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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Approaches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Approaches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Approaches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sociological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sociological</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Religious studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Historical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theoretical_debates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theoretical_debates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Theoretical debates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theoretical_debates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_Pagan_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_Pagan_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relationship with Pagan community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_Pagan_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Field of study</div><p><b>Pagan studies</b> is the multidisciplinary academic field devoted to the study of <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">modern paganism</a>, a broad assortment of <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">modern religious movements</a>, which are typically influenced by or claiming to be derived from the various <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> beliefs of premodern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Carpenter_1996_40_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carpenter_1996_40-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pagan studies embrace a variety of different scholarly approaches to studying such religions, drawing from history, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folkloristics" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkloristics">folkloristics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religious studies</a>. </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagan_studies&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest academic studies of contemporary paganism were published between 1970 and 1980 by scholars like <a href="/wiki/Margot_Adler" title="Margot Adler">Margot Adler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Truzzi" title="Marcello Truzzi">Marcello Truzzi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanya_Luhrmann" title="Tanya Luhrmann">Tanya Luhrmann</a>, although it would not be until the 1990s that the actual pagan studies discipline properly developed, pioneered by academics such as <a href="/wiki/Graham_Harvey_(religious_studies_scholar)" title="Graham Harvey (religious studies scholar)">Graham Harvey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chas_S._Clifton" title="Chas S. Clifton">Chas S. Clifton</a>. Increasing academic interest in Paganism has been attributed to the new religious movement's increasing public visibility, as it began interacting with the <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_dialogue" title="Interfaith dialogue">interfaith movement</a> and holding large public celebrations at sites such as <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>. </p><p>The first academic conference on the subject was held at the <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">University of Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, North-East England in 1993, followed three years later by a larger conference organised by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Lancaster">University of Lancaster</a> in North-West England. Annual gatherings of the Conference on Current Pagan Studies<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Contemporary Pagan Studies Unit<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the American Academy of Religion continue to develop scholarship in this field. In 2004, a <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer-reviewed</a> <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journal</a> devoted to the discipline, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pomegranate_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pomegranate (journal)">The Pomegranate</a></i>, began publication.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many books on the subject have been published by a variety of different academic publishing companies, while AltaMira Press began publication of the Pagan Studies Series.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relationship between pagan studies scholars and the contemporary pagan community which it studies has at times been strained, with some practitioners rejecting academic interpretations of their faiths. At the same time, many academics involved in Pagan studies are practicing pagans themselves, bringing an insider's perspective to their approaches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagan_studies&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purpose">Purpose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagan_studies&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; border-width: 1px; font-size: 85%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"Pagan studies, as a subdivision of the larger study of religions, exists, I have no doubt, because scholars of contemporary Paganism (many of them practitioners themselves) found and continue to find themselves not completely at home in such categories as "<a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="New religious movements">new religious movements</a>" or "feminist religion." " </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">Chas S. Clifton, 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Clifton_2004_7_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifton_2004_7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Pagan studies scholar <a href="/wiki/Chas_S._Clifton" title="Chas S. Clifton">Chas S. Clifton</a> argued that the discipline had developed as a result of the increasing "academic acknowledgement" of contemporary Paganism's "movement into the public eye", referring to the emergence of pagan involvement with <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_dialogue" title="Interfaith dialogue">interfaith</a> groups and the pagan use of archaeological monuments as "sacred sites", particularly in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Clifton_2004_7_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifton_2004_7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clifton also argued that the development of Pagan studies was necessary to "set forth an audacious redefinition of the term "pagan" as <a href="/wiki/Michael_York_(religious_studies_scholar)" title="Michael York (religious studies scholar)">Michael York</a> has done", something which Clifton felt "gives us room to reexamine from fresh perspectives all manifestation of ancient Pagan religions".<sup id="cite_ref-Clifton_2004_7–8_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifton_2004_7–8-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagan_studies&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first international academic conference on the subject of Pagan studies was held at the <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">University of Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, North-East England in 1993. It had been organised by two British religious studies scholars, Harvey and Charlotte Hardman.<sup id="cite_ref-Clifton_2004_8_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifton_2004_8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1996 a larger conference dealing with contemporary Paganism took place at <a href="/wiki/Ambleside" title="Ambleside">Ambleside</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a>, organised by the Department of Religious Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Lancaster">University of Lancaster</a>, North-West England. Titled "Nature Religion Today: Western Paganism, <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a> in the 1990s", it led to the publication of an academic anthology, <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Religion_Today" title="Nature Religion Today">Nature Religion Today: Paganism in the Modern World</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clifton_2004_8_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifton_2004_8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pearson_1998_1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson_1998_1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that anthology, some of the conference's organisers described its original intentions, remarking that through it they "sought to explore the innovations in practice and belief which constitute contemporary Paganism, and which appear to be a part of a widespread cultural response to the decay of main-line religions and to a widely felt awareness of ecological crisis."<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson_1998_1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson_1998_1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That same year saw the beginnings of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pomegranate" title="The Pomegranate">The Pomegranate</a></i>, which would later be transformed into a peer-reviewed academic journal, which first appeared in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Clifton_2004_5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clifton_2004_5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the books <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield#Imprints" title="Rowman & Littlefield">AltaMira</a> released was <i>Researching Paganisms</i>, an anthology edited by Jenny Blain, Douglas Ezzy and Harvey in which different Pagan studies scholars discussed their involvement with the subject and the opposition that they have faced.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ethan Doyle White noted that as Pagan studies reached its twentieth year, it came under "increasing pressure to explain itself, both to academia and to the Pagan community that it studies."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201217_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201217-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approaches">Approaches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagan_studies&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociological"><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociological</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagan_studies&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sociological"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margot-adler-2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Margot-adler-2004.jpg/220px-Margot-adler-2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Margot-adler-2004.jpg/330px-Margot-adler-2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Margot-adler-2004.jpg/440px-Margot-adler-2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Margot Adler <i>(pictured in 2004)</i> published an early sociological study of Paganism in the United States.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1979, the American sociologist, journalist, and <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wiccan</a> <a href="/wiki/Margot_Adler" title="Margot Adler">Margot Adler</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Drawing_Down_the_Moon_(book)" title="Drawing Down the Moon (book)">Drawing Down the Moon</a></i>, a sociological study of the Pagan movement across the United States, covering Wiccans, <a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess Worshipers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radical_Faeries" title="Radical Faeries">Radical Faeries</a>. She would update this book in 1986, 1996, and finally 2006, shortly before her death. </p><p>In 1999, the American sociologist <a href="/wiki/Helen_A._Berger" title="Helen A. Berger">Helen A. Berger</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Chester_University" title="West Chester University">West Chester University</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/A_Community_of_Witches" title="A Community of Witches">A Community of Witches</a></i>, a sociological study of the Wiccan and Pagan movement in the north-eastern United States.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_studies"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious studies</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagan_studies&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religious studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003, the British religious studies scholar <a href="/wiki/Michael_York_(religious_studies_scholar)" title="Michael York (religious studies scholar)">Michael York</a> published <i><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Theology" title="Pagan Theology">Pagan Theology: Paganism as a World Religion</a></i>, in which he argued that contemporary Paganism could be seen as a part of a much wider global "paganism" which encompassed a large variety of <a href="/wiki/Animistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Animistic">animistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious traditions</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, ABC-CLIO published an anthology entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism_in_World_Cultures" title="Modern Paganism in World Cultures">Modern Paganism in World Cultures</a></i>, which was edited by the American religious studies scholar Michael F. Strmiska. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical"><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">Historical</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagan_studies&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the first scholars to study contemporary paganism from a historical perspective was the American Wiccan <a href="/wiki/Aidan_Kelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Aidan Kelly">Aidan Kelly</a>, who had been a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/New_Reformed_Orthodox_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="New Reformed Orthodox Order of the Golden Dawn">New Reformed Orthodox Order of the Golden Dawn</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_Goddess" title="Covenant of the Goddess">Covenant of the Goddess</a> during the 1970s. Having attained several academic qualifications, including in the field of religious studies, in the 1970s he began a study of the religious texts of <a href="/wiki/Gardnerian_Wicca" title="Gardnerian Wicca">Gardnerian Wicca</a>, in order to establish a historical chronology for the tradition. The results of his study would only be published in 1991, as <i>Crafting the Art of Magic</i>. This would later be rewritten and republished in 2007 as <i>Inventing Witchcraft</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prominent English historian <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Ronald Hutton</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a> later devoted part of his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pagan_Religions_of_the_Ancient_British_Isles" title="The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles">The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles</a></i> (1991) to an examination of the contemporary pagan religions that took these <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pre-Christian religions</a> as a core influence. He followed this with several studies of British <a href="/wiki/Folk_customs" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk customs">folk customs</a>, but in 1999 returned to the field of Pagan studies when he published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_the_Moon" title="The Triumph of the Moon">The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft</a></i>, the first academic study of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Wicca" title="History of Wicca">Wiccan history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theoretical_debates">Theoretical debates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagan_studies&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Theoretical debates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pagan studies has been charged with failing to properly define "paganism", as some scholars use it solely to designate contemporary Paganism and others – like Michael York and Chas Clifton – using it to refer to a wide range of religious movements across the world and throughout history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201211–15_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201211–15-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some scholars have treated the term as a singular religion within which groups like Wicca and Heathenry are <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">denominations</a>, others have instead treated it as a "group of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">comparative religions</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201215–17_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201215–17-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further problem arises from the fact that while Pagan studies scholars might adopt "paganism" in reference to pre-Christian belief systems in Europe, the term was increasingly rejected by <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeologists</a> specialising in those belief systems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201411_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201411-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concern has been made that Pagan studies scholars would be "at a loss to convey (to ourselves and to others), what it is that we are actually studying. The current situation, in which widely differing definitions are being used in tandem, is clearly unsustainable."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201218_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201218-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The religious studies scholar Markus Altena Davidsen published a critique of the field in 2012, via a review of the <i>Handbook of Contemporary Paganism</i>. He argued that Pagan studies was dominated by an <a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">essentialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Normative" class="mw-redirect" title="Normative">normative</a> view of its subject rather than a <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">naturalist</a> and theoretically oriented approach.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidsen2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidsen2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ethan Doyle White in <i>The Pomegranate</i>, argued that there were flaws in Davidsen's approach.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20125_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20125-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arguing that the <i>Handbook of Contemporary Paganism</i> was not as symptomatic of the field as Davidsen had assumed, he went on to identify a number of factual errors within Davidsen's paper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20127–8_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20127–8-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Doyle White argued that Davidsen's division of scholars into firmly insider and outsider categories was problematic as scholars of Pagan studies like <a href="/wiki/Sabina_Magliocco" title="Sabina Magliocco">Sabina Magliocco</a> straddled both boundaries, an approach based in the methodologies employed in <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20128–11_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20128–11-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, Doyle White offered his own critique of the field. He addressed the various definitions of "contemporary paganism", the need for a clearer definition of Pagan studies, and the relationship between Pagan studies and pagan activism, arguing for a reform of the field.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White2016_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White2016-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_Pagan_community">Relationship with Pagan community</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagan_studies&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Relationship with Pagan community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relationship between Pagan studies scholars and some practicing pagans has at times been strained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201217_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201217-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Australian academic and practicing pagan Caroline Jane Tully argued that as a result of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">cognitive dissonance</a>, many pagans can react negatively to new scholarship regarding historical pre-Christian societies, believing that it is a threat to the structure of their beliefs and "sense of <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identity</a>." She furthermore argued that some of those dissatisfied Pagans lashed out against academics as a result, particularly on the internet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETully201198–99_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETully201198–99-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagan_studies&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagan_studies&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Carpenter_1996_40-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carpenter_1996_40_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Car96">Carpenter 1996</a>. p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Lew04">Lewis 2004</a>. p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paganconference.com/">"Conference on Current Pagan Studies"</a>. <i>Conference on Current Pagan Studies</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conference+on+Current+Pagan+Studies&rft.atitle=Conference+on+Current+Pagan+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaganconference.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.aarweb.org/content/contemporary-pagan-studies-unit">"Contemporary Pagan Studies Unit | PAPERS"</a>. <i>papers.aarweb.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=papers.aarweb.org&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Pagan+Studies+Unit+%7C+PAPERS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.aarweb.org%2Fcontent%2Fcontemporary-pagan-studies-unit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.equinoxjournals.com/ojs/index.php/pom/index">"Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies"</a>. www.equinoxjournals.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pomegranate%3A+The+International+Journal+of+Pagan+Studies&rft.pub=www.equinoxjournals.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.equinoxjournals.com%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fpom%2Findex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csulb.edu/~wgriffin/paganstudies/">"Pagan Studies / AltaMira Press"</a>. www.csulb.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pagan+Studies+%2F+AltaMira+Press&rft.pub=www.csulb.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csulb.edu%2F~wgriffin%2Fpaganstudies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clifton_2004_7-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clifton_2004_7_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clifton_2004_7_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Clif04">Clifton 2004</a>. p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clifton_2004_7–8-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clifton_2004_7–8_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Clif04">Clifton 2004</a>. pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clifton_2004_8-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clifton_2004_8_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clifton_2004_8_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Clif04">Clifton 2004</a>. p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearson_1998_1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson_1998_1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson_1998_1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Pea98">Pearson, Roberts and Samuel 1998</a>. p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clifton_2004_5-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clifton_2004_5_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Clif04">Clifton 2004</a>. p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bla04">Blain, Ezzy and Harvey 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201217-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201217_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201217_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoyle_White2012">Doyle White 2012</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Ber99">Berger 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Yor03">York 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Kel07">Kelly 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hut99">Hutton 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201211–15-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201211–15_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoyle_White2012">Doyle White 2012</a>, pp. 11–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201215–17-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201215–17_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoyle_White2012">Doyle White 2012</a>, pp. 15–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201411-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201411_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoyle_White2014">Doyle White 2014</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201218-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White201218_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoyle_White2012">Doyle White 2012</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidsen2012-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidsen2012_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidsen2012">Davidsen 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20125-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20125_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoyle_White2012">Doyle White 2012</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20127–8-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20127–8_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoyle_White2012">Doyle White 2012</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20128–11-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White20128–11_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoyle_White2012">Doyle White 2012</a>, pp. 8–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White2016-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoyle_White2016_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoyle_White2016">Doyle White 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETully201198–99-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETully201198–99_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTully2011">Tully 2011</a>, pp. 98–99.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagan_studies&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifton2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chas_S._Clifton" title="Chas S. Clifton">Clifton, Chas S.</a> (2004). "<i>The Pomegranate</i> Returns from the Underworld: A Letter from the Editor". <i>The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies</i>. <b>6</b> (1). London: Equinox: 5–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fpome.6.1.5.31679">10.1558/pome.6.1.5.31679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pomegranate%3A+The+International+Journal+of+Pagan+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Pomegranate+Returns+from+the+Underworld%3A+A+Letter+from+the+Editor&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-10&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fpome.6.1.5.31679&rft.aulast=Clifton&rft.aufirst=Chas+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidsen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Davidsen, Markus Altena (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.au.dk/portal/da/publications/what-is-wrong-with-pagan-studies(28b49e50-938f-4cb9-ad46-ce62f9e1f27d).html">"What is Wrong with Pagan Studies?"</a>. <i>Method and Theory in the Study of Religion</i>. <b>24</b> (2). Leiden: Brill: 183–199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006812X634881">10.1163/157006812X634881</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F3160767">1887/3160767</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Method+and+Theory+in+the+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=What+is+Wrong+with+Pagan+Studies%3F&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=183-199&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F3160767&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157006812X634881&rft.aulast=Davidsen&rft.aufirst=Markus+Altena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.au.dk%2Fportal%2Fda%2Fpublications%2Fwhat-is-wrong-with-pagan-studies%2828b49e50-938f-4cb9-ad46-ce62f9e1f27d%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle_White2012" class="citation journal cs1">Doyle White, Ethan (2012). "In Defense of Pagan Studies: A Response to Davidsen's Critique". <i>The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies</i>. <b>14</b> (1). London: Equinox: 5–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pomegranate%3A+The+International+Journal+of+Pagan+Studies&rft.atitle=In+Defense+of+Pagan+Studies%3A+A+Response+to+Davidsen%27s+Critique&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-21&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Doyle+White&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle_White2014" class="citation journal cs1">Doyle White, Ethan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6331883">"Britain's Pagan Heritage"</a>. <i>Journal of Religion and Society</i>. <b>16</b>. Kripke Center: 1–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+and+Society&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+Pagan+Heritage&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Doyle+White&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6331883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle_White2016" class="citation journal cs1">Doyle White, Ethan (2016). "Theoretical, Terminological, and Taxonomic Trouble in the Academic Study of Contemporary Paganism: A Case for Reform". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pomegranate" title="The Pomegranate">The Pomegranate</a></i>. <b>18</b> (1): 31–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fpome.v18i1.28457">10.1558/pome.v18i1.28457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pomegranate&rft.atitle=Theoretical%2C+Terminological%2C+and+Taxonomic+Trouble+in+the+Academic+Study+of+Contemporary+Paganism%3A+A+Case+for+Reform&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-59&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fpome.v18i1.28457&rft.aulast=Doyle+White&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearsonRobertsSamuel1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pearson, Joanne; Roberts, Richard H.; Samuel, Geoffrey (1998). "Introduction". In Joanne Pearson; Richard H. Roberts; Geoffrey Samuel (eds.). <i>Nature Religion Today: Paganism in the Modern World</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1057-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1057-0"><bdi>978-0-7486-1057-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Nature+Religion+Today%3A+Paganism+in+the+Modern+World&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=1-7&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-1057-0&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Richard+H.&rft.au=Samuel%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTully2011" class="citation journal cs1">Tully, Caroline Jane (2011). "Researching the Past is a Foreign Country: Cognitive Dissonance as a Response by Practitioner Pagans to Academic Research on the History of Pagan Religions". <i>The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies</i>. <b>13</b> (1). London: Equinox: 98–105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pomegranate%3A+The+International+Journal+of+Pagan+Studies&rft.atitle=Researching+the+Past+is+a+Foreign+Country%3A+Cognitive+Dissonance+as+a+Response+by+Practitioner+Pagans+to+Academic+Research+on+the+History+of+Pagan+Religions&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=98-105&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Tully&rft.aufirst=Caroline+Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagan_studies&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Adl06" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margot_Adler" title="Margot Adler">Adler, Margot</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/drawingdownmoonw00adle_2"><i>Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers and Other Pagans in America </i>(revised edition)<i><span></span></i></a>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303819-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303819-1"><bdi>978-0-14-303819-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+Down+the+Moon%3A+Witches%2C+Druids%2C+Goddess-Worshippers+and+Other+Pagans+in+America+%28revised+edition%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303819-1&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdrawingdownmoonw00adle_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ber99" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_A._Berger" title="Helen A. Berger">Berger, Helen</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/communityofwitch00berg"><i>A Community of Witches: Contemporary Neo-Paganism and Witchcraft in the United States</i></a>. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-246-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-246-2"><bdi>978-1-57003-246-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Community+of+Witches%3A+Contemporary+Neo-Paganism+and+Witchcraft+in+the+United+States&rft.place=Columbia%2C+South+Carolina&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-246-2&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommunityofwitch00berg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ber07" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_A._Berger" title="Helen A. Berger">Berger, Helen</a>; Ezzy, Douglas (2007). <i>Teenage Witches: Magical Youth and the Search for the Self</i>. New Brunswick, New Jersey and London: Rutgers International Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813540207" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813540207"><bdi>978-0813540207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teenage+Witches%3A+Magical+Youth+and+the+Search+for+the+Self&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey+and+London&rft.pub=Rutgers+International+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0813540207&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft.au=Ezzy%2C+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bla02" class="citation book cs1">Blain, Jenny (2002). <i>Nine Worlds of Seid-Magic: Ecstasy and Neo-Shamanism in Northern European Paganism</i>. London and New York: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nine+Worlds+of+Seid-Magic%3A+Ecstasy+and+Neo-Shamanism+in+Northern+European+Paganism&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Blain&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bla04" class="citation book cs1">Blain, Jenny; Ezzy, Douglas; Harvey, Graham (2004). <i>Researching Paganisms</i>. Oxford and Lanham: AltaMira. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0522-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0522-5"><bdi>978-0-7591-0522-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Researching+Paganisms&rft.place=Oxford+and+Lanham&rft.pub=AltaMira&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0522-5&rft.aulast=Blain&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft.au=Ezzy%2C+Douglas&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bla07" class="citation book cs1">Blain, Jenny; Wallis, Robert (2007). <i>Sacred Sites Contested Rites/Rights: Pagan Engagements with Archaeological Monuments</i>. Brighton and Portland: Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-130-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-130-6"><bdi>978-1-84519-130-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Sites+Contested+Rites%2FRights%3A+Pagan+Engagements+with+Archaeological+Monuments&rft.place=Brighton+and+Portland&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84519-130-6&rft.aulast=Blain&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft.au=Wallis%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Chu90" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Chuvin" title="Pierre Chuvin">Chuvin, Pierre</a> (1990). <i>Chronique des Derniers Païns</i>. Paris: Belles Lettres/Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-251-38003-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-251-38003-2"><bdi>978-2-251-38003-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronique+des+Derniers+Pa%C3%AFns&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Belles+Lettres%2FFayard&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-2-251-38003-2&rft.aulast=Chuvin&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Cli06" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chas_S._Clifton" title="Chas S. Clifton">Clifton, Chas S.</a> (2006). <i>Her Hidden Children: The Rise of Wicca and Paganism in America</i>. Oxford and Lanham: AltaMira. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0202-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0202-6"><bdi>978-0-7591-0202-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Her+Hidden+Children%3A+The+Rise+of+Wicca+and+Paganism+in+America&rft.place=Oxford+and+Lanham&rft.pub=AltaMira&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0202-6&rft.aulast=Clifton&rft.aufirst=Chas+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Cow05" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Cowan" title="Douglas E. Cowan">Cowan, Douglas E.</a> (2005). <i>Cyberhenge: Modern Pagans on the Internet</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96911-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96911-6"><bdi>978-0-415-96911-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyberhenge%3A+Modern+Pagans+on+the+Internet&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96911-6&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=Douglas+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gar03" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mattias_Gardell" title="Mattias Gardell">Gardell, Mattias</a> (2003). <i>Gods of the Blood: The Pagan Revival and White Separatism</i>. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822330714" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822330714"><bdi>978-0822330714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods+of+the+Blood%3A+The+Pagan+Revival+and+White+Separatism&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0822330714&rft.aulast=Gardell&rft.aufirst=Mattias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Han96" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wouter_Hanegraaff" title="Wouter Hanegraaff">Hanegraaff, Wouter J.</a> (1996). <i>New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Academic_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill Academic Publishers">Brill Academic Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10696-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10696-0"><bdi>90-04-10696-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Age+Religion+and+Western+Culture%3A+Esotericism+in+the+Mirror+of+Secular+Thought&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=90-04-10696-0&rft.aulast=Hanegraaff&rft.aufirst=Wouter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Har07" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Harvey_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graham Harvey (author)">Harvey, Graham</a> (2007). <i>Listening People, Speaking Earth: Contemporary Paganism </i>(second edition)<i><span></span></i>. London: Hurst & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-272-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-272-4"><bdi>978-1-85065-272-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Listening+People%2C+Speaking+Earth%3A+Contemporary+Paganism+%28second+edition%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-272-4&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hut99" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton, Ronald</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/triumphofmoonhis00hutt"><i>The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820744-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820744-3"><bdi>978-0-19-820744-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+the+Moon%3A+A+History+of+Modern+Pagan+Witchcraft&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820744-3&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftriumphofmoonhis00hutt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hut09" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton, Ronald</a> (2009). <i>Blood and Mistletoe: The History of the Druids in Britain</i>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14485-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14485-7"><bdi>978-0-300-14485-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+and+Mistletoe%3A+The+History+of+the+Druids+in+Britain&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-14485-7&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gre00" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood, Susan (2000). <i>Magic, Witchcraft and the Otherworld: An Anthropology</i>. Berg Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-450-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-450-6"><bdi>978-1-85973-450-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic%2C+Witchcraft+and+the+Otherworld%3A+An+Anthropology&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85973-450-6&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Joh07" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Hannah E.; Aloi, Peg, eds. (2007). <i>The New Generation Witches: Teenage Witchcraft in Contemporary Culture</i>. Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5784-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5784-2"><bdi>978-0-7546-5784-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Generation+Witches%3A+Teenage+Witchcraft+in+Contemporary+Culture&rft.place=Aldershot+and+Burlington&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5784-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Jon95" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Prudence; Pennick, Nigel (1995). <i>A History of Pagan Europe</i>. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-09136-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-09136-5"><bdi>0-415-09136-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Pagan+Europe&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-415-09136-5&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Prudence&rft.au=Pennick%2C+Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kel07" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Kelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Aidan Kelly">Kelly, Aidan A.</a> (2007). <i>Inventing Witchcraft: A Case Study in the Creation of a New Religion</i>. Loughborough: Thoth Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-870450-58-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-870450-58-4"><bdi>978-1-870450-58-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+Witchcraft%3A+A+Case+Study+in+the+Creation+of+a+New+Religion&rft.place=Loughborough&rft.pub=Thoth+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-870450-58-4&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Aidan+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Lew04" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">Lewis, James R.</a> (2004). <i>The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements</i>. London and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514986-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514986-6"><bdi>0-19-514986-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+New+Religious+Movements&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-514986-6&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mag02" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sabina_Magliocco" title="Sabina Magliocco">Magliocco, Sabina</a> (2002). <i>Neo-pagan Sacred Art and Altars: Making Things Work</i>. University Press of Mississippi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-391-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-391-8"><bdi>978-1-57806-391-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neo-pagan+Sacred+Art+and+Altars%3A+Making+Things+Work&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57806-391-8&rft.aulast=Magliocco&rft.aufirst=Sabina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Mag04" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sabina_Magliocco" title="Sabina Magliocco">Magliocco, Sabina</a> (2004). <i>Witching Culture: Folklore and Neo-paganism in America</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3803-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3803-7"><bdi>978-0-8122-3803-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witching+Culture%3A+Folklore+and+Neo-paganism+in+America&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3803-7&rft.aulast=Magliocco&rft.aufirst=Sabina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Ori95" class="citation book cs1">Orion, Loretta (1995). <i>Never Again the Burning Times: Paganism Revisited</i>. Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88133-835-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88133-835-5"><bdi>978-0-88133-835-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Never+Again+the+Burning+Times%3A+Paganism+Revisited&rft.place=Long+Grove%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Waveland+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-88133-835-5&rft.aulast=Orion&rft.aufirst=Loretta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pea07" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Joanne (2007). <i>Wicca and the Christian Heritage: Ritual, Sex and Magic</i>. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wicca+and+the+Christian+Heritage%3A+Ritual%2C+Sex+and+Magic&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxfordshire&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Sal02" class="citation book cs1">Salomonsen, Jone (2002). <i>Enchanted Feminism: The Reclaiming Witches of San Francisco</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22393-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-22393-5"><bdi>978-0-415-22393-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enchanted+Feminism%3A+The+Reclaiming+Witches+of+San+Francisco&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-22393-5&rft.aulast=Salomonsen&rft.aufirst=Jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wal03" class="citation book cs1">Wallis, Robert J. (2003). <i>Shamans/Neo-Shamans: Ecstasy, alternative archaeologies and contemporary Pagans</i>. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30203-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30203-6"><bdi>978-0-415-30203-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shamans%2FNeo-Shamans%3A+Ecstasy%2C+alternative+archaeologies+and+contemporary+Pagans&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-30203-6&rft.aulast=Wallis&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wis08" class="citation book cs1">Wise, Constance (2008). <i>Hidden Circles in the Web: Feminist Wicca, Occult Knowledge and Process Thought</i>. Oxford and Lanham: AltaMira. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-1007-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-1007-6"><bdi>978-0-7591-1007-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Circles+in+the+Web%3A+Feminist+Wicca%2C+Occult+Knowledge+and+Process+Thought&rft.place=Oxford+and+Lanham&rft.pub=AltaMira&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-1007-6&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=Constance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Yor03" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_York_(religious_studies_scholar)" title="Michael York (religious studies scholar)">York, Michael</a> (2003). <i>Pagan Theology: Paganism as a World Religion</i>. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9702-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9702-0"><bdi>978-0-8147-9702-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pagan+Theology%3A+Paganism+as+a+World+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-9702-0&rft.aulast=York&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APagan+studies" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pagan_studies" title="Template:Pagan studies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pagan_studies" title="Template talk:Pagan studies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pagan_studies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pagan studies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pagan_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pagan studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffd068;box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFFF00, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFFF00;;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paganism_(contemporary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paganism (contemporary)">Contemporary paganism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nature_religion" title="Nature religion">Nature religion</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFFF00, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFFF00;;;width:1%">Anthropological and<br />folkloristic approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanya_Luhrmann" title="Tanya Luhrmann">Luhrmann's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Persuasions_of_the_Witch%27s_Craft" title="Persuasions of the Witch's Craft">Persuasions of the Witch's Craft</a></i> (1989)</li> <li>Orion's <i><a href="/wiki/Never_Again_the_Burning_Times" title="Never Again the Burning Times">Never Again the Burning Times</a></i> (1995)</li> <li>Hume's <i><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_and_Paganism_in_Australia" title="Witchcraft and Paganism in Australia">Witchcraft and Paganism in Australia</a></i> (1997)</li> <li>Greenwood's <i><a href="/wiki/Magic,_Witchcraft_and_the_Otherworld" title="Magic, Witchcraft and the Otherworld">Magic, Witchcraft and the Otherworld</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabina_Magliocco" title="Sabina Magliocco">Magliocco's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Witching_Culture" title="Witching Culture">Witching Culture</a></i> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFFF00, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFFF00;;;width:1%">Historical approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pagan_Religions_of_the_Ancient_British_Isles" title="The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles">The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_the_Moon" title="The Triumph of the Moon">The Triumph of the Moon</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chas_S._Clifton" title="Chas S. Clifton">Clifton's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Her_Hidden_Children" title="Her Hidden Children">Her Hidden Children</a></i> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFFF00, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFFF00;;;width:1%">Religious studies<br /> and theological approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Salomonsen's <i><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Feminism" title="Enchanted Feminism">Enchanted Feminism</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattias_Gardell" title="Mattias Gardell">Gardell's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Gods_of_the_Blood" title="Gods of the Blood">Gods of the Blood</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_York_(religious_studies_scholar)" title="Michael York (religious studies scholar)">York's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Theology" title="Pagan Theology">Pagan Theology</a></i> (2003)</li> <li>Davy's <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Pagan_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Introduction to Pagan Studies (page does not exist)">Introduction to Pagan Studies</a></i> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFFF00, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFFF00;;;width:1%">Sociological approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Adler" title="Margot Adler">Adler's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Drawing_Down_the_Moon_(book)" title="Drawing Down the Moon (book)">Drawing Down the Moon</a></i> (1979, 1986, 1996, 2006)</li> <li>Scarboro, Campbell and Stave's <i><a href="/wiki/Living_Witchcraft" title="Living Witchcraft">Living Witchcraft</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_A._Berger" title="Helen A. Berger">Berger's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/A_Community_of_Witches" title="A Community of Witches">A Community of Witches</a></i> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFFF00, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFFF00;;;width:1%">Interdisciplinary<br />edited volumes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pearson, Roberts and Samuel's <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Religion_Today" title="Nature Religion Today">Nature Religion Today</a></i> (1998)</li> <li>Strmiska's <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism_in_World_Cultures" title="Modern Paganism in World Cultures">Modern Paganism in World Cultures</a></i> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFFF00, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFFF00;;;width:1%">Academic, peer-reviewed<br /> journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aries_(journal)" title="Aries (journal)">Aries</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pomegranate_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pomegranate (journal)">The Pomegranate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magic,_Ritual,_and_Witchcraft" title="Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft">Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffd068;box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFFF00, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFFF00;;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Pagan_studies_books" title="Category:Pagan studies books">Pagan studies books</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_paganism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#c1c1c1;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neopaganism" title="Template:Neopaganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neopaganism" title="Template talk:Neopaganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neopaganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neopaganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_paganism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_paganism" title="Eclectic paganism">Eclectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_religion" title="Nature religion">Nature religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_and_New_Age" title="Modern paganism and New Age">New Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png/50px-Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png/75px-Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png/100px-Pagan_religions_symbols_-_3_rows.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="608" /></a></span><br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Arts and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_neo-pagan_festivals_and_events" title="List of neo-pagan festivals and events">Festivals and events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pagan_music" title="Modern pagan music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_temples" title="List of modern pagan temples">Temples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">By country or region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_German-speaking_Europe" title="Modern paganism in German-speaking Europe">German-speaking Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Hungary" title="Neopaganism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-paganism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Neo-paganism in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Italy" title="Neopaganism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_Scandinavia" title="Modern paganism in Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_South_Africa" title="Neopaganism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern paganism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern paganism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_Minnesota" title="Neopaganism in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Movements (<a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausar_Auset_Society" title="Ausar Auset Society">Ausar Auset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Canarian (Berber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian-Scythian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Wicca</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Daco-Thracian (Romanian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kemetic_Orthodoxy" title="Kemetic Orthodoxy">Kemetic Orthodoxy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_neopaganism" title="Semitic neopaganism">Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_Native_Faith_organisations" title="List of Slavic Native Faith organisations">Rodnovery (list)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Ukrainian_National_Faith" title="Native Ukrainian National Faith">RUNVira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterburgian_Vedism" title="Peterburgian Vedism">Peterburgian Vedism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ynglism" title="Ynglism">Ynglism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Turko-Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tengrist_movements" title="List of Tengrist movements">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuism" title="Zuism">Zuism</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Interfaith: <a href="/wiki/European_Congress_of_Ethnic_Religions" title="European Congress of Ethnic Religions">European Congress of Ethnic Religions</a> · <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Traditional_Religions" title="Foundation for Traditional Religions">Foundation for Traditional Religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adonism" title="Adonism">Adonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christo-Paganism" title="Christo-Paganism">Christo-Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_All_Worlds" title="Church of All Worlds">Church of All Worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Aphrodite" title="Church of Aphrodite">Church of Aphrodite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_Unitarian_Universalist_Pagans" title="Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans">Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanovism" title="Ivanovism">Ivanovism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Federation" title="Pagan Federation">Pagan Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringing_Cedars%27_Anastasianism" title="Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism">Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Secular paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Priapus" title="Temple of Priapus">Temple of Priapus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochranianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feri_Tradition" title="Feri Tradition">Feri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stregheria" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">In society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_modern_paganism" title="Criticism of modern paganism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-paganism" title="Crypto-paganism">Crypto-paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_pagan_views_on_LGBT_people" title="Modern pagan views on LGBT people">LGBTQ+ and paganism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pagan studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technopaganism" title="Technopaganism">Technopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_on_modern_paganism" title="List of writers on modern paganism">Writers on modern paganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#c1c1c1;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariosophy" title="Ariosophy">Ariosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neotribalism" title="Neotribalism">Neotribalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_the_Renaissance" title="Platonism in the Renaissance">Platonism in the Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pagan_studies&oldid=1213271991">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pagan_studies&oldid=1213271991</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pagan_studies" title="Category:Pagan studies">Pagan studies</a></li><li><a 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