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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_the_ancient_Scythians_to_the_modern_Ossetians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_the_ancient_Scythians_to_the_modern_Ossetians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>From the ancient Scythians to the modern Ossetians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_the_ancient_Scythians_to_the_modern_Ossetians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_the_traditional_and_the_new_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_the_traditional_and_the_new_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Between the traditional and the new religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_the_traditional_and_the_new_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology_and_cosmology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology_and_cosmology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Theology and cosmology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theology_and_cosmology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theology and cosmology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theology_and_cosmology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-God_and_its_triune_manifestations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#God_and_its_triune_manifestations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>God and its triune manifestations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-God_and_its_triune_manifestations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_seven_planetary_deities_and_other_deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_seven_planetary_deities_and_other_deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The seven planetary deities and other deities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_seven_planetary_deities_and_other_deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ethics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Practices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Practices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Myths_and_rites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myths_and_rites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Myths and rites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myths_and_rites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shrines_and_temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shrines_and_temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Shrines and temples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shrines_and_temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_other_philosophies_and_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_other_philosophies_and_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Relations with other philosophies and religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relations_with_other_philosophies_and_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relations with other philosophies and religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_other_philosophies_and_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-With_Eurasianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_Eurasianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>With Eurasianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_Eurasianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-With_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#With_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>With Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-With_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography_and_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography_and_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Demography and institutions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography_and_institutions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demography and institutions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demography_and_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Ossetia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Ossetia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span><i>South Ossetia</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Ossetia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Citations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Citations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assianisme" title="Assianisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Assianisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uatsdin" title="Uatsdin – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Uatsdin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uatsdin" title="Uatsdin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Uatsdin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Уацдин – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Уацдин" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uatsd%C3%AEn" title="Uatsdîn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Uatsdîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asianisma" title="Asianisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Asianisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Ассианизм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ассианизм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Вацдін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вацдін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16058150#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Assianism_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Assianism_symbol.svg/25px-Assianism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Assianism_symbol.svg/38px-Assianism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Assianism_symbol.svg/50px-Assianism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a></span><br />Assianism</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="nickname"><b>Уацдин</b></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82._%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%D0%A2%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82._%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg/200px-%D0%A2%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82._%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%D0%A2%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82._%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg/300px-%D0%A2%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82._%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/%D0%A2%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82._%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg/400px-%D0%A2%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82._%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Tkhost Temple, dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Uastyrdzhi" title="Uastyrdzhi">Uastyrdzhi</a>, in the Kurtat Gorge, <a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="North Ossetia–Alania">North Ossetia–Alania</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic religion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian neopagan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Scripture</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nart_saga" title="Nart saga">Nart saga</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheistic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Assianism</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a>: <span lang="os">Уацдин</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Ossetian-language romanization"><i lang="os-Latn">Uatsdin</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religion</a> derived from the traditional narratives of the <a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a>, modern descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alan</a> tribes, believed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be a continuation of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019passim_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019passim-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It started to be properly reorganized in a conscious way during the 1980s, as an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religion</a> among the Ossetians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019321_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019321-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The religion has been incorporated by some organisations, chiefly in <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="North Ossetia–Alania">North Ossetia–Alania</a> within <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, but is also present in <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019318_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019318-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELesiv2013167–169_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesiv2013167–169-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nart_saga" title="Nart saga">Nart sagas</a> are central to the religion, and exponents of the movement have drawn <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theological</a> exegeses from them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011240Foltz2019328_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011240Foltz2019328-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_definition">Etymology and definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assianism_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Assianism_symbol.svg/240px-Assianism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Assianism_symbol.svg/360px-Assianism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Assianism_symbol.svg/480px-Assianism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>A symbol of Assianism, representing its theological trinity, called the "Three Tears of God". The symbol was first "perceived" and drawn by Slava Dzhanaïty, an architect and painter who also undertook the restoration of the Rekom Temple (an important Ossetian shrine) after an accidental fire destroyed it in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019328–330_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019328–330-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The revival of Ossetian folk religion as an organised religious movement was initially accorded the formal name <i>Ætsæg Din</i> (Æцæг Дин, "True Faith") in the 1980s<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019321_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019321-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by a group of nationalist intellectuals who in the early 1990s constituted the sacerdotal <i>Styr Nykhas</i> ("Great Council").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019325_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019325-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ætsæg</i>, meaning "truthful", is the name of the foundational kinship in the <a href="/wiki/Nart_saga" title="Nart saga">Nart sagas</a>, while <i>din</i> corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Daena" title="Daena">daena</a></i>, meaning divine "understanding" or "conscience", and today "religion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019325_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019325-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearing that the concept of <i>Ætsæg Din</i> carried implications of universal truth that might offend Christians and Muslims, the Ossetian linguist Tamerlan Kambolov coined the alternative term <i>Uatsdin</i> (Уацдин) in 2010, which has become the most common name for the religion in Ossetian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019325_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019325-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daurbek Makeyev, the most known exponent of the movement, has preferred to name it <i>Æss Din</i> (Æсс Дин), meaning the "religion of the <i>Æss</i>", "As" or "Os", an alternative ancient name of the Alans, preserved in the Russian and Georgian name "Ossetians", and root from which the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a> likely drew the term "<a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019325–326_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019325–326-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khetag Morgoyev, the leader of the religious organisation <i>Ætsæg Din</i>, also uses the simple name <i>Iron Din</i> (Ирон Дин, "Ossetian Faith") while rejecting the name <i>Uatsdin</i>, in which, according to his opinion, he sees no sense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a128_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a128-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his Russian-language writings Makeyev has used the Russian variation of <i>Æss Din</i>, <i>Assianstvo</i> (Ассианство), i.e. "Assianism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakeyev2007_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakeyev2007-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ruslan Kurchiev, president of the <i>Styr Nykhas</i> in 2019, prefers to define Assianism as a "culture" rather than a "religion", claiming that what it champions are rituals and values which are encapsulated in the Ossetian tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019330_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019330-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, representatives of the <i>Dzuary Lægtæ</i> ("Holy Men"), the council of the priests of the Ossetian sanctuaries, define Assianism, by citing the folklorist and ethnographer Soslan Temirkhanov, as "[...] a worldview [...] that arouses that holy spark that raises a person, illuminates and warms his soul, makes him strive for good and light, gives him courage and strength to fearlessly fight evil and vice, inspires him to self-sacrifice for the good of others". According to them, this Ossetian worldview is "not some form of perception abstracted from material, productive activity, but on the contrary, it is interwoven and reflects all aspects of being, at the same time being the very basis of being, an ontological principle, which we can phenomenologically characterise as <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a>", a worldview characterised by "intertwining, interconnection, interdependence" which favours a natural "logical-conceptual type of thinking and discursive thinking".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b135_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b135-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khetag Morgoyev defines the religion in similar terms, while emphasising its similarity to other <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European</a> traditions, and especially its "almost identicity" to <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian</a> traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a128_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a128-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the scholar <a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Richard Foltz</a>, despite claims to antiquity, from a scholarly point of view the movement "can be comfortably analysed within the framework of <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="New religious movements">new religious movements</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz202040_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz202040-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adherents of Assianism object to the use of the term "Paganism" to refer to their religion, such term having strong derogatory connotations in Ossetian language and being still used by Christians and Muslims to ridicule traditional Ossetian beliefs and practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz202042,_note_2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz202042,_note_2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8_2.jpg/240px-%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8_2.jpg/360px-%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8_2.jpg/480px-%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>Khozy Temple in Tapankau, Alagirsky District, North Ossetia–Alania.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_the_ancient_Scythians_to_the_modern_Ossetians">From the ancient Scythians to the modern Ossetians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: From the ancient Scythians to the modern Ossetians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a> were a large group of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> (linguistically <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian</a>) nomadic tribes who populated the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a> during the first millennium BCE, from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> to western <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Their name "Scythians" comes from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, Σκύθοι <i>Skuthoi</i>, meaning the "archers", a skill for which they were known and feared. They left a rich cultural legacy, particularly in the form of gold jewellery, frequently found in the "<a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">kurgan</a>" burials associated with them. They practised the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">ancient Iranian religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019314–315_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019314–315-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A group of Scythian tribes, the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> (i.e. "<a href="/wiki/Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryans">Aryans</a>", through a common internal consonant shift, i.e. "Iranians"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019315,_note_1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019315,_note_1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) from the first century onwards, migrated into <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Allied with the Germanic <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, the Alans penetrated west into <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and other territories under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The Romans tried to manage the threat by hiring them as mercenaries in the cavalry, or, particularly in France, by buying them off as landed gentry. Many toponyms in France, such as Alainville, Alaincourt, Alençon, and others, testify that they were territorial possessions of Alan families. Alan equestrian culture formed the basis of Medieval <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a>, and in general Alan culture had a significant role—though rarely recognised—in the development of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western European</a> culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019315_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019315-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While most of the Scythians assimilated into other ethnic groups by the Middle Ages, the Alans of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> maintained a distinct identity and continued to dominate the area, so that the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> recognised them as an independent allied kingdom. Through their relations with the Byzantines and missionaries from <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> in the south, the Alan aristocracy adopted <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a> during the tenth century. This, however, had little effect on the general Alan population, so that the thirteenth-century Flemish traveller <a href="/wiki/William_of_Rubruck" title="William of Rubruck">William of Rubruck</a> reported that "they knew nothing (of Christianity) apart from the name of Christ". The <a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a> are the sole modern population culturally and linguistically descending from the Alans, and they have preserved beliefs and rituals likely dating back to Scythian religion, even through waves of partial <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretisation</a> with Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019316_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019316-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the conquests of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> in the Caucasus during the mid-thirteenth century, contacts between the Alans and Eastern Orthodox religious authorities ceased completely, and their superficial Christianisation was stopped. There is evidence that between the fourteenth and the seventeenth century, shrines which were apparently built in honour of Christian saints were converted to indigenous Pagan use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019316–317_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019316–317-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>'s expansion in the Caucasus by the end of the eighteenth century brought with itself Russian Orthodox missionaries who sought to "re-Christianise" the Ossetians. Their efforts had had limited success by the time when they were completely obliterated by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> of 1917, which introduced the peoples of the Caucasus into the rapid processes of industrialisation, modernisation and urbanisation of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019316–317_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019316–317-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Between_the_traditional_and_the_new_religion">Between the traditional and the new religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Between the traditional and the new religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg/240px-%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg/360px-%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg/480px-%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Alardi Temple in North Ossetia–Alania.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ossetian people are today split between two states: <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="North Ossetia–Alania">North Ossetia–Alania</a>, a constituent <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">federal republic</a> within <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and the neighbouring only <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">partially recognised</a> state of <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>. The incipient <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a> in the 1980s triggered projects of identity-building among many of its constituent nations. In Ossetia, as in other nations, this involved the recovery of an "authentic national religion" harking back to pre-Christian times. Ossetian nationalism also played a role, powered by ethnic conflicts for lands and resources with neighbouring peoples in North Ossetia, and for independence in <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>, a territory historically part of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, whose status as an independent entity is a matter of international controversy (cf. the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019317_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019317-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Victor_Schnirelmann" title="Victor Schnirelmann">Victor Shnirelman</a>, in the Ossetian case certain traditions had survived with unbroken continuity and were revived in rural areas. This contrasts, and interacts, with an urban and more intellectual movement which elaborated a systematic revived religion associated with ethnic nationalism and with the opposition to both <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian</a> Orthodox Christianity, perceived as foreign, and to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, professed by the neighbouring Turkic and Caucasian ethnic groups and by a small minority of Ossetians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShnirelman2002202–207_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShnirelman2002202–207-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the scholar Sergey Shtyrkov, intellectual projects for the elaboration of an "<a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religion</a>" for the Ossetians date back to the early twentieth century, and it was with the Soviet atheist anti-religious "furious fight against Ossetian Paganism" in the 1950s that the idea appealed once again to Ossetian intellectuals. According to him it was Soviet anti-religious activism that drove ancient local practices from the sphere of "ethnic tradition" into the sphere of "religion" in the minds of the Ossetian people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011239–240_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011239–240-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scholar <a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Richard Foltz</a> reconstructs the development of Ossetian religion through seven phases: 1. An original Scythian Paganism; 2. a first wave of Christianisation under Byzantine and Georgian influence from the tenth to the thirteenth century; 3. a "re-Paganization" during the fourteenth and fifteenth century following the Mongol invasions and the disruption of the contacts with the Byzantines; 4. a partial re-Christianisation during the sixteenth and seventeenth century conducted by Georgian missionaries; 5. a further re-Christianisation conducted by Russian missionaries beginning in the late eighteenth century; 6. enforced <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a> during the Soviet Union from 1921 to 1991; and 7. a resurgence of "traditional Ossetian religion" since the 1980s–1990s. According to Foltz, the narrative of the contemporary promoters of Scythian Neopaganism is that the religiosity of the Ossetians maintained a strong underlying continuity while absorbing and adapting superficial influences from Christianity, and to a lesser extent from Islam and neighbouring Caucasian traditions, superficial influences which may be easily stripped away to reveal its essential, distinct "Iranian character".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019320–321_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019320–321-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Ossetian politicians have been outspokenly supportive of Scythian Assianism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019328_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019328-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1990s, after the <a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_South_Ossetia_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1991–92 South Ossetia War">clashes between Ossetians and Georgians in 1991–1992</a>, a field beside a sacred grove 30 kilometres to the west of North Ossetia–Alania's capital <a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a>, where the Ossetian hero Khetag was said to have taken refuge from his enemies, was dedicated by the government as a holy site. Since 1994, sacrifices are held at the site with the participation of government officials and community leaders, with activities supervised by the sacerdotal Great Council (<i>Styr Nykhas</i>). The ceremony is dedicated to the most important deity, <a href="/wiki/Uastyrdzhi" title="Uastyrdzhi">Uastyrdzhi</a>, said to have saved Khetag from his pursuers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShnirelman2002204–205Foltz2019328_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShnirelman2002204–205Foltz2019328-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government participation is also seen at the ceremonies organised at the Rekom Temple in <a href="/wiki/Tsey" title="Tsey">Tsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alagirsky_District" title="Alagirsky District">Alagirsky District</a>, North Ossetia–Alania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019328_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019328-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nart_saga" title="Nart saga">Nart sagas</a> are regarded as the "holy writings" of Assianism, from which some exegetes of the movement, such as Daurbek Makeyev, have drawn <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theological</a> doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011240Foltz2019328_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011240Foltz2019328-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scholar <a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Richard Foltz</a> defines the Narts a "typical Indo-European heroic epic".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019327_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019327-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Makeyev, who according to Foltz takes an <a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">essentialist</a> perspective, "the framework [i.e., the rituals that actualise the content of the books] is changeable" and yet "the meaning is eternal", and "the ultimate divine reality is light", reflecting a theme shared by all <a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019327_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019327-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the scholar Sergey Shtyrkov, the Assian exegetes have created "their own dogma and theological system", through <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> and comparison with other <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian</a> traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011240–241_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011240–241-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foltz finds this effort to elaborate theological doctrines from traditional texts comparable to similar efforts found in <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Heathenry" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Heathenry">Germanic Heathenry</a> and modern <a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenism (religion)">Hellenism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019328_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019328-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from the Narts, there are two other traditional texts, both in poetic and in prosaic forms, the <i>Daredzant</i> and the <i>Tsartsiat</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b140_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b140-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The artist and architect Slava Dzhanaïty has published many books on the Ossetian folk religion, emphasising its philosophical aspects in contrast to the more practical leaning of Makeyev's writings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019329_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019329-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology_and_cosmology">Theology and cosmology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Theology and cosmology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Ossetia._Alagirsky_District._Monument_Uastyrdzhi_PB060319_2200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/North_Ossetia._Alagirsky_District._Monument_Uastyrdzhi_PB060319_2200.jpg/240px-North_Ossetia._Alagirsky_District._Monument_Uastyrdzhi_PB060319_2200.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/North_Ossetia._Alagirsky_District._Monument_Uastyrdzhi_PB060319_2200.jpg/360px-North_Ossetia._Alagirsky_District._Monument_Uastyrdzhi_PB060319_2200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/North_Ossetia._Alagirsky_District._Monument_Uastyrdzhi_PB060319_2200.jpg/480px-North_Ossetia._Alagirsky_District._Monument_Uastyrdzhi_PB060319_2200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Uastyrdzhi" title="Uastyrdzhi">Uastyrdzhi</a> on his three-legged horse in Alagirsky District, North Ossetia–Alania, towering over the main highway connecting North and South Ossetia. A number of modern statues like this one have been erected throughout Ossetia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz202043–44_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz202043–44-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Dzuary Lægtæ</i> and Khetag Morgoyev define Assian theo-cosmology as a <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-dualism">non-dualism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a128Shizhensky2018b135_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a128Shizhensky2018b135-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assianism contemplates the worship of a supreme <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xucau" title="Xucau">Xwytsau</a> (Хуыцау), who is the creator of the universe and of all beings,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019322_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019322-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the universe itself, or the universe is "the body of God", comprising both the immanent material world of living and the transcendent spiritual world of God, where the dead make return.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a128_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a128-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has "no tangible, personal qualities, nor extension in space and time",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b141_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b141-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is pure light.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a128_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a128-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transcendent spiritual dimension of God is the "World of Light" (Рухс Дун, <i>Rukhs Dun</i>) or "True World" (Æцæг Дун, <i>Ætsæg Dun</i>), while the immanent material dimension of life is the "Illusory World" (Мæнг Дун, <i>Mæng Dun</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a128_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a128-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supreme God may be called upon by a multiplicity of epithets, including simply "Styr Xwytsau" (Стыр Хуыцау), meaning "Great God", but also "Duneskænæg" (Дунескæнæг), "Creator of the Universe", "Meskænæg Xwytsau" (Мескаенаег Хуыцау) and "Xwytsauty Xwytsau" (Хуыцаутты Хуыцау), meaning "God of the Gods".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitz20151–2Shizhensky2018a130_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz20151–2Shizhensky2018a130-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assian theology affirms that God is within every creature, is "the head of everything", and in humans it manifests as reason, measure and righteousness (<i>bar</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitz20151–2Shizhensky2018a130_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz20151–2Shizhensky2018a130-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="God_and_its_triune_manifestations">God and its triune manifestations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: God and its triune manifestations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lesser gods, including the most important of them, <a href="/wiki/Uastyrdzhi" title="Uastyrdzhi">Uastyrdzhi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are worshipped as intermediaries of Xwytsau.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitz20151–2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz20151–2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defined as "forces" and "spirits", they are the "ideas" through which the supreme God governs the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b141–142_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b141–142-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another definition, they are God's "immanent manifestations", elements of the single whole, endowed with form and functions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The supreme God unfolds in triads. The fundamental triad is that of God–matter–spirit:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130–131Shizhensky2018b141–142_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130–131Shizhensky2018b141–142-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wacdin.com_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wacdin.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Xwytsau</i> / <i>Xuitsau</i> (Хуыцау, "Heaven") — is the supreme God of the universe, the source of it and of the highest wisdom attainable by humans, creator and patron of worlds, without either image or form, ineffable and omnipresent;</li> <li><i>Iuag</i> (Иуаг) or <i>Iuæg</i> (Иуæг) — is the substance-matter of everything, both uncreated and created worlds;</li> <li><i>Ud</i> (Уд) — is the universal <a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">self</a>, that is attained by an individual soul when it identifies with <i>Mon</i> (Мон), the universal mind-spirit, i.e. God's manifestation; ultimately, <i>Mon</i> and <i>Ud</i> are the same, and they are Xwytsau's manifestations.</li></ul> <p>On the plane of the phenomenon, God's universal mind-spirit further manifests as the triad of:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130–131Shizhensky2018b141–142_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130–131Shizhensky2018b141–142-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wacdin.com_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wacdin.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Uas</i> (Уас = "Truth", "Good Word") or <i>Ard</i> (Ард = "Right", "Law") — the order of God, which produces well-being in reality;</li> <li><i>Uastyrdzhi</i> (Уастырджи) — the good-spell incarnated in humanity, who are bearers of divine reason, enlightened consciousnesses, awareness of God; in other words, Uastyrdzhi is the archetype of the perfected man, follower of the order of God, and is the mediator of all other deities;</li> <li><i>Duagi</i> (дуаги; pl. дауджытæ / дауджита → <i>daudzhytæ</i> / <i>daudzhita</i>) or <i>duag</i> (дуаг) and <i>barduag</i> (бардуаг) — gods, deities, forces which continuously mould the world alternating forms according to the order of God; the most important among them are the <i>arvon daudzhita</i> (арвон дауджита), the seven deities of the seven planets.</li></ul> <p>Another distinction is established between the three cosmological states of:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130–131Shizhensky2018b141–142_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130–131Shizhensky2018b141–142-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wacdin.com_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wacdin.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Zedy</i> (зэды, pl. задтæ → <i>zadtæ</i>) or <i>zhad</i> (жад) — <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">tutelary forces</a>, generative deities, which accompany the birth and development of beings according to the order of God;</li> <li><i>Uayugi</i> (уайуги, pl. уайгуытæ / уайгуыта → <i>uayguytæ</i> / <i>uayguyta</i>) or <i>uayug</i> (уайуг) — destructive forces which violate the order of God and distance from light; in humankind they are the cause of passions, fears, pride and nervous diseases;</li> <li><i>Dalimon</i> (далимон) — the lowest possible state of mind when it identifies with brute matter, chaos; its meaning is "lower (<i>dali</i>) spirit (<i>mon</i>)" and is also a category comprising all terrestrial unclear entities, contrasted with <i>ualimon</i> (уалимон), "upper (<i>uali</i>) spirit (<i>mon</i>)", which comprises all celestial clear entities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130–131_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130–131-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In the theology of Khetag Morgoyev, <i>barduag</i> is a general concept comprehending the <i>zhad</i> and the <i>dzuar</i> (дзуар), with the former representing the deities as transcendent ideas and the latter their immanent extension. The term <i>dzuar</i> is indeed used polysemantically for both a given deity and its shrine(s).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The activity of the <i>barduag</i> is called <i>minzhvar</i> (минжвар), a concept difficult to be translated which means "making connections", "arranging things in the right way".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important of them are the cycles of nature and of the cycles of human economy, which coalesce and interconnect in the time–space continuum, constituting the calendar of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each thing has its <i>zhad</i>, there are <i>zhad</i>s of the kins/families, of villages, of natural environments; each phenomenon, event and point of time–space contains a <i>zhad</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_seven_planetary_deities_and_other_deities">The seven planetary deities and other deities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The seven planetary deities and other deities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D1%84%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9,_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-%D0%90%D1%84%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_-_panoramio.jpg/360px-%D0%90%D1%84%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/%D0%90%D1%84%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_-_panoramio.jpg/480px-%D0%90%D1%84%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Apsat_(mythology)" title="Apsat (mythology)">Æfsati</a>, the Ossetian god of wild animals and patron of hunters, in the Ossetian mountains.</figcaption></figure> <p>Like other <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">ancient Iranian religions</a>, the ancient Scythian religion contemplated seven deities (арвон дауджита, <i>arvon daudzhita</i>) as most important among the others, each of which associated to a planet and to certain natural phenomena,<sup id="cite_ref-wacdin.com_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wacdin.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019318–320_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019318–320-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> living beings and plants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of <i>daudzhita</i> recorded in traditional Ossetian texts is about ninety.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Uastyrdzhi" title="Uastyrdzhi">Uastyrdzhi</a> is the chief among them, as he can access directly the supreme Xwytsau, and all the other deities are introduced by him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are believed to either favour or punish people, and therefore sacrifices (of bulls, rams, and sometimes goats) are offered to them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> attested the seven Scythian gods as: Papaios (corresponding to <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>), the sky god; Tabiti (<a href="/wiki/Hestia" title="Hestia">Hestia</a>), the hearth goddess (today called Safa, and symbolically associated to the sacred chain of the hearth of the house<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); Api (<a href="/wiki/Gaia" title="Gaia">Gaia</a>), the earth goddess; Oitosyros (<a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>), the sun god; Argimpasa (<a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>), the fertility goddess; and "<a href="/wiki/Herakles" class="mw-redirect" title="Herakles">Herakles</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a>" for whom Herodotus did not provide the Scythian name. In ancient Ossetian, the seven days of the week were still named after the seven deities,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019318–320_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019318–320-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, in the conservative Digor dialect of Ossetian, Monday is still <i>Avdisar</i>, "Head of the Seven".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz202042_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz202042-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Foltz, "Ares" was probably <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a>, and the modern Uastyrdzhi; he was widely worshipped through altars in the form of a sword planted in a pile of stones or brushwood. The cult of the sword continued among the Alans as late as the first century CE. Herodotus also mentioned an eighth deity worshipped among the Royal Scythians, Thagimasidas, the water god, equated with <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019318–320_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019318–320-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern Ossetians have preserved the sevenfold-eightfold structure, though the deities have changed as have their names, which in some cases are adaptations of the names of Christian saints: Uastyrdzhi (whose name derives from "<a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a>"), the god of contracts and war (the Iranian Mithra), but also general archetype of men and of disadvantaged people;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uatsilla ("<a href="/wiki/Saint_Elijah" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Elijah">Saint Elijah</a>"), the thunder god; Uatstutyr ("Saint Theodore"), the protector of wolves; Fælværa (maybe the conflation of "<a href="/wiki/Florus_and_Laurus" title="Florus and Laurus">Florus and Laurus</a>"), the protector of livestock; Kurdalægon, the blacksmith god (the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Kaveh_the_Blacksmith" title="Kaveh the Blacksmith">Kaveh, Kawa</a>); Donbettyr, the water god; Mikaelgabyrta (conflation of "<a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_(archangel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel (archangel)">Gabriel</a>"), the fertility and underworld god; and Æfsati, the god of the hunt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019320–323_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019320–323-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethics">Ethics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ethics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Assian doctrines, human nature is the same as the nature of all being. Humankind is a <a href="/wiki/Macrocosm_and_microcosm" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrocosm and microcosm">microcosm within a macrocosm</a>, or broader context, and the same is true for all other beings. The universe is kept in harmony by <i>Uas</i> or <i>Ard</i>, the order of God, the foundation of divine reason, measure, and righteousness (<i>bar</i>). The deities (<i>daudzhita</i> or <i>ualimon</i>) form the world according to this universal law, while demons (<i>uayguyta</i> or <i>dalimon</i>) are those entities which act disrupting the good contexts of the deities, and are the causes of illness and death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130–131Shizhensky2018b142_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130–131Shizhensky2018b142-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wacdin.com_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wacdin.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every entity is governed "by it itself" within its own sphere of responsibility; God and its order are not seen as an external force of coercion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These positive and negative forces also influence humanity's consciousness: A person may take the side of either deities or demons, and this choice will shape this person's life and action. If a person is able to subdue passions, not putting exclusively egoistic material motives in their actions, they become open to the <i>Uas</i>, or its receptacle (уасдан, <i>uasdan</i>; good-spell receptacle), a wise noble who perceives the order of God and higher spirits and receives their energy, acting like them by producing good, truth and beauty. On the contrary, if a person's actions are driven by egoistic material ends, <i>Dalimon</i> and demons own that person, who then becomes a source of evil, lies and ugliness.<sup id="cite_ref-wacdin.com_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wacdin.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of Khetag Morgoyev, humankind is endowed with the <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> to choose between good and evil, deities and demons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices">Practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myths_and_rites">Myths and rites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Myths and rites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3._%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/%D0%A4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3._%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB.jpg/240px-%D0%A4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3._%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/%D0%A4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3._%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB.jpg/360px-%D0%A4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3._%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/%D0%A4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3._%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB.jpg/480px-%D0%A4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3._%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="1047" /></a><figcaption>Specimen of <i>fyng</i> ritual table. Such type of ritual table is already attesed in Scythian times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz202041_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz202041-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>By citing V. I. Dobrenkov, the <i>Dzuary Lægtæ</i> emphasise the semantic unity of <a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">myth and ritual</a> within the practice of the <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">cult</a>, the first being "a system of verbal symbols" and the second being "a system of symbols as objects and actions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b136_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b136-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is much variation of myths and rites throughout Ossetia, though underlaid by the same semantics, testifying the vitality of the tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b136_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b136-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Shtyrkov, the modern Assian movement tries "to create a unified ritual system, every tiny element of which has a theological motivation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011241_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011241-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been efforts in the second half of the 2010s for the creation of a unified Ossetian religious calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b143_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b143-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ossetian calendar has many days dedicated to ceremonies, some of which are performed within the household and others at outdoor sacred spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019323_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019323-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Household ceremonies are centred around the hearth chain (<i>safa</i>, which functions as a symbol of the hearth goddess Safa, representing the <a href="/wiki/World_tree" title="World tree">world tree</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a133Shizhensky2018b142_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a133Shizhensky2018b142-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) which upholds a cauldron, over a fire (the holy element in <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian</a> religions).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019323_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019323-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are sixty fixed celebrations throughout the year,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019323_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019323-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the most important of which is the Week of Uastyrdzhi beginning the last Tuesday of November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a131Shizhensky2018b143_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a131Shizhensky2018b143-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holidays are linked to the days of the week, the phases of the moon, and the solstices; for example, the Ossetian New Years is celebrated on the second Thursday of January.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b143_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b143-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Day of Uastyrdzhi, together with those of Uatstutyr and Uatsilla, form the complex of the solar holidays, with the three deities representing the three interconnected phases of the Sun and the corresponding manifestations in nature and in the economic activities of mankind; Uastyrdzhi is the Winter Sun which dies and then rises again, Uatstutyr is the Spring Sun which becomes more and more powerful towards Summer, while Uatsilla is the Summer Sun in its full splendor, whose power then fades in Autumn towards the new Uastyrdzhi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a131_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a131-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ritual ceremonies consist in holding a feast (фынг, <i>fyng</i> or кувд, <i>kuvyn</i>) in honour of a particular deity. The ceremony is led by a "holy man" (<i>dzuary læg</i>), who invokes the deity through the offering of a "toast", <i>kuyvd</i> (куывд), which also means "prayer", towards the sky. <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">Beer</a> is the substance usually offered in <a href="/wiki/Libation" title="Libation">libation</a>, though it may be substituted by any type of strong liquor. During the ceremony other toasts are made to the other deities, and ceremonial cakes made from cheese (<i>ualibakh</i>) are consumed along with meat from an animal sacrificed for the ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019323_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019323-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivorous</a> animals like bulls, rams, goats or lambs, are acceptable as sacrifice, and fish are accepted too.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a133Foltz202047_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a133Foltz202047-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much like ancient Scythians, as attested by Herodotus, the Ossetians do not sacrifice <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivorous</a> animals like pigs, and chickens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz202041,_47_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz202041,_47-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beer and other alcoholic beverages are also generously consumed for each toast, echoing the ancient Scythian custom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz202041_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz202041-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such ceremonies may be accompanied by a circular dance called <i>simd</i>. A distinctive version of the <i>simd</i> has one circle of dancers standing on the shoulders of another circle of dancers. The <a href="/wiki/Nart_saga" title="Nart saga">Narts</a> tell that the <i>simd</i> was invented by the hero Soslan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019324_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019324-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A system of <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> using sticks, already attested in <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>' accounts of Scythian customs, is still practised today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz202042_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz202042-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scheme of the prayer displays the process of creation of the world: Starting with the invocation of the supreme God, the supreme source, then it tells about the beginning and manifestation of things; graphically, it is compared to a <i><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandala</a></i>, a point from which the forces of the world depart in circle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a132_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a132-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same scheme is also represented by the ceremonial cake, constituted by three circular layers with a hole in the middle, representing the three levels of reality: sky, Sun and water/earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a132_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a132-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three-legged ceremonial table itself represents the threefold model of reality, while its round surface — like the round surface of the ceremonial cake — represents the Sun and the infiniteness of God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a132–133_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a132–133-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the table is also laid down the meat of sacrificed animals with an equilateral cross (<i>dzuar</i>, the same term for the manifested state of a deity) carved on the forehead, which represents the point of origination and manifestation of divinity like the hole at the centre of the ceremonial cake.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a133_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a133-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a particular deity worshipped during the feast, another ceremonial cake, different from the main one, is prepared and laid down on the ceremonial table. This cake is constituted by three triangular pies arranged to form a nine-pointed star if looked from above.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a132_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a132-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shrines_and_temples">Shrines and temples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Shrines and temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:089_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/089_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5.JPG/240px-089_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/089_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5.JPG/360px-089_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/089_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5.JPG/480px-089_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Rekom Temple in Tsey, Alagirsky District, North Ossetia–Alania. Dating back to the 2nd century BCE, and rebuilt numerous times throughout history (the latest in 1972 and 1995),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz202045_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz202045-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is dedicated to Uastyrdzhi, and it is the site of a major festival celebrated in mid-June called <i>Rekomy Bærægbon</i> (Рекомы Бæрæгбон).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz202038_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz202038-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being Uastyrdzhi the <i>Lægty Dzuar</i> (Лæгты Дзуар), "Patron of Men", the sacred space is forbidden to women, who perform their rites at a smaller temple nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz202047_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz202047-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Ossetian deities are associated with natural phenomena, and communal ceremonies are usually held at natural shrines or sanctuaries called <i>kuvandon</i> (кувандон, literally "place of prayer"), which are often provided with a temple built in wood or stone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a131Shizhensky2018b142Foltz2019323–326_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a131Shizhensky2018b142Foltz2019323–326-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanctuaries may be in groves, forests, on hills, in fields, in caves, and in any place where it is believed there being a "strong energy field".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142_36-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The journalist Alan Mamiev observed that "Ossetians pray in nature" and "every family has its own shrine on their land".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019326_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019326-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slava Dzhanaïty, who projected the reconstruction the Rekom Temple, an important Ossetian shrine in <a href="/wiki/Tsey" title="Tsey">Tsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alagirsky_District" title="Alagirsky District">Alagirsky District</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="North Ossetia–Alania">North Ossetia–Alania</a>, destroyed by an accidental fire in 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019328–329_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019328–329-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> observed that:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019326_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019326-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Gratefully appreciating the works of nature, the ancient sage did not build gigantic structures that stand out and argue with the environment created by the world's best architect mother nature, just as he did not try to restrict the presence of the Spirit within fixed boundaries. [...] the shrine is both the building itself and the land that surrounds it; the whole is in complete harmony with nature. Therefore, the shrine should not rise above nature or make it ugly; Ossetian shrines are constructed only of local natural materials, and the architectural lines are designed to mimic the surrounding natural features.</p></blockquote> <p>Ruslan Kuchiev, the president of the <i>Styr Nykhas</i> in 2019, said:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019326_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019326-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is these sacred places that give us our energy. [...] You have to be part of nature, that's what our ancestors thought. You have to live in harmony with the things that surround you.</p></blockquote> <p>There are many shrines in Ossetia; the Alagir region alone has about three hundred of them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142_36-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the village of Gaiat, in the region of <a href="/wiki/Digoria" title="Digoria">Digoria</a> of western Ossetia there is a temple dedicated to the cosmological seven deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019320Foltz202042_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019320Foltz202042-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These shrines are places where to make oaths, contracts, weddings, and where to identify violators of the divine law, the <i>Ard</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142_36-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the private household, the most sacred area is the <i>khadzar</i> (хждзар); it is the <i>kuvandon</i> of the house, where the hearth and the chain of the goddess Safa are located.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a133Shizhensky2018b142_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a133Shizhensky2018b142-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sacred chain of Safa is also present at many public <i>kuvandon</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142_36-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such chain symbolises the <a href="/wiki/World_tree" title="World tree">world tree</a> which connects the three realms of sky, Sun and water/earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a132–133_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a132–133-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thunder_Horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Thunder_Horse.jpg/240px-Thunder_Horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Thunder_Horse.jpg/360px-Thunder_Horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Thunder_Horse.jpg/480px-Thunder_Horse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption><i>Thunder Horse</i>, by the Russian artist <a href="/wiki/Lola_V._Lonli" class="mw-redirect" title="Lola V. Lonli">Lola V. Lonli</a>, 2000.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most important symbol in Assianism, according to the <i>Dzuary Lægtæ</i>, is the <i>Uatsamongzh</i> (Уацамонгж) or <i>Uatsamonga</i> (Уацамонга), a bowl, goblet or cup mentioned in the Ossetian Nart epics whose name means "indicating (<i>amongzh</i>) truth (<i>uats</i>)" or "revelator of divinity". It is a symbol of truth representing the inverted vault of the sky, which can saturate the worthy ones (the hero of the Nart epics) with unearthly knowledge. The origins of this symbol go back to the earliest <a href="/wiki/Indo-Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Europeans">Indo-Europeans</a> and it is also present in later <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> cultures. In medieval <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western European</a> legends, the magic chalice took the Christianised form of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b143–144_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b143–144-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another important symbol within the religion is the horse, another ancient Indo-European symbol, which is associated in Ossetian culture with funeral rites, with both celestial and terrestrial forces, and which appears as the steed of deities in many visions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142,_144_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142,_144-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "Three Tears of God" (<i>Trislezi Boga</i>), a symbol representing Assian theology and three most important Ossetian shrines, was first "perceived" and drawn by the architect and painter Slava Dzhanaïty, and has become the most common symbol of the faith, "seen everywhere throughout North and South Ossetia on t-shirts, car stickers, and advertisements".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019328–330_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019328–330-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the three "tears" of Dzhanaïty's symbol there are three equilateral crosses; "cross" is said <i>dzuar</i> in Ossetian, the same term for the manifestation of divinity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a133_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a133-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three most important Ossetian shrines that the symbol represents are the Rekom Temple, the Mykalygabyrtæ Temple to the southeast of Rekom, and the Tarandzhelos Temple located south of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kazbek" title="Mount Kazbek">Mount Kazbek</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz202044_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz202044-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_other_philosophies_and_religions">Relations with other philosophies and religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Relations with other philosophies and religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A6%D1%8A%C3%A6%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%83_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%BB%C3%A6%D0%BC%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B3_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D0%A6%D1%8A%C3%A6%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%83_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%BB%C3%A6%D0%BC%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B3_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg/240px-%D0%A6%D1%8A%C3%A6%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%83_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%BB%C3%A6%D0%BC%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B3_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D0%A6%D1%8A%C3%A6%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%83_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%BB%C3%A6%D0%BC%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B3_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg/360px-%D0%A6%D1%8A%C3%A6%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%83_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%BB%C3%A6%D0%BC%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B3_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%D0%A6%D1%8A%C3%A6%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%83_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%BB%C3%A6%D0%BC%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B3_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg/480px-%D0%A6%D1%8A%C3%A6%D0%B7%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%83_%D0%A3%D0%B0%D0%BB%C3%A6%D0%BC%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B3_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Temple of Mairam of the High Tower in the Kurtat Gorge, Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia–Alania.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_Eurasianism">With Eurasianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: With Eurasianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, at the Center for Conservative Research of <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a>, a conference was held about the role of Ossetians in Russian history led by the <a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Aleksandr Dugin</a>. Among participants there was Daurbek Makeyev, the head of the <i>Atsætæ</i> religious organisation of Assianism. On that occasion, Dugin praised the revitalisation of Ossetian culture for it having preserved a pristine Indo-European heritage. He discussed the importance of Scythian culture in the development of broader Eurasia, recognising that Scythian culture had an enormous impact on the development of Finno-Ugric, Turkic and Slavic cultures, and despite this European scholars have paid little attention to it so far. Makeyev declared that the <i>Atsætæ</i> organisation was founded for fostering traditional Ossetian religion, but also to share the heritage of Assianism with other peoples, because "what was preserved in Ossetia is not [merely] Ossetian, but is a worldwide heritage".<sup id="cite_ref-Dugin-Assianism_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dugin-Assianism-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian Assian resources present the religion as a universal truth "addressed to the whole world".<sup id="cite_ref-wacdin.com_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wacdin.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="With_Christianity">With Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: With Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unbalanced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DUE">unbalanced</a> towards certain viewpoints</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit">improve the article</a> or discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Assianism" title="Talk:Assianism">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Scythian Assian leaders, notably Daurbek Makeyev, have articulated strong positions against <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, criticising it for its alien origins, its <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> origins, and criticising the corruption of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>. In 2002 and 2007 works he states that the Christian religion breaks the connection of a nation with its own spirit, thus dooming this nation to degeneration and death:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011240_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011240-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>2002: A person who abandoned his people's God and adopted the alien faith (ideology) from Moses' followers brings damnation not only upon himself and his descendants but upon his whole people and all their lands and possessions. [...] If the people forget their [religious] tradition, it will lose its significance to God and be doomed to extinction.<br />2007: Moses understood perfectly that to betray some people's God means to break off their roots, to bring about universal debauchery, to loosen traditional values and thereby weaken their ethnic identity and make that people perish. He considered a betrayal of somebody's God as the ultimate crime — as a crime against the Nation.</p></blockquote> <p>At the same time, Makeyev criticises Christianity for its <a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">anti-environmentalist</a> essence, which stems from a theology which separates God from nature, and the sacred from the profane. In a 2019 speech he affirmed:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019327_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019327-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Unlike in Christianity which separates God from his Creation, we take a collective approach where everything is interconnected. [...] They think that only the specific plot of land on which a shrine sits is holy. [...] They go to Rekom [Ossetia's most important popular shrine] and they treat it as if it were a church, separate from the surrounding area. No one would throw garbage at Rekom itself, but they don't realize that there is no division between sacred and non-sacred land; every place has its resident deity, who will be offended if anyone violates its sanctity.</p></blockquote> <p>The <i>Dzuary Lægtæ</i> articulate a historical critique of Christianisation: For them, Orthodox Christianity is an "alien religion" that "seeks to captivate and corrupt the souls of the conquered", and in Ossetia it was spread by foreigners and by the <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">tsarist autocracy</a> through coercion, by police measures and by luring children and the poor with gifts, a process which led to the disintegration of families and to the ruin of farms. According to them, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> spread among the Ossetians as an alternative to avoid forced Christianisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b137_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b137-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian Orthodox Church is for them a "socio-cultural and cultural-political problem" in Ossetia, as it has "neither knowledge of the peculiarities of Ossetia, nor interest in its culture, nor concern for its future".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b145_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b145-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement of Scythian Assianism has attracted strong hostility and complaints from Christian and Islamic authorities. The Russian Orthodox archbishop <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Gorbachev" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonid Gorbachev">Leonid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> sought to silence Makeyev by trying to ban his books as "extremist literature", calling on his personal contacts when he was a general in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">Federal Security Service</a>. The Russian Orthodox Church has also been trying to have the Rekom Temple destroyed and a church built in its place, but without success so far.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019331_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019331-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography_and_institutions">Demography and institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demography and institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kupala-Omsk-Perun-Sword-Fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kupala-Omsk-Perun-Sword-Fire.jpg/240px-Kupala-Omsk-Perun-Sword-Fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kupala-Omsk-Perun-Sword-Fire.jpg/360px-Kupala-Omsk-Perun-Sword-Fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kupala-Omsk-Perun-Sword-Fire.jpg/480px-Kupala-Omsk-Perun-Sword-Fire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="3286" /></a><figcaption>Russian Rodnover <a href="/wiki/Ynglism" title="Ynglism">Ynglists</a> in <a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omsk_Oblast" title="Omsk Oblast">Omsk Oblast</a> practising the Scythian ritual of the sword planted in brushwood.</figcaption></figure> <p>The movement of Scythian Assianism is present in both <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="North Ossetia–Alania">North Ossetia–Alania</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>, though it is more widespread in the former.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019318_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019318-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some categories particularly well represented among the believers are the military, hunters, and sportsmen, attracted by the heroic ethics of the Narts, but also intellectuals and artists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019330_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019330-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Shtyrkov, the movement "occupies a visible place in the social landscape of the republic".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011239_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011239-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scythian Assianism is also popular in Russia and Ukraine among <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a>, especially those who claim a Scythian identity to distinguish themselves from Slavs. Some of them identify within the category of <a href="/wiki/Rodnovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodnovery">Rodnovery</a>, the general "Slavic Native Faith".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay2009275–276_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay2009275–276-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Foltz, the movement has become so widespread among the Ossetians that its success is "unrivalled" among all <a href="/wiki/Neopagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopagan">Neopagan</a> religious movements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019331_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019331-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 2012 <i>Arena Atlas</i> complement to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2010)">2010 census of Russia</a>, 29.4% of the population of North Ossetia (comprising Ossetians as well as ethnic Russians) were adherents of the Ossetian Pagan religion.<sup id="cite_ref-ArenaAtlas2012_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArenaAtlas2012-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authorities of the religion itself claim that a large majority of over 55% of the ethnic Ossetians are adherents of the religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b138_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b138-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 18 May 2014, the "Forum of Ossetian Kins–National Forum 'Alania'" was held with the participation of 1,500 delegates of Ossetian traditional kins from both North Ossetia and South Ossetia. Among the issues considered at the forum, the kins drafted a document entitled <i>On Amendments and Additions to the Constitution of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania</i> in which they proposed, "in order to preserve and develop the culture of the Ossetian people", the constitutional recognition of the Ossetian worldview and religion as "the most important part" of Ossetian culture, the recognition of the Ossetian mountainous regions as "the material basis of the spiritual enlightenment of the Ossetian and other Indo-European (Aryan) peoples from ancient times to the present [...] The sacred center of the Ossetian people, of general Aryan significance", and the adoption of a framework for the standardisation of the Ossetian language as a state language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b134_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b134-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Council of Priests for Ancient Sanctuaries—Dzuary Lægtæ (Совет служителей древних святилищ "Дзуары Лæгтæ") — a informal council for the coordination of the Ossetian clergy formed between 2014 and 2016 in <a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a>, North Ossetia–Alania, on the initiative of the public organisation of the Ossetian kins Yudzinad (Иудзинад);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopov2016Иранские_народные_религии_/_Iranian_indigenous_religionsShizhensky2018b134,_138–140_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopov2016Иранские_народные_религии_/_Iranian_indigenous_religionsShizhensky2018b134,_138–140-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Atsætæ—<a href="/wiki/Mozdoksky_District" title="Mozdoksky District">Mozdoksky District</a>'s Community of the As (Районная моздокская община Ассов "Ацæтæ") — an organisation registered in 2009 in the city of <a href="/wiki/Mozdok" title="Mozdok">Mozdok</a>, North Ossetia–Alania, under leadership of Daurbek Makeyev;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopov2016Иранские_народные_религии_/_Iranian_indigenous_religions_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopov2016Иранские_народные_религии_/_Iranian_indigenous_religions-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ætsæg Din (Æцæг Дин) — an organisation registered in Vladikavkaz in 2009 and related to the Atsætæ community;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopov2016Иранские_народные_религии_/_Iranian_indigenous_religions_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopov2016Иранские_народные_религии_/_Iranian_indigenous_religions-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Community of the Temple of Mairam of the High Tower (Цъæззиу Уалæмæсыг Майрæмы дзуары къорд) — in the Kurtat Gorge, Vladikavkaz;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopov2016Иранские_народные_религии_/_Iranian_indigenous_religions_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopov2016Иранские_народные_религии_/_Iranian_indigenous_religions-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Styr Nykhas ("Great Council") — established in 1993 in North Ossetia–Alania;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShnirelman2002204–205_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShnirelman2002204–205-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>All-Russian Movement of the Scythians (Всероссийское движение скифов).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourdeauxFilatov2006202_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourdeauxFilatov2006202-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Ossetia"><i>South Ossetia</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: South Ossetia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Farn" title="Ira Farn">Ira Farn</a> - an Assianist interests political party.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>North Caucasian Scythian Regional Fire<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELesiv2013167–169_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELesiv2013167–169-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Rodnovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic Rodnovery">Slavic Rodnovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Heathenism" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Heathenism">Germanic Heathenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Hetanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Hetanism">Armenian Hetanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ynglism" title="Ynglism">Ynglism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz neopaganism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019325–326-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019325–326_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019325–326_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, pp. 325–326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a128-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a128_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a128_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a128_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a128_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a128_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a128_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018a">Shizhensky 2018a</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019passim-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019passim_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, passim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019321-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019321_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019321_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019318-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019318_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019318_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELesiv2013167–169-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELesiv2013167–169_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELesiv2013167–169_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLesiv2013">Lesiv 2013</a>, pp. 167–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011240Foltz2019328-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011240Foltz2019328_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011240Foltz2019328_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShtyrkov2011">Shtyrkov 2011</a>, p. 240; <a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019328–330-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019328–330_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019328–330_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, pp. 328–330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019325-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019325_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019325_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019325_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, p. 325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakeyev2007-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakeyev2007_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMakeyev2007">Makeyev 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019330-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019330_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019330_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b135-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b135_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018b">Shizhensky 2018b</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz202040-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz202040_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2020">Foltz 2020</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz202042,_note_2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz202042,_note_2_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2020">Foltz 2020</a>, p. 42, note 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019314–315-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019314–315_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, pp. 314–315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019315,_note_1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019315,_note_1_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, p. 315, note 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019315-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019315_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019316-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019316_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, p. 316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019316–317-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019316–317_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019316–317_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, pp. 316–317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019317-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019317_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, p. 317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShnirelman2002202–207-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShnirelman2002202–207_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShnirelman2002">Shnirelman 2002</a>, pp. 202–207: "Since the turn of the 1980s, a growth of Neo-Paganism has been observed in the Middle Volga region, in North Ossetia-Alaniia, and in Abkhazia. Pagan traditions had never disappeared there completely and, in contrast to the Slavic and Baltic regions, there was no need to invent too much by reference to books, as almost all the resources were intact there. Thus, in these regions, interest in Paganism developed in two different environments: firstly, in the countryside with its unbroken continuity of traditional folk beliefs, and secondly, in the urbanized areas where local, highly secularized intellectuals began to construct a new synthetic religion in order to overcome a crisis of identity. In the latter case, this was a manifestation of local ethnic nationalism resisting Russian Orthodoxy as a "religion of exploiters". [...] Contemporary Neo-Paganism is constituted by two different branches—one of a "bookish" approach which is artificially cultivated by urbanized intellectuals who have lost their links with folk tradition, and the other, more authentic, is of a rural movement based on a continuity rooted in the remote past. The first dominates among the Russians, Ukrainians, Belorussians, Lithuanians, Latvians, and Armenians and can be defined as an "invention of tradition", after Eric Hobsbawm (1983). A more complex pattern can be observed among the ethnic groups of the Middle Volga River region as well as among the Ossetians and Abkhazians, where both tendencies are interacting with one another."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011239–240-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011239–240_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShtyrkov2011">Shtyrkov 2011</a>, pp. 239–240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019320–321-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019320–321_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, pp. 320–321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019328-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019328_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019328_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019328_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShnirelman2002204–205Foltz2019328-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShnirelman2002204–205Foltz2019328_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShnirelman2002">Shnirelman 2002</a>, pp. 204–205; <a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019327-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019327_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019327_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019327_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011240–241-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011240–241_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShtyrkov2011">Shtyrkov 2011</a>, pp. 240–241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b140-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b140_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018b">Shizhensky 2018b</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019329-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019329_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz202043–44-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz202043–44_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2020">Foltz 2020</a>, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a128Shizhensky2018b135-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a128Shizhensky2018b135_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018a">Shizhensky 2018a</a>, p. 128; <a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018b">Shizhensky 2018b</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019322-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019322_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b141-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b141_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018b">Shizhensky 2018b</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz20151–2Shizhensky2018a130-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitz20151–2Shizhensky2018a130_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitz20151–2Shizhensky2018a130_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitz2015">Schmitz 2015</a>, pp. 1–2; <a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018a">Shizhensky 2018a</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142_36-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142_36-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142_36-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142_36-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142_36-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142_36-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018b">Shizhensky 2018b</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz20151–2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitz20151–2_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitz2015">Schmitz 2015</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b141–142-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b141–142_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018b">Shizhensky 2018b</a>, pp. 141–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130_39-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130_39-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018a">Shizhensky 2018a</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130–131Shizhensky2018b141–142-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130–131Shizhensky2018b141–142_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130–131Shizhensky2018b141–142_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130–131Shizhensky2018b141–142_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018a">Shizhensky 2018a</a>, pp. 130–131; <a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018b">Shizhensky 2018b</a>, pp. 141–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wacdin.com-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wacdin.com_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wacdin.com_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wacdin.com_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wacdin.com_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wacdin.com_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wacdin.com_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wacdin.com_41-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426162824/http://wacdin.com/assianstvo-wacdin">"Основные положения традиционной осетинской веры"</a> [Basic provisions of the traditional Ossetian faith]. <i>wacdin.com</i>. Ассианство / Уацдин (Assianism / True Faith). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wacdin.com/assianstvo-wacdin/">the original</a> on 26 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wacdin.com&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwacdin.com%2Fassianstvo-wacdin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130–131-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130–131_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018a">Shizhensky 2018a</a>, pp. 130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019318–320-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019318–320_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019318–320_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019318–320_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, pp. 318–320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz202042-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz202042_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz202042_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2020">Foltz 2020</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019320–323-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019320–323_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, pp. 320–323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130–131Shizhensky2018b142-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a130–131Shizhensky2018b142_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018a">Shizhensky 2018a</a>, pp. 130–131; <a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018b">Shizhensky 2018b</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz202041-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz202041_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz202041_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2020">Foltz 2020</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b136-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b136_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b136_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018b">Shizhensky 2018b</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011241-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011241_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShtyrkov2011">Shtyrkov 2011</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b143-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b143_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b143_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018b">Shizhensky 2018b</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019323-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019323_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019323_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019323_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019323_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, p. 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a133Shizhensky2018b142-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a133Shizhensky2018b142_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a133Shizhensky2018b142_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018a">Shizhensky 2018a</a>, p. 133; <a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018b">Shizhensky 2018b</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a131Shizhensky2018b143-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a131Shizhensky2018b143_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018a">Shizhensky 2018a</a>, p. 131; <a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018b">Shizhensky 2018b</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a131-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a131_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018a">Shizhensky 2018a</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a133Foltz202047-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a133Foltz202047_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018a">Shizhensky 2018a</a>, p. 133; <a href="#CITEREFFoltz2020">Foltz 2020</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz202041,_47-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz202041,_47_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2020">Foltz 2020</a>, p. 41, 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019324-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019324_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a132-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a132_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a132_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a132_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018a">Shizhensky 2018a</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a132–133-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a132–133_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a132–133_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018a">Shizhensky 2018a</a>, pp. 132–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a133-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a133_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a133_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018a">Shizhensky 2018a</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz202045-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz202045_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2020">Foltz 2020</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz202038-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz202038_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2020">Foltz 2020</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz202047-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz202047_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2020">Foltz 2020</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a131Shizhensky2018b142Foltz2019323–326-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a131Shizhensky2018b142Foltz2019323–326_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018a">Shizhensky 2018a</a>, p. 131; <a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018b">Shizhensky 2018b</a>, p. 142; <a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, pp. 323–326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019326-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019326_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019326_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019326_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019328–329-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019328–329_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, pp. 328–329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019320Foltz202042-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019320Foltz202042_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, p. 320; <a href="#CITEREFFoltz2020">Foltz 2020</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b143–144-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b143–144_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018b">Shizhensky 2018b</a>, pp. 143–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142,_144-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b142,_144_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018b">Shizhensky 2018b</a>, pp. 142, 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz202044-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz202044_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2020">Foltz 2020</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dugin-Assianism-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dugin-Assianism_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426163212/http://iratta.com/osnews/6555-aleksandr-dugin-osetinskij-narod-sdelal.html">"Александр Дугин: Осетинский народ сделал возможным возвращение России на имперскую орбиту"</a> [Alexander Dugin: The Ossetian people made it possible for Russia to return to the imperial orbit]. <i>iratta.com</i>. 7 October 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iratta.com/osnews/6555-aleksandr-dugin-osetinskij-narod-sdelal.html">the original</a> on 26 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iratta.com&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80+%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%3A+%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D1%81%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firatta.com%2Fosnews%2F6555-aleksandr-dugin-osetinskij-narod-sdelal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011240-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011240_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShtyrkov2011">Shtyrkov 2011</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b137-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b137_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018b">Shizhensky 2018b</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b145-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b145_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018b">Shizhensky 2018b</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019331-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019331_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019331_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoltz2019">Foltz 2019</a>, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011239-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShtyrkov2011239_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShtyrkov2011">Shtyrkov 2011</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay2009275–276-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay2009275–276_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKay2009">McKay 2009</a>, pp. 275–276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArenaAtlas2012-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArenaAtlas2012_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docviewer.yandex.com/view/0/?*=rvAv5PGTc%2Fw%2BBFV6QOUZtaf5gYF7InVybCI6InlhLWRpc2stcHVibGljOi8vMWV1aDl5RDFpcnZKeVZNNSswWWFaZktqRFhoOXZDNWhldUlGTU5uQU4zQT0iLCJ0aXRsZSI6IlNyZWRhX2Jsb2tfcHJlc3Nfc20yLnBkZiIsInVpZCI6IjAiLCJub2lmcmFtZSI6ZmFsc2UsInRzIjoxNTI0NDg3NTUzMTcwfQ%3D%3D&page=1">"Арена: Атлас религий и национальностей"</a> [Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Среда (Sreda). 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%3A+%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft.pub=%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0+%28Sreda%29&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocviewer.yandex.com%2Fview%2F0%2F%3F%2A%3DrvAv5PGTc%252Fw%252BBFV6QOUZtaf5gYF7InVybCI6InlhLWRpc2stcHVibGljOi8vMWV1aDl5RDFpcnZKeVZNNSswWWFaZktqRFhoOXZDNWhldUlGTU5uQU4zQT0iLCJ0aXRsZSI6IlNyZWRhX2Jsb2tfcHJlc3Nfc20yLnBkZiIsInVpZCI6IjAiLCJub2lmcmFtZSI6ZmFsc2UsInRzIjoxNTI0NDg3NTUzMTcwfQ%253D%253D%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssianism" class="Z3988"></span> See also the results' <b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/arena">main interactive mapping</a></b> and the static mappings: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170421154615/http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg">"Religions in Russia by federal subject"</a> (Map). <i>Ogonek</i>. <b>34</b> (5243). 27 August 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg">the original</a> on 21 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ogonek&rft.atitle=Religions+in+Russia+by+federal+subject&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=5243&rft.date=2012-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fc2.kommersant.ru%2FISSUES.PHOTO%2FOGONIOK%2F2012%2F034%2Fogcyhjk2.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssianism" class="Z3988"></span> The Sreda Arena Atlas was realised in cooperation with the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/arena/maps?mainsection=census">All-Russia Population Census 2010 (Всероссийской переписи населения 2010)</a>, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sreda.org/arena/maps?mainsection=minust">Russian Ministry of Justice (Минюста РФ)</a>, the Public Opinion Foundation (Фонда Общественного Мнения) and presented among others by the Analytical Department of the Synodal Information Department of the Russian Orthodox Church. See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russ.ru/Mirovaya-povestka/Proekt-ARENA-Atlas-religij-i-nacional-nostej">"Проект АРЕНА: Атлас религий и национальностей"</a> [Project ARENA: Atlas of religions and nationalities]. <i>Russian Journal</i>. 10 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Journal&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82+%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%90%3A+%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft.date=2012-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fruss.ru%2FMirovaya-povestka%2FProekt-ARENA-Atlas-religij-i-nacional-nostej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b138-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b138_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018b">Shizhensky 2018b</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b134-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018b134_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018b">Shizhensky 2018b</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopov2016Иранские_народные_религии_/_Iranian_indigenous_religionsShizhensky2018b134,_138–140-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopov2016Иранские_народные_религии_/_Iranian_indigenous_religionsShizhensky2018b134,_138–140_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopov2016">Popov 2016</a>, Иранские народные религии / Iranian indigenous religions; <a href="#CITEREFShizhensky2018b">Shizhensky 2018b</a>, pp. 134, 138–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopov2016Иранские_народные_религии_/_Iranian_indigenous_religions-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopov2016Иранские_народные_религии_/_Iranian_indigenous_religions_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopov2016Иранские_народные_религии_/_Iranian_indigenous_religions_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopov2016Иранские_народные_религии_/_Iranian_indigenous_religions_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopov2016">Popov 2016</a>, Иранские народные религии / Iranian indigenous religions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShnirelman2002204–205-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShnirelman2002204–205_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShnirelman2002">Shnirelman 2002</a>, pp. 204–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourdeauxFilatov2006202-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourdeauxFilatov2006202_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBourdeauxFilatov2006">Bourdeaux & Filatov 2006</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ugo-osetia.ru/obshhestvo/programma-politicheskoj-partii-iry-farn">"ПРОГРАММА ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ПАРТИИ «Иры Фарн»"</a>. <i>ugo-osetia.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ugo-osetia.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%9C%D0%90+%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%99+%D0%9F%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%98+%C2%AB%D0%98%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%C2%BB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fugo-osetia.ru%2Fobshhestvo%2Fprogramma-politicheskoj-partii-iry-farn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourdeauxFilatov2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bourdeaux, Michael; Filatov, Sergey, eds. (2006). <i>Современная религиозная жизнь России. Опыт систематического описания</i> [<i>Contemporary religious life of Russia. Systematic description of experiences</i>] (in Russian). Vol. 4. Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Keston_Institute" title="Keston Institute">Keston Institute</a>; Logos. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5987040574" title="Special:BookSources/5987040574"><bdi>5987040574</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8.+%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%82+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Keston+Institute%3B+Logos&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=5987040574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoltz2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Foltz, Richard</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338821308">"Scythian Neo-Paganism in the Caucasus: The Ossetian Uatsdin as a 'Nature Religion'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature, and Culture</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 314–332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fjsrnc.39114">10.1558/jsrnc.39114</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213692638">213692638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+Religion%2C+Nature%2C+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Scythian+Neo-Paganism+in+the+Caucasus%3A+The+Ossetian+Uatsdin+as+a+%27Nature+Religion%27&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=314-332&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fjsrnc.39114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213692638%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Foltz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F338821308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoltz2020" class="citation journal cs1">Foltz, Richard (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340576326">"The Rekom Shrine in North Ossetia-Alania and its Annual Ceremony"</a>. <i>Iran and the Caucasus</i>. <b>24</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>: 38–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573384X-20200104">10.1163/1573384X-20200104</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1609-8498">1609-8498</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216345025">216345025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+and+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=The+Rekom+Shrine+in+North+Ossetia-Alania+and+its+Annual+Ceremony&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38-52&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216345025%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1609-8498&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573384X-20200104&rft.aulast=Foltz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F340576326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoltz2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Foltz, Richard</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YZswEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780755618453" title="Special:BookSources/9780755618453"><bdi>9780755618453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ossetes%3A+Modern-Day+Scythians+of+the+Caucasus.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780755618453&rft.aulast=Foltz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYZswEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesiv2013" class="citation book cs1">Lesiv, Mariya (2013). <i>The Return of Ancestral Gods: Modern Ukrainian Paganism as an Alternative Vision for a Nation</i>. McGill-Queen's Studies in the History of Religion. Vol. 2. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0773589667" title="Special:BookSources/978-0773589667"><bdi>978-0773589667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Return+of+Ancestral+Gods%3A+Modern+Ukrainian+Paganism+as+an+Alternative+Vision+for+a+Nation&rft.series=McGill-Queen%27s+Studies+in+the+History+of+Religion&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press+-+MQUP&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0773589667&rft.aulast=Lesiv&rft.aufirst=Mariya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakeyev2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Makeyev, Daurbek B. (2007). "Ассианство и мировая культура" [Assianism and world culture]. <i>Религиозное мировоззрение в Нартском эпосе</i> [<i>Religious worldview in the Nart epic</i>] (in Russian). Vladikavkaz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5&rft.place=Vladikavkaz&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Makeyev&rft.aufirst=Daurbek+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssianism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2009" class="citation book cs1">McKay, George (2009). <i>Subcultures and New Religious Movements in Russia and East-Central Europe</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://schmitztimo.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/etseg-din1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Etseg+Din+%E2%80%93+Caucasian+paganism+from+Ossetia&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=Timo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fschmitztimo.files.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F06%2Fetseg-din1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShnirelman2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Schnirelmann" title="Victor Schnirelmann">Shnirelman, Victor A.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242424875">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Christians! Go home': A Revival of Neo-Paganism between the Baltic Sea and Transcaucasia (An Overview)"</a>. <i>Journal of Contemporary Religion</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 197–211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13537900220125181">10.1080/13537900220125181</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51303383">51303383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+Religion&rft.atitle=%27Christians%21+Go+home%27%3A+A+Revival+of+Neo-Paganism+between+the+Baltic+Sea+and+Transcaucasia+%28An+Overview%29&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=197-211&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13537900220125181&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51303383%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Shnirelman&rft.aufirst=Victor+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F242424875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShizhensky2018a" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shizhensky, Roman V. (2018a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/intervyu-s-h-morgoevym">"Интервью с Х. Моргоевым"</a> [Interview with H. Morgoyev]. <i>Colloquium Heptaplomeres</i> (in Russian). <b>V</b>. Nizhny Novgorod: Minin University: 128–133. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2312-1696">2312-1696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colloquium+Heptaplomeres&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%8E+%D1%81+%D0%A5.+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC&rft.volume=V&rft.pages=128-133&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=2312-1696&rft.aulast=Shizhensky&rft.aufirst=Roman+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Fintervyu-s-h-morgoevym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShizhensky2018b" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shizhensky, Roman V. (2018b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/ofitsialnyy-otvet-soveta-sluzhiteley-svyatilisch-osetii-na-zapros-r-v-shizhenskogo">"Официальный ответ совета служителей святилищ Осетии на запрос Р. В. Шиженского"</a> [The official response of the Council of Ministers of the Sanctuaries of Ossetia to the request of R. V. Shizhensky]. <i>Colloquium Heptaplomeres</i> (in Russian). <b>V</b>. Nizhny Novgorod: Minin University: 134–145. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2312-1696">2312-1696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colloquium+Heptaplomeres&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89+%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81+%D0%A0.+%D0%92.+%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE&rft.volume=V&rft.pages=134-145&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=2312-1696&rft.aulast=Shizhensky&rft.aufirst=Roman+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Fofitsialnyy-otvet-soveta-sluzhiteley-svyatilisch-osetii-na-zapros-r-v-shizhenskogo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShtyrkov2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shtyrkov, Sergey (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180220033052/http://eu.spb.ru/images/et_dep/Shtyrkov/Shtyrkov_Understandig_Russianness_Text.pdf">"Religious nationalism in contemporary Russia: the case of the Ossetian ethnic religious project"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In <a href="/wiki/Risto_Alapuro" title="Risto Alapuro">Alapuro, Risto</a> (ed.). <i>Understanding Russianness</i>. Routledge. pp. 232–244. Archived from the original on 2018-02-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religious+nationalism+in+contemporary+Russia%3A+the+case+of+the+Ossetian+ethnic+religious+project&rft.btitle=Understanding+Russianness&rft.pages=232-244&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Shtyrkov&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feu.spb.ru%2Fimages%2Fet_dep%2FShtyrkov%2FShtyrkov_Understandig_Russianness_Text.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssianism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShtyrkov2016" class="citation journal cs1">Shtyrkov, Sergey (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330060558/https://anthropologie.kunstkamera.ru/files/pdf/eng012/shtyrkov.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Fight between Ases and Devas Runs through Our Whole Existence': The Conspirological Imaginary of North Ossetian Intellectuals and the Search for Meaning in National History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Forum for Anthropology and Culture</i> (12). Saint Petersburg: <a href="/wiki/Kunstkamera" title="Kunstkamera">Kunstkamera</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_University_at_Saint_Petersburg" title="European University at Saint Petersburg">European University at Saint Petersburg</a>: 230–252. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anthropologie.kunstkamera.ru/files/pdf/eng012/shtyrkov.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forum+for+Anthropology+and+Culture&rft.atitle=%27The+Fight+between+Ases+and+Devas+Runs+through+Our+Whole+Existence%27%3A+The+Conspirological+Imaginary+of+North+Ossetian+Intellectuals+and+the+Search+for+Meaning+in+National+History&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=230-252&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Shtyrkov&rft.aufirst=Sergey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanthropologie.kunstkamera.ru%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2Feng012%2Fshtyrkov.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssianism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The religion is known as "Assianism" among its Russian-speaking adherents ("Assianism" means the religion of the "As" or "Oss"—an ancient name of the Alans, from which the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> possibly drew the name of "<a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>", which is preserved in the Russian and Georgian-derived name "Ossetians"), and as <b>Uatsdin</b> (Уацдин), <b>Ætsæg Din</b> (Æцæг Дин; both meaning "True Faith"), <b>Æss Din</b> (Æсс Дин, Ossetian-language rendering of "Assianism"),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019325–326_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2019325–326-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or simply <b>Iron Din</b> (Ирон Дин, "Ossetian Faith")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a128_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShizhensky2018a128-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by Ossetians in <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">their own language</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assianism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assdin.ru/"><i>Atsætæ</i></a> — Ossetian website</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_groups_and_denominations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_paganism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#c1c1c1;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neopaganism" title="Template:Neopaganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neopaganism" title="Template talk:Neopaganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neopaganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neopaganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_paganism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_paganism" title="Eclectic paganism">Eclectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_religion" title="Nature religion">Nature religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_and_New_Age" title="Modern paganism and New Age">New Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png/50px-Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png/75px-Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png/100px-Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="608" /></a></span><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Arts and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neo-pagan_festivals_and_events" title="List of neo-pagan festivals and events">Festivals and events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pagan_music" title="Modern pagan music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_temples" title="List of modern pagan temples">Temples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">By country or region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_German-speaking_Europe" title="Modern paganism in German-speaking Europe">German-speaking Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Hungary" title="Neopaganism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-paganism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Neo-paganism in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Italy" title="Neopaganism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_Scandinavia" title="Modern paganism in Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_South_Africa" title="Neopaganism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern paganism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern paganism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Minnesota" title="Neopaganism in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Movements (<a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausar_Auset_Society" title="Ausar Auset Society">Ausar Auset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Canarian (Berber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ossetian-Scythian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Wicca</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Daco-Thracian (Romanian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kemetic_Orthodoxy" title="Kemetic Orthodoxy">Kemetic Orthodoxy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_neopaganism" title="Semitic neopaganism">Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_Native_Faith_organisations" title="List of Slavic Native Faith organisations">Rodnovery (list)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Ukrainian_National_Faith" title="Native Ukrainian National Faith">RUNVira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterburgian_Vedism" title="Peterburgian Vedism">Peterburgian Vedism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ynglism" title="Ynglism">Ynglism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Turko-Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tengrist_movements" title="List of Tengrist movements">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuism" title="Zuism">Zuism</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Interfaith: <a href="/wiki/European_Congress_of_Ethnic_Religions" title="European Congress of Ethnic Religions">European Congress of Ethnic Religions</a> · <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Traditional_Religions" title="Foundation for Traditional Religions">Foundation for Traditional Religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adonism" title="Adonism">Adonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christo-Paganism" title="Christo-Paganism">Christo-Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_All_Worlds" title="Church of All Worlds">Church of All Worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Aphrodite" title="Church of Aphrodite">Church of Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_Unitarian_Universalist_Pagans" title="Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans">Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanovism" title="Ivanovism">Ivanovism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Federation" title="Pagan Federation">Pagan Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringing_Cedars%27_Anastasianism" title="Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism">Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Secular paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Priapus" title="Temple of Priapus">Temple of Priapus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochranianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feri_Tradition" title="Feri Tradition">Feri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stregheria" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">In society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_modern_paganism" title="Criticism of modern paganism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-paganism" title="Crypto-paganism">Crypto-paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pagan_views_on_LGBT_people" title="Modern pagan views on LGBT people">LGBTQ+ and paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_studies" title="Pagan studies">Pagan studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technopaganism" title="Technopaganism">Technopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_on_modern_paganism" title="List of writers on modern paganism">Writers on modern paganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariosophy" title="Ariosophy">Ariosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotribalism" title="Neotribalism">Neotribalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_the_Renaissance" title="Platonism in the Renaissance">Platonism in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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