 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Army+Air+Forces+in+World+War+II&rft.atitle=Vol.+IV%2C+The+Pacific%3A+Guadalcanal+to+Saipan%2C+August+1942+to+July+1944&rft.aulast=Craven&rft.aufirst=Wesley+Frank&rft.au=James+Lea+Cate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FAAF%2FIV%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonahue" class="citation web cs1">Donahue, PFC James A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guadalcanaljournal.com">"Guadalcanal Journal"</a>. GuadalcanalJournal.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GuadalcanalJournal.com&rft.atitle=Guadalcanal+Journal&rft.aulast=Donahue&rft.aufirst=PFC+James+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guadalcanaljournal.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillard1997" class="citation web cs1">Dillard, Nancy R. (20 May 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA325157.pdf">"Operational Leadership: A Case Study of Two Extremes during Operation Watchtower"</a> (Academic report). Joint Military Operations Department, <a href="/wiki/Naval_War_College" title="Naval War College">Naval War College</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604203353/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA325157&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operational+Leadership%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Two+Extremes+during+Operation+Watchtower&rft.pub=Joint+Military+Operations+Department%2C+Naval+War+College&rft.date=1997-05-20&rft.aulast=Dillard&rft.aufirst=Nancy+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fpdfs%2FADA325157.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyer" class="citation web cs1">Dyer, George Carroll. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/ACTC/index.html">"The Amphibians Came to Conquer: The Story of Admiral Richmond Kelly Turner"</a>. United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved 20 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Amphibians+Came+to+Conquer%3A+The+Story+of+Admiral+Richmond+Kelly+Turner&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=George+Carroll&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSN%2FACTC%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmberton1996" class="citation web cs1">Emberton, Keith D. (1 May 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA307601.pdf">"Operational Leadership Once Beyond the Culminating Point: Perspectives on Calculated Tactical Risk to Achieve Operational Success"</a> (Academic report). 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Retrieved 4 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operational+Leadership+Once+Beyond+the+Culminating+Point%3A+Perspectives+on+Calculated+Tactical+Risk+to+Achieve+Operational+Success&rft.pub=Joint+Military+Operations+Department%2C+Naval+War+College&rft.date=1996-05-01&rft.aulast=Emberton&rft.aufirst=Keith+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fpdfs%2FADA307601.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrett" class="citation web cs1">Garrett, James R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070211031833/http://www.nettally.com/~jrube/index2.html">"James R. 'Rube' Garrett A Marine Diary: My Experiences on Guadalcanal"</a>. An Eyewitness Account of the Battle of Guadalcanal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nettally.com/~jrube/index2.html">the original</a> on 11 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=An+Eyewitness+Account+of+the+Battle+of+Guadalcanal&rft.atitle=James+R.+%27Rube%27+Garrett+A+Marine+Diary%3A+My+Experiences+on+Guadalcanal&rft.aulast=Garrett&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nettally.com%2F~jrube%2Findex2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie1952" class="citation web cs1">Gillespie, Oliver A. (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Paci-_N84545.html">"'The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War, 1939–1945'; The Battle for the Solomons (Chapter 7)"</a>. New Zealand Electronic Text Center. Retrieved 11 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27The+Official+History+of+New+Zealand+in+the+Second+World+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931945%27%3B+The+Battle+for+the+Solomons+%28Chapter+7%29&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Electronic+Text+Center&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Oliver+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-WH2Paci-_N84545.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1995" class="citation web cs1">Hoffman, Jon T. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/From%20Makin%20to%20Bougainville-Marine%20Raiders%20in%20the%20Pacific%20War%20PCN%2019000313000_1.pdf">"'From Makin to Bougainville: Marine Raiders in the Pacific War'"</a> (brochure). World War II Commemorative Series. Marine Corps Historical Center. Retrieved 29 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+War+II+Commemorative+Series&rft.atitle=%27From+Makin+to+Bougainville%3A+Marine+Raiders+in+the+Pacific+War%27&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Jon+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marines.mil%2FPortals%2F59%2FPublications%2FFrom%2520Makin%2520to%2520Bougainville-Marine%2520Raiders%2520in%2520the%2520Pacific%2520War%2520PCN%252019000313000_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman" class="citation web cs1">Hoffman, Jon T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/Silk%20Chutes%20and%20Hard%20Fighting%20-%20U.S.%20Marine%20Corps%20Parachute%20Units%20in%20WWII%20%20PCN%2019000314700.pdf">"Silk Chutes and Hard Fighting: U.S. Marine Corps Parachute Units in World War II"</a> (PDF). Commemorative series. Marine Corps History and Museums Division. p. 1. Retrieved 26 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commemorative+series&rft.atitle=Silk+Chutes+and+Hard+Fighting%3A+U.S.+Marine+Corps+Parachute+Units+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=1&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Jon+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marines.mil%2FPortals%2F59%2FPublications%2FSilk%2520Chutes%2520and%2520Hard%2520Fighting%2520-%2520U.S.%2520Marine%2520Corps%2520Parachute%2520Units%2520in%2520WWII%2520%2520PCN%252019000314700.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMersky1993" class="citation web cs1">Mersky, Peter B. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-C-Aces/index.html">"Time of the Aces: Marine Pilots in the Solomons, 1942–1944"</a>. Marines in World War II Commemorative Series. History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. Retrieved 20 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marines+in+World+War+II+Commemorative+Series&rft.atitle=Time+of+the+Aces%3A+Marine+Pilots+in+the+Solomons%2C+1942%E2%80%931944&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Mersky&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSMC%2FUSMC-C-Aces%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewell2003" class="citation web cs1">Newell, Clayton R. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120202165835/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/72-4/72-4.HTM">"Central Pacific"</a>. The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/72-4/72-4.htm">the original</a> on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 6 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+U.S.+Army+Campaigns+of+World+War+II&rft.atitle=Central+Pacific&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Newell&rft.aufirst=Clayton+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbrochures%2F72-4%2F72-4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080125072601/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/MacArthur%20Reports/MacArthur%20V2%20P1/macarthurv2.htm">Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area, Volume II – Part I</a>. Reports of General MacArthur. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/macarthur%20reports/macarthur%20v2%20p1/macarthurv2.htm">the original</a> on 25 January 2008. Retrieved 8 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Operations+in+the+Southwest+Pacific+Area%2C+Volume+II+%E2%80%93+Part+I&rft.series=Reports+of+General+MacArthur&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2Fmacarthur%2520reports%2Fmacarthur%2520v2%2520p1%2Fmacarthurv2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"> – Translation of the official record by the Japanese Demobilization Bureaux detailing the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy's participation in the Southwest Pacific area of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Army_Air_Forces1992" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Army Air Forces (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/WW/index.html">"Pacific Counterblow: The 11th Bombardment Group and the 67th Fighter Squadron in the Battle for Guadalcanal"</a>. 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Fighting On Guadalcanal with short commentary and stories by individual participants including Merritt Edson. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_of_America_War_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States of America War Office (page does not exist)">United States of America War Office</a>. 1943. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sonsoflibertymuseum.org/docs/fighting-on-guadalcanal.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fighting+On+Guadalcanal+with+short+commentary+and+stories+by+individual+participants+including+Merritt+Edson&rft.atitle=Fighting+On+Guadalcanal&rft.date=1943&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonsoflibertymuseum.org%2Fdocs%2Ffighting-on-guadalcanal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio/visual">Audio/visual</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Audio/visual">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Adams, M. Clay (Director) (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/VAS_06_Guadalcanal">Victory at Sea – Episode 6: Guadalcanal</a> (Video documentary). <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">National Broadcasting Company</a> (NBC) Film.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Victory+at+Sea+%E2%80%93+Episode+6%3A+Guadalcanal&rft.pub=National+Broadcasting+Company+%28NBC%29+Film&rft.date=1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FVAS_06_Guadalcanal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"> One episode from a 26-episode series about naval combat during World War II.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Montgomery_(actor)" title="Robert Montgomery (actor)">Montgomery, Robert</a> (Director) (1960). <a href="/wiki/The_Gallant_Hours" title="The Gallant Hours">The Gallant Hours</a> (Feature-length film). <a href="/wiki/United_Artists" title="United Artists">United Artists</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gallant+Hours&rft.pub=United+Artists&rft.date=1960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"> Biographical film about <a href="/wiki/William_Halsey,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Halsey, Jr.">Admiral Halsey</a> during the Guadalcanal campaign.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Van_Patten" title="Tim Van Patten">Van Patten, Tim</a> (Director) (2010). <a href="/wiki/The_Pacific_(miniseries)" title="The Pacific (miniseries)">The Pacific</a> (TV miniseries). <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_Network" title="Seven Network">Seven Network</a>, <a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Pictures" title="DreamWorks Pictures">DreamWorks</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pacific&rft.pub=HBO%2C+Seven+Network%2C+DreamWorks&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGuadalcanal+campaign" class="Z3988"> "Part One" and "Part Two" deal with the Guadalcanal campaign.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610020909/http://www.awesomestories.com/assets/guadalcanal-war-in-the-pacific">Video including historical footage of the Battle for Guadalcanal</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalcanal_campaign&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal_Campaign" class="extiw" title="commons:Guadalcanal Campaign">Guadalcanal Campaign</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?305566-3/neptunes-inferno-us-navy-guadalcanal">Presentation by James Hornfischer on his book Neptune's Inferno: The U.S. Navy at Guadalcanal at the Colby Military Writers' Symposium, 11 April 2012</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td 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